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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideological variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideological_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideological variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideological_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authoritarian_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoritarian_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Authoritarian conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authoritarian_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liberal conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>National conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paternalistic_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternalistic_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Paternalistic conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternalistic_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Progressive conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactionary_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactionary_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Reactionary conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactionary_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Religious conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Social conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditionalist_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditionalist_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Traditionalist conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditionalist_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>National variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.11</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.13</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.14</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.15</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.16</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.17</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.18</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.19</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conscientiousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientiousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conscientiousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientiousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disgust_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disgust_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disgust sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disgust_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authoritarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoritarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Authoritarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authoritarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguity_intolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguity_intolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ambiguity intolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambiguity_intolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_dominance_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_dominance_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Social dominance orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_dominance_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Happiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Happiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Happiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Happiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_statesmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_statesmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prominent statesmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_statesmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prominent intellectuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_variants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_variants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>National variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_variants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_variants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_variants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ideological variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_variants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Related topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservatism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwatisme" title="Konserwatisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konserwatisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatismus" title="Konservatismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konservatismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8C%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%A3%E1%89%82%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ወግ አጥባቂነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወግ አጥባቂነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9" title="سياسة محافظة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة محافظة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadurismo" title="Conservadurismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Conservadurismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ৰক্ষণশীলতাবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰক্ষণশীলতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadorismu" title="Conservadorismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conservadorismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko_%C3%B1ongatu" title="Teko ñongatu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Teko ñongatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChafiz%C9%99karl%C4%B1q" title="Mühafizəkarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mühafizəkarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="موحافیظه‌کارلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موحافیظه‌کارلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="রক্ষণশীলতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ষণশীলতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3-si%C3%BA-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Pó-siú-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pó-siú-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Кансерватызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кансерватызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Кансэрватызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кансэрватызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Консерватизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Консерватизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatismus" title="Konservatismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Konservatismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativizam" title="Konzervativizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konzervativizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirouriezh" title="Mirouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mirouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadorisme" title="Conservadorisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conservadorisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervatismus" title="Konzervatismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konzervatismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceidwadaeth" title="Ceidwadaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ceidwadaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لمحافظية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمحافظية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatismus" title="Konservatismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konservatismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konservatism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Συντηρητισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συντηρητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadurismo" title="Conservadurismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conservadurismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativismo" title="Konservativismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konservativismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontserbadurismo" title="Kontserbadurismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontserbadurismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="محافظه‌کاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محافظه‌کاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurriwaad" title="Rurriwaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rurriwaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisma" title="Konservatisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Konservatisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatisme" title="Conservatisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conservatisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coime%C3%A1dachas" title="Coimeádachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coimeádachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadorismo" title="Conservadorismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conservadorismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="보수주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보수주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Conservatism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պահպանողականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պահպանողականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="रूढ़िवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूढ़िवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativizam" title="Konzervativizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konzervativizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservemismo" title="Konservemismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konservemismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Conservatism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserbatismo" title="Konserbatismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Konserbatismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismo" title="Conservatismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Conservatismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dhaldsstefna" title="Íhaldsstefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íhaldsstefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatorismo" title="Conservatorismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conservatorismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שמרנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמרנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კონსერვატიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსერვატიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwithyaseth" title="Gwithyaseth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwithyaseth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushikiliaji_Ukale" title="Ushikiliaji Ukale – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ushikiliaji Ukale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Konservatism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafizekar%C3%AE" title="Muhafizekarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muhafizekarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismus" title="Conservatismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conservatismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservat%C4%ABvisms" title="Konservatīvisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konservatīvisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatismus" title="Konservatismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konservatismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatizmas" title="Konservatizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konservatizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatisme" title="Conservatisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Conservatisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservalisme" title="Conservalisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Conservalisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatorism" title="Conservatorism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Conservatorism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativizmus" title="Konzervativizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konzervativizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Конзервативизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конзервативизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="യാഥാസ്ഥിതികത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യാഥാസ്ഥിതികത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पुराणमतवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुराणमतवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კონსერვატიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონსერვატიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87" title="سياسه محافظه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياسه محافظه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="کانسرواتیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کانسرواتیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Консерватизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Консерватизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ရှေးရိုးစွဲဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးရိုးစွဲဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatisme" title="Conservatisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conservatisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पुरातनवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुरातनवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88" title="保守 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="保守" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatisme" title="Conservatisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Conservatisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatizm" title="Konservatizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konservatizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਰੂੜ੍ਹੀਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂੜ੍ਹੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B2%D9%85" title="کنزرویٹزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنزرویٹزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="محافظه کاري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محافظه کاري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansoervatizim" title="Kansoervatizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kansoervatizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98" title="អភិរក្សនិយម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អភិរក្សនិយម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatorism" title="Conservatorism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Conservatorism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatismus" title="Konservatismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Konservatismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwatyzm" title="Konserwatyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konserwatyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadorismo" title="Conservadorismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conservadorismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatorism" title="Conservatorism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conservatorism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatissem" title="Conservatissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Conservatissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Конзерватівізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Конзерватівізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatizmi" title="Konservatizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konservatizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="කොන්සවේටිව්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොන්සවේටිව්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conservatism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF" title="قدامت پسند – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قدامت پسند" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativizmus" title="Konzervativizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konzervativizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatizem" title="Konservatizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konservatizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="شۆپپارێزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆپپارێزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Конзервативизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конзервативизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativizam" title="Konzervativizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzervativizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatismi" title="Konservatismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konservatismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konservatism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserbatismo" title="Konserbatismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konserbatismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பழைமைவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழைமைவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="సాంప్రదాయ వాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాంప్రదాయ వాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อนุรักษนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุรักษนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafazak%C3%A2rl%C4%B1k" title="Muhafazakârlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhafazakârlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Консерватизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консерватизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قدامت پرستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدامت پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%BE" title="كونسېرۋاتىپ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كونسېرۋاتىپ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatorismo" title="Conservatorismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Conservatorismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_b%E1%BA%A3o_th%E1%BB%A7" title="Chủ nghĩa bảo thủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa bảo thủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserbatismo" title="Konserbatismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konserbatismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保守主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קאנסערוואטיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנסערוואטיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="保守主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="保守主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatizm" title="Konservatizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Konservatizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuonservat%C4%97zmos" title="Kuonservatėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuonservatėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保守主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Konservatisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7169#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Conservatives" redirects here. For specific political parties, see <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Conservative Party (disambiguation)">Conservative Party</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about conservatism as a political and social philosophy. For other uses of conservatism and conservative, see <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Conservatism (disambiguation)">Conservatism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Conservatism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> that seeks to promote and preserve traditional <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">customs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a> in which it appears.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, depending on the particular nation, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">organised religion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatives tend to favour institutions and practices that enhance <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> and historical continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, an 18th-century Anglo-Irish statesman who opposed the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> but supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, is credited as one of the forefathers of conservative thought in the 1790s along with Savoyard statesman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett20203–18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett20203–18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution and establish social order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller199726_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller199726-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservatism has varied considerably as it has adapted itself to existing traditions and national cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, conservatives from different parts of the world, each upholding their respective traditions, may disagree on a wide range of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the three major ideologies along with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisbet200215_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisbet200215-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conservatism is the dominant ideology in many nations across the world, including <a href="#Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a>, <a href="#Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#National_conservatism">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="#Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="#Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a>. Historically associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>, the term has been used to describe <a href="#Ideological_variants">a wide range of views</a>. Conservatism may be either <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">authoritarian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">elitist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">progressive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">moderate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">extreme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_principles">Beliefs and principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs and principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have tried to define conservatism as a set of beliefs or principles. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Heywood" title="Andrew Heywood">Andrew Heywood</a> argues that the five central beliefs of conservatism are tradition, human imperfection, organic society, authority/hierarchy, and property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201765–73_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201765–73-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> developed five canons of conservatism in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> (1953): </p> <ul><li>A belief in a transcendent order, which Kirk described variously as based in tradition, <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>;</li> <li>An affection for the "variety and mystery" of human existence;</li> <li>A conviction that society requires orders and classes that emphasize natural distinctions;</li> <li>A belief that <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> are closely linked;</li> <li>A faith in custom, <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a>, and prescription, and a recognition that innovation must be tied to existing traditions and customs, which entails a respect for the political value of <a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">prudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some political scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, have seen conservatism as situational. Under this definition, conservatives are seen as defending the established institutions of their time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Quintin Hogg</a>, the chairman of the British <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in 1959: "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatism is often used as a generic term to describe a "right-wing viewpoint occupying the political spectrum between [classical] <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservatism has been called a "philosophy of human imperfection" by <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_O%27Sullivan" title="Noël O'Sullivan">Noël O'Sullivan</a>, reflecting among its adherents a negative view of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> and pessimism of the potential to improve it through 'utopian' schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201767_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201767-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, the "intellectual godfather of the realist right", argued that the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a> for humans was "poor, nasty, brutish, and short", requiring centralised authority with royal <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett202048_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett202048-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, often called the father of modern conservatism, believed that human beings are steeped in <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and that society therefore needs traditional institutions, such as an <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> and a landed <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, in order to function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition">Tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the lack of a universal definition, certain themes can be recognised as common across conservative thought. According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To be conservative […] is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried, fact to mystery, the actual to the possible, the limited to the unbounded, the near to the distant, the sufficient to the superabundant, the convenient to the perfect, present laughter to utopian bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004346_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004346-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Such traditionalism may be a reflection of trust in time-tested methods of social organisation, giving 'votes to the dead'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditions may also be steeped in a sense of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism, some left-wing political theorists like <a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Corey Robin</a> define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defence of <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, conservatism is less an attempt to uphold old institutions and more "a meditation on—and theoretical rendition of—the felt experience of having power, seeing it threatened, and trying to win it back".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On another occasion, Robin argues for a more complex relation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Conservatism is a defense of established hierarchies, but it is also fearful of those established hierarchies. It sees in their assuredness of power the source of corruption, decadence and decline. Ruling regimes require some kind of irritant, a grain of sand in the oyster, to reactivate their latent powers, to exercise their atrophied muscles, to make their pearls.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_A_Rediscovery" title="Conservatism: A Rediscovery">Conservatism: A Rediscovery</a></i> (2022), political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Yoram Hazony</a> argues that, in a traditional conservative community, members have importance and influence to the degree they are <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honoured</a> within the social hierarchy, which includes factors such as age, experience, and wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatives often glorify hierarchies, as demonstrated in an aphorism by conservative philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Nicolás Gómez Dávila</a>: "Hierarchies are celestial. In hell all are equal."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word hierarchy has religious roots and translates to 'rule of a high priest.'<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authority">Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authority is a core tenet of conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiubilei201918–19_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiubilei201918–19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201772_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201772-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, conservatives tend to believe in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional authority</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, this form of authority is "resting on an established belief in the <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sanctity</a> of immemorial traditions and the legitimacy of those exercising authority under them".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a> distinguishes between two different forms of traditional authority: </p> <ul><li>The Authority of the Father—represented by actual fathers as well as conceptual fathers such as priests and monarchs.</li> <li>The Authority of the Master—represented by aristocrats and military commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKojève202014–28_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKojève202014–28-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Robert Nisbet</a> acknowledges that the decline of traditional authority in the modern world is partly linked with the retreat of old institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>—institutions that formerly acted as intermediaries between the state and the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKojève2020xvii_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKojève2020xvii-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> argues that the modern world suffers an existential crisis with a "dramatic breakdown of all traditional authorities," which are needed for the continuity of an established civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKojève2020xviii–xix_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKojève2020xviii–xix-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> has been widely regarded as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as the private secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Marquis of Rockingham</a> and as official pamphleteer to the <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs" title="Rockingham Whigs">Rockingham branch of the Whig party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195933_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195933-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG/170px-Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG/255px-Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG/340px-Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> (1729–1797)</figcaption></figure> <p>Burke's views were a mixture of conservatism and republicanism. He supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> of 1775–1783 but abhorred the violence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789–1799. He accepted the conservative ideals of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and the economics of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, but he thought that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> should remain subordinate to the conservative social ethic and that the business class should be subordinate to aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He insisted on standards of <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition and saw the aristocracy as the nation's natural leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195937–40_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195937–40-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive. He favoured an established church, but allowed for a degree of <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195952–54_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195952–54-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burke ultimately justified the social order on the basis of tradition: tradition represented the wisdom of the species, and he valued community and social harmony over social reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195941_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195941-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre,_1894_(page_12_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/170px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/255px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/340px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> (1753–1821)</figcaption></figure> <p>Another form of conservatism developed in France in parallel to conservatism in Britain. It was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> works by philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill202138–43_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill202138–43-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many continental conservatives do not support <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, with most supporting state cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a>, such as had existed in France before the Revolution. Conservatives were also early to embrace <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, which was previously associated with liberalism and the Revolution in France.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early French conservative, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, espoused a <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> opposition to modernity, contrasting its emptiness with the 'full heart' of traditional faith and loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett202020_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett202020-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere on the continent, German thinkers <a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Justus Möser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Friedrich von Gentz</a> criticised the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> that came of the Revolution. Opposition was also expressed by <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Adam Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, the latter inspiring both leftist and rightist followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett202025–30_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett202025–30-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Burke and Maistre were critical of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in general, though their reasons differed. Maistre was pessimistic about humans being able to follow rules, while Burke was sceptical about humans' innate ability to make rules. For Maistre, rules had a divine origin, while Burke believed they arose from custom. The lack of custom for Burke, and the lack of divine guidance for Maistre, meant that people would act in terrible ways. Both also believed that liberty of the wrong kind led to bewilderment and political breakdown. Their ideas would together flow into a stream of anti-rationalist, romantic conservatism, but would still stay separate. Whereas Burke was more open to argumentation and disagreement, Maistre wanted faith and authority, leading to a more illiberal strain of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett20205–7_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett20205–7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_variants">Ideological variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideological variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authoritarian_conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Authoritarian conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultraconservatism</a></div> <p>Authoritarian conservatism refers to <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> regimes that portray authority as absolute and unquestionable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201772_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201772-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authoritarian conservative movements show strong devotion towards religion, tradition, and culture while also expressing fervent nationalism akin to other far-right nationalist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013294–297_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013294–297-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of authoritarian conservative dictators include Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> in France,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regent <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> in Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> in Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I</a> in Yugoslavia,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> in Portugal,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> in Austria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischof200326_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischof200326-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Generalissimo</i> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> in Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> in Romania,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a> in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:223px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg/151px-AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg/227px-AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg/302px-AlejandroDeYugoslaviaComoPr%C3%ADncipeHeredero--dasknigreichse02kaniuoft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:223px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Engelbert_Dollfuss.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Engelbert_Dollfuss.png/183px-Engelbert_Dollfuss.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Engelbert_Dollfuss.png/275px-Engelbert_Dollfuss.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Engelbert_Dollfuss.png/366px-Engelbert_Dollfuss.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a> and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> of Austria, authoritarian conservative dictators who were assassinated by fascist and Nazi political enemies</div></div></div></div> <p>Authoritarian conservative movements were prominent in the same era as <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, with which it sometimes clashed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn199010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn199010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both ideologies shared core values such as nationalism and had common enemies such as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, there was nonetheless a contrast between the traditionalist and elitist nature of authoritarian conservatism and the revolutionary and populist nature of fascism—thus it was common for authoritarian conservative regimes to suppress rising fascist and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostility between the two ideologies is highlighted by the struggle for power in Austria, which was marked by the assassination of the ultra-Catholic dictator <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazis</a>. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian fascists</a> assassinated King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Romania, as the fascist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> was gaining popularity and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was making advances on the European political stage, King <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> ordered the execution of <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> and other top-ranking Romanian fascists.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exiled German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> was an enemy of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and stated that Nazism made him ashamed to be a German for the first time in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic seminarian <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>, who was Portugal's dictator for 40 years, denounced fascism and Nazism as a "pagan <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>" that did not recognise legal, religious, or moral limits.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> has examined the class basis of right-wing extremist politics in the 1920–1960 era. He reports: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Conservative or rightist extremist movements have arisen at different periods in modern history, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthyites</a> in Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a> of Dollfuss in Austria, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a></i> and other nationalists in pre-Hitler Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> in Portugal, to the pre-1966 <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> movements and the monarchists in contemporary France and Italy. The right extremists are conservative, not revolutionary. They seek to change political institutions in order to preserve or restore cultural and economic ones, while <a href="/wiki/Extremism_of_the_centre" title="Extremism of the centre">extremists of the centre</a> [fascists/Nazis] and left [communists/anarchists] seek to use political means for cultural and social revolution. The ideal of the right extremist is not a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> ruler, but a monarch, or a traditionalist who acts like one. Many such movements in Spain, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Italy have been explicitly monarchist […] The supporters of these movements differ from those of the centrists, tending to be wealthier, and more religious, which is more important in terms of a potential for mass support.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fawcett" title="Edmund Fawcett">Edmund Fawcett</a> states that fascism is totalitarian, populist, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralist</a>, whereas authoritarian conservatism is somewhat pluralist but most of all elitist and anti-populist. He concludes: "The fascist is a nonconservative who takes <a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">anti-liberalism</a> to extremes. The right-wing authoritarian is a conservative who takes fear of democracy to extremes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett2020263_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett2020263-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, right-wing military dictatorships were prominent in Latin America, with most nations being under military rule by the middle of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmer198910_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmer198910-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of this was General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, who ruled over Chile from 1973 to 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmer19895–6_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmer19895–6-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, military dictatorships arise in democratic systems in order to stop leftist parties from becoming totalitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent instance occurred in Bolivia in 2024, when General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Juan José Zúñiga">Juan José Zúñiga</a> staged a coup in order to overthrow the far-left president <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the authoritarian style of government experienced a worldwide renaissance with conservative statesmen such as President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Russia, President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in Turkey, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> in Hungary, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> in India, and President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_conservatism">Liberal conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liberal conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a>.</div> <p>Liberal conservatism is a variant of conservatism that is strongly influenced by liberal stances.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> view of minimal <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a>, meaning that individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, liberal conservatives believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order, and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a> and responsibility to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally opposed to capitalism and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiubilei201921_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiubilei201921-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisbet200228–31_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisbet200228–31-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conservative ideology in many countries adopted <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, especially in the United States where this ideology is known as <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_conservatism">National conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg/220px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg/330px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg/440px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>—leader of the national-conservative party <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a>, first female <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, and president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></figcaption></figure> <p>National conservatism prioritises the defence of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, often based on a theory of the <a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">family as a model for the state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201792_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201792-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National conservatism is orientated towards upholding national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, which includes limited immigration and a strong national defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013465–469_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013465–469-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, national conservatives are usually <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">eurosceptics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201790_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201790-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Yoram Hazony</a> has argued for national conservatism in his work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Nationalism" title="The Virtue of Nationalism">The Virtue of Nationalism</a></i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternalistic_conservatism">Paternalistic conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paternalistic conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic conservatism</a></div> <p>Paternalistic conservatism is a strand in conservatism which reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically and that members within them have obligations towards each other.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">noblesse oblige</a></i></span>) of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society, which is consistent with principles such as <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">duty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_unity" title="Organic unity">organicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201776–77_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201776–77-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its proponents often stress the importance of a <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> to deal with poverty, supporting limited <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> along with government regulation of markets in the interests of both consumers and producers.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paternalistic conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/One_nation_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="One nation conservatism">One Nation</a>" <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been a variety of one-nation conservative governments in the United Kingdom with exponents such as Prime Ministers Disraeli, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> adopted a set of social programs, known as <a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">state socialism</a>, which included insurance for workers against sickness, accident, incapacity, and old age. The goal of this conservative state-building strategy was to make ordinary Germans, not just the <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junker</a> aristocracy, more loyal to state and <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi">Leo von Caprivi</a> promoted a conservative agenda called the "New Course".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_conservatism">Progressive conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Progressive conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive conservatism</a></div> <p>In the United States, President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> has been identified as the main exponent of progressive conservatism. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> administration of President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> was progressive conservative, and he described himself as a believer in progressive conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> also declared himself an advocate of progressive conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a variety of conservative governments have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a> tradition, with Canada's former major conservative party being named the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a> from 1942 to 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> led Red Tory federal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactionary_conservatism">Reactionary conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reactionary conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Evola.jpg/145px-Evola.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Evola.jpg/218px-Evola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Evola.jpg/290px-Evola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila.jpg/139px-Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Italian esotericist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> and Colombian aphorist <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Nicolás Gómez Dávila</a>—prominent reactionary critics of modernity</div></div></div></div> <p>Reactionary conservatism, also known as reactionism, opposes policies for the <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a> of society.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In popular usage, reactionism refers to a staunch <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist conservative">traditionalist conservative</a> political perspective of a person who supports the <i>status quo</i> and opposes social, political, and economic change.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some adherents of conservatism, rather than opposing change, seek to return to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo ante</a></i></span> and tend to view the modern world in a negative light, especially concerning <a href="/wiki/Mass_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass culture">mass culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, although different groups of reactionaries may choose different traditional values to revive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some political scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Corey Robin</a>, treat the words reactionary and conservative as synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lilla" title="Mark Lilla">Mark Lilla</a>, argue that reactionism and conservatism are distinct worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilson_(political_scientist)" title="Francis Wilson (political scientist)">Francis Wilson</a> defines conservatism as "a philosophy of social evolution, in which certain lasting values are defended within the framework of the tension of political conflict".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some reactionaries favour a return to the <i>status quo ante</i>, the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics absent from contemporary society. An early example of a powerful reactionary movement was <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>, which centred around concepts of organicism, <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medievalism</a>, and traditionalism against the forces of rationalism, secularism, and individualism that were unleashed in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In political discourse, being a reactionary is generally regarded as negative; Peter King observed that it is "an unsought-for label, used as a torment rather than a badge of honor".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the descriptor has been adopted by intellectuals such as the Italian esoteric traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Austrian monarchist <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Nicolás Gómez Dávila</a>, and the American historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_conservatism">Religious conservatism <span class="anchor" id="Religious_conservatism"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a></div> <p>Religious conservatism principally applies the teachings of particular religions to politics—sometimes by merely proclaiming the value of those teachings, at other times by having those teachings influence laws.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most democracies, political conservatism seeks to uphold traditional family structures and social values. Religious conservatives typically oppose abortion, <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> behaviour (or, in certain cases, identity), drug use,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sexual activity outside of marriage. In some cases, conservative values are grounded in religious beliefs, and conservatives seek to increase the role of religion in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fa7406; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_democracy" title="Category:Christian democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/75px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/113px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/150px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> is a moderately conservative <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> ideology inspired by <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics#Politics" title="Christian ethics">Christian social teaching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated as a reaction against the industrialisation and urbanisation associated with <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire"><i>laissez-faire</i>-capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-war Europe, Christian-democratic parties dominated politics in several nations—the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian People's Party</a> in Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> in Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many post-war Europeans saw Christian democracy as a moderate alternative to the extremes of right-wing nationalism and left-wing communism.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian-democratic parties were especially popular among European women, who often voted for these parties to a large extent due to their pro-family policies.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_conservatism">Social conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg/220px-Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg/330px-Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg/440px-Marche_pour_la_vie_2012_-_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>2012 <a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Social conservatives believe that society is built upon a fragile network of relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values, and established institutions; and that the government has a role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or practices. A social conservative wants to preserve traditional morality and social <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>, often by opposing what they consider radical policies or <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201769_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201769-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some social-conservative stances are the following: </p> <ul><li>Support of a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">culture of life</a> and opposition to the destruction of human life at any stage, including <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cells">embryonic stem cells</a> research, and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>.</li> <li>Support of <a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">bioconservatism</a> and opposition to both <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Support of traditional <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>, viewing the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> model as society's foundational unit.</li> <li>Support of a traditional definition of marriage as being one man and one woman, and opposition to expansion of <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="Child adoption">child adoption</a> to couples in <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">same-sex relationships</a>.</li> <li>Support of <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public morality</a> with prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(drugs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (drugs)">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> and censorship of <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>.</li> <li>Support of <a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">organised religion</a> and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, especially when militant.<sup id="cite_ref-MA1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MA2_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA2-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditionalist_conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Traditionalist conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></div> <p>Traditionalist conservatism, also known as classical conservatism, emphasises the need for the principles of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, transcendent moral order, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">organicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a> as well as the intersecting spheres of <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006870–875_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006870–875-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditionalists have embraced the labels <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolutionary</a>, defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. Having a hierarchical view of society, many traditionalist conservatives, including a few notable Americans such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram" title="Ralph Adams Cram">Ralph Adams Cram</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Lind" title="William S. Lind">William S. Lind</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coulombe" title="Charles A. Coulombe">Charles A. Coulombe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defend the monarchical political structure as the most natural and beneficial social arrangement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_variants">National variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservative parties vary widely from country to country in the goals they wish to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both conservative and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> parties tend to favour private ownership of property, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green</a> parties, which favour communal ownership or laws regulating responsibility on the part of property owners. Where conservatives and liberals differ is primarily on social issues, where conservatives tend to reject behaviour that does not conform to some <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norm</a>. Modern conservative parties often define themselves by their opposition to liberal or socialist parties. The United States usage of the term conservative is unique to that country, where its first modern usage was for pro-free enterprise opponents of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199625–26_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199625–26-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Conservatism in China" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Conservatism in China (disambiguation)">Conservatism in China (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Conservatism in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservatism in Hong Kong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_China" title="Category:Conservatism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in China</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/120px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/180px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/240px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism#China" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#China" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism#China" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_book#Greater_China" title="Genealogy book">Genealogy Book</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (1915–1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law in Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Taiwan_during_martial_law" title="Language policy in Taiwan during martial law">Language policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Republic of China (1912-1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Bell" title="Daniel A. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongming" class="mw-redirect" title="Gu Hongming">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Xijin" title="Hu Xijin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang (Qing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang (Shigong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Canrong" title="Jin Canrong">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao" title="Li Ao">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Yiu-chung" title="Tam Yiu-chung">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Weiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jiaxiang" title="Wu Jiaxiang">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Gongqin" title="Xiao Gongqin">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zaifu" title="Liu Zaifu">Zaifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yongnian" title="Zheng Yongnian">Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Imperial China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Shao" title="Duke of Shao">Duke Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Yang Jisheng (Ming dynasty)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke Zhou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (before 1949)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai (Jitao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai (Li)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu (Hanmin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>People's Republic of China (Mainland)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chan" title="Gary Chan">Chan (Gary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joephy_Chan" title="Joephy Chan">Chan (Joephy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fok" title="Kenneth Fok">Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Ho" title="Junius Ho">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Kwok-him" title="Ip Kwok-him">Ip (Kwok-him)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Ip (Regina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwok_Wai-keung" title="Kwok Wai-keung">Kwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lee" title="Dominic Lee">Lee (Dominic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">Lee (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_Lee" title="Starry Lee">Lee (Starry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Liao" title="Martin Liao">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quat" title="Elizabeth Quat">Quat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Tsang (Donald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsang Yok-sing">Tsang (Yok-sing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Yung" title="Eunice Yung">Yung</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau (pro-Beijing)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chui" title="Fernando Chui">Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Ho (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho (Iat Seng)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wan-an" title="Chiang Wan-an">Chiang (Wan-an)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Lung-pin" title="Hau Lung-pin">Hau (Lung-pin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun" title="Hau Pei-tsun">Hau (Pei-tsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Huan" title="Lee Huan">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lien Chen">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">Soong (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong (Mei-ling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa" title="Yu Kuo-hwa">Yu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Force" title="Civil Force">Civil Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Public_Housing_Estates" title="Federation of Public Housing Estates">Federation of Public Housing Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Education_Workers" title="Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers">Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_New_Dynamic" title="Kowloon West New Dynamic">Kowloon West New Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Forum" title="New Century Forum">New Century Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party" title="New People's Party">New People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prospect_for_Hong_Kong" title="New Prospect for Hong Kong">New Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Territories_Association_of_Societies" title="New Territories Association of Societies">New Territories Association of Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politihk_Social_Strategic" title="Politihk Social Strategic">Politihk Social Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)" title="Roundtable (Hong Kong)">Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority_for_Hong_Kong" title="Silent Majority for Hong Kong">Silent Majority</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (centrist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Power" title="Professional Power">Professional Power</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-ROC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau (pro-Beijing)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Change_(Macau)" title="Alliance for Change (Macau)">Alliance for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau-Guangdong_Union" title="Macau-Guangdong Union">Macau-Guangdong Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Development_Union" title="New Macau Development Union">New Macau Development Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_United_Citizens_Association" title="Macau United Citizens Association">United Citizens Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Public_Good_Party" title="For Public Good Party">For Public Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Alliance_Association" title="Patriot Alliance Association">Patriot Alliance Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan, other)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)" title="Progressive Party (China)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)" title="Republican Party (China)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)" title="Unity Party (China)">Unity Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-Beijing)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Resources_Centre" title="Co-operative Resources Centre">Co-operative Resources Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_the_Stability_of_Hong_Kong" title="Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong">Federation for the Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_of_Chinese_and_Expatriates" title="Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates">Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Progressive_Alliance" title="Hong Kong Progressive Alliance">Hong Kong Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Federation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong">Liberal Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hong_Kong_Alliance" title="New Hong Kong Alliance">New Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Forum" title="Professional Forum">Professional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Hong_Kong_Society" title="Progressive Hong Kong Society">Progressive Hong Kong Society</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-ROC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan, other)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_Alliance" title="Congress Party Alliance">Congress Party Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorists%27_Party_of_ROC" title="The Motorists' Party of ROC">The Motorists' Party of ROC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-Kuomintang camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pro-Beijing camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Against_America" title="America Against America">America Against America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Wave:_Rise_of_a_Civilizational_State" title="The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State">The China Wave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_Revolution" title="Farewell to Revolution">Farewell to Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolutionary_Army" title="The Revolutionary Army">The Revolutionary Army</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_89" title="Group of 89">Group of 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Want_Want" title="Want Want">Want Want</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>People's Republic of China (Mainland)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sing_Tao_Daily" title="Sing Tao Daily">Sing Tao Daily</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chung_T%27ien_Television" title="Chung T'ien Television">Chung T'ien Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Television" title="China Television">China Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Times" title="Commercial Times">Commercial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TVBS" title="TVBS">TVBS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao">Shen Bao</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang#Conservative_influences" title="History of the Kuomintang">Taiwan (Republic of China)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong#Conservative_localism" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservative localism in Hong Kong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt#China" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism#State_nationalism" title="Statism">State nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_statues" title="Chiang Kai-shek statues">Chiang Kai-shek statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_Movement" title="Hanfu Movement">Hanfu Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism in China</a> (opposing)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Straight_man_cancer" title="Straight man cancer">Straight man cancer</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a> (opposing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template talk:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chinese conservatism can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">philosophy</a> is based on the values of loyalty, duty, and respect. He believed in a hierarchically organised society, <a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state#Confucian_thought" title="Family as a model for the state">modeled after the patriarchal family</a> and headed by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute sovereign</a>. However, Confucius also believed that the state should employ a <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocratic</a> class of administrators and advisers, recruited by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">civil service exams</a>. An alternative school of thought called <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a> argued that administrative discipline, not Confucian virtue, was crucial for the governance of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For thousands of years, China was ruled by monarchs of various imperial dynasties. The <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> theory was invoked in order to legitimise the absolute authority of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> of 1911 overthrew <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the last Chinese Emperor, and ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. Between 1927 and 1949, China was ruled by the nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, which became right-wing after General <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> purged communists from his party. Following his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), Chiang continued ruling the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> until his death in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the mainland, Chinese conservatism was vehemently opposed and suppressed by the CCP, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. Members of the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Black_Categories" title="Five Black Categories">Five Black Categories</a>"—landlords, rich farmers, counter-revolutionaries, bad influencers, and right-wingers—were violently persecuted. Traditional authorities, such as parents and teachers, were regularly defied and attacked. Young people formed cadres of <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> throughout the country and sought to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a>: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits—leading to the destruction of a large part of China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, including historical artifacts and religious sites.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, some Red Guards who embraced local officials were pejoratively called "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)">conservatives</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, Chinese conservatism has experienced a national revival.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient schools of Confucianism and Legalism have made a return into mainstream Chinese thought.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely regarded as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">grey eminence</a> and chief ideologue of the CCP, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a> has criticised aspects of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and recommended that China combine its historical and modern values.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> has called traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> the "soul" of the nation and the "foundation" of the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has also developed a form of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism#China" title="Authoritarian capitalism">authoritarian capitalism</a> in recent years, further breaking with the orthodox communism of its past.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a> is a current of political thought that advocates a powerful state to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">market reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">Conservatism in India</a></div> <p>Indian politics has long been dominated by aristocratic and religious elites in one of the most hierarchically stratified nations in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), led by <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, represents conservative politics. With over 170 million members as of October 2022, the BJP is by far the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_political_parties" title="List of largest political parties">largest political party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It promotes <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>, quasi-fascist <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>, a hostile foreign policy against Pakistan, and a conservative social and fiscal policy.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BJP movement is both elitist and populist, attracting privileged groups that fear encroachment on their dominant positions as well as "plebeian" groups that seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, social order, and national strength.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Iran" title="Category:Conservatism in Iran">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#36c; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iran"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Iran</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_(Pahlavi).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg/80px-Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg/120px-Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg/160px-Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="325" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/70px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/105px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/140px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism#Iran" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_current" title="Deviant current">Deviant current</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shia Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_principlists" title="Iranian principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran#Terrorist_designation" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">Anti-MEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">Anti-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Kurdism">Anti-Kurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Principlist groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Anti-Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Islamism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism#Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism_in_Iran" title="Clericalism in Iran">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Vilayat Faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Monarchist groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion to Shia Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Alamolhoda" title="Ahmad Alamolhoda">Alamolhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Khalkhali" title="Sadegh Khalkhali">Khalkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Larijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Modarres" title="Hassan Modarres">Modarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_Yazdi" title="Taqi Yazdi">Yazdi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Principlists</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibollah_Asgaroladi" title="Habibollah Asgaroladi">Asgaroladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Ghalibaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir-Hossein_Ghazizadeh_Hashemi" title="Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi">Ghazizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Jalili" title="Saeed Jalili">Jalili </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Jannati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Larijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Mojtahedzadeh" title="Maryam Mojtahedzadeh">Mojtahedzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Pourmohammadi" title="Mostafa Pourmohammadi">Pourmohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Raisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rezaee" title="Mohsen Rezaee">Rezaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Zakani" title="Alireza Zakani">Zakani</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Monarchists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Hoveyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ali_Mansur" title="Hassan Ali Mansur">Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Palevi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Palevi II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">Combatant Clergy Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Islamic_Revolution_Stability" title="Front of Islamic Revolution Stability">Front of Islamic Revolution Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Coalition_Party" title="Islamic Coalition Party">Islamic Coalition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Devotees_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution">Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Seminary_Teachers_of_Qom" title="Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom">Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YEKTA_Front" title="YEKTA Front">YEKTA Front</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Novin_Party" title="Iran Novin Party">Iran Novin Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_Council" title="Learned Council">Learned Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalists%27_Party" title="Nationalists' Party">Nationalists' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformers%27_Party" title="Reformers' Party">Reformers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hojjatie_Society" title="Hojjatie Society">Hojjatie Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restart_(group)" title="Restart (group)">Restart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrar" title="Abrar">Abrar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_(newspaper)" title="Islamic Republican (newspaper)">Islamic Republican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partow-e_Sokhan" title="Partow-e Sokhan">Partow-e Sokhan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajanews" title="Rajanews">Rajanews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resalat_(newspaper)" title="Resalat (newspaper)">Resalat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vatan-e-Emrooz" title="Vatan-e-Emrooz">Vatan-e-Emrooz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yalasarat" title="Yalasarat">Yalasarat</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Civilization" title="Great Civilization">Great Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial#Iran" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Iran" title="Template:Conservatism in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> in 1925 after a <i><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>, ruling Iran as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> from 1925 until 1953 and then as an autocratic monarchy from the U.S.-instigated <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 <i>coup d'état</i></a> until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to introduce reform from above while preserving traditional relations of hierarchy, the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a> in 1963 as a series of reforms of aggressive modernisation, resulting in a great <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> from the aristocratic landlord class to Iran's working class and explosive economic growth in subsequent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, supported by the clergy and the aristocracy, overthrew the monarchy and transformed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, thus replacing the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">progressive conservatism</a> of the Shah monarchy with the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionary conservatism">reactionary conservatism</a> of Islamic theocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main political camps in today's Iran are the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Principlists">Principlists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian reform movement">Reformists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Category:Conservatism in Israel">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Israel</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_conceptions_of_Jewish_identity_in_Zionism" title="Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nietzschean_Zionism" title="Nietzschean Zionism">Nietzschean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral worship">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">Anti-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamism">Anti-Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Hebrew revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland for the Jewish people</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christianity">Judeo-Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish supremacism">Jewish supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah#Zionist_aliyah_(1882_on)" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begin_Doctrine" title="Begin Doctrine">Begin Doctrine</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Gadna_(Israel)" title="Gadna (Israel)">Gadna</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism#Judaism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Oaths" title="Three Oaths">Three Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Eldad" title="Israel Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Ginsburgh" title="Yitzchak Ginsburgh">Ginsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ha'am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klein" title="Aaron Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Kook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Levin" title="Yuval Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Lieberman" title="Saul Lieberman">Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ruppin" title="Arthur Ruppin">Ruppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Samson_(rabbi)" title="David Samson (rabbi)">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Talmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Yosef</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effi_Eitam" title="Effi Eitam">Eitam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Peretz" title="Rafi Peretz">Peretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayelet_Shaked" title="Ayelet Shaked">Shaked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich" title="Bezalel Smotrich">Smotrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehavam_Ze%27evi" title="Rehavam Ze'evi">Ze'evi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Iron_Wall_(essay)" title="Iron Wall (essay)">Iron Wall</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Israel" title="The Case for Israel">The Case for Israel</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_Identity" title="Defending Identity">Defending Identity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Nationalism" title="The Virtue of Nationalism">The Virtue of Nationalism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_A_Rediscovery" title="Conservatism: A Rediscovery">Conservatism: A Rediscovery</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party%E2%80%93Religious_Zionism" title="National Religious Party–Religious Zionism">National Religious Party–Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Israel)" title="New Hope (Israel)">New Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Israel)" title="New Right (Israel)">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_(political_party)" title="Ahi (political party)">Ahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael_Shelanu" title="Eretz Yisrael Shelanu">Eretz Yisrael Shelanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatikva_(political_party)" title="Hatikva (political party)">Hatikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzohar" title="Hatzohar">Hatzohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moledet" title="Moledet">Moledet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehiya" title="Tehiya">Tehiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_(Israel)" title="National Unity (Israel)">National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Right-Wing_Parties" title="Union of Right-Wing Parties">Union of Right-Wing Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamina" title="Yamina">Yamina</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Youth" title="Hilltop Youth">Hilltop Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im_Tirtzu" title="Im Tirtzu">Im Tirtzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Internet_Defense_Force" title="Jewish Internet Defense Force">Jewish Internet Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohelet_Policy_Forum" title="Kohelet Policy Forum">Kohelet Policy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machon_Meir" title="Machon Meir">Machon Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercaz_Olami" title="Mercaz Olami">Mercaz Olami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Israel" title="My Israel">My Israel</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhigut_Yehudit" title="Manhigut Yehudit">Manhigut Yehudit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%27Sheva" title="B'Sheva">B'Sheva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_14_(Israel)" title="Channel 14 (Israel)">Channel 14</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HaTzofe" title="HaTzofe">HaTzofe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I24NEWS_(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="I24NEWS (Israeli TV channel)">i24NEWS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makor_Rishon" title="Makor Rishon">Makor Rishon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mida_(website)" title="Mida (website)">Mida</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism in Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exemption_from_military_service_in_Israel" title="Exemption from military service in Israel">Non-conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torato_Umanuto" title="Torato Umanuto">Torato Umanuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel" title="Far-right politics in Israel">Far-right politics in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a></li> <li>Immigration to Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" title="Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law">Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" title="Prevention of Infiltration Law">Prevention of Infiltration Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_tag_attack_policy" title="Price tag attack policy">Price tag attack policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_camp" title="National camp">National camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">One-state solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torat_Eretz_Yisrael" title="Torat Eretz Yisrael">Torat Eretz Yisrael</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Template:Conservatism in Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, politics was initially dominated by left-wing parties, but overtime right-wing parties became increasingly powerful with conservatism now being the dominant ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2022 Israeli legislative election">2022 election</a>, right-wing parties received 75 percent of the popular vote, a centrist party 17 percent and left-wing parties 7 percent, and the subsequent government has been variously described as the most right-wing, as well as the most religious, in Israeli history.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli conservatism is based around upholding <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a>, promotion of forms of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> that tend to be more <a href="/wiki/List_of_irredentist_claims_or_disputes#Israel_and_Palestine" title="List of irredentist claims or disputes">irredentist</a> in nature (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a>, which promote the idea of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a>, as compared to <a href="/wiki/Zionism#Liberal_Zionism" title="Zionism">Liberal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a>, which are supportive of a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>), promoting Israeli <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>, maintaining <a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">the role of religion and the Rabbinate in the public sphere</a>, support for the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-United States relations">closer ties with the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Conservatism in Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Category:Conservatism in Japan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Japan</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Japan" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism#Japan" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#Japan" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Japan_and_Manchukuo" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility#Japan" title="Nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Japan" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii">Yamato-damashii</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abenomics" title="Abenomics">Abenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">CIA activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#History" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenk%C5%8D" title="Tenkō">Tenkō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_in_Japan" title="Red Scare in Japan">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Et%C5%8D" title="Jun Etō">Etō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuneari_Fukuda" title="Tsuneari Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasuda_Zenmei" title="Hasuda Zenmei">Hasuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoki_Hyakuta" title="Naoki Hyakuta">Hyakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanokogi_Kazunobu" title="Kanokogi Kazunobu">Kanokogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kobayashi" title="Hideo Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki" title="Shimazaki Masaki">Masaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mayuzumi" title="Toshiro Mayuzumi">Mayuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsukichi_Minobe" title="Tatsukichi Minobe">Minobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Mizushima" title="Satoru Mizushima">Mizushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyake_Setsurei" title="Miyake Setsurei">Miyake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Nishibe" title="Susumu Nishibe">Nishibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_%C5%8Cen" title="Hayashi Ōen">Ōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Sonfa" title="Oh Sonfa">Oh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunr%C5%8D_Oshikawa" title="Shunrō Oshikawa">Oshikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiko_Sakurai" title="Yoshiko Sakurai">Sakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_Shigetaka" title="Shiga Shigetaka">Shiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayako_Sono" title="Ayako Sono">Sono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Sugiyama" title="Koichi Sugiyama">Sugiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunoda_Tadayuki" title="Tsunoda Tadayuki">Tadayuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Tsunetomo" title="Yamamoto Tsunetomo">Tsunetomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsuro_Watsuji" title="Tetsuro Watsuji">Watsuji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hagakure" title="Hagakure">Hagakure</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Recorded 1709–1716)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan" title="Bushido: The Soul of Japan">Bushido: The Soul of Japan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Tea" title="The Book of Tea">The Book of Tea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriotism_(short_story)" title="Patriotism (short story)">Patriotism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Steel_(essay)" title="Sun and Steel (essay)">Sun and Steel</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li>”<a href="/wiki/The_Japan_That_Can_Say_No" title="The Japan That Can Say No">The Japan That Can Say No</a>” <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dignity_of_the_Nation" title="The Dignity of the Nation">The Dignity of the Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Asō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Hashimoto" title="Tōru Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Hiranuma" title="Takeo Hiranuma">Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomi_Inada" title="Tomomi Inada">Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Ishiba" title="Jirō Ishiba">Ishiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintaro_Ishihara" title="Shintaro Ishihara">Ishihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Kawamura_(politician)" title="Takashi Kawamura (politician)">Kawamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Kiichirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" title="Yuriko Koike">Koike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Koizumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dichi_Nakagawa" title="Shōichi Nakagawa">Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mio_Sugita" title="Mio Sugita">Sugita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Tarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi" title="Sanae Takaichi">Takaichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tojo (Hideki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuko_Tojo" title="Yuko Tojo">Tojo (Yuko)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Japan" title="Conservative Party of Japan">Conservative Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_for_the_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party for the People">Democratic Party for the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Japan_Patriotic_Party" title="Greater Japan Patriotic Party">Greater Japan Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_Realization_Party" title="Happiness Realization Party">Happiness Realization Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_First_Party" title="Japan First Party">Japan First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Japan Innovation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomin_First_no_Kai" title="Tomin First no Kai">Tokyoites First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishin_Seito_Shimpu" title="Ishin Seito Shimpu">Restoration Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanseit%C5%8D" title="Sanseitō">Party of Do it Yourself</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Constitutional Government Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Renewal_Party" title="Japan Renewal Party">Japan Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Restoration_Party" title="Japan Restoration Party">Japan Restoration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(Japan)" title="New Conservative Party (Japan)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Japanese_Kokoro" title="Party for Japanese Kokoro">Party for Japanese Kokoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_no_T%C5%8D" title="Kibō no Tō">Party of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_New_Party" title="People's New Party">People's New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Party" title="Sunrise Party">Sunrise Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Party" title="Your Party">Your Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbare_Nippon" title="Ganbare Nippon">Ganbare Nippon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seikijuku" title="Seikijuku">Seikijuku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaitokukai" title="Zaitokukai">Zaitokukai</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geny%C5%8Dsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Genyōsha">Genyōsha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokury%C5%ABkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokuryūkai">Kokuryūkai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatenokai" title="Tatenokai">Tatenokai</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungei_Shunj%C5%AB_(magazine)" title="Bungei Shunjū (magazine)">Bungei Shunjū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Culture_Channel_Sakura" title="Japanese Culture Channel Sakura">Japanese Culture Channel Sakura</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shokun!" title="Shokun!">Shokun!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shufu_no_Tomo" title="Shufu no Tomo">Shufu no Tomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABkan_Shinch%C5%8D" title="Shūkan Shinchō">Shūkan Shinchō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Conservative_Movement" title="Action Conservative Movement">Action Conservative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_conservative" title="Anti-American conservative">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Japan" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku-ha" title="Minzoku-ha">Minzoku-ha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">Netto-uyoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">National essentialism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_shugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon shugi">Nihon shugi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Shōwa Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Japan" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Anti-Korean sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility#Japan" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">Daimyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">History textbooks controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihonjinron" title="Nihonjinron">Nihonjinron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Japan">Politics in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#Japan" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a> (postwar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a> (postwar)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Template:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conservatism has been the dominant political ideology throughout modern Japanese history.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right-wing conservative <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> has been the dominant ruling party since 1955, often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763–64_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763–64-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, some experts consider Japan a democratically elected <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> since the populace always votes for the same conservative party.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up until 1868, Japan was largely a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> state ruled by members of the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> order with its <i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushido</a></i> code of honour. In the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>, a process of modernisation, industrialisation, and nationalisation was initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power struggles between the old decentralised Samurai aristocracy and the new centralised imperial monarchy culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> in 1877 with imperial victory.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the era of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japan was transformed into an ultranationalist, imperialist state that conquered much of east and southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary conservatives, notably during the second premiership of <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> from 2012 to 2020, advocate for revising the country's constitution, particularly <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a> which renounces war and prohibits Japan from maintaining a military.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan is the oldest continuing monarchy in the history of mankind, with <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> currently serving as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the principle of monarchy, Japanese society has an authoritarian family structure with a traditionalist fatherly authority that is primarily transferred to the oldest son.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Japan_and_Manchukuo" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">anti-Chinese sentiment</a> is widespread in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925 the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> was enacted with the aim of allowing the <a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Special Higher Police</a> to suppress socialists and communists more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936 the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> opposed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> by signing the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>—a pact later joined by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese term <i><a href="/wiki/Tenk%C5%8D" title="Tenkō">tenkō</a></i> refers to the coerced ideological conversions of Japanese socialists who were induced to renounce leftist ideology and enthusiastically embrace the monarchist, capitalist, and imperialist ideology favoured by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1940s and early 1950s, during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a>, tens of thousands of supporters of left-wing groups, especially those affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a>, were removed from their jobs in government, schools, and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i> is an ultraconservative and ultranationalist organisation that exerts a significant influence over contemporary Japanese politics. In 2014, a majority of <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> members were part of the group. Many ministers and a few prime ministers, including <a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Fumio Kishida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Tarō Asō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a>, have been members.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A highly developed and industrialised nation, Japan is more capitalistic and Western-orientated than other Asian nations. Therefore, some experts consider Japan part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">a treaty</a> was signed that established <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Alliance" title="U.S.–Japan Alliance">a military alliance between the United States and Japan</a>. However, the ultraconservative reactionary traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a> feared that his fellow Japanese were too enamored of modernisation and Western-style capitalism to protect traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Singapore" title="Category:Conservatism in Singapore">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#36c; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Singapore"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Singapore</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism#Singapore" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">Drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Judicial caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Balakrishnan" title="Vivian Balakrishnan">Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Chun_Sing" title="Chan Chun Sing">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh (Chok Tong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goh_Keng_Swee" title="Goh Keng Swee">Goh (Keng Swee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Swee_Keat" title="Heng Swee Keat">Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee (Hsien Loong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee (Kuan Yew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Eng_Hen" title="Ng Eng Hen">Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Ye_Kung" title="Ong Ye Kung">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indranee_Rajah" title="Indranee Rajah">Rajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam" title="S. Rajaratnam">Rajaratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shanmugam" title="K. Shanmugam">Shanmugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Shanmugaratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tan" title="Tony Tan">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teo_Chee_Hean" title="Teo Chee Hean">Teo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toh_Chin_Chye" title="Toh Chin Chye">Toh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Kan_Seng" title="Wong Kan Seng">Wong (Kan Seng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Wong (Lawrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeo" title="George Yeo">Yeo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chua_Beng_Huat" title="Chua Beng Huat">Chua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Mahbubani" title="Kishore Mahbubani">Mahbubani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(PAP)" title="Central Executive Committee (PAP)">Central Executive Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_family_(Singapore)" title="Lee family (Singapore)">Lee family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state#Singapore" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temasek_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Temasek Holdings">Temasek Holdings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/16px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/24px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Singapore" title="Template:Conservatism in Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Singapore" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Singapore's conservative party is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP), which promotes conservative values in the form of Asian democracy and <a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These values include: nation before community and society above self; family as the basic unit of society; regard and community support for the individual; consensus instead of contention, and racial and religious harmony. They are a contrast against the "more Westernised, individualistic, and self-centred outlook on life" and uphold the "traditional Asian ideas of morality, duty and society".<sup id="cite_ref-SV_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SV-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PAP is currently in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government</a> and has been since independence in 1965. Having governed for over six decades, the PAP is the longest uninterrupted governing party among modern multiparty parliamentary democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> is a <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city state</a> and has a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Nanny_state" title="Nanny state">nanny state</a>, owing to the considerable number of government <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">regulations and restrictions</a> on its citizens' lives.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, the architect of the modern Singapore, observed: "If Singapore is a nanny state, then I am proud to have fostered one".<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview in the <i><a href="/wiki/Straits_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits Times">Straits Times</a></i> in 1987, Lee said: </p> <blockquote><p>I am often accused of interfering in the private lives of citizens. Yes, if I did not, had I not done that, we wouldn’t be here today. And I say without the slightest remorse, that we wouldn’t be here, we would not have made economic progress, if we had not intervened on very personal matters–who your neighbour is, how you live, the noise you make, how you spit, or what language you use. We decide what is right. Never mind what the people think.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">Conservatism in South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Conservatism in South Korea">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea"><span style="color: #FFF;">Conservatism<br />in South Korea</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism#State-aligned_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">State-aligned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#South_Korea" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditional</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongik_Ingan" title="Hongik Ingan">Hongik Ingan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism#In_Korea" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#North_Korea–South_Korea" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Anti-North sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanophilia</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanophobia</a> <ul><li>"Old Right"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#South_Korea" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Major_Rivers_Project" title="Four Major Rivers Project">Four Major Rivers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>Bukjin Tongil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93South_Korea)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Restoration" title="October Restoration">October Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Supreme Council for National Reconstruction">Supreme Council for National Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegukgi_rallies" title="Taegukgi rallies">Taegukgi rallies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon">Choe Nam-seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Seong-su" title="Kim Seong-su">Kim Seong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">B. R. Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Heong-joon" title="Park Heong-joon">Park Heong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Munyeol" title="Yi Munyeol">Yi Munyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoo_Seong-min" title="Yoo Seong-min">Yoo Seong-min</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-joon" title="Chung Mong-joon">Chung Mong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choung_Byoung-gug" title="Choung Byoung-gug">Choung Byoung-gug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Kyo-ahn" title="Hwang Kyo-ahn">Hwang Kyo-ahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Du-han" title="Kim Du-han">Kim Du-han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hoi-chang" title="Lee Hoi-chang">Lee Hoi-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jun-seok" title="Lee Jun-seok">Lee Jun-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chong-in" title="Kim Chong-in">Kim Chong-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Gu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Gu">Kim Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jin-pyo_(politician)" title="Kim Jin-pyo (politician)">Kim Jin-pyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-pil" title="Kim Jong-pil">Kim Jong-pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Moo-sung" title="Kim Moo-sung">Kim Moo-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Kyung-won" title="Na Kyung-won">Na Kyung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suh_Chung-won" title="Suh Chung-won">Suh Chung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Tae-keung" title="Ha Tae-keung">Ha Tae-keung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Sang-hak" title="Park Sang-hak">Park Sang-hak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (mainstream)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bareun_Party" title="Bareun Party">Bareun Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)">Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Justice_Party" title="Democratic Justice Party">Democratic Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Korea_Party" title="Future Korea Party">Future Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Grand National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_(South_Korea)" title="National Association (South Korea)">National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(South_Korea)" title="New Conservative Party (South Korea)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">New Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Future_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Future Party">People's Future Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Saenuri Party</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">United Future Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (minor)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Liberty_Party" title="Dawn of Liberty Party">Dawn of Liberty Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Korea_21" title="Free Korea 21">Free Korea 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party" title="Korea Democratic Party">Korea Democratic Party</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Independence_Party" title="Korea Independence Party">Korea Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Party" title="Korean National Party">Korean National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">National Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Participation_Party" title="New National Participation Party">New National Participation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2017)" title="Our Republican Party (2017)">Our Republican Party (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2020)" title="Our Republican Party (2020)">Our Republican Party (2020)</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People First Party (South Korea)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2020)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2020)">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenuri_Party_(2017)" title="Saenuri Party (2017)">Saenuri Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_National_Party" title="Unification National Party">Unification National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Liberal_Democrats" title="United Liberal Democrats">United Liberal Democrats</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">Chosun Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Chosun" title="TV Chosun">TV Chosun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">Dong-a Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_A_(TV_channel)" title="Channel A (TV channel)">Channel A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JTBC" title="JTBC">JTBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily" title="The Korea Economic Daily">The Korea Economic Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukmin_Ilbo" title="Kukmin Ilbo">Kukmin Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Business_Newspaper" title="Maeil Business Newspaper">Maeil Business Newspaper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Broadcasting_Network" title="Maeil Broadcasting Network">MBN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Ilbo" title="Munhwa Ilbo">Munhwa Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segye_Ilbo" title="Segye Ilbo">Segye Ilbo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for Free Enterprise">Center for Free Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Council_of_Korea" title="Christian Council of Korea">Christian Council of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters_for_a_Free_North_Korea" title="Fighters for a Free North Korea">FFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Federation_of_Teachers%27_Associations" title="Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations">Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_North_Korean_Democracy_and_Human_Rights" title="Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights">NKnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanahoe" title="Hanahoe">Hanahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Youth_Association" title="North-West Youth Association">North-West Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shirts_Society" title="White Shirts Society">White Shirts Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chojoongdong" title="Chojoongdong">Chojoongdong</a></li> <li>Controversy over National Foundation Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilbe_Storehouse" title="Ilbe Storehouse">Ilbe Storehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(South_Korea)" title="National Security Act (South Korea)">National Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">Liberalism in South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Liberalism in South Korea">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>South Korean army general <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> seized power in the <a href="/wiki/May_16_coup" title="May 16 coup">May 16 coup</a> of 1961, after which he was elected as the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a>. He introduced the highly authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Yushin_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yushin Constitution">Yushin Constitution</a>, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth Republic</a>. He ruled the country as a dictator until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung_Hee" title="Assassination of Park Chung Hee">his assassination</a> by a fellow army general in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right-wing conservative parties have dominated South Korean politics for most of its modern history, while the main opposition parties have been moderate centrist and not left-wing. South Korea's major conservative party, the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a>, has changed its form throughout its history. First it was the <a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">Democratic-Liberal Party</a> and its first head was <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a>, who was the first President of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Republic_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Republic of South Korea">Sixth Republic of South Korea</a>. Democratic-Liberal Party was founded by the merging of <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Justice_Party" title="Democratic Justice Party">Democratic Justice Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young_Sam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Young Sam">Kim Young Sam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Democratic_Party" title="Reunification Democratic Party">Reunification Democratic Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-pil" title="Kim Jong-pil">Kim Jong-pil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Republican_Party" title="New Democratic Republican Party">New Democratic Republican Party</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a> became the fourteenth President of Korea. </p><p>When the conservative party was beaten by the opposition party in the general election, it changed its form again to follow the party members' demand for reforms. It became the <a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">New Korea Party</a>, but it changed again one year later since the President Kim Young-sam was blamed by the citizen for the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Grand National Party</a> (GNP). Since the late <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> assumed the presidency in 1998, GNP had been the opposition party until <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> won the presidential election of <a href="/wiki/2007_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="2007 South Korean presidential election">2007</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph de Maistre"><img alt="Joseph de Maistre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/100px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/150px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg/200px-Joseph_de_Maistre_by_Vallotton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="634" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-enlightenment">Counter-enlightenment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Perennialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilizational impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnic pluralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_100_Flags" title="Europe of 100 Flags">Europe of 100 Flags</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-European identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">Federalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Metamodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Western values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occidentalism" title="Occidentalism">Occidentalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Italian_Unionist_Movement" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or" title="Bat Ye'or">Ye'or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_or_Europe_(Novalis)" title="Christianity or Europe (Novalis)">Christianity or Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1799)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1802)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Peace_(essay)" title="The Peace (essay)">The Peace</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/While_Europe_Slept" title="While Europe Slept">While Europe Slept</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_Europe" title="Reflections on the Revolution in Europe">Reflections on the Revolution in Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Doomed" title="We Are Doomed">We Are Doomed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">von Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Wilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_European_Renewal" title="Center for European Renewal">Center for European Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke_Stichting" title="Edmund Burke Stichting">Edmund Burke Stichting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group<br />and Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_Group" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations Group">Europe of Sovereign Nations Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_(party)" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations (party)">Europe of Sovereign Nations (party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists<br />Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libertas.eu" title="Libertas.eu">Libertas.eu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(right-wing_populist_group)" title="The Movement (right-wing populist group)">The Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">Pegida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Islamisation_of_Europe" title="Stop Islamisation of Europe">Stop Islamisation of Europe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Conservative" title="The European Conservative">The European Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">EU</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fr)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FR)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCricher_Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Neue Züricher Zeitung">NZZ</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CH)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration#Anti-immigration_arguments" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li>Demographic futures <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Educational inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li>Movements <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men's movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">Men's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_immigration_ban" title="Muslim immigration ban">Muslim immigration ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Europe" title="Template:Conservatism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>European conservatism has taken many different expressions. Early forms were often <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a>, idealising the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal social order</a> with aristocratic rule and an established church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943124_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943124-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisbet200234–36_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisbet200234–36-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, conservatism became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">progressive</a>, adopting capitalism and espousing nationalism—which up until now had been anti-traditionalist and anti-imperialist forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill202170–76_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill202170–76-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first half of the 20th century, as socialist movements were becoming more powerful and the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> regime was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, conservatism in Austria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Romania transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a>, becoming more <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">extreme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn19907_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn19907-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post-war era, conservatism assumed a more <a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">moderate</a> form with centre-right Christian-democratic parties dominating politics across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> throughout the rest of the century,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the authoritarian regimes of <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Salazarian Portugal</a> survived for a few more decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201782_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201782-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the century, after <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">the collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, conservatism took on a more <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal</a> form. In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">nationalist</a> parties have been on the rise across Europe in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European nations, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, have had a long monarchical tradition throughout history. Today, existing monarchies are <a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Some reactionary movements in republican nations, such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span> in France, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a> in Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Black-Yellow_Alliance" title="Black-Yellow Alliance">Black-Yellow Alliance</a> in Austria, have advocated a restoration of the monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Category:Conservatism in Austria">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Austria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Austria</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/80px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/120px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/160px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Austria" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austrian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Austria-Hungary" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza_affair" title="Ibiza affair">Ibiza affair</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Burger" title="Rudolf Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">von Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_H%C3%B6belt" title="Lothar Höbelt">Höbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Character">Sex and Character</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Figl" title="Leopold Figl">Figl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">von Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">von Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Karl_Sigmund_von_Hohenwart" title="Count Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart">von Hohenwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kickl" title="Herbert Kickl">Kickl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klaus" title="Josef Klaus">Klaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Nehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Louis of Liechtenstein">de Paula Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rosenkranz" title="Barbara Rosenkranz">Rosenkranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Seipel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Stadler" title="Ewald Stadler">Stadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Strache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Taaffe,_11th_Viscount_Taaffe" title="Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe">Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">von Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim" title="Kurt Waldheim">Waldheim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dichand" title="Hans Dichand">Dichand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Feigl" title="Erich Feigl">Feigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Marie Schönfeld">Schönfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tschugguel" title="Alexander Tschugguel">Tschugguel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_of_Austria" title="Christian Party of Austria">Christian Party of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Conservatives" title="The Reform Conservatives">The Reform Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Stronach" title="Team Stronach">Team Stronach</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-Yellow_Alliance" title="Black-Yellow Alliance">Black-Yellow Alliance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitäre Bewegung Österreich</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_Association_of_Academics" title="Viennese Association of Academics">Viennese Association of Academics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kleine_Zeitung" title="Kleine Zeitung">Kleine Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volksblatt" title="Neues Volksblatt">Neues Volksblatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salzburger_Nachrichten" title="Salzburger Nachrichten">Salzburger Nachrichten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiroler_Tageszeitung" title="Tiroler Tageszeitung">Tiroler Tageszeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung" title="Wiener Zeitung">Wiener Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreich_(newspaper)" title="Österreich (newspaper)">Österreich</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">German nationalism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Germanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Germanism">Pan Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Austria" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/16px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/24px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Austrian conservatism originated with Prince <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a>, who was the architect behind the monarchist and imperialist <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a> that was enacted at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal was to establish a <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a> that could guarantee peace and suppress republican and nationalist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its existence, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. Following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, it transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, which was the most diverse state in Europe with twelve nationalities living under a unifying monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943139–140_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943139–140-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Empire was fragmented in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, ushering in the democratic <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a> in 1934 saw a series of skirmishes between the right-wing government and socialist forces. When the insurgents were defeated, the government declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and held mass trials, forcing leading socialist politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bauer" title="Otto Bauer">Otto Bauer</a>, into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservatives banned the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Party</a> and replaced <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">corporatist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clerical</a> constitution. The <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Front (Austria)">Patriotic Front</a>, into which the paramilitary <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a> were merged, became the only legal political party in the resulting authoritarian regime, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While having close ties to <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, which was still a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">monarchy</a> as well as a fellow Catholic nation, Austrian conservatives harboured strong anti-Prussian and anti-Nazi sentiment. Austria's most prominent conservative intellectual, the Catholic aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, published several books in which he interpreted <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">ochlocratic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demagogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogy">demagogic</a> ideology opposed to the traditional rightist ideals of aristocracy, monarchy, and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria's dictator <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> saw Nazism as another form of totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and he saw <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as the German version of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. The conservatives banned the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazi_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Nazi Party">Austrian Nazi Party</a> and arrested many of its activists, causing tens of thousands of Nazi sympathisers to flee to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in order to avoid persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, Nazi forces initiated the <a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a> and managed to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss in an attempt to overthrow the conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischof2003_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischof2003-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> mobilised a part of the Italian army on the Austrian border and threatened Hitler with war in the event of a German invasion of Austria. In 1938, when Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span>, conservative groups were suppressed: members of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic clergy">Catholic clergy</a> were arrested and their properties were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943210_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943210-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Hapsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto von Hapsburg">Otto von Hapsburg</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Austrian_throne" title="List of heirs to the Austrian throne">Crown Prince</a> of Austria-Hungary, was a fervent anti-Nazist, for which reason the Nazi regime ordered that he was to be executed immediately if caught.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the return to democracy, Austrian conservatives and socialists alike abandoned their extremism, believing in political compromise and seeking consensus in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservatives formed the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a>, which has been the major conservative party in Austria ever since. In contemporary politics, the party was led by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a>, whom the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span> nicknamed the "young <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having its roots in the conservative <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams">Christian People's Party</a> retained a conservative edge through the 20th century, supporting the King in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">Royal Question</a>, supporting nuclear family as the cornerstone of society, defending Christian education, and opposing <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>. The Christian People's Party dominated politics in post-war Belgium. In 1999, the party's support collapsed, and it became the country's fifth-largest party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnesley2005124_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnesley2005124-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish nationalist</a> and conservative <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a> is the largest party in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Category:Conservatism in Denmark">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Denmark"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Denmark</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/90px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/135px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/180px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Danish culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Culture_Canon" title="Danish Culture Canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">National romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Denmark" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Bj%C3%B8rnvig" title="Thorkild Bjørnvig">Bjørnvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Bj%C3%B8rn_Kraft" title="Ole Bjørn Kraft">Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Krarup" title="Søren Krarup">Krarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Langballe" title="Jesper Langballe">Langballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Ejler_L%C3%B8gstrup" title="Knud Ejler Løgstrup">Løgstrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksel_M%C3%B8ller" title="Aksel Møller">Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaard" title="Pia Kjærsgaard">Kjærsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Bj%C3%B8rn_Kraft" title="Ole Bjørn Kraft">Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Krarup" title="Søren Krarup">Krarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Langballe" title="Jesper Langballe">Langballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mikkelsen" title="Brian Mikkelsen">Mikkelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksel_M%C3%B8ller" title="Aksel Møller">Møller (Aksel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christmas_M%C3%B8ller" title="John Christmas Møller">Møller (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Stig_M%C3%B8ller" title="Per Stig Møller">Møller (Per)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Reedtz-Thott" title="Tage Reedtz-Thott">Reedtz-Thott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Schlüter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inger_St%C3%B8jberg" title="Inger Støjberg">Støjberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernille_Vermund" title="Pernille Vermund">Vermund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sand%C3%B8e_%C3%98rsted" title="Anders Sandøe Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" title="Conservative People's Party (Denmark)">Conservative People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Democrats" title="Denmark Democrats">Denmark Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservatives" title="Free Conservatives">Free Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jre" title="Højre">Højre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Denmark)" title="New Right (Denmark)">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Faroe_Islands)" title="People's Party (Faroe Islands)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Denmark)" title="Progress Party (Denmark)">Progress Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billed_Bladet" title="Billed Bladet">Billed Bladet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dags-Telegrafen" title="Dags-Telegrafen">Dags-Telegrafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Det_nye_Danmark" title="Det nye Danmark">Det nye Danmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heretica" title="Heretica">Heretica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten" title="Jyllands-Posten">Jyllands-Posten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(Danish_magazine)" title="Punch (Danish magazine)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidehverv" title="Tidehverv">Tidehverv</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_Denmark" title="Hate speech laws in Denmark">Hate speech laws in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Jyllands-Posten controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_sexual_morality_debate" title="Nordic sexual morality debate">Nordic sexual morality debate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Template:Conservatism in Denmark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Denmark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Denmark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Danish conservatism emerged with the political grouping <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jre" title="Højre">Højre</a></i> (literally "Right"), which due to its alliance with King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a> dominated Danish politics and formed all governments from 1865 to 1901. When a constitutional reform in 1915 stripped the landed <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> of political power, Højre was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" title="Conservative People's Party (Denmark)">Conservative People's Party of Denmark</a>, which has since then been the main Danish conservative party.<sup id="cite_ref-Egander_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egander-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Danish conservative party was the <a href="/wiki/Free_Conservatives" title="Free Conservatives">Free Conservatives</a>, who were active between 1902 and 1920. Traditionally and historically, conservatism in Denmark has been more <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Denmark" title="Right-wing populism">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> than in Sweden and Norway, where conservatism has been more <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Conservative People's Party led the government coalition from 1982 to 1993. The party had previously been member of various governments from 1916 to 1917, 1940 to 1945, 1950 to 1953, and 1968 to 1971. The party was a junior partner in governments led by the <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Liberals</a> from 2001 to 2011<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnesley200568_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnesley200568-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again from 2016 to 2019. The party is preceded by 11 years by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(Denmark)" title="Young Conservatives (Denmark)">Young Conservatives (KU)</a>, today the youth movement of the party. </p><p>The Conservative People's Party had a stable electoral support close to 15 to 20% at almost all general elections from 1918 to 1971. In the 1970s it declined to around 5%, but then under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Poul Schlüter</a> reached its highest popularity level ever in <a href="/wiki/1984_Danish_general_election" title="1984 Danish general election">1984</a>, receiving 23% of the votes. Since the late 1990s the party has obtained around 5 to 10% of the vote. In <a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_general_election" title="2022 Danish general election">2022</a>, the party received 5.5% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative thinking has also influenced other Danish political parties. In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a> was founded, based on a mixture of conservative, nationalist, and social-democratic ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Egander_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egander-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the party <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Denmark)" title="New Right (Denmark)">New Right</a> was established, professing a national-conservative attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservative parties in Denmark have always considered the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">monarchy</a> a central institution in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conservative party in Finland is the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a>. The party was founded in 1918, when several monarchist parties united. Although right-wing in the past, today it is a moderate liberal-conservative party. While advocating economic liberalism, it is committed to the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000243_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000243-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">anti-Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> sentiment in Finland due to its long history of being invaded and conquered by Russia and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> of 1918, <a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">White Finland</a> defeated the leftist <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Red Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> and the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guard</a>, led by Baron <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a>, were assisted by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Imperial Army</a> at the request of the Finnish civil government. The far-right <a href="/wiki/Lapua_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapua movement">Lapua movement</a> continued to terrorise communists in post-war Finland, but it was banned after <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4_rebellion" title="Mäntsälä rebellion">a failed <i>coup d'etat</i> attempt</a> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">Conservatism in France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in France</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle" title="La Politique naturelle"><i>Natural</i> politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours#Supporting_the_significance_of_Tours_as_a_world_altering_event" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1802)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1819)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études<br />pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/France_profonde" title="France profonde">France profonde</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina"><i>Maurrassisme</i> in Argentina</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ligues_d%27extr%C3%AAme_droite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligues d'extrême droite">Ligues d'extrême droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#France" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sinistrisme" title="Sinistrisme">Sinistrisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early conservatism in France focused on the rejection of the secularism of the French Revolution, support for the role of the Catholic Church, and the restoration of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the first fall of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1814, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, brothers of the executed King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government intended to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett202020–21_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett202020–21-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, a member of the more liberal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">Orléans branch</a> of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as King of the French. The <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> saw an Imperial <a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> from 1852 to 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201775_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201775-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bourbon monarchist cause was on the verge of victory in the 1870s, but then collapsed because the proposed king, <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a>, refused to fly the tri-coloured flag.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turn of the century saw the rise of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span>—an ultraconservative, reactionary, nationalist, and royalist movement that advocated a restoration of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between Christian rightists and secular leftists heightened in the 1890–1910 era, but moderated after the spirit of unity in fighting World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An authoritarian form of conservatism characterised the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a> of 1940–1944 under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> with heightened antisemitism, opposition to individualism, emphasis on family life, and national direction of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservatism has been the major political force in France since World War II,<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the number of conservative groups and their lack of stability defy simple categorisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war, conservatives supported <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> groups and parties, espoused <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">nationalism</a>, and emphasised tradition, social order, and the regeneration of France.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, post-war conservatism in France was formed around the personality of a leader—army general and aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French Forces</a> against Nazi Germany—and it did not draw on traditional French conservatism, but on the <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199632_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199632-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaullism in France continues under <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a>), a party previously led by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012 and whose ideology is known as <a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the French intellectual <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Éric Zemmour</a> founded the nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a>, which has been described as a more rightist version of <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism in Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Austria">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Switzerland">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Germany was the heart of the reactionary <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement that swept Europe in the aftermath of the progressive <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and its culmination in the anti-conservative French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> was deeply <a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">organicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medievalist</a>, finding expression philosophically among the <a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Old Hegelians</a> and judicially in the <a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent conservative exponents were <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Adam Müller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> During the second half of the 19th century, German conservatism developed alongside <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">nationalism</a>, culminating in Germany's victory over France in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the creation of the unified <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, and the simultaneous rise of ”Iron Chancellor” <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> on the European political stage. Bismarck's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> model maintained peace in Europe for decades at the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His "revolutionary conservatism" was a conservative state-building strategy, based on <a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">class collaboration</a> and designed to make ordinary Germans—not just the <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junker</a> aristocracy—more loyal to state and <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in Germany in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars, his strategy was: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bismarck also enacted <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a> in the new German Empire in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a great hero to German conservatives, who erected many monuments to his memory after he left office in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>—after Germany's defeat in World War I, the abdication of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>, and the introduction of parliamentary democracy—German conservatives experienced a cultural crisis and felt uprooted by a progressively modernist world.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This angst was expressed philosophically in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a> movement with prominent exponents such as historian <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, jurist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, and author <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major conservative party of this era was the reactionary <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>, who advocated a restored monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">traditional agrarian movements</a> faded and were supplanted by a more command-based economy and forced social integration. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> succeeded in garnering the support of many German industrialists; but prominent traditionalists, including military officers <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a>, pastor <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">Clemens August Graf von Galen</a>, and monarchist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Carl Friedrich Goerdeler</a>, openly and secretly opposed his policies of euthanasia, genocide, and attacks on organised religion.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> was highly critical of Hitler, writing in 1938: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There's a man alone, without family, without children, without God ... He builds legions, but he doesn't build a nation. A nation is created by families, a religion, traditions: it is made up out of the hearts of mothers, the wisdom of fathers, the joy and the exuberance of children ... This man could bring home victories to our people each year, without bringing them either glory or danger. But of our Germany, which was a nation of poets and musicians, of artists and soldiers, he has made a nation of hysterics and hermits, engulfed in a mob and led by a thousand liars or fanatics.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Germany developed a special form of conservatism called <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a>, which is centred around the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">ordered liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither socialist nor capitalist, it promotes a compromise between state and market, and argues that the national culture of a country must be taken into account when implementing economic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Alexander Rüstow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a> were two prominent exponents of this economic theory, and its implementation is largely credited as a reason behind the <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">German miracle</a>—the rapid reconstruction and development of the war-wrecked economies of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the work of conservative <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> leader and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> helped bring about <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, along with the closer <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>. Today, German conservatism is often associated with politicians such as Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, whose tenure was marked by attempts to save the common European currency (<a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>) from demise. The German conservatives were divided under Merkel due to the refugee crisis in Germany, and many conservatives in the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> opposed the immigration policies developed under Merkel.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2020s also saw the rise of the right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Greece" title="Category:Conservatism in Greece">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greece"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Greece</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_(blue_cross).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_%28blue_cross%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_%28blue_cross%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_%28blue_cross%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_%28blue_cross%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_%28blue_cross%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Greece_%28blue_cross%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_monarchy_referendum,_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek monarchy referendum, 1935">Greek monarchy referendum, 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek referendum, 1946">Greek referendum, 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt">Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panos_Bardis" title="Panos Bardis">Bardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kondylis" title="Panagiotis Kondylis">Kondylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsatsos" title="Konstantinos Tsatsos">Tsatsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Vlachos" title="Helen Vlachos">Vlachos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Averoff" title="Evangelos Averoff">Averoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanos_Dragoumis" title="Stefanos Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris" title="Dimitrios Gounaris">Gounaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Kalogeropoulos" title="Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos">Kalogeropoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Kanellopoulos" title="Panagiotis Kanellopoulos">Kanellopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Karamanlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koumoundouros" title="Alexandros Koumoundouros">Koumoundouros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papagos" title="Alexandros Papagos">Papagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petros_Protopapadakis" title="Petros Protopapadakis">Protopapadakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis" title="Dimitrios Rallis">Rallis (Dimitrios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Rallis" title="Georgios Rallis">Rallis (Georgios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonis_Samaras" title="Antonis Samaras">Samaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanos_Stefanopoulos" title="Stefanos Stefanopoulos">Stefanopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Stephanopoulos" title="Konstantinos Stephanopoulos">Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Tsaldari" title="Lina Tsaldari">Tsaldari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsaldaris" title="Konstantinos Tsaldaris">Tsaldaris (Konstantinos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroditi_Latinopoulou" title="Afroditi Latinopoulou">Latinopoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris" title="Panagis Tsaldaris">Tsaldaris (Panagis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsatsos" title="Konstantinos Tsatsos">Tsatsos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revival" title="Democratic Revival">Democratic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Solution" title="Greek Solution">Greek Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Greeks" title="Independent Greeks">Independent Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hope" title="National Hope">National Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Association" title="National Unity Association">National Unity Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_(Greek_political_party)" title="Niki (Greek political party)">Niki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally" title="Popular Orthodox Rally">Popular Orthodox Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartans_(Greek_political_party)" title="Spartans (Greek political party)">Spartans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Reason_(political_party)" title="Voice of Reason (political party)">Voice of Reason</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Renewal" title="Democratic Renewal">Democratic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Rally" title="Greek Rally">Greek Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Party" title="Russian Party">Napist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Union" title="National Radical Union">National Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Greece)" title="People's Party (Greece)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Spring" title="Political Spring">Political Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Social_Party" title="Popular Social Party">Popular Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Populars" title="Union of Populars">Union of Populars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Liberation_Organization" title="Panhellenic Liberation Organization">Panhellenic Liberation Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Estia" title="Estia">Estia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathimerini" title="Kathimerini">Kathimerini</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Greece_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism in Greece sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Greece_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Greece sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Greece_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Greece sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main inter-war conservative party was called the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Greece)" title="People's Party (Greece)">People's Party</a> (PP), which supported <a href="/wiki/Greek_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Greece)" title="Liberal Party (Greece)">Liberal Party</a>. Both parties were suppressed by the authoritarian, arch-conservative, and royalist <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> of General <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> in 1936–1941. The PP was able to re-group after World War II as part of a United Nationalist Front which achieved power campaigning on a simple anti-communist, nationalist platform during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> in 1946–1949. However, the vote received by the PP declined during the so-called "Centrist Interlude" in 1950–1952. </p><p>In 1952, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papagos" title="Alexandros Papagos">Alexandros Papagos</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Rally" title="Greek Rally">Greek Rally</a> as an umbrella for the right-wing forces. The Greek Rally came to power in 1952 and remained the leading party in Greece until 1963. After Papagos' death in 1955, it was reformed as the <a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Union" title="National Radical Union">National Radical Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a>. Right-wing governments backed by the palace and the army overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a> government in 1965 and governed the country until the establishment of the far-right <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a> (1967–1974). After the <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">regime's collapse</a> in August 1974, Karamanlis returned from exile to lead the government and founded the <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> party. The new conservative party had four objectives: to confront <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish expansionism in Cyprus</a>, to reestablish and solidify democratic rule, to give the country a strong government, and to make a powerful moderate party a force in Greek politics.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Greeks" title="Independent Greeks">Independent Greeks</a>, a newly formed political party in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, has also supported conservatism, particularly <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">religious conservatism</a>. The Founding Declaration of the Independent Greeks strongly emphasises the preservation of the Greek state and its sovereignty, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek people</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #41704c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Category:Conservatism in Hungary">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#41704c; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:blue; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hungary"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Hungary</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary"><img alt="Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy#Interwar_period,_1919–1939" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism#Hungary" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism#Hungary" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n#Views,_public_image,_international_influence" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbánism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Political Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Hungary" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Hungary" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">Anti-LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement#Hungary" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Hungarian anti-LGBT law">Anti-LGBT laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism#Hungary" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Hungarian withdrawal from the European Union">Huxit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungarian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungarian irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_syndrome" title="Trianon syndrome">Trianon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration#Hungary" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian border barrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Calvinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antall_Government" title="Antall Government">Antall Government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Apponyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Habsburg-Lothringen" title="Eduard Habsburg-Lothringen">Habsburg-Lothringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Kolnai" title="Aurel Kolnai">Kolnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Lezs%C3%A1k" title="Sándor Lezsák">Lezsák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">Mindszenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladden_Pappin" title="Gladden Pappin">Pappin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wass" title="Albert Wass">Wass</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy_the_Younger" title="Gyula Andrássy the Younger">Andrássy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">Antall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Apponyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Csurka" title="István Csurka">Csurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Huszár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Ist%C3%B3czy" title="Győző Istóczy">Istóczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Lezs%C3%A1k" title="Sándor Lezsák">Lezsák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_M%C3%A1rki-Zay" title="Péter Márki-Zay">Márki-Zay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margit_Slachta" title="Margit Slachta">Slachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Teleki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Tildy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Toroczkai" title="László Toroczkai">Toroczkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Volner" title="János Volner">Volner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Vona" title="Gábor Vona">Vona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Zichy" title="János Zichy">Zichy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Response" title="Civic Response">Civic Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Hungary_People%27s_Party" title="Everybody's Hungary People's Party">Everybody's Hungary People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Self-Government_of_Germans_in_Hungary" title="National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary">National Self-Government of Germans<br />in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Start_(Hungary)" title="New Start (Hungary)">New Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Austria-Hungary)#Hungarian_Party" title="Catholic People's Party (Austria-Hungary)">Catholic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Union_Party" title="Christian National Union Party">Christian National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Hungary)" title="Conservative Party (Hungary)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Freedom_Party" title="Hungarian Freedom Party">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Independence_Party" title="Hungarian Independence Party">Hungarian Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Justice_and_Life_Party" title="Hungarian Justice and Life Party">Hungarian Justice and Life Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Independent Smallholders Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Hungary)" title="Unity Party (Hungary)">Unity Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Institute" title="Danube Institute">Danube Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelitas_(Hungary)" title="Fidelitas (Hungary)">Fidelitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz%E2%80%93KDNP" title="Fidesz–KDNP">Fidesz–KDNP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Press_and_Media_Foundation" title="Central European Press and Media Foundation">Central European Press and Media Foundation</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bors_(bulv%C3%A1rlap)" class="extiw" title="hu:Bors (bulvárlap)">Bors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figyel%C5%91" title="Figyelő">Figyelő</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADr_TV" title="Hír TV">Hír TV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Nemzet" title="Magyar Nemzet">Magyar Nemzet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandiner" title="Mandiner">Mandiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemzeti_Sport" title="Nemzeti Sport">Nemzeti Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Origo_(website)" title="Origo (website)">Origo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Szabad_F%C3%B6ld" title="Szabad Föld">Szabad Föld</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A1ggazdas%C3%A1g" title="Világgazdaság">Világgazdaság</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echo_TV" title="Echo TV">Echo TV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hetek_(magazine)" title="Hetek (magazine)">Hetek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heti_V%C3%A1lasz" title="Heti Válasz">Heti Válasz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Demokrata" title="Magyar Demokrata">Magyar Demokrata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyar_H%C3%ADrlap" title="Magyar Hírlap">Magyar Hírlap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Conservative" title="The European Conservative">The European Conservative</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #41704c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Against_the_West" title="The War Against the West">The War Against the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Template:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dominance of the political right of <a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_two_world_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the two world wars">inter-war Hungary</a>, after the collapse of a short-lived communist regime, was described by historian <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_De%C3%A1k" title="István Deák">István Deák</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "<a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">nationalist Christian</a>" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">bolshevism</a> and bolshevism's instruments: <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Admiral Horthy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Horthy's authoritarian conservative regime suppressed communists and fascists alike, banning the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communist Party</a> as well as the fascist <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>. The fascist leader <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> was repeatedly imprisoned at Horthy's command.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2010, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> party has been <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister of Hungary</a>. Orbán's positions are a blend of <a href="/wiki/Soft_Euroscepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Euroscepticism">soft Euroscepticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iceland">Iceland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1924 as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Iceland)" title="Conservative Party (Iceland)">Conservative Party</a>, Iceland's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a> adopted its current name in 1929 after the merger with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Iceland,_historical)" title="Liberal Party (Iceland, historical)">Liberal Party</a>. From the beginning, they have been the largest vote-winning party, averaging around 40%. They combined liberalism and conservatism, supported nationalisation of infrastructure, and advocated <a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">class collaboration</a>. While mostly in opposition during the 1930s, they embraced economic liberalism, but accepted the welfare state after the war and participated in governments supportive of state intervention and protectionism. Unlike other Scandanivian conservative (and liberal) parties, it has always had a large working-class following.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the financial crisis in 2008, the support level has dropped to 20–25%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Category:Conservatism in Italy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Italy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory#Italian_school_of_elitism" title="Elite theory">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Liberismo" title="Laissez-faire">Liberismo</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Italy" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Italy" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">Black nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bresciani_(writer)" title="Antonio Bresciani (writer)">Bresciani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Giannini" title="Guglielmo Giannini">Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Giubilei" title="Francesco Giubilei">Giubilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaldo_Leopardi" title="Monaldo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Locchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Longanesi" title="Leo Longanesi">Longanesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Margotti" title="Giacomo Margotti">Margotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Montanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giampiero_Mughini" title="Giampiero Mughini">Mughini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Pera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Romano_(writer)" title="Sergio Romano (writer)">Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salandra" title="Antonio Salandra">Salandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Sogno" title="Edgardo Sogno">Sogno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Elites" title="The Rise and Fall of the Elites">The Rise and Fall of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties" title="Political Parties">Political Parties</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_and_Society" title="The Mind and Society">The Mind and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_Against_the_Modern_World" title="Revolt Against the Modern World">Revolt Against the Modern World</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_and_the_Pride" title="The Rage and the Pride">The Rage and the Pride</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Cacciari" title="Massimo Cacciari">Cacciari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Fini" title="Gianfranco Fini">Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Forlani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pera" title="Marcello Pera">Pera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Procaccini" title="Nicola Procaccini">Procaccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salandra" title="Antonio Salandra">Salandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Sogno" title="Edgardo Sogno">Sogno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tatarella" title="Giuseppe Tatarella">Tatarella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraggio_Italia" title="Coraggio Italia">Coraggio Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_and_Freedom" title="Future and Freedom">Future and Freedom</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Action" title="Identity and Action">Identity and Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Nord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist Alliance">Monarchist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Alternative" title="Popular Alternative">Popular Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Us_with_Italy" title="Us with Italy">Us with Italy</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambiamo!" title="Cambiamo!">Cambiamo!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)" title="Conservatives and Reformists (Italy)">Conservatives and Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_Italy" title="Direction Italy">Direction Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Italy)" title="Economic Party (Italy)">Economic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Party_of_Monarchist_Unity" title="Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity">Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Constitutional_Party_(Italy)" title="Liberal Constitutional Party (Italy)">Liberal Constitutional Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Centre-Right" title="New Centre-Right">New Centre-Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Monarchist_Party_(Italy)" title="People's Monarchist Party (Italy)">People's Monarchist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FareFuturo" title="FareFuturo">FareFuturo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Subsidiarity" title="Foundation for Subsidiarity">Foundation for Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Foundation" title="Liberal Foundation">Liberal Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavelli_Center_for_Political_and_Strategic_Studies" title="Machiavelli Center for Political and Strategic Studies">Machiavelli Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_Foundation" title="Magna Carta Foundation">Magna Carta Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Italy_(foundation)" title="New Italy (foundation)">New Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Italy)" title="The Republicans (Italy)">The Republicans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_(magazine)" title="Annabella (magazine)">Annabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armonia" title="L'Armonia">L'Armonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Borghese" title="Il Borghese">Il Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candido_(magazine)" title="Candido (magazine)">Candido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a> (formerly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoca_(magazine)" title="Epoca (magazine)">Epoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia,_Rivista_di_Studi_Geopolitici" title="Eurasia, Rivista di Studi Geopolitici">Eurasia, Rivista di Studi Geopolitici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Foglio" title="Il Foglio">Il Foglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Giornale" title="Il Giornale">Il Giornale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Italia_settimanale" title="L'Italia settimanale">L'Italia settimanale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libero_(newspaper)" title="Libero (newspaper)">Libero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secolo_d%27Italia" title="Secolo d'Italia">Secolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Verit%C3%A0" title="La Verità">La Verità</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime#Italy" title="Immigration and crime">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian school of criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Template:Conservatism in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>, the country was governed successively by the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a>, which represented conservative, liberal-conservative, and conservative-liberal positions, and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the country saw the emergence of its first mass parties, notably including the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> (PPI), a Christian-democratic party that sought to represent the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> majority, which had long refrained from politics. The PPI and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> decisively contributed to the loss of strength and authority of the old liberal ruling class, which had not been able to structure itself into a proper party: the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Italy)" title="Liberal Union (Italy)">Liberal Union</a> was not coherent and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a> came too late. </p><p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (PNF), and the next year, through the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>. Fascism originated as a populist, revolutionary, anti-royalist, anti-clerical, and anti-conservative ideology,<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> viewed by many socialists as a leftist heresy rather than a rightist opponent; it transformed and became distinctly right-wing when it made compromises with the conservative establishment in order to consolidate authority and suppress communist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini commented on the dynamic pragmatism of fascism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We do not believe in dogmatic programs. ... We permit ourselves the luxury of being aristocratic and democratic, conservative and progressive, reactionary and revolutionary, legalists and illegalists, according to the circumstances of the moment, the place and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1926, all parties were dissolved except the PNF, which remained the only legal party in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> until the fall of the regime in July 1943. By 1945, fascists were discredited, disbanded, and outlawed, while Mussolini was executed in April that year.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a> concerned the fate of the monarchy. While southern Italy and parts of northern Italy were royalist, other parts, especially in central Italy, were predominantly republican. The outcome was 54–46% in favour of a republic, leading to a collapse of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the centre-right was dominated by the centrist party <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC), which included both conservative and centre-left elements.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its landslide victory over the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> in 1948, the political centre was in power. In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a>'s words, it was "moderately conservative, reasonably tolerant of everything which did not touch religion or property, but above all Catholic and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clerical</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DC dominated politics until its dissolution in 1994, having governed for 47 out of 52 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among DC's frequent allies there was the conservative-liberal <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a>. At the right of DC stood parties like the royalist <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_National_Party" title="Monarchist National Party">Monarchist National Party</a> and the post-fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a>. </p><p>In 1994, entrepreneur and media tycoon <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> founded the liberal-conservative party <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a></span></span> (FI). He won three elections in <a href="/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election" title="1994 Italian general election">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election" title="2001 Italian general election">2001</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election" title="2008 Italian general election">2008</a>, governing the country for almost ten years as prime minister. FI formed a coalitions with several parties, including the national-conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (AN), heir of the MSI, and the regionalist <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> (LN). FI was briefly incorporated, along with AN, in <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a> party and later revived in the new <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018 general election</a>, the LN and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> formed a populist government, which lasted about a year.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022 general election</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a> came to power, this time dominated by <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> (FdI), a new national-conservative party born on the ashes of AN. Consequently, FdI, the re-branded <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a>, and FI formed a government under FdI leader <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxembourg's major conservative party, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a>, was formed as the Party of the Right in 1914 and adopted its present name in 1945. It was consistently the largest political party in Luxembourg and dominated politics throughout the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liberalism has been strong in the Netherlands. Therefore, rightist parties are often liberal-conservative or conservative-liberal. One example is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a>. Even the right-wing populist and far-right <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a>, which dominated the <a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">2023 election</a>, supports liberal positions such as gay rights, abortion, and euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party of Norway</a> (Norwegian: <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Høyre</i></span>, literally "Right") was formed by the old upper-class of state officials and wealthy merchants to fight the populist democracy of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a>, but it lost power in 1884, when parliamentarian government was first practiced. It formed its first government under parliamentarism in 1889 and continued to alternate in power with the Liberals until the 1930s, when <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour</a> became the dominant party. It has elements both of <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a>, stressing the responsibilities of the state, and of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>. It first returned to power in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch#Premiership" title="Kåre Willoch">Kåre Willoch's premiership</a> in the 1980s, much emphasis was laid on liberalising the credit and housing market and abolishing the <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> TV and radio monopoly, while supporting <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> in criminal justice and traditional norms in education.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Poland" title="Category:Conservatism in Poland">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Poland"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Poland</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms-poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms-poland.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms-poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms-poland.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms-poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms-poland.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms-poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Old Conservatives</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Partition" title="Austrian Partition">Austrian Partition</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podolacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podolacy (page does not exist)">Podolacy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolacy" class="extiw" title="pl:Podolacy">pl</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sta%C5%84czycy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stańczycy (page does not exist)">Stańczycy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C5%84czycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Stańczycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian partition">Prussian partition</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Poland)" title="National Union (Poland)">Neoconservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian partition">Russian partition</a>: <a href="/wiki/Whites_(January_Uprising)" title="Whites (January Uprising)">Biali</a>, Realists, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBubry_kresowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żubry kresowe (page does not exist)">Żubry</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubry_kresowe" class="extiw" title="pl:Żubry kresowe">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> <p><b>New Conservatives</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">Endecja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Polish Christian Democratic Party">Chadecja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Poland" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Poland" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanophobia">Germanophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Szlachta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Polish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">Religious tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_of_Europe" title="Christ of Europe">Christ of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winkelriedyzm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winkelriedyzm (page does not exist)">Winkelriedism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkelriedyzm" class="extiw" title="pl:Winkelriedyzm">pl</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a> (Endecja)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">Russophobia</a> (Post-solidarity)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_of_Europe" title="Christ of Europe">Christ of Europe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Polish_coup_attempt" title="1919 Polish coup attempt">Januszajtis putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland#Polish_Messianism" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_(Poland,_1893)" title="National League (Poland, 1893)">National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Balicki" title="Zygmunt Balicki">Balicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Bobrzy%C5%84ski" title="Michał Bobrzyński">Bobrzyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Chrzanowski" title="Ignacy Chrzanowski">Chrzanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Doboszy%C5%84ski" title="Adam Doboszyński">Doboszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Giertych" title="Jędrzej Giertych">Giertych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C4%85bi%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Głąbiński">Głąbiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Jeske-Choi%C5%84ski" title="Teodor Jeske-Choiński">Jeske-Choińskis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feliks_Koneczny" title="Feliks Koneczny">Koneczny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Konopczy%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Konopczyński">Konopczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Krasnod%C4%99bski_(sociologist)" title="Zdzisław Krasnodębski (sociologist)">Krasnodębski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Legutko" title="Ryszard Legutko">Legutko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mackiewicz" title="Józef Mackiewicz">Mackiewicz</a> (Józef)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mackiewicz" title="Stanisław Mackiewicz">Mackiewicz</a> (Stanisław)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdynand_Antoni_Ossendowski" title="Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski">Ossendowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Stanisław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Szujski" title="Józef Szujski">Szujski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Tarnowski" title="Stanisław Tarnowski">Tarnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Tyrmand" title="Leopold Tyrmand">Tyrmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rydzyk" title="Tadeusz Rydzyk">Rydzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Wielomski" title="Adam Wielomski">Wielomski</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Bobrzy%C5%84ski" title="Michał Bobrzyński">Bobrzyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Ba%C5%82a%C5%BCak" title="Witold Bałażak">Bałażak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Duda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C4%85bi%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Głąbiński">Głąbiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Stanisław Grabski">Grabski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Gowin" title="Jarosław Gowin">Gowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Hall" title="Aleksander Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Kaczyński (Lech)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński (Jarosław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Leopold_Jaworski" title="Władysław Leopold Jaworski">Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Legutko" title="Ryszard Legutko">Legutko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornel_Morawiecki" title="Kornel Morawiecki">Morawiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ludwik_Pop%C5%82awski" title="Jan Ludwik Popławski">Popławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rybarski" title="Roman Rybarski">Rybarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Szujski" title="Józef Szujski">Szujski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Szydło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Tarczy%C5%84ski" title="Dominik Tarczyński">Tarczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wielopolski" title="Aleksander Wielopolski">Wielopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurycy_Klemens_Zamoyski" title="Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski">Zamoyski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Ziobro" title="Zbigniew Ziobro">Ziobro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trilogy" title="The Trilogy">The Trilogy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884–1888)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)" title="Quo Vadis (novel)">Quo Vadis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895–1896)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Knights_of_the_Cross" title="The Knights of the Cross">The Knights of the Cross</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(political_party)" title="Agreement (political party)">Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Poland" title="Centre for Poland">Centre for Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Faction" title="Piast Faction">Piast Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Renewal of the Republic of Poland">Renewal of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_Poland_Movement" title="Repair Poland Movement">Repair Poland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic" title="Right Wing of the Republic">Right Wing of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Poland" title="Sovereign Poland">Sovereign Poland‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_is_One_Poland" title="There is One Poland">There is One Poland</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Agreement" title="Centre Agreement">Centre Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Union" title="Christian National Union">Christian National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetmans%27_Party" title="Hetmans' Party">Hetmans' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Reconstruction_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Reconstruction of Poland">Movement for the Reconstruction of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Republic" title="Movement for the Republic">Movement for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Democratic_Party_(Poland)" title="National-Democratic Party (Poland)">National-Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland,_1989)" title="National Party (Poland, 1989)">National Party (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party (interwar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowe_Zjednoczenie_na_Kresach" title="Państwowe Zjednoczenie na Kresach">Państwowe Zjednoczenie na Kresach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Comes_First" title="Poland Comes First">Poland Comes First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Together" title="Poland Together">Poland Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Party" title="Polish Party">Polish Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Electoral_Society_in_Silesia" title="Polish Electoral Society in Silesia">Polish Electoral Society in Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_National_Union" title="Popular National Union">Popular National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">Solidarity Electoral Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Poland)" title="The Republicans (Poland)">The Republicans‎</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Great_Poland" title="Camp of Great Poland">Camp of Great Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative-Monarchist_Club" title="Conservative-Monarchist Club">Conservative-Monarchist Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Legacy_of_Polish_National_Thought" title="Institute for Legacy of Polish National Thought">Institute for Legacy of Polish National Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Poland)" title="National Union (Poland)">National Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Iuris" title="Ordo Iuris">Ordo Iuris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Coalition" title="Polish Coalition">Polish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Polish_Nation_%E2%80%93_Polish_League" title="Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League">Polish League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_League_Against_Defamation" title="Polish League Against Defamation">Polish League Against Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Nobility_Association" title="Polish Nobility Association">Polish Nobility Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Right_(Poland)" title="United Right (Poland)">United Right</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Rzeczy" title="Do Rzeczy">Do Rzeczy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Polska" title="Gazeta Polska">Gazeta Polska</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najwy%C5%BCszy_Czas!" title="Najwyższy Czas!">Najwyższy Czas!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasz_Dziennik" title="Nasz Dziennik">Nasz Dziennik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sieci" title="Sieci">Sieci</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwa%C5%BCam_Rze" title="Uważam Rze">Uważam Rze</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Polish_Republic" title="Fourth Polish Republic">Fourth Polish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_and_Family" title="March for Life and Family">March for Life and Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair_berets" title="Mohair berets">Mohair berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_cross" title="Sejm cross">Sejm cross</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Poland" title="Template:Conservatism in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dominant conservative party in Poland is <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (PiS), though there exist many smaller conservative parties, most notably <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Poland" title="Sovereign Poland">Sovereign Poland</a>. Polish conservatism is characterised by social and cultural conservatism, patriotism, adherence to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>, and cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dudek_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dudek-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Polish conservatives believe in <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a> and strong relations with the United States, meanwhile taking a stand against Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaczyński_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaczyński-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PiS has taken a populist and statist approach to economics, expanding regulations, state control over industries and media, greatly expanding social welfare and applying <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a>-esque "anti-crisis shields",<sup id="cite_ref-Dudek_265-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dudek-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> differentiating itself from previous conservative political parties and movements like <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">AWS</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">Endecja</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mackiewicz_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackiewicz-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which believed in economic liberalism. Another difference to AWS is PiS' euroscepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dudek_265-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dudek-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not opposing European Union membership, PiS pursues an assertive policy of conflict with the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaczyński_266-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaczyński-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, in reaction, took a hostile stance against PiS. In the European Parliament, PiS belongs to the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a> group. Liberal media in Poland is vehemently biased against PiS and opposed to its rule, often calling it authoritarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Dudek_265-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dudek-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal scholar Antoni Dudek rejects giving PiS the authoritarian label, suggesting that PiS rejects the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and instead embraces a "national democratic" or <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democratic</a> form of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-Dudek_265-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dudek-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the preceding <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, Poland's conservative movement was split between the "Old" Galician and Kresy conservatives, usually landowners, which formed minor parties like the <a href="/wiki/State_Unity_in_the_Kresy" class="mw-redirect" title="State Unity in the Kresy">State Unity in the Kresy</a>, and the "New Conservative" movement of <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a> (Endecja) under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>, which was oriented around the urban <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite bourgeoise">petite bourgeoise</a>. The latter sometimes cooperated with the right-wing factions of the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement#Poland" title="Peasant movement">Polish peasant movement</a>, affiliated under the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913%E2%80%931931)" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)">PSL "Piast"</a> that cooperated with Endecja, creating a <a href="/wiki/Chjeno-Piast" title="Chjeno-Piast">common government</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Lanckorona_Pact" title="Lanckorona Pact">Lanckorona Pact</a>, although the peasant movement was still not a part of the conservative movement. Endecja espoused <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a> and believed in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>. They also advocated maintenance of democracy, <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a>, opposing <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Cooperation_with_the_Government" title="Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government">BBWR</a>'s attempts at <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">empowering the presidency</a> and later its absolute seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackiewicz_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackiewicz-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, many Old Conservatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Cat-Mackiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz">Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz</a>, found themselves as allies of Marshal Piłsudski.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackiewicz_267-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackiewicz-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endecja rejected <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_of_Europe" title="Christ of Europe">Messianism</a>, concepts which were important to the Old Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-rd_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rd-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism in Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Category:Conservatism in Russia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Russia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/90px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/135px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/180px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Russia" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism#Praise" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Orthodoxy" title="Nuclear Orthodoxy">Nuclear Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></i></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">Zemstvo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Aksakov" title="Konstantin Aksakov">Aksakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Chudinova" title="Elena Chudinova">Chudinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Frank" title="Semyon Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov" title="Mikhail Katkov">Katkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Obolensky" title="Serge Obolensky">Obolensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Rozanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Semyonov">Semyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shcherbatov" title="Mikhail Shcherbatov">Shcherbatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov" title="Nikolay Strakhov">Strakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tikhomirov" title="Lev Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Shevkunov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Shevkunov)">Tikhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">Trubetskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vikulov" title="Sergey Vikulov">Vikulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Revolution" title="Sociology of Revolution">Sociology of Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">1925</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notre_Dame_de_Paris_Mosque" title="The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque">The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Butina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dubrovin" title="Alexander Dubrovin">Dubrovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Gryzlov" title="Boris Gryzlov">Gryzlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Kornilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Luzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Malyshkin" title="Oleg Malyshkin">Malyshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Mizulina" title="Yelena Mizulina">Mizulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pikhno" title="Dmitry Pikhno">Pikhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Rodzianko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Rogozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sadovnichiy" title="Viktor Sadovnichiy">Sadovnichiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Shulgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(politician)" title="Leonid Slutsky (politician)">Slutsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tolstoy" title="Dmitry Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg" title="Roman von Ungern-Sternberg">von Ungern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Volodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia_(political_party)" title="Great Russia (political party)">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Right_Forces" title="Union of Right Forces">Union of Right Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Truth" title="For Truth">For Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Russia)" title="People's Union (Russia)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People" title="Union of the Russian People">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_People%27s_Front" title="All-Russia People's Front">All-Russia People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izborsky_Club" title="Izborsky Club">Izborsky Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krepostniki" title="Krepostniki">Krepostniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People_(2005)" title="Union of the Russian People (2005)">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elementy" title="Elementy">Elementy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kievlyanin" title="Kievlyanin">Kievlyanin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kozma_Minin_(newspaper)" title="Kozma Minin (newspaper)">Kozma Minin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Sovremennik" title="Nash Sovremennik">Nash Sovremennik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Znamya" title="Russkoye Znamya">Russkoye Znamya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zavtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavtra">Zavtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Znamya_(newspaper)" title="Znamya (newspaper)">Znamya</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Anti-Chechenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamism">Anti-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Polonism">Anti-Polonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia#Russia" title="Tatarophobia">Anti-Tatarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkism">Anti-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainianism#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Ukrainianism">Anti-Ukrainianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_for_Russians" title="Russia for Russians">Russia for Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">Serfdom in Russia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silovik" title="Silovik">Silovik</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Russian conservatism has experienced a revival in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, the dominant leader since 1999, Russia has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social, cultural, and political matters, both at home and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin has criticised globalism and economic liberalism, claiming that "liberalism has become obsolete" and that the vast majority of people in the world oppose <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immigration">free immigration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">rights for LGBT people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian conservatism is special in some respects as it supports a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic intervention</a>, combined with a strong nationalist sentiment and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> which is largely <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populist</a>. As a result, Russian conservatism opposes <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarian</a> ideals such as the aforementioned concept of economic liberalism found in other conservative movements around the world. </p><p>Putin has also promoted new <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> that bring together like-minded intellectuals and writers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Izborsky_Club" title="Izborsky Club">Izborsky Club</a>, founded in 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Alexander Prokhanov</a>, stresses <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a>, the restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a>, a senior government official, has been one of the key ideologues during Putin's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cultural and social affairs, Putin has collaborated closely with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a>, the Church has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reports in September 2016 how the Church's policy prescriptions support the Kremlin's appeal to social conservatives: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A fervent foe of homosexuality and any attempt to put individual rights above those of family, community, or nation, the Russian Orthodox Church helps project Russia as the natural ally of all those who pine for a more secure, illiberal world free from the tradition-crushing rush of globalization, multiculturalism, and women's and gay rights.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Conservatism in Sweden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Category:Conservatism in Sweden">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Sweden</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/90px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/135px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/180px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="985" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">Nationalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish cameralism">Cameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a> <ul><li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Lagom" title="Lagom">Lagom</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="National romanticism">National romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet#Conservative_corporatism" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Swedish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hats_(party)" title="Hats (party)">Hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristersson_cabinet" title="Kristersson cabinet">Kristersson cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tid%C3%B6_Agreement" title="Tidö Agreement">Tidö Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_armament_support_march" title="Peasant armament support march">Peasant armament support march</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard_Speech" title="Courtyard Speech">Courtyard Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Swedish Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothicism" title="Gothicism">Gothicism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ahlberg" title="Alf Ahlberg">Ahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Almqvist" title="Kurt Almqvist">Almqvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Olov_Arnstberg" title="Karl-Olov Arnstberg">Arnstberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Jacob_Bostr%C3%B6m" title="Christopher Jacob Boström">Boström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_B%C3%B6%C3%B6k" title="Fredrik Böök">Böök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher (Eli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Heckscher" title="Gunnar Heckscher">Heckscher (Gunnar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Heberlein" title="Ann Heberlein">Heberlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Karlsson_(politician)" title="Mattias Karlsson (politician)">Karlsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Kjellén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Nordin" title="Svante Nordin">Nordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Lindbom" title="Tage Lindbom">Lindbom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claes_G._Ryn" title="Claes G. Ryn">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Sandelin" title="Gunnar Sandelin">Sandelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Stolpe" title="Sven Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Tegnér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Zetterberg" title="Hans L. Zetterberg">Zetterberg</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_%C3%85kesson" title="Jimmie Åkesson">Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Bildt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Bohman" title="Gösta Bohman">Bohman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebba_Busch" title="Ebba Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_H%C3%A4gglund" title="Göran Hägglund">Hägglund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%A4rta" title="Hans Järta">Järta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Karlsson_(politician)" title="Mattias Karlsson (politician)">Karlsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kasselstrand" title="Gustav Kasselstrand">Kasselstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Kjellén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Kristersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kr%C3%B6nmark" title="Eric Krönmark">Krönmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Lindman" title="Arvid Lindman">Lindman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lundeberg" title="Christian Lundeberg">Lundeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Malmer_Stenergard" title="Maria Malmer Stenergard">Malmer Stenergard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Trygger" title="Ernst Trygger">Trygger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wallmark" title="Hans Wallmark">Wallmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Weimers" title="Charlie Weimers">Weimers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Arpi" title="Ivar Arpi">Arpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Poirier_Martinsson" title="Roland Poirier Martinsson">Martinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Teodorescu_M%C3%A5we" title="Alice Teodorescu Måwe">Teodorescu Måwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Sweden" title="Alternative for Sweden">Alternative for Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">Centre Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(formerly)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Christian Democrats (Sweden)">Christian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Coalition" title="Citizens' Coalition">Citizens' Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Party (Sweden)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Sweden)" title="New Democracy (Sweden)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantmanna_Party" title="Lantmanna Party">Party of the Rural People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party_(Sweden)" title="Protectionist Party (Sweden)">Protectionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovpartiet" title="Hovpartiet">The Royal Court Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captus" title="Captus">Captus</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Jarl_Hjalmarson_Foundation" title="Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation">Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikos_(Swedish_think-tank)" title="Oikos (Swedish think-tank)">Oikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Young Christian Democrats (Sweden)">Young Christian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Swedes_SDU" title="Young Swedes SDU">Young Swedes SDU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axess_magasin" title="Axess magasin">Axess magasin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barometern" title="Barometern">Barometern</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_(online_newspaper)" title="Bulletin (online newspaper)">Bulletin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Det_B%C3%A4sta" title="Det Bästa">Det Bästa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fria_Tider" title="Fria Tider">Fria Tider</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotlands_Allehanda" title="Gotlands Allehanda">Gotlands Allehanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nya_Wermlands-Tidningen" title="Nya Wermlands-Tidningen">Nya Wermlands-Tidningen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyheter_Idag" title="Nyheter Idag">Nyheter Idag</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riks" class="mw-redirect" title="Riks">Riks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4llsnytt" title="Samhällsnytt">Samhällsnytt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5landsposten" title="Smålandsposten">Smålandsposten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Det_Nya_Sverige" title="Det Nya Sverige">Det Nya Sverige</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nya_Dagligt_Allehanda" title="Nya Dagligt Allehanda">Nya Dagligt Allehanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OBS!_(magazine)" title="OBS! (magazine)">OBS!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salt_(Swedish_magazine)" title="Salt (Swedish magazine)">Salt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stockholms_Dagblad" title="Stockholms Dagblad">Stockholms Dagblad</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Sweden)" title="Bible Belt (Sweden)">Swedish Bible Belt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frithiof%27s_Saga" title="Frithiof's Saga">Frithiof's Saga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_sexual_morality_debate" title="Nordic sexual morality debate">Nordic sexual morality debate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Template:Conservatism in Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early 19th century, Swedish conservatism developed alongside <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Swedish Romanticism</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Erik Gustaf Geijer</a>, an exponent of <a href="/wiki/Gothicism" title="Gothicism">Gothicism</a>, glorified the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the idealist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Jacob_Bostr%C3%B6m" title="Christopher Jacob Boström">Christopher Jacob Boström</a> became the chief ideologue of the official state doctrine, which dominated Swedish politics for almost a century.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other influential Swedish conservative Romantics were <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a> and <a href="/wiki/Per_Daniel_Amadeus_Atterbom" title="Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom">Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom</a>. </p><p>Early parliamentary conservatism in Sweden was explicitly elitist. The <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Conservative Party</a> was formed in 1904 with one major goal in mind: to stop the advent of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, which they feared would result in socialism. Yet, it was a Swedish admiral, the conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Lindman" title="Arvid Lindman">Arvid Lindman</a>, who first extended democracy by enacting <a href="/wiki/Male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Male suffrage">male suffrage</a>, despite the protests of more traditionalist voices, such as the later prime minister, the arch-conservative and authoritarian statesman <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Trygger" title="Ernst Trygger">Ernst Trygger</a>, who railed at progressive policies such as the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a democratic system was in place, Swedish conservatives sought to combine traditional elitism with modern populism. Sweden's most renowned political scientist, the conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Rudolf Kjellén</a>, coined the terms <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a> in relation to his <a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">organic theory of the state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">corporatist</a>-nationalist concept of <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a></i></span> ('the people's home'), which became the single most powerful political concept in Sweden throughout the 20th century, although it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic Party</a> who gave it a more socialist interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a brief <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> between Left and Right during World War II, the centre-right parties struggled to cooperate due to their ideological differences: the agrarian populism of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">Centre Party</a>, the urban liberalism of the <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">Liberal People's Party</a>, and the liberal-conservative elitism of the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a> (the old Conservative Party). However, in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4lldin_I_cabinet" title="Fälldin I cabinet">1976</a> and in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4lldin_II_cabinet" title="Fälldin II cabinet">1979</a>, the three parties managed to form a government under <a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B6rn_F%C3%A4lldin" title="Thorbjörn Fälldin">Thorbjörn Fälldin</a>—and again in <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt_cabinet" title="Carl Bildt cabinet">1991</a> under aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Carl Bildt</a> and with support from the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Christian Democrats (Sweden)">Christian Democrats</a>, the most conservative party in contemporary Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Mass_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass immigration">mass immigration</a> from distant cultures caused a large populist dissatisfaction, which was not channeled through any of the established parties, who generally espoused <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the 2010s saw the rise of the right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>, who were surging as the largest party in the polls on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its fascist roots, the party was ostracised by the other parties until 2019 when Christian Democrat leader <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Busch" title="Ebba Busch">Ebba Busch</a> reached out for collaboration, after which the Moderate Party followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election" title="2022 Swedish general election">2022</a>, the centre-right parties formed a <a href="/wiki/Kristersson_cabinet" title="Kristersson cabinet">government</a> with support from the Sweden Democrats as the largest party.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tid%C3%B6_Agreement" title="Tidö Agreement">Tidö Agreement</a>, negotiated in <a href="/wiki/Tid%C3%B6_Castle" title="Tidö Castle">Tidö Castle</a>, incorporated authoritarian policies such as a stricter stance on immigration and a harsher stance on law and order.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Conservatism in Switzerland">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Switzerland"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Switzerland</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Switzerland" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Swiss neutrality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">J. Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">T. Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gasser" title="Adolf Gasser">Gasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">von Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or" title="Bat Ye'or">Ye'or</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Blocher" title="Christoph Blocher">Blocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Furgler" title="Kurt Furgler">Furgler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Gn%C3%A4gi" title="Rudolf Gnägi">Gnägi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Moos" title="Ludwig von Moos">von Moos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schwarzenbach" title="James Schwarzenbach">Schwarzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Stauffer" title="Éric Stauffer">Stauffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Widmer-Schlumpf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland">Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Union_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland">Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Freedom Party of Switzerland">Freedom Party of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Citizens%27_Movement" title="Geneva Citizens' Movement">Geneva Citizens' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Farmers,_Traders_and_Independents" title="Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents">Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Movement_(Switzerland)" title="Republican Movement (Switzerland)">Republican Movement</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_and_Neutral_Switzerland" title="Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland">AUNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Libertate" title="Pro Libertate">Pro Libertate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Weltwoche" title="Die Weltwoche">Die Weltwoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Civilization_of_the_Renaissance_in_Italy" title="The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy">The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1860)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Dhimmitude" title="Islam and Dhimmitude">Islam and Dhimmitude</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmitude" title="Dhimmitude">Dhimmitude</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Switzerland" title="Far-right politics in Switzerland">Far-right politics in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Switzerland" title="Template:Conservatism in Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some aspects, Swiss conservatism is unique, as Switzerland is an old federal republic born from historically sovereign <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, comprising three major nationalities and adhering to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Swiss neutrality</a>. </p><p>There are a number of conservative parties in Switzerland's parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a>. These include the largest ones: the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP),<sup id="cite_ref-Hans-Georg_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-Georg-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party</a> (CVP),<sup id="cite_ref-Juravich_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juravich-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland">Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland</a> (BDP),<sup id="cite_ref-Schwok_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwok-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a splinter of the SVP created in the aftermath to the election of <a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf</a> as Federal Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwok_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwok-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SVP was formed from the 1971 merger of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Farmers,_Traders_and_Independents" title="Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents">Party of Farmers, Traders and Citizens</a>, formed in 1917, and the smaller Democratic Party, formed in 1942. The SVP emphasised agricultural policy and was strong among farmers in German-speaking Protestant areas. As Switzerland considered closer relations with the European Union in the 1990s, the SVP adopted a more militant <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> stance. This stance has allowed it to expand into German-speaking Catholic mountainous areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000446_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000446-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, a non-Swiss lobby group based in the United States has accused them of manipulating issues such as immigration, Swiss neutrality, and welfare benefits, awakening antisemitism and racism.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> has called the SVP "<a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">extreme right</a>", although some scholars dispute this classification. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Betz" title="Hans-Georg Betz">Hans-Georg Betz</a> describes it as "populist radical right".<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SVP has been the largest party since 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> was headed by Cossack aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a> and represented the conservative movement. The 1918 <a href="/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman</a> government, which appealed to the tradition of the 17th–18th century <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetman state</a>, represented the conservative strand in Ukraine's struggle for independence. It had the support of the proprietary classes and of conservative and moderate political groups. <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Lypynsky" title="Vyacheslav Lypynsky">Vyacheslav Lypynsky</a> was a main ideologue of Ukrainian conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–68)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern English conservatives celebrate Anglo-Irish statesman <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> as their intellectual father. Burke was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a>, which eventually split amongst the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, but the modern Conservative Party is generally thought to derive primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>, and the MPs of the modern conservative party are still frequently referred to as Tories.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Burke's death in 1797, conservatism was revived as a mainstream political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions. This new generation of conservatives derived their politics not from Burke, but from his predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Viscount Bolingbroke</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> and traditional Tory, lacking Burke's sympathies for Whiggish policies such as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American independence</a> (famously attacked by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> in "Taxation No Tyranny").<sup id="cite_ref-:5_297-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of the 19th century, many newspapers, magazines, and journals promoted <a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">loyalist</a> or right-wing attitudes in religion, politics, and international affairs. Burke was seldom mentioned, but <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> became a conspicuous hero. The most prominent journals included <i>The <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</a></i>, founded in 1809 as a counterweight to the Whigs' <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i>, and the even more conservative <i><a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Magazine</a></i>. The <i>Quarterly Review</i> promoted a balanced Canningite Toryism, as it was neutral on Catholic emancipation and only mildly critical of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist dissent</a>; it opposed slavery and supported the current poor laws; and it was "aggressively <a href="/wiki/British_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British imperialism">imperialist</a>". The <a href="/wiki/High-church" class="mw-redirect" title="High-church">high-church</a> clergy of the Church of England read the <i><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Churchman%27s_Magazine" title="Orthodox Churchman's Magazine">Orthodox Churchman's Magazine</a></i>, which was equally hostile to Jewish, Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> spokesmen. Anchoring the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">ultra-Tories</a>, <i>Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine</i> stood firmly against Catholic emancipation and favoured slavery, cheap money, <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_297-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservatism evolved after 1820, embracing <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> in 1846 and a commitment to democracy, especially under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>. The effect was to significantly strengthen conservatism as a grassroots political force. Conservatism no longer was the philosophical defence of the landed aristocracy, but had been refreshed into redefining its commitment to the ideals of order, both secular and religious, expanding imperialism, strengthened <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>, and a more generous vision of the welfare state as opposed to the punitive vision of the Whigs and liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1835, Disraeli attacked the Whigs and utilitarians as slavishly devoted to an industrial <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, while he described his fellow Tories as the only "really democratic party of England", devoted to the interests of the whole people.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, inside the party there was a tension between the growing numbers of wealthy businessmen on the one side and the aristocracy and rural gentry on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195939–40_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195939–40-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aristocracy gained strength as businessmen discovered they could use their wealth to buy a peerage and a country estate. </p><p>Some conservatives lamented the passing of a pastoral world where the ethos of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">noblesse oblige</a></i></span> had promoted respect from the lower classes. They saw the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> and the aristocracy as balances against commercial wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worked toward legislation for improved working conditions and urban housing.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This viewpoint would later be called <a href="/wiki/Tory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory democracy">Tory democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since Burke, there has always been tension between traditional aristocratic conservatism and the wealthy liberal business class.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, Tory <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> issued the "<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>", in which he pledged to endorse moderate political reform. This marked the beginning of the transformation from <a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a> reactionism towards a more modern form of conservatism. As a result, the party became known as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>—a name it has retained to this day. However, Peel would also be the root of a split in the party between the traditional Tories (by the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>) and the "Peelites" (led first by Peel himself, then by the <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a>). The split occurred in 1846 over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, which Peel supported, versus <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, supported by Derby. The majority of the party sided with Derby whilst about a third split away, eventually merging with the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (politics)">radicals</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. Despite the split, the mainstream Conservative Party accepted the doctrine of free trade in 1852. </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, the Liberal Party faced political schisms, especially over <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Home Rule</a>. Leader <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> (himself a former Peelite) sought to give Ireland a degree of autonomy, a move that elements in both the left and right-wings of his party opposed. These split off to become the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionists</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>), forming a coalition with the Conservatives before merging with them in 1912. The Liberal Unionist influence dragged the Conservative Party towards the left as Conservative governments passed a number of progressive reforms at the turn of the 20th century. By the late 19th century, the traditional business supporters of the Liberal Party had joined the Conservatives, making them the party of business and commerce as well. </p><p>After a period of Liberal dominance before World War I, the Conservatives gradually became more influential in government, regaining full control of the cabinet in 1922. In the inter-war period, conservatism was the major ideology in Britain<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Liberal Party vied with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> for control of the left. After World War II, the first Labour government (1945–1951) under <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> embarked on a program of nationalisation of industry and the promotion of social welfare. The Conservatives generally accepted those policies until the 1980s. </p><p>In the 1980s, the Conservative government of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, guided by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economics, reversed many of Labour's social programmes, privatised large parts of the UK economy, and sold state-owned assets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009364_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009364-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative Party also adopted <a href="/wiki/Soft_euroscepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft euroscepticism">soft eurosceptic</a> politics and opposed <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">Federal Europe</a>. Other conservative political parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP, founded in 1971), and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Independence Party">United Kingdom Independence Party</a> (UKIP, founded in 1993), began to appear, although they have yet to make any significant impact at Westminster. As of 2014, the DUP is the largest political party in the ruling coalition in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, and from 2017 to 2019 the DUP provided support for the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Second_May_ministry" title="Second May ministry">minority government</a> under a confidence-and-supply arrangement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Latin America">Conservatism in Latin America</a></div> <p>Conservative elites have long dominated Latin American nations. Mostly, this has been achieved through control of civil institutions, the Catholic Church, and the military, rather than through party politics. Typically, the Church was exempt from taxes and its employees immune from civil prosecution. Where conservative parties were weak or non-existent, conservatives were more likely to rely on <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> as a preferred form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmer1989_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmer1989-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in some nations where the elites were able to mobilise popular support for conservative parties, longer periods of political stability were achieved. Chile, Colombia, and Venezuela are examples of nations that developed strong conservative parties. Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, and Peru are examples of nations where this did not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hartz" title="Louis Hartz">Louis Hartz</a> explained conservatism in Latin American nations as a result of their settlement as feudal societies.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Conservatism in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Category:Conservatism in Brazil">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Brazil</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Brazil_Movement" title="Free Brazil Movement">Free Brazil Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationalism" title="Brazilian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun rights">Gun rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_above_everything,_God_above_everyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil above everything, God above everyone">Brazil above everything, God above everyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship in Brazil</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Campos" title="Roberto Campos">Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Maria_Carpeaux" title="Otto Maria Carpeaux">Carpeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavo_de_Carvalho" title="Olavo de Carvalho">Carvalho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Cor%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Gustavo Corção">Corção</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Francis" title="Paulo Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Ernesto_Lacombe" title="Luís Ernesto Lacombe">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_L%C3%A9o" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Léo">Léo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Melo_Mour%C3%A3o" title="Gerardo Melo Mourão">Mourão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Oliveira_Lima" title="Manuel de Oliveira Lima">Oliveira Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Camilo_de_Oliveira_Torres" title="João Camilo de Oliveira Torres">Oliveira Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Paulo_Ricardo" title="Padre Paulo Ricardo">Paulo Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobral_Pinto" title="Sobral Pinto">Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_V%C3%A9lez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Ricardo Vélez Rodríguez">Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Ferreira_dos_Santos" title="Mário Ferreira dos Santos">Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Ferreira_da_Silva" title="Vicente Ferreira da Silva">Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Henrique_Simonsen" title="Mário Henrique Simonsen">Simonsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Tolentino" title="Bruno Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Viana" title="Oliveira Viana">Viana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva">Andrada e Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Araújo Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En%C3%A9as_Carneiro" title="Enéas Carneiro">Carneiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Ferreira" title="Nikolas Ferreira">Ferreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Fidelix" title="Levy Fidelix">Fidelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarc%C3%ADsio_de_Freitas" title="Tarcísio de Freitas">Freitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lacerda" title="Carlos Lacerda">Lacerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Maluf" title="Paulo Maluf">Maluf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Médici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeu_Zema" title="Romeu Zema">Zema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Union" title="Brazil Union">Brazil Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">Brazilian Labour Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Woman%27s_Party" title="Brazilian Woman's Party">Brazilian Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Brazil)" title="Christian Democracy (Brazil)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Renewal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)">Democratic Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_2006)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressistas" title="Progressistas">Progressistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_(Brazil)" title="Republicans (Brazil)">Republicans</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Brazil" title="Alliance for Brazil">Alliance for Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazilian Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republican_Party" title="Conservative Republican Party">Conservative Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Social_Party" title="Democratic Social Party">Democratic Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Brazil)" title="Democrats (Brazil)">Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminense_Republican_Party" title="Fluminense Republican Party">Fluminense Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Brazil)" title="National Democratic Union (Brazil)">National Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Reconstruction_of_the_National_Order" title="Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order">Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriota" title="Patriota">Patriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Christian Party (Brazil)">Social Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">Social Liberal Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guard_(Brazil)" title="Black Guard (Brazil)">Black Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diret%C3%B3rio_Mon%C3%A1rquico_do_Brasil" title="Diretório Monárquico do Brasil">Diretório Monárquico do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Caucus_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Caucus (Brazil)">Evangelical Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Patrianovist_Guard" title="Imperial Patrianovist Guard">Imperial Patrianovist Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Democr%C3%A1tica_Ruralista" title="União Democrática Ruralista">União Democrática Ruralista</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_do_Povo" title="Gazeta do Povo">Gazeta do Povo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Tempo_(newspaper)" title="O Tempo (newspaper)">O Tempo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBB_Bench" title="BBB Bench">BBB Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsominion" title="Bolsominion">Bolsominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazilian nobility</a> <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/16px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/24px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Template:Conservatism in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conservatism in Brazil originates from the cultural and historical tradition of Brazil, whose cultural roots are <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Luso</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More traditional conservative historical views and features include belief in political <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">monarchism</a>. Brazil is the only Latin American nation with a relatively strong royalist sentiment, and throughout modern history a significant minority of the population has always supported a monarchical restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship in Brazil</a> was established on April 1, 1964, after a <i>coup d'état</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> with support from the United States government, and it lasted for 21 years, until March 15, 1985. The coup received support from almost all high-ranking members of the military along with conservative sectors in society, such as the Catholic Church and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the 1970s with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a>. Brazil's military government provided a model for other military regimes throughout <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, being systematised by the "National Security Doctrine", which was used to justify the military's actions as operating in the interest of national security in a time of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary politics, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave#Brazil" title="Conservative wave">conservative wave</a> began roughly around the <a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Brazilian presidential election">2014 Brazilian presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to commentators, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a> elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the re-democratisation movement, citing an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruralists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruralists">ruralists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Brazil">the military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Brazil">the police</a>, and <a href="#Religious_conservatism">religious conservatives</a>. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from capitalism in opposition to socialism. At the same time, fiscal conservatives such as those that make up the <a href="/wiki/Free_Brazil_Movement" title="Free Brazil Movement">Free Brazil Movement</a> emerged among many others. Military officer <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">Social Liberal Party</a> was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Brazilian presidential election">2018 Brazilian presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chile's conservative party, the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Chile,_1966%E2%80%931973)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party (Chile, 1966–1973)">National Party</a>, disbanded in 1973 following a military coup and did not re-emerge as a political force after the return to democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Military dictatorship of Chile">military dictatorship of Chile</a>, the country was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Government_Junta_of_Chile_(1973)" title="Government Junta of Chile (1973)">military junta</a> headed by General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. His ideology, known as <a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a>, was anti-communist, militaristic, nationalistic, and <i>laissez-faire</i> capitalistic.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Pinochet, <a href="/wiki/Chile%27s_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile's economy">Chile's economy</a> was placed under the control of a group of economists known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boys" title="Chicago Boys">Chicago Boys</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalising</a> policies have been described as <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Conservatism in Colombia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a>, founded in 1849, traces its origins to opponents of General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a>'s 1833–1837 administration. While the term "liberal" had been used to describe all political forces in Colombia, the conservatives began describing themselves as "conservative liberals" and their opponents as "red liberals". From the 1860s until the present, the party has supported strong central government and the Catholic Church, especially its role as protector of the sanctity of the family, and opposed <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>. Its policies include the legal equality of all men, the citizen's right to own property, and opposition to dictatorship. It has usually been Colombia's second largest party, with the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a> being the largest.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">Conservatism in North America</a></div> <p>North American conservatism, combining <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>, is different from European conservatism and can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Canada also developed an American-style conservatism that competed with the older <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Tory conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hartz" title="Louis Hartz">Louis Hartz</a>, French Canada is a fragment of feudal Europe, whereas the United States and English Canada are liberal fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bibby" title="Reginald Bibby">Reginald Bibby</a> asserts that conservatism has been strong and enduring throughout North America because of the propagation of religious values from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Conservatism in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Category:Conservatism in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#1034A6; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Canada</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/90px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/135px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_School" title="Calgary School">Calgary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Right-wing populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Canada" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Toryism">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Toryism">Red</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Tories" title="Lower Canada Tories">Lower Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_Conference" title="Port Hope Conference">Port Hope Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_(Canada)" title="Unite the Right (Canada)">Unite the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_K._Alexander" title="Bruce K. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bouchard" title="Gérard Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Byfield" title="Ted Byfield">Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farthing" title="John Farthing">Farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flanagan_(political_scientist)" title="Tom Flanagan (political scientist)">Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley" title="Bruce Gilley">Gilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell#Cold_War" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pageau" title="Jonathan Pageau">Pageau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tiger" title="Lionel Tiger">Tiger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett (R. B.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">Bennett (W. A. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_De_Cosmos" title="Amor De Cosmos">De Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning (Ernest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning (Preston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm" title="Bill Vander Zalm">Vander Zalm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Chen" title="Lauren Chen">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Jivani" title="Jamil Jivani">Jivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normand_Lester" title="Normand Lester">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McIntyre" title="Steve McIntyre">McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Segal" title="Hugh Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Speer" title="Sean Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Steyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Canadian_Question" title="Canada and the Canadian Question">Canada and the Canadian Question</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lament_for_a_Nation" title="Lament for a Nation">Lament for a Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Canadian_History%3F" title="Who Killed Canadian History?">Who Killed Canadian History?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning" title="Maps of Meaning">Maps of Meaning</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais" title="Le Livre noir du Canada anglais">The Black Book of English Canada</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Series; 2001–2003)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uniqueness_of_Western_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Uniqueness of Western Civilization">The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harperism_(book)" title="Harperism (book)">Harperism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley#The_Case_for_Colonialism" title="Bruce Gilley">The Case for Colonialism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/12_Rules_for_Life" title="12 Rules for Life">12 Rules for Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whiteshift:_Populism,_Immigration_and_the_Future_of_White_Majorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities">Whiteshift</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_United" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia United">British Columbia United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Conservative Party of British Columbia">Conservative Party of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (2009–present)">Conservative Party of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party of NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Progressive Conservative Party of NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia">Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island">Progressive Conservative Party of PEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan">Progressive Conservative Party of Sask.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)">Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFRA" title="CFRA">CFRA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Audit" title="Climate Audit">Climate Audit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Dominion" title="Free Dominion">Free Dominion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeSiteNews" title="LifeSiteNews">LifeSiteNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Millennial" title="The Post Millennial">The Post Millennial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dorchester_Review" title="The Dorchester Review">The Dorchester Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Life_Coalition" title="Campaign Life Coalition">Campaign Life Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Bio-Ethical_Reform" title="Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform">Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coalition_for_Democracies" title="Canadian Coalition for Democracies">Canadian Coalition for Democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Civil_Rights_League" title="Catholic Civil Rights League">Catholic Civil Rights League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Centre_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy">Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family_Canada" title="Focus on the Family Canada">Focus on the Family Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy" title="Institute for Research on Public Policy">Institute for Research on Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTory" title="LGBTory">LGBTory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute" title="Macdonald–Laurier Institute">Macdonald–Laurier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">Mackenzie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute" title="Montreal Economic Institute">Montreal Economic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Coalition" title="National Citizens Coalition">National Citizens Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Group_for_Independent_Business" title="Progressive Group for Independent Business">Progressive Group for Independent Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL_Women_of_Canada" title="REAL Women of Canada">REAL Women of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_North_Centre_for_Public_Policy" title="True North Centre for Public Policy">True North Centre for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Canadians" title="Voice of Canadians">Voice of Canadians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Revolution" title="Common Sense Revolution">Common Sense Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Canada" title="Illegal immigration to Canada">Illegal immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Pure laine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Agenda" title="Alberta Agenda">Alberta Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Canada's conservatives had their roots in the Tory <a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">loyalists</a> who left America after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They developed in the socio-economic and political cleavages that existed during the first three decades of the 19th century and had the support of the mercantile, professional, and religious elites in Ontario and to a lesser extent in Quebec. Holding a monopoly over administrative and judicial offices, they were called the <a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a> in Ontario and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Clique">Chateau Clique</a></i></span> in Quebec. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>'s successful leadership of the movement to confederate the provinces and his subsequent tenure as prime minister for most of the late 19th century rested on his ability to bring together the English-speaking Protestant aristocracy and the <a href="/wiki/Ultramontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontane">ultramontane</a> Catholic hierarchy of Quebec and to keep them united in a conservative coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservatives combined <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> and pro-market liberalism. They generally supported an activist government and state intervention in the marketplace, and their policies were marked by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">noblesse oblige</a></i></span>—a paternalistic responsibility of the elites for the less well-off.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was known as the Progressive Conservatives from 1942 until 2003, when the party merged with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservative and <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_in_Quebec" title="Autonomism in Quebec">autonomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a>, governed the province of Quebec in periods from 1936 to 1960 and in a close alliance with the Catholic Church, small rural elites, farmers, and business elites. This period, known by liberals as the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Noirceur" title="Grande Noirceur">Great Darkness</a>, ended with the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> and the party went into terminal decline.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1960s, the political debate in Quebec centred around the question of independence, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereignist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">federalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a>, therefore marginalising the conservative movement. Most French Canadian conservatives rallied either the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a>, while some of them still tried to offer an autonomist third-way with what was left of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> or the more populists <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Ralliement créditiste du Québec">Ralliement créditiste du Québec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parti_national_populaire" title="Parti national populaire">Parti national populaire</a>, but by the <a href="/wiki/1981_Quebec_general_election" title="1981 Quebec general election">1981 provincial election</a> politically organised conservatism had been obliterated in Quebec. It slowly started to revive at the <a href="/wiki/1994_Quebec_general_election" title="1994 Quebec general election">1994 provincial election</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Official opposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a> from 2007 to 2008, before merging in 2012 with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a>, which took power in 2018. The modern <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> has rebranded conservatism and, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, added more conservative policies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Yoram Hazony</a>, a scholar on the history and ideology of conservatism, identified Canadian psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> as the most significant conservative thinker to appear in the English-speaking world in a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Buchanan Jr.">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Mellon Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The meaning of conservatism in the United States is different from the way the word is used elsewhere. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Americans rejected the core ideals of European conservatism, which were based on <a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">landed nobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a>, established churches, and powerful armies. The prominent American conservative writer <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> argued, in his influential work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> (1953), that conservatism had been brought to the United States and he interpreted the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> as a "conservative revolution" against royal innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolution was also supported by Anglo-Irish statesman <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, widely known as the father of conservatism, although Burke and a few <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, were highly critical of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill202147_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill202147-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, which is characterized by respect for American traditions, support for <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a>, economic liberalism, anti-communism, and a defense of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> within the bounds of conformity to conservatism is a core value, with a particular emphasis on strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, limiting the size and scope of government, and opposing high taxes as well as government or labor union encroachment on the entrepreneur. </p><p>The 1830s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> became divided between <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, who supported slavery, secession, and later segregation, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Democrats">Northern Democrats</a>, who tended to support the abolition of slavery, union, and equality.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Democrats were conservative in the sense that they wanted things to be like they were in the past, especially as far as race was concerned. They generally favored poorer farmers and urban workers, and were hostile to banks, industrialization, and high tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-Civil War <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> had conservative factions, but was not uniformly conservative. The Southern Democrats united with pro-segregation Northern Republicans to form the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Coalition">Conservative Coalition</a>, which successfully put an end to Blacks being elected to national political office until 1967, when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a> was elected Senator from Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a> influenced US politics until 1994's <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a>, as the American South <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">shifted from solid Democrat to solid Republican</a>, while maintaining its conservative values. </p><p>In late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> split into two factions; the more conservative Eastern business faction (led by <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>) favored gold, while the South and West (led by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>) wanted more silver in order to raise prices for their crops. In 1892, Cleveland won the election on a conservative platform, which supported maintaining the gold standard, reducing tariffs, and taking a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laissez-faire</i></span> approach to government intervention. A severe nationwide <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">depression</a> ruined his plans. Many of his supporters in 1896 supported the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a> when liberal <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> won the nomination and campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallism</a>, money backed by both gold and silver. The conservative wing nominated <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> in 1904, but he got very few votes.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major conservative party in the United States today is the Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party). Modern American conservatives often consider <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual liberty</a> as the fundamental trait of democracy, as long as it conforms to conservative values, <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> of the government, and economic liberalism—which contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Liberalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Liberalism in the United States">modern American liberals</a>, who generally place a greater value on <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major priorities within American conservatism include support for the nuclear family, law and order, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">right to bear arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a>, anti-communism, and a defense of "Western civilization from the challenges of modernist culture and totalitarian governments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009xii_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2009xii-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, and free enterprise. Some social conservatives see traditional social values threatened by secularism; so, they support <a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">school prayer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_legalization_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the legalization of abortion">oppose abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservatives">Neoconservatives</a> want to expand American ideals throughout the world, and show a strong support for Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006ix–xiv_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006ix–xiv-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservatives">Paleoconservatives</a> oppose <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and press for restrictions on immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleoconservative2_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleoconservative2-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together the divergent conservative strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of "godless communism", which Reagan later labeled an "<a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">evil empire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>, conservatives also supported the so-called <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>, under which the US as part of a Cold War strategy provided military and other support to guerrilla insurgencies that were fighting governments identified as socialist or communist. The Reagan administration also adopted <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> (pejoratively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">trickle-down economics</a>), resulting in the 1980s economic growth and trillion-dollar deficits. Other modern conservative positions include <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, American conservatives desire tougher foreign policies than liberals do.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, founded in 2009, proved a large outlet for populist American conservative ideas. Their stated goals included rigorous adherence to the US constitution, lower taxes, and opposition to a growing role for the federal government in health care. Electorally, it was considered a key force in Republicans reclaiming control of the US House of Representatives in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Donald Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fusionism_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fusionism-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have resulted in shifts towards greater support for <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservatism</a>, a more <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a> foreign policy, a repudiation of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.<sup id="cite_ref-Fusionism_351-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fusionism-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Category:Conservatism in Australia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia"><span style="color: #FFF;">Conservatism in Australia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Australia" title="One Australia">One Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Blainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coleman" title="Peter Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Donnelly" title="Kevin Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Flint" title="David Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Harries" title="Owen Harries">Harries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hearn_(legal_academic)" title="William Hearn (legal academic)">Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Henderson" title="Gerard Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Melleuish" title="Gregory Melleuish">Melluish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Minogue" title="Kenneth Minogue">Minogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stove" title="David Stove">Stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allan_(law_professor)" title="James Allan (law professor)">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Callinan" title="Ian Callinan">Callinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Craven_(academic)" title="Greg Craven (academic)">Craven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryl_Dawson" title="Daryl Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gleeson" title="Murray Gleeson">Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gibbs" title="Harry Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Hayne" title="Kenneth Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_Heydon" title="Dyson Heydon">Heydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Myers" title="Allan Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Steward_(judge)" title="Simon Steward (judge)">Steward</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Akerman" title="Piers Akerman">Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Albrechtsen" title="Janet Albrechtsen">Albrechtsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bolt" title="Andrew Bolt">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peta_Credlin" title="Peta Credlin">Credlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Dean" title="Rowan Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Devine" title="Frank Devine">Devine (Frank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Devine" title="Miranda Devine">Devine (Miranda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hadley" title="Ray Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Jones_(talkback_host)" title="Alan Jones (talkback host)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Kenny" title="Chris Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kerr" title="Christian Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lehmann" title="Claire Lehmann">Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_McGuinness" title="Padraic McGuinness">McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mundine" title="Warren Mundine">Mundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Murray_(presenter)" title="Paul Murray (presenter)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Onselen" title="Peter van Onselen">van Onselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Panahi" title="Rita Panahi">Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Price_(broadcaster)" title="Steve Price (broadcaster)">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Shelton_(lobbyist)" title="Lyle Shelton (lobbyist)">Shelton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(Australian_politician)" title="John Anderson (Australian politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning" title="Fraser Anning">Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Bernardi" title="Cory Bernardi">Bernardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Bonner" title="Neville Bonner">Bonner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Canavan" title="Matt Canavan">Canavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen" title="Joh Bjelke-Petersen">Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Joyce" title="Barnaby Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Katter" title="Bob Katter">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Kelly" title="Craig Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mundine" title="Warren Mundine">Mundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Newman" title="Campbell Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Palmer" title="Clive Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Perrottet" title="Dominic Perrottet">Perrottet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinta_Price" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacinta Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vanstone" title="Amanda Vanstone">Vanstone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christians_(political_party)" title="Australian Christians (political party)">Australian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Australia,_1978)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1978)">Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party_(2021)" title="Family First Party (2021)">Family First (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooters,_Fishers_and_Farmers_Party" title="Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party">Shooters, Fishers and Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Australia)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia,_1909)" title="Liberal Party (Australia, 1909)">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservatives" title="Australian Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservative_Party" title="Australian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning%27s_Conservative_National_Party" title="Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party">Conservative National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Liberal_Party" title="Queensland Liberal Party">Liberal (Queensland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_National_Party" title="Queensland National Party">National (Queensland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_League_(Australia)" title="National Defence League (Australia)">National Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_(lobby_group)" title="Advance (lobby group)">Advance Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy" title="Australians for Constitutional Monarchy">Australians for Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_Lobby" title="Australian Christian Lobby">Australian Christian Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Marriage_(Australia)" title="Coalition for Marriage (Australia)">Coalition for Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference#Australia" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormack_Foundation" title="Cormack Foundation">Cormack Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civic_Council" title="National Civic Council">National Civic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramsay#Ramsay_Centre_for_Western_Civilisation" title="Paul Ramsay">Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Art" title="Australian Academy of Art">Australian Academy of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Flag_Association" title="Australian National Flag Association">Australian National Flag Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_Empire_Alliance" title="King and Empire Alliance">King and Empire Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(Australia)" title="Old Guard (Australia)">Old Guard</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Studies" title="Centre for Independent Studies">Centre for Independent Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Public_Affairs" title="Institute of Public Affairs">Institute of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Research_Centre" title="Menzies Research Centre">Menzies Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Page_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Page Research Centre (page does not exist)">Page Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Griffith_Society" title="Samuel Griffith Society">Samuel Griffith Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Nicholls_Society" title="H. R. Nicholls Society">H. R. Nicholls Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADH_TV" title="ADH TV">ADH TV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint_(Radio_National)" title="Counterpoint (Radio National)">Counterpoint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperium Press (page does not exist)">Imperium Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" title="The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herald_Sun" title="Herald Sun">Herald Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/News_Weekly" title="News Weekly">News Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quillette" title="Quillette">Quillette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Australia" title="Sky News Australia">Sky News Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism in New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle#The_Fabrication_of_Aboriginal_History,_Volume_One,_Van_Diemen's_Land_1803_–_1847" title="Keith Windschuttle">The Fabrication of Aboriginal History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li>Liberal Party factions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Moderates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Template:Conservatism in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> adheres to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is liberal in the sense of economics. Commentators explain: "In America, 'liberal' means left-of-center, and it is a pejorative term when used by conservatives in adversarial political debate. In Australia, of course, the conservatives are in the Liberal Party."<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a> is the most organised and reactionary of the three factions within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other conservative parties are the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party of Australia</a> (a sister party of the Liberals), <a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Australia,_1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)">Democratic Labor Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooters,_Fishers_and_Farmers_Party" title="Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party">Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservatives" title="Australian Conservatives">Australian Conservatives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian Party</a>. </p><p>The largest party in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, and its dominant faction is <a href="/wiki/Labor_Right" title="Labor Right">Labor Right</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socially_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially conservative">socially conservative</a> element. Australia undertook significant economic reform under the Labor Party in the mid-1980s. Consequently, issues like protectionism, welfare reform, privatisation, and deregulation are no longer debated in the political space as they are in Europe or North America. </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Jupp" title="James Jupp">James Jupp</a> writes that "[the] decline in English influences on Australian reformism and radicalism, and appropriation of the symbols of Empire by conservatives continued under the Liberal Party leadership of Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, which lasted until 1966".<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Conservatism in New Zealand">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00529F; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in New Zealand</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Ministry_(New_Zealand)" title="Continuous Ministry (New Zealand)">Continuous Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Historic conservatism in New Zealand</a> (pre–1930s)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whitaker" title="Frederick Whitaker">Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Atkinson" title="Harry Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="William Russell (New Zealand politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Massey" title="William Massey">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bell_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Francis Bell (New Zealand politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Coates" title="Gordon Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Forbes_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="George Forbes (New Zealand politician)">Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hamilton" title="Adam Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Holland" title="Sidney Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Holyoake" title="Keith Holyoake">Holyoake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall" title="Jack Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Bolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Richardson" title="Ruth Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Shipley" title="Jenny Shipley">Shipley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Birch" title="Bill Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Copeland" title="Gordon Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_English" title="Bill English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Brash" title="Don Brash">Brash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bridges" title="Simon Bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Muller" title="Todd Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Collins" title="Judith Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Luxon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ormond_(farmer)" title="John Ormond (farmer)">Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farrar_(blogger)" title="David Farrar (blogger)">Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McCoskrie" title="Bob McCoskrie">McCoskrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Slater" title="Cameron Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Williams_(New_Zealand_lawyer)" title="Jordan Williams (New Zealand lawyer)">Williams</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservatives_Party" title="New Conservatives Party">New Conservatives Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Reform_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Reform Party">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="United Party (New Zealand)">United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Democrat_Party_(1934)" title="New Zealand Democrat Party (1934)">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Party" title="New Zealand Party">New Zealand Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand">Christian Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Conservative_Party" title="New Zealand Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Christian Democrat Party (New Zealand)">Christian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Green_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Progressive Green Party (New Zealand)">Progressive Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_New_Zealand" title="Destiny New Zealand">Destiny New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kiwi_Party" title="The Kiwi Party">The Kiwi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_NZ" title="Focus NZ">Focus NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Party" title="The Family Party">The Family Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations and media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Future" title="Auckland Future">Auckland Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Citizens%27_Association" title="Wellington Citizens' Association">Citizens' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communities_and_Residents" title="Communities and Residents">Communities and Residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Concerned_Citizens" title="Coalition of Concerned Citizens">Coalition of Concerned Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_First_New_Zealand" title="Family First New Zealand">Family First New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Investigate_(magazine)" title="Investigate (magazine)">Investigate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy New Zealand">Monarchy New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Front" title="New Zealand National Front">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legion" title="New Zealand Legion">New Zealand Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Taxpayers%27_Union" title="New Zealand Taxpayers' Union">Taxpayers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Young_Nationals" title="New Zealand Young Nationals">Young Nationals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_New_Zealand" title="Christian politics in New Zealand">Christian politics in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">Liberalism in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/16px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/24px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_New_Zealand" title="Template:Conservatism New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Conservatism New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Historic conservatism in New Zealand</a> traces its roots to the unorganised conservative opposition to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">New Zealand Liberal Party</a> in the late 19th century. In 1909 this ideological strand found a more organised expression in the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Reform Party (New Zealand)">Reform Party</a>, a forerunner to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">New Zealand National Party</a>, which absorbed historic conservative elements.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Party, established in 1936, embodies a spectrum of tendencies, including conservative and liberal. Throughout its history, the party has oscillated between periods of conservative emphasis and liberal reform. Its stated values include "individual freedom and choice" and "limited government".<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s and 1990s both the National Party and its main opposing party, the traditionally left-wing <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a>, implemented free-market reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> party, which split from the National Party in 1993, espouses nationalist and conservative principles.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Conscientiousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_Personality_Traits" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five Personality Traits">The Big Five personality model</a> has applications in the study of <a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">political psychology</a>. It has been found by several studies that individuals who score high in <a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a> (the quality of working hard and being careful) are more likely to possess a right-wing political identification.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since conscientiousness is positively related to job performance,<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 2021 study found that conservative service workers earn higher ratings, evaluations, and tips than social liberal ones.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disgust_sensitivity">Disgust sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Disgust sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of studies have found that <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> is tightly linked to political orientation. People who are highly sensitive to disgusting images are more likely to align with the political right and value traditional ideals of bodily and spiritual purity, tending to oppose, for example, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in the field of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> has also found that people who are more disgust sensitive tend to favour their own <a href="/wiki/In-group" class="mw-redirect" title="In-group">in-group</a> over <a href="/wiki/Outgroup_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outgroup (sociology)">out-groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposed reason for this phenomenon is that people begin to associate outsiders with disease while associating health with people similar to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The higher one's disgust sensitivity is, the greater the tendency to make more conservative moral judgments. Disgust sensitivity is associated with moral <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>, which means that people who have higher disgust sensitivity are more likely to think that suspects of a crime are guilty. They also tend to view them as evil, if found guilty, and endorse harsher punishment in the setting of a court.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Authoritarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">right-wing authoritarian personality</a> (RWA) is a <a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">personality type</a> that describes somebody who is highly submissive to their authority figures, acts aggressively in the name of said authorities, and is conformist in thought and behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_Dictionary_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA_Dictionary-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to psychologist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Altemeyer" title="Bob Altemeyer">Bob Altemeyer</a>, individuals who are politically conservative tend to rank high in RWA.<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding was echoed by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> (1950) based on the <a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a> personality test. </p><p>A study done on Israeli and Palestinian students in Israel found that RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2005 study by H. Michael Crowson and colleagues suggested a moderate gap between RWA and other conservative positions, stating that their "results indicated that conservatism is not synonymous with RWA".<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Karen_Stenner" title="Karen Stenner">Karen Stenner</a>, who specialises in authoritarianism, conservatives will embrace diversity and civil liberties to the extent that they are institutionalised traditions in the social order, but they tend to be drawn to authoritarianism when public opinion is fractious and there is a loss of confidence in public institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambiguity_intolerance">Ambiguity intolerance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Ambiguity intolerance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, British psychologist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a> published an influential book providing evidence that a general factor underlying conservative beliefs is "fear of uncertainty".<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meta-analysis of research literature by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway in 2003 found that many factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguity tolerance">intolerance of ambiguity</a> and need for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive closure (psychology)">cognitive closure</a>, contribute to the degree of one's political conservatism and its manifestations in decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-Jost_et_al._2003_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost_et_al._2003-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by Kathleen Maclay stated that these traits "might be associated with such generally valued characteristics as personal commitment and unwavering loyalty". The research also suggested that while most people are resistant to change, social liberals are more tolerant of it.<sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_dominance_orientation">Social dominance orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Social dominance orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a> (SDO) is a <a href="/wiki/Personality_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality trait">personality trait</a> measuring an individual's support for <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> and the extent to which they desire their <a href="/wiki/In-group" class="mw-redirect" title="In-group">in-group</a> be superior to <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">out-groups</a>. Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Pratto" title="Felicia Pratto">Felicia Pratto</a> and her colleagues have found evidence to support the claim that a high SDO is strongly correlated with conservative views and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a> to promote equality. Pratto and her colleagues also found that high SDO scores were highly correlated with measures of <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/David_J._Schneider" title="David J. Schneider">David J. Schneider</a> argued for a more complex relationships between the three factors, writing that "correlations between prejudice and political conservatism are reduced virtually to zero when controls for SDO are instituted, suggesting that the conservatism–prejudice link is caused by SDO".<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative political theorist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Minogue" title="Kenneth Minogue">Kenneth Minogue</a> criticised Pratto's work, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is characteristic of the conservative temperament to value established identities, to praise habit and to respect prejudice, not because it is irrational, but because such things anchor the darting impulses of human beings in solidities of custom which we do not often begin to value until we are already losing them. Radicalism often generates youth movements, while conservatism is a condition found among the mature, who have discovered what it is in life they most value.<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 1996 study by Pratto and her colleagues examined the topic of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. Contrary to what these theorists predicted, correlations between conservatism and racism were strongest among the most educated individuals, and weakest among the least educated. They also found that the correlation between racism and conservatism could be accounted for by their mutual relationship with SDO.<sup id="cite_ref-sidanius96_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sidanius96-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Happiness">Happiness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Happiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>Gross National Happiness</i> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Brooks" title="Arthur C. Brooks">Arthur C. Brooks</a> presents the finding that conservatives are roughly twice as happy as social liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study suggested that conservatives tend to be happier than social liberals because of their tendency to justify the current state of affairs and to remain unbothered by inequalities in society.<sup id="cite_ref-napier_and_jost_2008_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-napier_and_jost_2008-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study disputed this hypothesis, demonstrating that conservatives expressed greater personal agency (e.g., personal control, responsibility), more positive outlook (e.g., optimism, self-worth), and more transcendent moral beliefs (e.g., greater religiosity, greater moral clarity).<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_statesmen">Prominent statesmen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Prominent statesmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="President John Adams of the United States"><img alt="President John Adams of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg/96px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg/144px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg/192px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_John_Adams_%28by_John_Trumbull%2C_circa_1792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> of the United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prince Klemens von Metternich of the Austrian Empire"><img alt="Prince Klemens von Metternich of the Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/94px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/141px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/188px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prince <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> of the Austrian Empire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/86px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/129px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/171px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="716" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of the German Empire"><img alt="Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="749" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> of the German Empire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of Finland"><img alt="Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mannerheim1940.jpg/87px-Mannerheim1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mannerheim1940.jpg/130px-Mannerheim1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mannerheim1940.jpg/174px-Mannerheim1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3457" data-file-height="4767" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a> of Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Regent Miklós Horthy of the Kingdom of Hungary"><img alt="Regent Miklós Horthy of the Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Horthy_the_regent.jpg/82px-Horthy_the_regent.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Horthy_the_regent.jpg/123px-Horthy_the_regent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Horthy_the_regent.jpg/164px-Horthy_the_regent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="678" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regent <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> of the Kingdom of Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/96px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/145px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/193px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="7504" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of Germany"><img alt="Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/80px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> of Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of China"><img alt="Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jpg/91px-Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jpg/136px-Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jpg/181px-Chiang_Kai-shek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="3331" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Generalissimo</i> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> of China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal"><img alt="Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_portrait_%28by_Manuel_Alves_San_Payo%29_%E2%80%93_Lisboa.jpg/90px-Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_portrait_%28by_Manuel_Alves_San_Payo%29_%E2%80%93_Lisboa.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_portrait_%28by_Manuel_Alves_San_Payo%29_%E2%80%93_Lisboa.jpg/135px-Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_portrait_%28by_Manuel_Alves_San_Payo%29_%E2%80%93_Lisboa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_portrait_%28by_Manuel_Alves_San_Payo%29_%E2%80%93_Lisboa.jpg/180px-Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar_portrait_%28by_Manuel_Alves_San_Payo%29_%E2%80%93_Lisboa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> of Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="General Charles de Gaulle of France"><img alt="General Charles de Gaulle of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/De_Gaulle-OWI_%28cropped%29-%28c%29.jpg/80px-De_Gaulle-OWI_%28cropped%29-%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/De_Gaulle-OWI_%28cropped%29-%28c%29.jpg/119px-De_Gaulle-OWI_%28cropped%29-%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/De_Gaulle-OWI_%28cropped%29-%28c%29.jpg/159px-De_Gaulle-OWI_%28cropped%29-%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2987" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> of France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Generalissimo Francisco Franco of Spain"><img alt="Generalissimo Francisco Franco of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/87px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/130px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/174px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Generalissimo</i> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> of Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore"><img alt="Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/90px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/135px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/180px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1339" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> of Singapore</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="President Ronald Reagan of the United States"><img alt="President Ronald Reagan of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/96px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/144px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/192px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> of the United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="General Augusto Pinochet of Chile"><img alt="General Augusto Pinochet of Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial.jpg/93px-Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial.jpg/139px-Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial.jpg/185px-Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2624" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> of Chile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of the Imperial State of Iran"><img alt="Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of the Imperial State of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shah_fullsize.jpg/95px-Shah_fullsize.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shah_fullsize.jpg/142px-Shah_fullsize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shah_fullsize.jpg/190px-Shah_fullsize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5788" data-file-height="7314" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> of the Imperial State of Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India"><img alt="Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_%28crop_2%29.jpg/96px-Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_%28crop_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_%28crop_2%29.jpg/144px-Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_%28crop_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_%28crop_2%29.jpg/192px-Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_%28crop_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> of India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Margaret_Thatcher_stock_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Margaret_Thatcher_stock_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Margaret_Thatcher_stock_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Margaret_Thatcher_stock_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Margaret_Thatcher_stock_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-Margaret_Thatcher_stock_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1099" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan"><img alt="Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501.jpg/88px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501.jpg/132px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501.jpg/176px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> of Japan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_intellectuals">Prominent intellectuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Prominent intellectuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Edmund Burke"><img alt="Edmund Burke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG/95px-Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG/143px-Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG/191px-Edmund_Burke_by_James_Northcote.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="556" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hannah More"><img alt="Hannah More" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/HannahMore.jpg/90px-HannahMore.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/HannahMore.jpg/134px-HannahMore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/HannahMore.jpg/179px-HannahMore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">Hannah More</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Joseph de Maistre"><img alt="Joseph de Maistre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/84px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/126px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/169px-Cogordan_-_Joseph_de_Maistre%2C_1894_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1701" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="François-René de Chateaubriand"><img alt="François-René de Chateaubriand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson_006.jpg/86px-Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson_006.jpg/130px-Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson_006.jpg/173px-Anne-Louis_Girodet-Trioson_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1723" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge"><img alt="Samuel Taylor Coleridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg/97px-SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg/145px-SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg/193px-SamuelTaylorColeridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thomas Carlyle"><img alt="Thomas Carlyle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thomas_Carlyle_lm.jpg/88px-Thomas_Carlyle_lm.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thomas_Carlyle_lm.jpg/131px-Thomas_Carlyle_lm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thomas_Carlyle_lm.jpg/175px-Thomas_Carlyle_lm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1172" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="John Henry Newman"><img alt="John Henry Newman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg/93px-John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg/139px-John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg/185px-John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3104" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alexis de Tocqueville"><img alt="Alexis de Tocqueville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg/89px-Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg/133px-Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg/178px-Alexis_de_Tocqueville_%28Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau_-_Versailles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fyodor Dostoevsky"><img alt="Fyodor Dostoevsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/96px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/144px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/192px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky"><img alt="Ze'ev Jabotinsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99-JNF010760.jpeg/80px-%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99-JNF010760.jpeg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99-JNF010760.jpeg/120px-%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99-JNF010760.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99-JNF010760.jpeg/160px-%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99-JNF010760.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ernst Jünger"><img alt="Ernst Jünger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/82px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/123px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/163px-Ernst_J%C3%BCnger_vers_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="773" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Michael Oakeshott"><img alt="Michael Oakeshott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Michael_Oakeshott.jpg/85px-Michael_Oakeshott.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Michael_Oakeshott.jpg/128px-Michael_Oakeshott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Michael_Oakeshott.jpg/171px-Michael_Oakeshott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="841" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marcel Lefebvre"><img alt="Marcel Lefebvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_of_Archbishop_Marcel_Lefebvre_%E2%80%93_edited.jpg/87px-Portrait_of_Archbishop_Marcel_Lefebvre_%E2%80%93_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_of_Archbishop_Marcel_Lefebvre_%E2%80%93_edited.jpg/131px-Portrait_of_Archbishop_Marcel_Lefebvre_%E2%80%93_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_of_Archbishop_Marcel_Lefebvre_%E2%80%93_edited.jpg/174px-Portrait_of_Archbishop_Marcel_Lefebvre_%E2%80%93_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Russell Kirk"><img alt="Russell Kirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/95px-Kirk_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/143px-Kirk_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/191px-Kirk_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="982" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yukio Mishima"><img alt="Yukio Mishima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yukio_Mishima%2C_1955_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Yukio_Mishima%2C_1955_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yukio_Mishima%2C_1955_%28cropped%29.jpg/148px-Yukio_Mishima%2C_1955_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yukio_Mishima%2C_1955_%28cropped%29.jpg/197px-Yukio_Mishima%2C_1955_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="767" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thomas Sowell"><img alt="Thomas Sowell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/98px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/148px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg/197px-Thomas_Sowell_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1041" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Roger Scruton"><img alt="Roger Scruton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg/80px-Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg/120px-Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg/161px-Roger_Scruton_by_Pete_Helme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="903" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wang Huning[a]"><img alt="Wang Huning[a]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/90px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/135px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/180px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="517" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a><sup id="cite_ref-391" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jordan Peterson"><img alt="Jordan Peterson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jordan_Peterson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/80px-Jordan_Peterson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jordan_Peterson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/120px-Jordan_Peterson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jordan_Peterson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/160px-Jordan_Peterson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3167" /></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_variants_2">National variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: National variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Conservatism in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Conservatism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Conservatism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Conservatism in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservatism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">Conservatism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Conservatism in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Conservatism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Conservatism in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Conservatism in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Conservatism in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">Conservatism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Conservatism in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Conservatism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_variants_2">Ideological variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Ideological variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Feminist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultraconservatism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_topics">Related topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Related topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopatriarchy" title="Neopatriarchy">Neopatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, but he is the representative intelligence of modern conservatism in mainland China called "<a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">neoconservatism</a>".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2019" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conservatism/">"Conservatism"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Conservatism&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconservatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: "Conservatism, political doctrine that emphasizes the value of traditional institutions and practices."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2004">Heywood 2004</a>, pp. 166–167: "In particular, conservatives have emphasized that society is held together by the maintenance of traditional institutions such as the family and by respect for an established culture, based upon religion, tradition and custom."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Kieron (2011). <i>Conservatism</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-812-8"><bdi>978-1-86189-812-8</bdi></a>. <q>It is clear that conservatives are influenced not only by their ideology, but also by the political context – no surprise there – but contexts vary and so, therefore, do conservatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-812-8&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Kieron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeill2021">Neill 2021</a>, p. 2: "[C]onservatives favour the importance of ‘natural’ forms of authority, such as the monarchy, the church, the nation and the family."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiubilei2019">Giubilei 2019</a>, p. 37: "Conservatives aim to conserve the natural and fundamental elements of society, which are: private property, family, the homeland, and even religion […] the right-wing conservative is such not because he wants to conserve any regime and any institutions, but rather specific institutions and particular values."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett20203–18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett20203–18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcett2020">Fawcett 2020</a>, pp. 3–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller199726-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller199726_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuller1997">Muller 1997</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2009" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (2009). <i>Modern Political Ideologies</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1105-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1105-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-1105-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Ideologies&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1105-1&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENisbet200215-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisbet200215_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNisbet2002">Nisbet 2002</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanKlein2020" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Seth D.; Klein, Yitzhak (August 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2020/08/the-rise-of-conservatism-in-israel/">"The Rise of Conservatism in Israel"</a>. <i>American Affairs Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Affairs+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Conservatism+in+Israel&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Seth+D.&rft.au=Klein%2C+Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanaffairsjournal.org%2F2020%2F08%2Fthe-rise-of-conservatism-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 74: "While contemporary conservatives are keen to demonstrate their commitment to democratic, particularly liberal-democratic, principles, there is a tradition within conservatism that has favoured authoritarian rule, especially in continental Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicklethwaitWooldridge2004" class="citation book cs1">Micklethwait, John; Wooldridge, Adrian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C"><i>The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594200203" title="Special:BookSources/1594200203"><bdi>1594200203</bdi></a>. <q>Americans who describe themselves as 'conservatives' nevertheless disagree on almost all the most fundamental questions of life. […] The <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Straussians</a> at the <i>Weekly Standard</i> are philosophical elitists who believe that the masses need to be steered by an educated intelligentsia. The antitax crusaders who march behind <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> are populists who believe that pointy-headed intellectuals need to be given a good ducking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Nation%3A+Conservative+Power+in+America&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1594200203&rft.aulast=Micklethwait&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Wooldridge%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrDd5tKWT4D4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 63: "The Canadian Conservative Party adopted the title Progressive Conservative precisely to distance itself from reactionary ideas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcett2020">Fawcett 2020</a>, p. 59: "Conservatives can be radical or moderate. It depends on the state of the contest, on the stakes in the contest, and on which party is attacking, which defending."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201765–73-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201765–73_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, pp. 65–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2017" class="citation book cs1">Scruton, Roger (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwH0DQAAQBAJ"><i>Conservatism: Ideas in Profile</i></a>. Profile Books. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782833109" title="Special:BookSources/9781782833109"><bdi>9781782833109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+Ideas+in+Profile&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781782833109&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwH0DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinthrop1983" class="citation book cs1">Winthrop, Norman (1983). <i>Liberal Democratic Theory and Its Critics</i>. Croom Helm Ltd. pp. 163–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2766-2"><bdi>978-0-7099-2766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Democratic+Theory+and+Its+Critics&rft.pages=163-166&rft.pub=Croom+Helm+Ltd.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-2766-2&rft.aulast=Winthrop&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg_Baron_Hailsham_of_St._Marylebone1959" class="citation book cs1">Hogg Baron Hailsham of St. Marylebone, Quintin (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKjpjgEACAAJ"><i>The Conservative Case</i></a>. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Case&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hogg+Baron+Hailsham+of+St.+Marylebone&rft.aufirst=Quintin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKjpjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201767-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201767_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett202048-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett202048_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcett2020">Fawcett 2020</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004346-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2004346_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2004">Heywood 2004</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201766_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2012" class="citation news cs1">Robin, Corey (January 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Conservative-Mind/130199/">"The Conservative Reaction"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Conservative+Reaction&rft.date=2012-01-08&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Conservative-Mind%2F130199%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinseraas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Finseraas, Henning (2010). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521873925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521873925"><bdi>978-0521873925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Sang+for+Hitler%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Lotte+Lehmann%2C+1888%E2%80%931976&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521873925&rft.aulast=Kater&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5XHEAxEEtgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1974" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). 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Viking Press. pp. 3–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670262358" title="Special:BookSources/0670262358"><bdi>0670262358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vichy+Circle+of+French+Conservatives&rft.btitle=Decline+or+Renewal%3F+%3A+France+since+1930s&rft.pages=3-25&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0670262358&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdFnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLojkó2005" class="citation book cs1">Lojkó, Miklós (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IOJWicco8C&pg=PA180"><i>Meddling in Middle Europe: Britain and the 'Lands Between, 1919–1925</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9637326235" title="Special:BookSources/9637326235"><bdi>9637326235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meddling+in+Middle+Europe%3A+Britain+and+the+%27Lands+Between%2C+1919%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9637326235&rft.aulast=Lojk%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-IOJWicco8C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSørensenMallett2002" class="citation book cs1">Sørensen, Gert; Mallett, Robert (2002). <i>International Fascism,1919-45</i> (1st ed.). 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(1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400113097/type/journal_article">"The "Dictatorship" in Yugoslavia"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 449–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945227">10.2307/1945227</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945227">1945227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Dictatorship%22+in+Yugoslavia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=449-459&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1945227&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1945227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Malbone+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400113097%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard J. Wiarda, Margaret MacLeish Mott. <i>Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal.</i> Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischof200326-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischof200326_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBischof2003">Bischof 2003</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley G. Payne. <i>Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977</i>. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. pp. 77–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlamires2006" class="citation book cs1">Blamires, Cyprian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C"><i>World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576079406" title="Special:BookSources/1576079406"><bdi>1576079406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1576079406&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=Cyprian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashanko1993" class="citation book cs1">Pashanko, Dimitroff (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYMvAQAAMAAJ"><i>King of Mercy: Boris III of Bulgaria, 1894–1943</i></a>. Wexford and Barrow. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781879593695" title="Special:BookSources/9781879593695"><bdi>9781879593695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+Mercy%3A+Boris+III+of+Bulgaria%2C+1894%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Wexford+and+Barrow&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781879593695&rft.aulast=Pashanko&rft.aufirst=Dimitroff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYMvAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn199010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn199010_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlinkhorn1990">Blinkhorn 1990</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butnaru, Ion C., <i>The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews</i> (1992), Praeger/Greenwood: Westport, pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1964" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Michael (1964). <i>The Kaiser and his Times</i>. 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Hawthorn Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413267008" title="Special:BookSources/0413267008"><bdi>0413267008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar+and+Modern+Portugal&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0413267008&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62WXswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour M. Lipset, "Social Stratification and 'Right-Wing Extremism<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" <i>British Journal of Sociology</i> 10#4 (1959), pp. 346–382 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/587800">on-line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422185441/https://www.jstor.org/stable/587800">Archived</a> April 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett2020263-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett2020263_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcett2020">Fawcett 2020</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmer198910-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmer198910_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemmer1989">Remmer 1989</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmer19895–6-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmer19895–6_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemmer1989">Remmer 1989</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1968" class="citation web cs1">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (April 1, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/latin-america-in-perspective/">"Latin America In Perspective"</a>. <i>Foundation for Economic Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.atitle=Latin+America+In+Perspective&rft.date=1968-04-01&rft.aulast=von+Kuehnelt-Leddihn&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Flatin-america-in-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVock" class="citation web cs1">Vock, Ido. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko">"Bolivia: Soldiers storm presidential palace in apparent coup attempt"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000701/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Bolivia%3A+Soldiers+storm+presidential+palace+in+apparent+coup+attempt&rft.aulast=Vock&rft.aufirst=Ido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc288eewr1wko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachman2022" class="citation book cs1">Rachman, Gideon (2022). <i>The Age of The Strongman</i>. 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Cengage Learning. pp. 108–109, 112, 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50112-1"><bdi>978-0-495-50112-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Politics&rft.pages=108-109%2C+112%2C+347&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50112-1&rft.aulast=Grigsby&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGNRRwkZFysC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAnulla2006" class="citation book cs1">McAnulla, Stuart (2006). <i>British Politics: A Critical Introduction</i>. 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(January 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734/summary#info_wrap">"Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy"</a>. <i>Historically Speaking</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0013">10.1353/hsp.2011.0013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=Twenty+Suggestions+for+Studying+the+Right+Now+that+Studying+the+Right+Is+Trendy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0013&rft.aulast=Ribuffo&rft.aufirst=Leo+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F409734%2Fsummary%23info_wrap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1999" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Robert M. 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Sarup & Sons. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-784-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-784-8"><bdi>978-81-7625-784-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Public+Administration&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-784-8&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=V.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Hs0xJORVIHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/10/01/in-defense-of-nations-book-review/">"In Defense of Nations"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Nations&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F10%2F01%2Fin-defense-of-nations-book-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2013" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2013). <i>Politics</i>. 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New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p.196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischof,_Günter1995" class="citation book cs1">Bischof, Günter, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-GN_zwHe1wC"><i>Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment</i></a>. LSU Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807119426" title="Special:BookSources/9780807119426"><bdi>9780807119426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%3A+A+Centenary+Assessment&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780807119426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-GN_zwHe1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugh_Segal_2011._pp._113–148_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Segal. The Right Balance. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre, 2011. pp. 113–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockTrombleyLawrie1999" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan; Trombley, Stephen; Lawrie, Alf (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cthOAAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i></a> (3 ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255871-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255871-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.pages=729&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255871-6&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Trombley%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Lawrie%2C+Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcthOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reactionary">"reactionary"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. May 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=reactionary&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Freactionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009">McLean & McMillan 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2018" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Corey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YY0DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190692001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190692001"><bdi>978-0190692001</bdi></a>. <q>This book is about the second half of the story, the demarche, and the political ideas –– variously called conservative, reactionary, revanchist, counterrevolutionary –– that grow out of and give rise to it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reactionary+Mind%3A+Conservatism+from+Edmund+Burke+to+Donald+Trump&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190692001&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YY0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilla2016" class="citation book cs1">Lilla, Mark (2016). "Introduction". <i>The Shipwrecked Mind: On Political Reaction</i>. New York Review Books. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590179024" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590179024"><bdi>978-1590179024</bdi></a>. <q>Reactionaries are not conservatives. This is the first thing to be understood about them. They are, in their way, just as radical as revolutionaries and just as firmly in the grip of historical imaginings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Shipwrecked+Mind%3A+On+Political+Reaction&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=New+York+Review+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1590179024&rft.aulast=Lilla&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1951" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Francis (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vKG30tSqDr8C"><i>The Case for Conservatism</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412842341" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412842341"><bdi>978-1412842341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Conservatism&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-1412842341&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvKG30tSqDr8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegfriedJohnston1980" class="citation book cs1">Siegfried, Heit; Johnston, Otto W. (1980). "German Romanticism: An Ideological Response to Napoleon". <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings</i>. Vol. 9. pp. 187–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Romanticism%3A+An+Ideological+Response+to+Napoleon&rft.btitle=Consortium+on+Revolutionary+Europe+1750%E2%80%931850%3A+Proceedings&rft.pages=187-197&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=Heit&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Otto+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2012" class="citation book cs1">King, Peter (2012). <i>Reaction: Against the Modern World</i>. Andrews UK Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaction%3A+Against+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraresi1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ferraresi, Franco (1987). "Julius Evola: Tradition, Reaction, and the Radical Right". <i>European Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 107–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003975600005415">10.1017/S0003975600005415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Julius+Evola%3A+Tradition%2C+Reaction%2C+and+the+Radical+Right&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-151&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003975600005415&rft.aulast=Ferraresi&rft.aufirst=Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Francis Stuart. "Credo of a Reactionary". <i>The American Mercury</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mercury&rft.atitle=Credo+of+a+Reactionary&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Francis+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs2000" class="citation book cs1">Lukacs, John (2000). <i>Confessions of an Original Sinner</i>. St. Augustine's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890318123" title="Special:BookSources/9781890318123"><bdi>9781890318123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+an+Original+Sinner&rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781890318123&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen, Margaret L., Taylor, Howard Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469"><i>Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205101215/https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469">Archived</a> December 5, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cengage Learning, 4th Ed. (2005), pp. 469–470. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-61716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-61716-5">978-0-534-61716-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020142532/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/sanctity/chdrugsrev2.shtml">"So Christians do not approve of the taking of illegal drugs, including most recreational drugs, especially those which can alter the mind and make people incapable of praying or being alert to God"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/sanctity/chdrugsrev2.shtml">the original</a> on October 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+Christians+do+not+approve+of+the+taking+of+illegal+drugs%2C+including+most+recreational+drugs%2C+especially+those+which+can+alter+the+mind+and+make+people+incapable+of+praying+or+being+alert+to+God.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Frs%2Fsanctity%2Fchdrugsrev2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, David L. (2005). "Genesis and Family Values". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>124</b> (1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaciagliRobeckYong2008" class="citation book cs1">Caciagli, Mario; Robeck, Cecil M; Yong, Amos (2008). "Christian democracy". <i>The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053600" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053600"><bdi>9781139053600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+democracy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought&rft.pages=165-180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139053600&rft.aulast=Caciagli&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Robeck%2C+Cecil+M&rft.au=Yong%2C+Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiff1987" class="citation book cs1">Riff, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scxRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Dictionary of Modern Political Ideologies</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3289-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3289-X"><bdi>0-7190-3289-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Political+Ideologies&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7190-3289-X&rft.aulast=Riff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DscxRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKselmanButtigieg2003" class="citation book cs1">Kselman, Thomas; Buttigieg, Thomas, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanchristia0000unse"><i>European Christian Democracy: Historical Legacies and Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Christian+Democracy%3A+Historical+Legacies+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanchristia0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton-Henry1982" class="citation book cs1">Layton-Henry, Zig, ed. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativepoli0000unse/mode/2up"><i>Conservative Politics in Western Europe</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 131–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312164188" title="Special:BookSources/9780312164188"><bdi>9780312164188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Politics+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=131-133&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780312164188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservativepoli0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanley1994" class="citation book cs1">Hanley, David, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiandemocra0000unse_p1x7/mode/2up"><i>Christian Democracy in Europe : A Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Pinter Publishers. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855670860" title="Special:BookSources/9781855670860"><bdi>9781855670860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Europe+%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Pinter+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781855670860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiandemocra0000unse_p1x7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201769-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201769_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/2005-01-01/TheNextDigitalDivide.aspx?page=2">The Next Digital Divide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606100135/http://www.utne.com/2005-01-01/TheNextDigitalDivide.aspx?page=2">Archived</a> June 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (utne article)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MA1-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MA1_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VayGAAAAIAAJ&q=%22conservatism%22+%22militant+atheism%22">"The World & I"</a>. <i>The World & I</i>. Vol. 1, no. 5. Washington Times Corp. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2011</span>. <q>militant atheism was incompatible with conservatism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+%26+I&rft.atitle=The+World+%26+I&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVayGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522conservatism%2522%2B%2522militant%2Batheism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MA2-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MA2_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_DaviesDerek_Lynch2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Davies; Derek Lynch (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dgvDn9hoe0C&q=social%20conservatism%20militant%20atheism&pg=PA264"><i>The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21494-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21494-0"><bdi>978-0-415-21494-0</bdi></a>. <q>In addition, conservative Christians often endorsed far-right regimes as the lesser of two evils, especially when confronted with militant atheism in the USSR.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Fascism+and+the+Far+Right&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21494-0&rft.au=Peter+Davies&rft.au=Derek+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dgvDn9hoe0C%26q%3Dsocial%2520conservatism%2520militant%2520atheism%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_L._BergerGrace_DavieEffie_Fokas2008" class="citation book cs1">Peter L. Berger; Grace Davie; Effie Fokas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRrwirez3fQC&pg=PA57"><i>Religious America, Secular Europe?: A Theme and Variations</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6011-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-6011-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2011</span>. <q>If anything the reverse is true: moral conservatives continue to oppose secular liberals on a wide range of issues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+America%2C+Secular+Europe%3F%3A+A+Theme+and+Variations&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6011-8&rft.au=Peter+L.+Berger&rft.au=Grace+Davie&rft.au=Effie+Fokas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRrwirez3fQC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006870–875-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006870–875_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrohnen2006">Frohnen 2006</a>, pp. 870–875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCram1936" class="citation web cs1">Cram, Ralph Adams (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invitation-to-monarchy-by-ralph-adams-cram">"Invitation to Monarchy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+Monarchy&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Cram&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvitation-to-monarchy-by-ralph-adams-cram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lind, William S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/lind/lind103.html">"The Prussian Monarchy Stuff"</a>. <i>LewRockwell.com</i>. Center for Libertarian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LewRockwell.com&rft.atitle=The+Prussian+Monarchy+Stuff&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Flind%2Flind103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Wayne2018" class="citation news cs1">Leslie Wayne (January 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/06/world/europe/monarchy-us-advantage.html">"What's the Cure for Ailing Nations? More Kings and Queens, Monarchists Say"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Cure+for+Ailing+Nations%3F+More+Kings+and+Queens%2C+Monarchists+Say&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.au=Leslie+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F06%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmonarchy-us-advantage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199625–26-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199625–26_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1996">Ware 1996</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2013" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, P. J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/828097386"><i>The Politics Book</i></a>. DK. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-6445-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-6445-0"><bdi>978-1-4093-6445-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828097386">828097386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+Book&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828097386&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-6445-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F828097386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2015" class="citation book cs1">Harari, Yuval Noah (2015). <i>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</i>. Penguin Random House UK. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8"><bdi>978-0-09-959008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapiens%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Humankind&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-09-959008-8&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2021" class="citation web cs1">Reilly, Michael (October 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://island.lk/taiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over/">"Taiwan: Will it retain independence or be taken over?"</a>. <i>The Island Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112235026/https://island.lk/taiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Island+Online&rft.atitle=Taiwan%3A+Will+it+retain+independence+or+be+taken+over%3F&rft.date=2021-10-17&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisland.lk%2Ftaiwan-will-it-retain-independence-or-be-taken-over%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2004" class="citation book cs1">Lu, Xing (2004). <i>Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+of+the+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution%3A+The+Impact+on+Chinese+Thought&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Xing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Yin, Hongbiao (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670569608724255">"Ideological and political tendencies of factions in the red guard movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China" title="Journal of Contemporary China">Journal of Contemporary China</a></i>. <b>5</b> (13): 269–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670569608724255">10.1080/10670569608724255</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Ideological+and+political+tendencies+of+factions+in+the+red+guard+movement&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=269-280&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670569608724255&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Hongbiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10670569608724255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2017/08/17/the-communist-party-is-redefining-what-it-means-to-be-chinese">"The Communist Party is redefining what it means to be Chinese"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. August 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Party+is+redefining+what+it+means+to+be+Chinese&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2017%2F08%2F17%2Fthe-communist-party-is-redefining-what-it-means-to-be-chinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, David K. (2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yu+Dan+and+China%27s+Return+to+Confucius&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F29%2Farts%2F29iht-melvin.1.7298367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2021" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, N.S. (October 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palladiummag.com/2021/10/11/the-triumph-and-terror-of-wang-huning/">"The Triumph and Terror of Wang Huning"</a>. <i>Palladium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+and+China%27s+Traditionalist+Restoration&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.aulast=Zi&rft.aufirst=Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fxi-jinping-chinas-traditionalist-restoration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai2023" class="citation news cs1">Cai, Jane (June 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and">"How China's Xi Jinping promotes mix of Marxism and traditional culture to further Communist Party and 'Chinese dream'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612111635/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=How+China%27s+Xi+Jinping+promotes+mix+of+Marxism+and+traditional+culture+to+further+Communist+Party+and+%27Chinese+dream%27&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3223805%2Fhow-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittRedding2013" class="citation book cs1">Witt, Michael A.; Redding, Gordon (2013). "China: Authoritarian Capitalism". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199654925" title="Special:BookSources/9780199654925"><bdi>9780199654925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%3A+Authoritarian+Capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Asian+Business+Systems&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199654925&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Redding%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramall2008" class="citation book cs1">Bramall, Chris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9Rr-M8MXAEC&pg=PA475"><i>Chinese Economic Development</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19051-5"><bdi>978-1-134-19051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-19051-5&rft.aulast=Bramall&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9Rr-M8MXAEC%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://origins.osu.edu/article/right-wing-politics-india-Modi-Kashmir-election">"Right wing politics in India, by Archana Venkatesh"</a>. osu.edu. 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Juggernaut Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9353450625" title="Special:BookSources/978-9353450625"><bdi>978-9353450625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Conservative+%3A+A+History+of+Indian+Right-Wing+Thought&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Juggernaut+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9353450625&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Jaithirth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hJLzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html">"BJP v CCP: The rise of the world's biggest political party"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. October 16, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075444/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/bjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=BJP+v+CCP%3A+The+rise+of+the+world%27s+biggest+political+party&rft.date=2022-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbjp-v-ccp-the-rise-of-the-world-s-biggest-political-party-20220916-p5bise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms">"How BJP became world's largest political party in 4 decades"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. April 16, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628205517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades/articleshow/90680606.cms">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=How+BJP+became+world%27s+largest+political+party+in+4+decades&rft.date=2022-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fin-10-charts-how-bjp-became-a-political-juggernaut-in-4-decades%2Farticleshow%2F90680606.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/">"Narendra Modi's Message to America"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. June 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701084716/https://www.nationalreview.com/the-morning-jolt/narendra-modis-message-to-america/">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2023</span>. <q>His Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP, or "Indian People's Party") is on the right of the Indian political spectrum. It is the largest political party in the world, with more members than the Chinese Communist Party, and supports Hindu nationalist ideology and economic development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Narendra+Modi%27s+Message+to+America&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fthe-morning-jolt%2Fnarendra-modis-message-to-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbhilasha_KumariSabina_Kidwai1998" class="citation book cs1">Abhilasha Kumari; Sabina Kidwai (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urvvwXU_ZQkC&pg=PA83"><i>Crossing the Sacred Line: Women's Search for Political Power</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1434-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1434-8"><bdi>978-81-250-1434-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Sacred+Line%3A+Women%27s+Search+for+Political+Power&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1434-8&rft.au=Abhilasha+Kumari&rft.au=Sabina+Kidwai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DurvvwXU_ZQkC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiHansenJaffrelot2019" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Angana P.; Hansen, Thomas Blom; Jaffrelot, Christophe (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology"><i>Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 100–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007817-1"><bdi>978-0-19-007817-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400803422" title="Special:BookSources/9781400803422"><bdi>9781400803422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Wave%3A+Democracy+and+Hindu+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781400803422&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Blom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrus_GhaniSīrūs_Ghanī2001" class="citation book cs1">Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (January 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGZItY9kL0AC&pg=PA147"><i>Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 147–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-629-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+Rise+of+the+Reza+Shah%3A+From+Qajar+Collapse+to+Pahlavi+Power&rft.pages=147-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001-01-06&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-629-4&rft.au=Cyrus+Ghani&rft.au=S%C4%ABr%C5%ABs+Ghan%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGZItY9kL0AC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/White-Revolution">"1979: Iran and America"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=1979%3A+Iran+and+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWhite-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfkhami2009" class="citation book cs1">Afkhami, Gholam-Reza (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC"><i>The Life and Times of the Shah</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94216-5"><bdi>978-0-520-94216-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152458/https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521193788" title="Special:BookSources/9780521193788"><bdi>9780521193788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Israeli+Right%3A+from+Odessa+to+Hebron&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780521193788&rft.aulast=Shindler&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjAZCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershnerKingsley2022" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel; Kingsley, Patrick (November 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/11/01/world/israel-election">"Israel Election: Exit Polls Show Netanyahu With Edge in Israel's Election"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Religious Parties Are Election's Biggest Winners"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-250-7"><bdi>978-0-87722-250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+and+Politics+in+Japan%3A+Creative+Conservatism&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-250-7&rft.aulast=Pempel&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwBhQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763–64-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201763–64_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215044435/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/japan-one-party-state-the-future-for-koizumi-and-beyond">"Japan as a One-Party State: The Future for Koizumi and Beyond | Wilson Center"</a>. 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HarperCollins. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-638255-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-638255-X"><bdi>0-00-638255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrians%3A+A+Thousand-Year+Odyssey&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-00-638255-X&rft.au=Brook-Shepherd%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyrah2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pyrah, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14690760701321338?journalCode=ftmp20">"Enacting Encyclicals? Cultural Politics and 'Clerical Fascism' in Austria, 1933–1938"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_Movements_and_Political_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions">Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions</a></i>. <b>8</b> (2): 369–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14690760701321338">10.1080/14690760701321338</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=Enacting+Encyclicals%3F+Cultural+Politics+and+%27Clerical+Fascism%27+in+Austria%2C+1933%E2%80%931938&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=369-382&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14690760701321338&rft.aulast=Pyrah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14690760701321338%3FjournalCode%3Dftmp20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongdon2012" class="citation web cs1">Congdon, Lee (March 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/kuehnelt-leddihn-and-american-conservatism">"Kuehnelt-Leddihn and American Conservatism"</a>. <i>Crisis Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Kuehnelt-Leddihn+and+American+Conservatism&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=Congdon&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisismagazine.com%2F2012%2Fkuehnelt-leddihn-and-american-conservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder2009" class="citation book cs1">Binder, Dieter A. (2009). <i>The Christian Corporatist State</i>. Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351315203" title="Special:BookSources/9781351315203"><bdi>9781351315203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Corporatist+State&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781351315203&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Dieter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischof2003-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischof2003_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBischof2003">Bischof 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943210-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943210_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 1943</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoch2004" class="citation news cs1">Zoch, Irene (February 22, 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html">"Habsburgs demand return of estates seized by Nazis in 1938"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Habsburgs+demand+return+of+estates+seized+by+Nazis+in+1938&rft.date=2004-02-22&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F1455082%2FHabsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_van_der_Vat2011" class="citation news cs1">Dan van der Vat (July 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary">"Otto von Habsburg obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930132055/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Otto+von+Habsburg+obituary&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft.au=Dan+van+der+Vat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjul%2F04%2Fotto-von-habsburg-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich,_Barbara1989" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1989). <i>Modern Austria: Empire & Republic 1815–1986</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31625-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31625-1"><bdi>0-521-31625-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Austria%3A+Empire+%26+Republic+1815%E2%80%931986&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-31625-1&rft.au=Jelavich%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kurier.at/politik/inland/aussenminister-in-deutschen-medien-sebastian-kurz-der-junge-metternich/46.313.665">"Sebastian Kurz, der "junge Metternich"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>kurier.at</i> (in German). January 16, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518092627/https://kurier.at/politik/inland/aussenminister-in-deutschen-medien-sebastian-kurz-der-junge-metternich/46.313.665">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kurier.at&rft.atitle=Sebastian+Kurz%2C+der+%22junge+Metternich%22&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkurier.at%2Fpolitik%2Finland%2Faussenminister-in-deutschen-medien-sebastian-kurz-der-junge-metternich%2F46.313.665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnesley2005124-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnesley2005124_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnesley2005">Annesley 2005</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zig Layton-Henry, ed. <i>Conservative Politics in Western Europe</i> (St. Martin's Press, 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Lucardie and Hans-Martien Ten Napel, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/15171/pu1994Christian%20Democracy%20in%20Europe%20.pdf?sequence=2">Between confessionalism and liberal conservatism: the Christian Democratic parties of Belgium and the Netherlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623075553/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/15171/pu1994Christian%20Democracy%20in%20Europe%20.pdf?sequence=2">Archived</a> June 23, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." in David Hanley, ed. <i>Christian Democracy in Europe: A Comparative Perspective</i> (London: Pinter 1994) pp. 51–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Siuberski2014" class="citation news cs1">Philippe Siuberski (October 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/belgium-parties-agree-form-govt-michel-pm-190206709.html">"Belgium gets new government with Michel as PM"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. AFP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Belgium+gets+new+government+with+Michel+as+PM&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.au=Philippe+Siuberski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fbelgium-parties-agree-form-govt-michel-pm-190206709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egander-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egander_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egander_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkov" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skov, Christian Egander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/konservatisme">"Konservatisme"</a>. <i>danmarkshistorien.dk</i> (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmarkshistorien.dk&rft.atitle=Konservatisme&rft.aulast=Skov&rft.aufirst=Christian+Egander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanmarkshistorien.dk%2Fvis%2Fmateriale%2Fkonservatisme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeuconedit2023" class="citation web cs1">euconedit (September 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/essay/nordic-conservative-homecoming/">"Nordic Conservative Homecoming"</a>. <i>europeanconservative.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europeanconservative.com&rft.atitle=Nordic+Conservative+Homecoming&rft.date=2023-09-17&rft.au=euconedit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fessay%2Fnordic-conservative-homecoming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnesley200568-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnesley200568_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnesley2005">Annesley 2005</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosiara-Pedersen2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina (July 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Det_Konservative_Folkeparti">"Det Konservative Folkeparti"</a>. <i>Den Store Danske</i> (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+Store+Danske&rft.atitle=Det+Konservative+Folkeparti&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft.aulast=Kosiara-Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdenstoredanske.lex.dk%2FDet_Konservative_Folkeparti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbildlund2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abildlund, Andreas (October 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.information.dk/moti/2015/10/konservative-hoejrefloej-gaaet-udbrud">"Den konservative højrefløj er gået i udbrud"</a>. <i>Information</i> (in Danish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information&rft.atitle=Den+konservative+h%C3%B8jrefl%C3%B8j+er+g%C3%A5et+i+udbrud&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=Abildlund&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.information.dk%2Fmoti%2F2015%2F10%2Fkonservative-hoejrefloej-gaaet-udbrud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Folketinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Folketinget">Folketinget</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.dk/da/partier/om-politiske-partier/partiernes-historie">"Partiernes historie"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313003717/https://www.ft.dk/da/partier/om-politiske-partier/partiernes-historie">Archived</a> March 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Conservative People's Party (Denmark)">Det Konservative Folkeparti</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://konservative.dk/politik/is/vi-elsker-kongehuset/">"Vi elsker Kongehuset"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319072551/https://konservative.dk/politik/is/vi-elsker-kongehuset/">Archived</a> March 19, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000243-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000243_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2000">Siaroff 2000</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i>, October 11, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311034013/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/International%2Bpoll%2BAnti-Russian%2Bsentiment%2Bruns%2Bvery%2Bstrong%2Bin%2BFinland/1076154202275">International poll: Anti-Russian sentiment runs very strong in Finland. Only Kosovo has more negative attitude</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussi_M._Hanhimäki1997" class="citation book cs1">Jussi M. Hanhimäki (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfudYWUOt0C&pg=PA4"><i>Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"</i></a>. Kent State UP. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873385589" title="Special:BookSources/9780873385589"><bdi>9780873385589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Coexistence%3A+America%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+%22Finnish+Solution%22&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Kent+State+UP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780873385589&rft.au=Jussi+M.+Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWfudYWUOt0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy</i></a>. BRILL. 2014. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28071-7"><bdi>978-90-04-28071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finnish+Civil+War+1918%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+Legacy&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28071-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xCJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2018" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwtFDwAAQBAJ"><i>How Democracies Die</i></a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781524762933" title="Special:BookSources/9781524762933"><bdi>9781524762933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Democracies+Die&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781524762933&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwtFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwards1963" class="citation book cs1">Woodwards, E. L. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPUkAQAAMAAJ"><i>Three Studies In European Conservatism: Metternich, Guizot, The Catholic Church In The Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Archon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714615295" title="Special:BookSources/9780714615295"><bdi>9780714615295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Studies+In+European+Conservatism%3A+Metternich%2C+Guizot%2C+The+Catholic+Church+In+The+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780714615295&rft.aulast=Woodwards&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMPUkAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett202020–21-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett202020–21_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcett2020">Fawcett 2020</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201775-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201775_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2017">Heywood 2017</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Price2005" class="citation book cs1">Roger Price (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYjB2-RnWUwC&pg=PA225"><i>A Concise History of France</i></a>. Cambridge UP. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84480-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84480-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84480-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+France&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84480-2&rft.au=Roger+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYjB2-RnWUwC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudaken2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Judaken, Jonathan (2005). "Action Française". In Richard S. Levy (ed.). <i>Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Action+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rft.aulast=Judaken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2002" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Maurice (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rPaeTm4lm4C"><i>Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890: La Belle Epoque and its Legacy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521522706" title="Special:BookSources/0521522706"><bdi>0521522706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Politics+and+Preferment+in+France+since+1890%3A+La+Belle+Epoque+and+its+Legacy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521522706&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rPaeTm4lm4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViereck,_Peter2005" class="citation book cs1">Viereck, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvxCmgEACAAJ"><i>Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt Against Ideology</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0576-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0576-8"><bdi>978-0-7658-0576-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+Revisited%3A+The+Revolt+Against+Ideology&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0576-8&rft.au=Viereck%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvxCmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Vinen, "The Parti républicain de la Liberté and the Reconstruction of French Conservatism, 1944–1951", <i>French History</i> (1993) 7#2 pp. 183–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199632-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199632_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1996">Ware 1996</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauss,_Charles2008" class="citation book cs1">Hauss, Charles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XkIAAAAQBAJ"><i>Comparative Politics: Domestic Responses to Global Challenges</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50109-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50109-1"><bdi>978-0-495-50109-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Domestic+Responses+to+Global+Challenges&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50109-1&rft.au=Hauss%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XkIAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2021/10/13/eric-zemmour-meet-the-right-wing-tv-pundit-set-to-shake-up-france-s-presidential-race">"Eric Zemmour: Meet the right-wing TV pundit set to shake up France's presidential race"</a>. <i>euronews.com</i>. October 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews.com&rft.atitle=Eric+Zemmour%3A+Meet+the+right-wing+TV+pundit+set+to+shake+up+France%27s+presidential+race&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2021%2F10%2F13%2Feric-zemmour-meet-the-right-wing-tv-pundit-set-to-shake-up-france-s-presidential-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedke1958" class="citation journal cs1">Liedke, Herbert R. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27707117">"The German Romanticists and Karl Ludwig von Haller's Doctrines of European Restoration"</a>. <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 371–393. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6941">0363-6941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27707117">27707117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=The+German+Romanticists+and+Karl+Ludwig+von+Haller%27s+Doctrines+of+European+Restoration&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-393&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27707117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-6941&rft.aulast=Liedke&rft.aufirst=Herbert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27707117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingsten1966" class="citation book cs1">Tingsten, Herbert (1966). "De kontrarevolutionära idéerna i Tyskland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1166587654"><i>De konservativa idéerna</i></a>. Aldus/Bonniers. pp. 42–73. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1166587654">1166587654</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+kontrarevolution%C3%A4ra+id%C3%A9erna+i+Tyskland&rft.btitle=De+konservativa+id%C3%A9erna&rft.pages=42-73&rft.pub=Aldus%2FBonniers&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1166587654&rft.aulast=Tingsten&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1166587654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyck1964" class="citation book cs1">Eyck, Erich (1964). <i>Bismarck and the German Empire</i>. pp. 58–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+German+Empire&rft.pages=58-68&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Eyck&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Jonathan (2011). <i>Bismarck: A Life</i>. 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Cambridge UP. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65247-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65247-7"><bdi>978-1-107-65247-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Welfare+State+Politics%3A+Development%2C+Opportunities%2C+and+Reform&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65247-7&rft.aulast=Kersbergen&rft.aufirst=Kees+van&rft.au=Vis%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQL3AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreVaudagna2003" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Robert Laurence; Vaudagna, Maurizio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PeoqKSxiOu4C&pg=PA226"><i>The American Century in Europe</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4075-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Century+in+Europe&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4075-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Robert+Laurence&rft.au=Vaudagna%2C+Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPeoqKSxiOu4C%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Frankel, Richard (2003). 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/populist-premier-set-for-defeat-in-hungarian-election-9161938.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Populist+premier+set+for+defeat+in+Hungarian+election&rft.date=2002-04-22&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpopulist-premier-set-for-defeat-in-hungarian-election-9161938.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116131138/http://www.politics.hu/20111122/a-populists-lament-viktor-orban-has-made-hungary-a-ripe-target-for-doubters/">"A populist's lament: Viktor Orbán has made Hungary a ripe target for doubters"</a>, <i>Politics.hu</i>, Hungary, November 22, 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.hu/20111122/a-populists-lament-viktor-orban-has-made-hungary-a-ripe-target-for-doubters">the original</a> on November 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics.hu&rft.atitle=A+populist%27s+lament%3A+Viktor+Orb%C3%A1n+has+made+Hungary+a+ripe+target+for+doubters&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.hu%2F20111122%2Fa-populists-lament-viktor-orban-has-made-hungary-a-ripe-target-for-doubters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grofman, Bernard and Lijpart, Arend, editors. <i>The evolution of electoral and party systems in the Nordic countries</i>. New York: Agathon Press, 2002. "The Icelandic electoral system 1844–1999" by Olafur Th. Hardarson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-138-8">978-0-87586-138-8</a>, pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParlato2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parlato, Giuseppe (2008). <i>La sinistra fascista: storia di un progetto mancato</i> [<i>Fascist left: history of a failed project.</i>] (in Italian). Il Mulino Ricerca. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8815127051" title="Special:BookSources/978-8815127051"><bdi>978-8815127051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+sinistra+fascista%3A+storia+di+un+progetto+mancato&rft.pub=Il+Mulino+Ricerca&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8815127051&rft.aulast=Parlato&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grand2000" class="citation book cs1">De Grand, Alexander (2000). <i>Italian Fascism: its Origins and Development</i> (3rd ed.). 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"Technocratic populism in Italy after Berlusconi: The trendsetter and his disciples." <i>Politics and Governance</i> 8.4 (2020): 485–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urwin, Derek W. <i>A Dictionary of European History and Politics, 1945–1995</i>. London: Pearson, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25874-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25874-7">978-0-582-25874-7</a> p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/netherlands-geert-wilders-dutch-cricket-7644">"Netherlands: Geert Wilders, the Dutch "Cricket"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands%3A+Geert+Wilders%2C+the+Dutch+%22Cricket%22&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fit%2Fpubblicazione%2Fnetherlands-geert-wilders-dutch-cricket-7644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidar,_Knut2001" class="citation book cs1">Heidar, Knut (2001). <i>Norway: Elites on Trial</i>. Boulder Westview Press. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3200-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3200-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norway%3A+Elites+on+Trial&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Boulder+Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3200-0&rft.au=Heidar%2C+Knut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Sejersted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/H%C3%B8yreb%C3%B8lgen">Høyrebølgen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002028/http://snl.no/H%C3%B8yreb%C3%B8lgen">Archived</a> December 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Store norske leksikon. Retrieved December 18, 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dudek-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dudek_265-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dudek_265-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dudek_265-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dudek_265-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dudek_265-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudek2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dudek, Antoni (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/glowna/8768-historia-polityczna-polski-19892023.html"><i>Historia polityczna Polski 1989–2023</i></a> [<i>Polish political history 1989–2023</i>] (in Polish). 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Drukarnia Akapit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788378250005" title="Special:BookSources/9788378250005"><bdi>9788378250005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska+naszych+marze%C5%84&rft.pub=Drukarnia+Akapit&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=9788378250005&rft.aulast=Kaczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flubimyczytac.pl%2Fksiazka%2F115668%2Fpolska-naszych-marzen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackiewicz-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackiewicz_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackiewicz_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackiewicz_267-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCat-Mackiewicz2012" class="citation book cs1">Cat-Mackiewicz, Stanisław (2012). <i>Historia Polski od 11 listopada 1918 do 17 września 1939</i>. Universitas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/97883-242-3740-1" title="Special:BookSources/97883-242-3740-1"><bdi>97883-242-3740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Polski+od+11+listopada+1918+do+17+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1939&rft.pub=Universitas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=97883-242-3740-1&rft.aulast=Cat-Mackiewicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rd-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rd_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmowski1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dmowski, Roman (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalbook.com.pl/pl/p/Mysli-nowoczesnego-Polaka-Roman-Dmowski/1347"><i>Myśli Nowoczesnego Polaka</i></a> [<i>The Notions of a Modern Pole</i>] (in Polish). Capital. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-64037-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-64037-04-7"><bdi>978-83-64037-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My%C5%9Bli+Nowoczesnego+Polaka&rft.pub=Capital&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=978-83-64037-04-7&rft.aulast=Dmowski&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitalbook.com.pl%2Fpl%2Fp%2FMysli-nowoczesnego-Polaka-Roman-Dmowski%2F1347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/38493">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Retraditionalization' and Sacralization of 'Worldview Matters': The Politics of Values in Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>ecpr.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecpr.eu&rft.atitle=%27Retraditionalization%27+and+Sacralization+of+%27Worldview+Matters%27%3A+The+Politics+of+Values+in+Eastern+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecpr.eu%2FEvents%2FEvent%2FPaperDetails%2F38493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergei Prozorov, "Russian conservatism in the Putin presidency: The dispersion of a hegemonic discourse." <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i> 10.2 (2005): 121–143 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/84604/1/DIIS2004-20.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606061501/https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/84604/1/DIIS2004-20.pdf">Archived</a> June 6, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiounineHannen2019" class="citation news cs1">Tiounine, Margot; Hannen, Tom, eds. (June 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/video/a49cfa25-610e-438c-b11d-5dac19619e08">"Liberalism 'has outlived its purpose' — President Putin speaks exclusively to the Financial Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Liberalism+%27has+outlived+its+purpose%27+%E2%80%94+President+Putin+speaks+exclusively+to+the+Financial+Times&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fvideo%2Fa49cfa25-610e-438c-b11d-5dac19619e08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlene Laruelle, "The Izborsky Club, or the new conservative avant‐garde in Russia." <i>The Russian Review</i> 75.4 (2016): 626–644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirke Mäkinen, "Surkovian narrative on the future of Russia: making Russia a world leader." <i>Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics</i> 27#2 (2011): 143–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2017" class="citation news cs1">Michel, Casey (February 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/how-russia-became-a-leader-of-the-worldwide-christian-right-214755/">"How Russia Became the Leader of the Global Christian Right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+Russia+Became+the+Leader+of+the+Global+Christian+Right&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fhow-russia-became-a-leader-of-the-worldwide-christian-right-214755%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2021" class="citation web cs1">Paterson, Tom (November 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/politics-and-society/why-putin-goes-to-church">"Why Putin Goes to Church"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Language Collective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Language+Collective&rft.atitle=Why+Putin+Goes+to+Church&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com%2Fpolitics-and-society%2Fwhy-putin-goes-to-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Woods, "How the Russian Orthodox Church is backing Vladimir Putin's new world order" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.com/article/how.the.russian.orthodox.church.is.backing.vladimir.putins.new.world.order/81108.htm"><i>Christian Today</i> March 3, 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304015051/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/how.the.russian.orthodox.church.is.backing.vladimir.putins.new.world.order/81108.htm">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Higgins, "In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/14/world/europe/russia-orthodox-church.html"><i>New York Times</i> Sept 13, 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110031305/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/14/world/europe/russia-orthodox-church.html">Archived</a> November 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodhe1942" class="citation book cs1">Rodhe, Edvard (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/873899895"><i>Geijer och samhället : en studie i svensk tradition</i></a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873899895">873899895</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geijer+och+samh%C3%A4llet+%3A+en+studie+i+svensk+tradition&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873899895&rft.aulast=Rodhe&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F873899895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart1964" class="citation journal cs1">Smart, Ninian (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2217786">"Reviewed work: Philosophy of Religion, Christopher Jacob Boström, Victor E. Beck, Robert N. Beck"</a>. <i>The Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>14</b> (57): 381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2217786">10.2307/2217786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2217786">2217786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Philosophy+of+Religion%2C+Christopher+Jacob+Bostr%C3%B6m%2C+Victor+E.+Beck%2C+Robert+N.+Beck&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=57&rft.pages=381&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2217786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2217786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2217786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöderbaum2020" class="citation book cs1">Söderbaum, Jakob E:son (2020). <i>Modern konservatism</i>. Borås: Recito. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7765-497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7765-497-1"><bdi>978-91-7765-497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+konservatism&rft.place=Bor%C3%A5s&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Recito&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-91-7765-497-1&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derbaum&rft.aufirst=Jakob+E%3Ason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamsson2023" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamsson, Christian (December 18, 2023). "Den organiska statsteorin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1241263181"><i>Radikalkonservatismens rötter – Rudolf Kjellén och 1914 års idéer</i></a>. Timbro. pp. 43–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7703-243-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7703-243-4"><bdi>978-91-7703-243-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1241263181">1241263181</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Den+organiska+statsteorin&rft.btitle=Radikalkonservatismens+r%C3%B6tter+%E2%80%93+Rudolf+Kjell%C3%A9n+och+1914+%C3%A5rs+id%C3%A9er&rft.pages=43-56&rft.pub=Timbro&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1241263181&rft.isbn=978-91-7703-243-4&rft.aulast=Abrahamsson&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1241263181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaksson1985" class="citation book cs1">Isaksson, Anders (1985). <i>Per Albin</i>. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-46-15026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-46-15026-8"><bdi>978-91-46-15026-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per+Albin&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Wahlstr%C3%B6m+%26+Widstrand&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-91-46-15026-8&rft.aulast=Isaksson&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöderbaum2022" class="citation news cs1">Söderbaum, Jakob E:son (October 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strengnastidning.se/insandare/artikel/kd-ar-det-mest-konservativa-partiet/lyd0p99l">"KD är det mest konservativa partiet"</a>. <i>strengnastidning.se</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=strengnastidning.se&rft.atitle=KD+%C3%A4r+det+mest+konservativa+partiet&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derbaum&rft.aufirst=Jakob+E%3Ason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrengnastidning.se%2Finsandare%2Fartikel%2Fkd-ar-det-mest-konservativa-partiet%2Flyd0p99l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUvell2018" class="citation book cs1">Uvell, Markus (2018). <i>Bakslaget: radikalt etablissemang, konservativa medborgare</i>. Stockholm: Timbro förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7703-129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7703-129-1"><bdi>978-91-7703-129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bakslaget%3A+radikalt+etablissemang%2C+konservativa+medborgare&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Timbro+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-91-7703-129-1&rft.aulast=Uvell&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornucopia2018" class="citation web cs1">Cornucopia (June 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornucopia.se/2018/06/yougov-sd-storsta-parti-med-285-av/">"Yougov: SD största parti med 28.5% av väljarstödet"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yougov%3A+SD+st%C3%B6rsta+parti+med+28.5%25+av+v%C3%A4ljarst%C3%B6det&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.au=Cornucopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornucopia.se%2F2018%2F06%2Fyougov-sd-storsta-parti-med-285-av%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajlard2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Majlard, Jan (November 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/a/JoXm3R/sverigedemokraterna-storsta-parti-i-ny-matning">"SD största parti i ny mätning"</a>. <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412">1101-2412</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=SD+st%C3%B6rsta+parti+i+ny+m%C3%A4tning&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.issn=1101-2412&rft.aulast=Majlard&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fa%2FJoXm3R%2Fsverigedemokraterna-storsta-parti-i-ny-matning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSVT_Nyheter2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">SVT Nyheter (March 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/kd-ledaren-oppnar-for-sd-samarbete">"KD-ledaren öppnar för SD-samarbete"</a>. <i>SVT Nyheter</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=KD-ledaren+%C3%B6ppnar+f%C3%B6r+SD-samarbete&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft.au=SVT+Nyheter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Finrikes%2Fkd-ledaren-oppnar-for-sd-samarbete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSVT_Nyheter2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">SVT Nyheter (October 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/l-kd-och-m-ska-inga-i-regeringen-sd-far-stort-inflytande">"L, KD och M ska ingå i regeringen – SD får stort inflytande"</a>. <i>SVT Nyheter</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=L%2C+KD+och+M+ska+ing%C3%A5+i+regeringen+%E2%80%93+SD+f%C3%A5r+stort+inflytande&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft.au=SVT+Nyheter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Finrikes%2Fl-kd-och-m-ska-inga-i-regeringen-sd-far-stort-inflytande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOscarsson2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oscarsson, Tea (October 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/a/2BB3pB/det-viktigaste-i-tidoavtalet-mellan-moderaterna-kd-l-och-sd">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tidöavtalet' – här är viktigaste punkterna"</a>. <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-2412">1101-2412</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=%27Tid%C3%B6avtalet%27+%E2%80%93+h%C3%A4r+%C3%A4r+viktigaste+punkterna&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft.issn=1101-2412&rft.aulast=Oscarsson&rft.aufirst=Tea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fa%2F2BB3pB%2Fdet-viktigaste-i-tidoavtalet-mellan-moderaterna-kd-l-och-sd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans-Georg-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hans-Georg_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiebertz2011" class="citation book cs1">Ziebertz, Hans-Georg (2011). <i>How Teachers in Europe Teach Religion: An International Empirical Study: An International Empirical Study in 16 Countries</i>. Lit Verlag. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10043-6"><bdi>978-3-643-10043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Teachers+in+Europe+Teach+Religion%3A+An+International+Empirical+Study%3A+An+International+Empirical+Study+in+16+Countries&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-643-10043-6&rft.aulast=Ziebertz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juravich-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juravich_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuravich2000" class="citation book cs1">Juravich, Tom (2000). <i>Ravenswood: The Steelworkers' Victory and the Revival of American Labor</i>. Cornell University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8666-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-8666-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ravenswood%3A+The+Steelworkers%27+Victory+and+the+Revival+of+American+Labor&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8666-1&rft.aulast=Juravich&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwok-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwok_292-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwok_292-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwok2009" class="citation book cs1">Schwok, René (2009). <i>Switzerland – European Union: An Impossible Membership?</i>. Peter Lang. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-576-7"><bdi>978-90-5201-576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switzerland+%E2%80%93+European+Union%3A+An+Impossible+Membership%3F&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-576-7&rft.aulast=Schwok&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000446-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2000446_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2000">Siaroff 2000</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Stephen Roth Institute. <i>Anti-semitism worldwide</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5943-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-5943-3">0-8032-5943-3</a> p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainsworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Hainsworth, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCtm2UeUQFIC"><i>The Extreme Right in Western Europe</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 44 and 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39682-0"><bdi>978-0-415-39682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=44+and+74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39682-0&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCtm2UeUQFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CConservatism.htm">"Conservatism"</a>. <i>encyclopediaofukraine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Conservatism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CC%255CO%255CConservatism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_297-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_297-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_297-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sack, J. J. (1987). "The Memory of Burke and the Memory of Pitt: English Conservatism Confronts Its Past, 1806–1829". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 623–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00020914">10.1017/S0018246X00020914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Memory+of+Burke+and+the+Memory+of+Pitt%3A+English+Conservatism+Confronts+Its+Past%2C+1806%E2%80%931829&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=623-640&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00020914&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Claeys, "Political Thought", in Chris Williams, ed., <i>A Companion to 19th-Century Britain</i> (2006). p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_RichmondPaul_Smith1998" class="citation book cs1">Charles Richmond; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(historian)" title="Paul Smith (historian)">Paul Smith</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnF3IRJbKR8C&pg=PA162"><i>The Self-Fashioning of Disraeli, 1818–1851</i></a>. Cambridge UP. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49729-9"><bdi>978-0-521-49729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Self-Fashioning+of+Disraeli%2C+1818%E2%80%931851&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49729-9&rft.au=Charles+Richmond&rft.au=Paul+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnF3IRJbKR8C%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195939–40-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbach195939–40_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuerbach1959">Auerbach 1959</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEccleshall1990">Eccleshall 1990</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEccleshall1990">Eccleshall 1990</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEccleshall1990">Eccleshall 1990</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEccleshall1990">Eccleshall 1990</a>, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Ball, "Baldwin, Stanley, first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1867–1947)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross McKibbin, <i>Parties and people: England, 1914–1951</i> (Oxford, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garside, W.R.; Greaves, J.I. (1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/openview/b8a69e791efde94deca750b6521a4046/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819397">Rationalisation and Britain's industrial Malaise: The interwar years revisited</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124433/https://search.proquest.com/openview/b8a69e791efde94deca750b6521a4046/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819397">Archived</a> February 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Journal of European Economic History</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 37–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009364-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009364_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009">McLean & McMillan 2009</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmer1989-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemmer1989_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemmer1989">Remmer 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook, Kevin J. <i>Conservative parties, the right, and democracy in Latin America</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6386-8">978-0-8018-6386-8</a> pp. 1–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fierlbeck, Katherine. <i>Political thought in Canada: an intellectual history</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-711-9">978-1-55111-711-9</a> pp. 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyre1943" class="citation journal cs1">Freyre, Gilberto (1943). "Em Torno Do Problema De Uma Cultura Brasileira". <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 167–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2103064">10.2307/2103064</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2103064">2103064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Em+Torno+Do+Problema+De+Uma+Cultura+Brasileira&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-171&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2103064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2103064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Freyre&rft.aufirst=Gilberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchipani2020" class="citation news cs1">Schipani, Andres (January 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-01-06/royalists-pine-for-days-of-empire-in-bolsonaros-brazil">"Royalists pine for days of empire in Bolsonaro's Brazil"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Royalists+pine+for+days+of+empire+in+Bolsonaro%27s+Brazil&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft.aulast=Schipani&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2020-01-06%2Froyalists-pine-for-days-of-empire-in-bolsonaros-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2011" class="citation web cs1">Gonzalez, Eduardo (December 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ictj.org/news/brazil-shatters-its-wall-silence-past">"Brazil Shatters Its Wall of Silence on the Past"</a>. International Center for Transitional Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+Shatters+Its+Wall+of+Silence+on+the+Past&rft.pub=International+Center+for+Transitional+Justice&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fictj.org%2Fnews%2Fbrazil-shatters-its-wall-silence-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulos" class="citation news cs1">Boulos, Guilherme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/guilhermeboulos/2014/10/1529543-onda-conservadora.shtml">"Onda Conservadora"</a>. <i>Folha de S. Paulo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.+Paulo&rft.atitle=Onda+Conservadora&rft.aulast=Boulos&rft.aufirst=Guilherme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcolunas%2Fguilhermeboulos%2F2014%2F10%2F1529543-onda-conservadora.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml">"Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha"</a>. Poder. December 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lula+lidera%2C+e+Bolsonaro+se+consolida+em+2%C2%BA%2C+aponta+Datafolha&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fpoder%2F2017%2F12%2F1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oppenheim, Lois Hecht (2007). <i>Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4227-6">978-0-8133-4227-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy-Meakin2012" class="citation web cs1">Guy-Meakin, Amelia (September 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/17/augusto-pinochet-and-the-support-of-chilean-right-wing-women/">"Augusto Pinochet and the Support of Chilean Right-Wing Women"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=Augusto+Pinochet+and+the+Support+of+Chilean+Right-Wing+Women&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Guy-Meakin&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2012%2F09%2F17%2Faugusto-pinochet-and-the-support-of-chilean-right-wing-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes1995" class="citation book cs1">Valdes, Juan Gabriel (August 17, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-oJq_Rpcs_AC"><i>Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45146-8"><bdi>978-0-521-45146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pinochet%27s+Economists%3A+The+Chicago+School+of+Economics+in+Chile&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45146-8&rft.aulast=Valdes&rft.aufirst=Juan+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-oJq_Rpcs_AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterling1989" class="citation book cs1">Osterling, Jorge P. (1989). <i>Democracy in Colombia: Clientelist Politics and Guerrilla Warfare</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-229-1"><bdi>978-0-88738-229-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Colombia%3A+Clientelist+Politics+and+Guerrilla+Warfare&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-229-1&rft.aulast=Osterling&rft.aufirst=Jorge+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Adams2001" class="citation book cs1">Ian Adams (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&dq=ian%20adams%20political%20ideology%20today&pg=PA32"><i>Political ideology today</i></a>. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+ideology+today&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ian+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapstK1qIvvMC%26dq%3Dian%2520adams%2520political%2520ideology%2520today%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivelecanada.ca/article/183745915-ernest-manning-and-george-grant-who-is-the-real-conservative">"Ernest Manning and George Grant: Who is the Real Conservative" (2004), Ron Dart.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Hartz1964" class="citation book cs1">Louis Hartz (1964). <i>The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+New+Societies%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+the+United+States%2C+Latin+America%2C+South+Africa%2C+Canada%2C+and+Australia&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Louis+Hartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLori_G._Beaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Lori G. Beaman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VP5F2TQKyygC&q=%22Conservatism+in+North+America%22"><i>Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations</i></a>. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-306-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Canadian+Society%3A+Traditions%2C+Transitions%2C+and+Innovations&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-306-2&rft.au=Lori+G.+Beaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVP5F2TQKyygC%26q%3D%2522Conservatism%2Bin%2BNorth%2BAmerica%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2005" class="citation book cs1">Grant, George (2005) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tA6jkih-KuAC"><i>Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773530102" title="Special:BookSources/9780773530102"><bdi>9780773530102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lament+for+a+Nation%3A+The+Defeat+of+Canadian+Nationalism&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780773530102&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtA6jkih-KuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kornberg, Allan and Mishler, William. <i>Influence in Parliament, Canada</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976. p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultze, Rainer-Olaf; Sturm, Roland and Eberle, Dagmar. <i>Conservative parties and right-wing politics in North America: reaping the benefits of an ideological victory?</i>. Germany: VS Verlag, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8100-3812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8100-3812-8">978-3-8100-3812-8</a> p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panizza, Francisco. <i>Populism and the mirror of democracy</i>. London: Verso, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-489-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-489-2">978-1-85984-489-2</a> p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, John Frederick. <i>Debts to pay: the future of federalism in Quebec</i>. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-814-8">978-1-55028-814-8</a> pp. 57, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazony2018" class="citation news cs1">Hazony, Yoram (June 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/jordan-peterson-and-conservatisms-rebirth-1529101961">"Jordan Peterson and Conservatism's Rebirth"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Jordan+Peterson+and+Conservatism%27s+Rebirth&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Hazony&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjordan-peterson-and-conservatisms-rebirth-1529101961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk,_Russell2001" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Russell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGBn2fOdp7gC"><i>The Conservative Mind</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. pp. 6, 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-171-7"><bdi>978-0-89526-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Mind&rft.pages=6%2C+63&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-171-7&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGBn2fOdp7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill202147-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill202147_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeill2021">Neill 2021</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrewjohnson.com/02KeyPoliticalIssues/RadicalismConservatism.htm">"Reconstruction: Radicalism versus Conservatism"</a>. <i>www.andrewjohnson.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.andrewjohnson.com&rft.atitle=Reconstruction%3A+Radicalism+versus+Conservatism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewjohnson.com%2F02KeyPoliticalIssues%2FRadicalismConservatism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kazin, <i>What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party</i> (2022) p xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman" class="citation web cs1">Lyman, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/06/18/fact-check-democrats-republicans-and-complicated-history-race/3208378001/">"Fact check: Yes, historians do teach that first Black members of Congress were Republicans"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Fact+check%3A+Yes%2C+historians+do+teach+that+first+Black+members+of+Congress+were+Republicans&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ffactcheck%2F2020%2F06%2F18%2Ffact-check-democrats-republicans-and-complicated-history-race%2F3208378001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaught2016" class="citation news cs1">Haught, By James A. (September 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/article/How-Democrats-and-Republicans-switched-beliefs-9226115.php">"How Democrats and Republicans switched beliefs [Opinion]"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=How+Democrats+and+Republicans+switched+beliefs+%5BOpinion%5D&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Haught&rft.aufirst=By+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FHow-Democrats-and-Republicans-switched-beliefs-9226115.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261">"Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326140336/http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261">Archived</a> March 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Pafford, <i>The Forgotten Conservative: Rediscovering Grover Cleveland</i> (Simon and Schuster, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, pp. 4–9, 136): "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free market economic system."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwood Thompson, <i>Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice</i> p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1604-4">978-1-4422-1604-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2009xii-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009xii_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2009">Schneider 2009</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Social_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCal_Jillson2011" class="citation book cs1">Cal Jillson (February 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQFZCrbc9mIC&q=social%20conservatism%20abortion%20marriage&pg=PA87"><i>Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82941-7"><bdi>978-0-203-82941-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Politics%3A+Governing+the+Lone+Star+State&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.isbn=978-0-203-82941-7&rft.au=Cal+Jillson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQFZCrbc9mIC%26q%3Dsocial%2520conservatism%2520abortion%2520marriage%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006ix–xiv-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrohnen2006ix–xiv_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrohnen2006">Frohnen 2006</a>, pp. ix–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paleoconservative2-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paleoconservative2_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Foley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Foley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqbHa_AJrtMC&q=paleoconservative%20immigration&pg=PA318"><i>American credo: the place of ideas in US politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152833-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152833-0"><bdi>978-0-19-152833-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally <i>revanchist</i> outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+credo%3A+the+place+of+ideas+in+US+politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-152833-0&rft.au=Michael+Foley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqbHa_AJrtMC%26q%3Dpaleoconservative%2520immigration%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried2007" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried, Paul E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TsaMEQoeFTIC"><i>Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403974327" title="Special:BookSources/9781403974327"><bdi>9781403974327</bdi></a>. <q>Post-war conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+in+America%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+American+Right&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781403974327&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTsaMEQoeFTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried1995" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried, Paul Edward (January 1, 1995). <i>Theologies and Moral Concern</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologies+and+Moral+Concern&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquesDunlapFreeman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jacques, Peter J.; Dunlap, Riley E.; Freeman, Mark (May 20, 2008). "The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism". <i>Environmental Politics</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 349–385. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnvPo..17..349J">2008EnvPo..17..349J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644010802055576">10.1080/09644010802055576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Politics&rft.atitle=The+organisation+of+denial%3A+Conservative+think+tanks+and+environmental+scepticism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-385&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09644010802055576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EnvPo..17..349J&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Dunlap%2C+Riley+E.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGries2014" class="citation book cs1">Gries, Peter Hayes (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwzqAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804790925" title="Special:BookSources/9780804790925"><bdi>9780804790925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+American+Foreign+Policy%3A+How+Ideology+Divides+Liberals+and+Conservatives+over+Foreign+Affairs&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780804790925&rft.aulast=Gries&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwzqAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonSkocpol2012" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Vanessa; Skocpol, Theda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OAtvU8ottcC"><i>The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199832637" title="Special:BookSources/9780199832637"><bdi>9780199832637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tea+Party+and+the+Remaking+of+Republican+Conservatism&rft.pages=45-82&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199832637&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=Skocpol%2C+Theda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OAtvU8ottcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katie-couric-interviews-tea-party-leaders/">"Katie Couric Interviews Tea Party Leaders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. January 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004121627/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-12030-503544.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Katie+Couric+Interviews+Tea+Party+Leaders&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkatie-couric-interviews-tea-party-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fusionism-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fusionism_351-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fusionism_351-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbeeWaddan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbee, Edward; Waddan, Alex (December 13, 2023). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-214-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+Western+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-214-5&rft.aulast=Annesley&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-C9jngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1959" class="citation book cs1">Auerbach, M. Morton (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko8lAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Conservative Illusion</i></a>. 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Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412821896" title="Special:BookSources/9781412821896"><bdi>9781412821896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dollfuss%2FSchuschnigg+Era+in+Austria%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781412821896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbqwaF1jq7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlinkhorn1990" class="citation book cs1">Blinkhorn, Martin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_jTBoeMvqsC"><i>Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940087-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-940087-0"><bdi>978-0-04-940087-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascists+and+Conservatives%3A+The+Radical+Right+and+the+Establishment+in+Twentieth-Century+Europe&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-04-940087-0&rft.aulast=Blinkhorn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_jTBoeMvqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccleshall1990" class="citation book cs1">Eccleshall, Robert (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfX97Gj9x2sC"><i>English Conservatism since the Restoration: An Introduction and Anthology</i></a>. Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445346-8"><bdi>978-0-04-445346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Conservatism+since+the+Restoration%3A+An+Introduction+and+Anthology&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-04-445346-8&rft.aulast=Eccleshall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfX97Gj9x2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/conservatism">"Conservatism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Conservatism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fconservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2020" class="citation book cs1">Fawcett, Edmund (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO3eDwAAQBAJ"><i>Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17410-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+The+Fight+for+a+Tradition&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17410-5&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO3eDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedenSargentStears2013" class="citation book cs1">Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZo2AAAAQBAJ"><i>Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199585977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199585977"><bdi>978-0199585977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199585977&rft.aulast=Freeden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Sargent%2C+Lyman+Tower&rft.au=Stears%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZo2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrohnen2006" class="citation book cs1">Frohnen, Bruce; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyiHQgAACAAJ"><i>American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ISI Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-43-9"><bdi>978-1-932236-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ISI+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-932236-43-9&rft.aulast=Frohnen&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyiHQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiubilei2019" class="citation book cs1">Giubilei, Francesco (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rm5fDwAAQBAJ"><i>The History of European Conservative Thought</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621579090" title="Special:BookSources/9781621579090"><bdi>9781621579090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+European+Conservative+Thought&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781621579090&rft.aulast=Giubilei&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drm5fDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2004" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OnCFQgAACAAJ"><i>Political Theory: An Introduction</i></a> (3 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333961803" title="Special:BookSources/9780333961803"><bdi>9780333961803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theory%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780333961803&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnCFQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2017" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esobMQAACAAJ"><i>Political Ideologies: An Introduction</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60604-4"><bdi>978-1-137-60604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-60604-4&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesobMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKojève2020" class="citation book cs1">Kojève, Alexandre (2020) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCREAAAQBAJ"><i>The Notion of Authority: A Brief Presentation</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788739610" title="Special:BookSources/9781788739610"><bdi>9781788739610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notion+of+Authority%3A+A+Brief+Presentation&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781788739610&rft.aulast=Koj%C3%A8ve&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgCREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943" class="citation book cs1">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/733805752"><i>The Menace of the Herd; or, Procrustes at Large</i></a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/733805752">733805752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menace+of+the+Herd%3B+or%2C+Procrustes+at+Large&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F733805752&rft.aulast=von+Kuehnelt-Leddihn&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F733805752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah9CPgAACAAJ"><i>Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199207800" title="Special:BookSources/9780199207800"><bdi>9780199207800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199207800&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah9CPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1997" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Jerry Z. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOM9DwAAQBAJ"><i>Conservatism: An Anthology of Social and Political Thought from David Hume to the Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691037110" title="Special:BookSources/9780691037110"><bdi>9780691037110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+An+Anthology+of+Social+and+Political+Thought+from+David+Hume+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780691037110&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Jerry+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOM9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2021" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Edmund (2021). <i>Conservatism</i>. Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-2705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-2705-2"><bdi>978-1-5095-2705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-2705-2&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisbet2002" class="citation book cs1">Nisbet, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HdPmgEACAAJ"><i>Conservatism: Dream and Reality</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765808622" title="Special:BookSources/9780765808622"><bdi>9780765808622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+Dream+and+Reality&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780765808622&rft.aulast=Nisbet&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HdPmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemmer1989" class="citation book cs1">Remmer, Karen L. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHMWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Military Rule in Latin America</i></a>. Westview. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8450-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-8450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Rule+in+Latin+America&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8450-4&rft.aulast=Remmer&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHMWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2009" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Gregory (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVD3z0PuTRQC"><i>The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742542846" title="Special:BookSources/9780742542846"><bdi>9780742542846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Century%3A+From+Reaction+to+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780742542846&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVD3z0PuTRQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiaroff2000" class="citation book cs1">Siaroff, Alan (2000). <i>Comparative European Party Systems</i>. Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2930-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2930-X"><bdi>0-8153-2930-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+European+Party+Systems&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8153-2930-X&rft.aulast=Siaroff&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1996" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Alan (1996). <i>Political Parties and Party Systems</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878076-2"><bdi>978-0-19-878076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+and+Party+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878076-2&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2002" class="citation book cs1">Green, E.H.H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpZJCAAAQBAJ"><i>Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191069031" title="Special:BookSources/9780191069031"><bdi>9780191069031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideologies+of+Conservatism%3A+Conservative+Political+Ideas+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780191069031&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=E.H.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpZJCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazony2022" class="citation book cs1">Hazony, Yoram (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uhx1EAAAQBAJ"><i>Conservatism: A Rediscovery</i></a>. Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800752344" title="Special:BookSources/9781800752344"><bdi>9781800752344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+A+Rediscovery&rft.pub=Forum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781800752344&rft.aulast=Hazony&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUhx1EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2001" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Russell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGBn2fOdp7gC"><i>The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot</i></a> (7 ed.). Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895261717" title="Special:BookSources/9780895261717"><bdi>9780895261717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Mind%3A+From+Burke+to+Eliot&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780895261717&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGBn2fOdp7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2019" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Russell (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11iWDwAAQBAJ"><i>Russell Kirk's Concise Guide to Conservatism</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621578789" title="Special:BookSources/9781621578789"><bdi>9781621578789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russell+Kirk%27s+Concise+Guide+to+Conservatism&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781621578789&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11iWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2002" class="citation book cs1">Scruton, Roger (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmPuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Meaning of Conservatism</i></a> (3 ed.). St. Augustine's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890318406" title="Special:BookSources/9781890318406"><bdi>9781890318406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Conservatism&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781890318406&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViereck1949" class="citation book cs1">Viereck, Peter (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TimOWmB4nAkC"><i>Conservatism Revisited: The Revolt Against Ideology</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412820233" title="Special:BookSources/9781412820233"><bdi>9781412820233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+Revisited%3A+The+Revolt+Against+Ideology&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=9781412820233&rft.aulast=Viereck&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTimOWmB4nAkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitonski1971" class="citation book cs1">Witonski, Peter, ed. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu2mwQEACAAJ"><i>The Wisdom of Conservatism</i></a> (4 ed.). Arlington House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870001185" title="Special:BookSources/9780870001185"><bdi>9780870001185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Conservatism&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780870001185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHu2mwQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span> [2396 pages; worldwide sources]</li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism and fascism</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowson1997" class="citation book cs1">Crowson, N. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4EbRgEw86QC"><i>Facing Fascism: The Conservative Party and the European Dictators, 1935–1940</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415153157" title="Special:BookSources/9780415153157"><bdi>9780415153157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Fascism%3A+The+Conservative+Party+and+the+European+Dictators%2C+1935%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415153157&rft.aulast=Crowson&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4EbRgEw86QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvola2013" class="citation book cs1">Evola, Julius (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KUAMK9JdgYC"><i>Fascism Viewed from the Right</i></a>. Arktos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907166921" title="Special:BookSources/9781907166921"><bdi>9781907166921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+Viewed+from+the+Right&rft.pub=Arktos&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781907166921&rft.aulast=Evola&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KUAMK9JdgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism and liberalism</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carey, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Conservatism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conservatism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=93-95&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2021" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, K. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8oQEAAAQBAJ"><i>Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-Liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198854289" title="Special:BookSources/9780198854289"><bdi>9780198854289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Liberalism%2C+Ordo-Liberalism%2C+and+the+State%3A+Disciplining+Democracy+and+the+Market&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780198854289&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8oQEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlueterWenzel2016" class="citation book cs1">Schlueter, N.; Wenzel, N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jm5jwEACAAJ"><i>Selfish Libertarians and Socialist Conservatives?: The Foundations of the Libertarian-Conservative Debate</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804792912" title="Special:BookSources/9780804792912"><bdi>9780804792912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfish+Libertarians+and+Socialist+Conservatives%3F%3A+The+Foundations+of+the+Libertarian-Conservative+Debate&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780804792912&rft.aulast=Schlueter&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Wenzel%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Jm5jwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism and women</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchettaPower2002" class="citation book cs1">Bacchetta, Paola; Power, Margaret (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ag7qRiZqYZoC"><i>Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists Around the World</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415927772" title="Special:BookSources/9780415927772"><bdi>9780415927772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Women%3A+From+Conservatives+to+Extremists+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415927772&rft.aulast=Bacchetta&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Power%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dag7qRiZqYZoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleeMcGee_Deutsch2012" class="citation book cs1">Blee, Kathleen M.; McGee Deutsch, Sandra, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ek77LBo_1PEC"><i>Women of the Right: Comparisons and Interplay Across Borders</i></a>. Penn State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271052151" title="Special:BookSources/9780271052151"><bdi>9780271052151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Right%3A+Comparisons+and+Interplay+Across+Borders&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780271052151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dek77LBo_1PEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow2008" class="citation book cs1">Critchlow, Donald T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHcBZ-ynlMC"><i>Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691136240" title="Special:BookSources/9780691136240"><bdi>9780691136240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phyllis+Schlafly+and+Grassroots+Conservatism%3A+A+Woman%27s+Crusade&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780691136240&rft.aulast=Critchlow&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zHcBZ-ynlMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickerson2014" class="citation book cs1">Nickerson, Michelle M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGuYDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mothers of Conservatism: Women and the Postwar Right</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691163918" title="Special:BookSources/9780691163918"><bdi>9780691163918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+of+Conservatism%3A+Women+and+the+Postwar+Right&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780691163918&rft.aulast=Nickerson&rft.aufirst=Michelle+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGuYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism in Germany</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWN9BgAAQBAJ"><i>The Genesis of German Conservatism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400868230" title="Special:BookSources/9781400868230"><bdi>9781400868230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+German+Conservatism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400868230&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWN9BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Klemperer2015" class="citation book cs1">von Klemperer, K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-x_WCgAAQBAJ"><i>Germany's New Conservatism: Its History and Dilemma in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400876372" title="Special:BookSources/9781400876372"><bdi>9781400876372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+New+Conservatism%3A+Its+History+and+Dilemma+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400876372&rft.aulast=von+Klemperer&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-x_WCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebovics1969" class="citation book cs1">Lebovics, H. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc4_jgEACAAJ"><i>Social Conservatism and the Middle Class in Germany, 1914–1933</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400879038" title="Special:BookSources/9781400879038"><bdi>9781400879038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Conservatism+and+the+Middle+Class+in+Germany%2C+1914%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9781400879038&rft.aulast=Lebovics&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc4_jgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohler2018" class="citation book cs1">Mohler, Armin (2018) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cMGhuwEACAAJ"><i>The Conservative Revolution in Germany, 1918–1932</i></a>. Washington Summit Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593680596" title="Special:BookSources/9781593680596"><bdi>9781593680596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Revolution+in+Germany%2C+1918%E2%80%931932&rft.pub=Washington+Summit+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781593680596&rft.aulast=Mohler&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcMGhuwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism in Latin America</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunaKaltwasser2014" class="citation book cs1">Luna, J.P.; Kaltwasser, C.R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pECXBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Resilience of the Latin American Right</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413914" title="Special:BookSources/9781421413914"><bdi>9781421413914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resilience+of+the+Latin+American+Right&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781421413914&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Kaltwasser%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpECXBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebrook2000" class="citation book cs1">Middlebrook, Kevin J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suoOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801863851" title="Special:BookSources/9780801863851"><bdi>9780801863851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Parties%2C+the+Right%2C+and+Democracy+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780801863851&rft.aulast=Middlebrook&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuoOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism in Russia</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2015" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEfABQAAQBAJ"><i>Putinism: Russia and Its Future with the West</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466871069" title="Special:BookSources/9781466871069"><bdi>9781466871069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putinism%3A+Russia+and+Its+Future+with+the+West&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781466871069&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEfABQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2007" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1yCrMAfg_IC"><i>Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300122695" title="Special:BookSources/9780300122695"><bdi>9780300122695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Conservatism+and+Its+Critics%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Culture&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780300122695&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1yCrMAfg_IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Paul (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9mowwEACAAJ"><i>Russian Conservatism</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501747342" title="Special:BookSources/9781501747342"><bdi>9781501747342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Conservatism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781501747342&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9mowwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism in the United Kingdom</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Emily (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibHSugEACAAJ"><i>Edmund Burke and the Invention of Modern Conservatism, 1830–1914</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198799429" title="Special:BookSources/9780198799429"><bdi>9780198799429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmund+Burke+and+the+Invention+of+Modern+Conservatism%2C+1830%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780198799429&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibHSugEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Gilmartin, Kevin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9ge0r2wN4MC"><i>Writing against Revolution: Literary Conservatism in Britain, 1790–1832</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521142199" title="Special:BookSources/9780521142199"><bdi>9780521142199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+against+Revolution%3A+Literary+Conservatism+in+Britain%2C+1790%E2%80%931832&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521142199&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9ge0r2wN4MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent1977" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Neill (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8rmygAACAAJ"><i>The British Right: Conservative and Right Wing Politics in Britain</i></a>. Saxon House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780566001567" title="Special:BookSources/9780566001567"><bdi>9780566001567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Right%3A+Conservative+and+Right+Wing+Politics+in+Britain&rft.pub=Saxon+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780566001567&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Neill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8rmygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoffer2008" class="citation book cs1">Soffer, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRVREAAAQBAJ"><i>History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191548956" title="Special:BookSources/9780191548956"><bdi>9780191548956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Historians%2C+and+Conservatism+in+Britain+and+America%3A+From+the+Great+War+to+Thatcher+and+Reagan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780191548956&rft.aulast=Soffer&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRVREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Conservatism in the United States</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllitt2009" class="citation book cs1">Allitt, Patrick N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3fpmEWubTwC"><i>The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300155297" title="Special:BookSources/9780300155297"><bdi>9780300155297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservatives%3A+Ideas+and+Personalities+Throughout+American+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300155297&rft.aulast=Allitt&rft.aufirst=Patrick+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3fpmEWubTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContinetti2022" class="citation book cs1">Continetti, Matthew (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpSUzgEACAAJ"><i>The Right: The Hundred-Year War for American Conservatism</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781541600508" title="Special:BookSources/9781541600508"><bdi>9781541600508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right%3A+The+Hundred-Year+War+for+American+Conservatism&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781541600508&rft.aulast=Continetti&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpSUzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwater2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldwater, Barry (2007) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUEc9YvmnvoC"><i>The Conscience of a Conservative</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691131177" title="Special:BookSources/9780691131177"><bdi>9780691131177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Conservative&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780691131177&rft.aulast=Goldwater&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUEc9YvmnvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2006" class="citation book cs1">Nash, George H. (2006) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln9cAAAACAAJ"><i>The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933859125" title="Special:BookSources/9781933859125"><bdi>9781933859125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Intellectual+Movement+in+America+Since+1945&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781933859125&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLn9cAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Jeffrey O.; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1yOAwAAQBAJ"><i>American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781497651579" title="Special:BookSources/9781497651579"><bdi>9781497651579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781497651579&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1yOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2003" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Gregory L., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6hzBFw1ky8C"><i>Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814797990" title="Special:BookSources/9780814797990"><bdi>9780814797990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+in+America+Since+1930%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780814797990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU6hzBFw1ky8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulman,_B.J.2008" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, B.J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSEsEAAAQBAJ"><i>Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674267138" title="Special:BookSources/9780674267138"><bdi>9780674267138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rightward+Bound%3A+Making+America+Conservative+in+the+1970s&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780674267138&rft.au=Schulman%2C+B.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSEsEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2019" class="citation book cs1">Will, George (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jypwtgEACAAJ"><i>The Conservative Sensibility</i></a>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316480932" title="Special:BookSources/9780316480932"><bdi>9780316480932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Sensibility&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780316480932&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjypwtgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Psychology</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidt2012" class="citation book cs1">Haidt, Jonathan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9-GG5gPzgwC"><i>The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided By Politics and Religion</i></a>. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307377906" title="Special:BookSources/9780307377906"><bdi>9780307377906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Righteous+Mind%3A+Why+Good+People+are+Divided+By+Politics+and+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780307377906&rft.aulast=Haidt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9-GG5gPzgwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbingSmithAlford2013" class="citation book cs1">Hibbing, John R.; Smith, Kevin B.; Alford, John R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVL7AAAAQBAJ"><i>Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136281211" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136281211"><bdi>978-1136281211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predisposed%3A+Liberals%2C+Conservatives%2C+and+the+Biology+of+Political+Differences&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136281211&rft.aulast=Hibbing&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kevin+B.&rft.au=Alford%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVL7AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Lakoff, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUd7a9OUgtAC"><i>The Political Mind : A Cognitive Scientist's Guide to your Brain and its Politics</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440637834" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440637834"><bdi>978-1440637834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Mind+%3A+A+Cognitive+Scientist%27s+Guide+to+your+Brain+and+its+Politics&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1440637834&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUd7a9OUgtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakoff2016" class="citation book cs1">Lakoff, George (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_FDAAAQBAJ"><i>Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226411323" title="Special:BookSources/9780226411323"><bdi>9780226411323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Politics%3A+How+Liberals+and+Conservatives+Think&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226411323&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3N_FDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWailoo2014" class="citation book cs1">Wailoo, Keith (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCh8AwAAQBAJ"><i>Pain: A Political History</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413662" title="Special:BookSources/9781421413662"><bdi>9781421413662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781421413662&rft.aulast=Wailoo&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCh8AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Conservatism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Conservatism">Conservatism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/conservatism">Conservatism</a> an article by <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conservatism/">"Conservatism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conservatism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconservatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservatism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Belgium">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Finland">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Norway">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religious_conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Conservatism_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conservatism by continent</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conservatism in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conservatism in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">Conservatism in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conservatism in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatism_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatism in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmund_Burke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmund_Burke" title="Template:Edmund Burke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmund_Burke" title="Template talk:Edmund Burke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmund_Burke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmund Burke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmund_Burke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> (1756)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> (1757)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Cause_of_the_Present_Discontents" title="Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents">Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents</a></i> (1770)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_American_Taxation" title="On American Taxation">On American Taxation</a>" (1774)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_from_the_New_to_the_Old_Whigs" title="An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs">An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs</a></i> (1791)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_and_Details_on_Scarcity" title="Thoughts and Details on Scarcity">Thoughts and Details on Scarcity</a></i> (1795)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_on_a_Regicide_Peace" title="Letters on a Regicide Peace">Letters on a Regicide Peace</a></i> (1796)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke_Stichting" title="Edmund Burke Stichting">Edmund Burke Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Club_(dining_club)" title="The Club (dining club)">The Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bounty_Fund" title="Royal Bounty Fund">Royal Bounty Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke_(Thomas)" title="Edmund Burke (Thomas)">Edmund Burke</a></i> (Thomas statue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings" title="Impeachment of Warren Hastings">Impeachment of Warren Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thought_of_Edmund_Burke" title="Religious thought of Edmund Burke">Religious thought of Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burke_Jr." title="Richard Burke Jr.">Richard Burke Jr.</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_de_Maistre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Template:Joseph de Maistre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Template talk:Joseph de Maistre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph de Maistre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseph_de_Maistre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1819)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/An_Examination_of_the_Philosophy_of_Bacon" title="An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon">An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">French royalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baronne_Almaury_de_Maistre" title="Baronne Almaury de Maistre">Baronne Almaury de Maistre</a> (niece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_de_Maistre" title="Rodolphe de Maistre">Rodolphe de Maistre</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_de_Maistre" title="Xavier de Maistre">Xavier de Maistre</a> (brother)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Armenteros" title="Carolina Armenteros">Carolina Armenteros</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lebrun" title="Richard Lebrun">Richard Lebrun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Siedentop" title="Larry Siedentop">Larry Siedentop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_and_the_Fox" title="The Hedgehog and the Fox">The Hedgehog and the Fox</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre%27s_Life,_Thought,_and_Influence" title="Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought, and Influence">Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought, and Influence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Headless_Republic" title="The Headless Republic">The Headless Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_antimodernes" title="Les antimodernes">Les antimodernes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reactionary_Mind" title="The Reactionary Mind">The Reactionary Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ambox_globe_Americas.svg/19px-Ambox_globe_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ambox_globe_Americas.svg/29px-Ambox_globe_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ambox_globe_Americas.svg/38px-Ambox_globe_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032187-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031272">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="konzervatismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121828&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555405805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017458">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&oldid=1258237716">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservatism&oldid=1258237716</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Right-wing_ideologies" title="Category:Right-wing ideologies">Right-wing ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_theories" title="Category:Social theories">Social theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_theories" title="Category:Political theories">Political theories</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback 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68 Template:Sfn"," 6.93% 291.230 10 Template:Navbox"," 6.08% 255.281 45 Template:Cite_web"," 5.42% 227.689 1 Template:Conservatism_sidebar"," 5.02% 210.815 95 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.378","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20493367,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbhilasha_KumariSabina_Kidwai1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbildlund2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamsson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfkhami2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhnWoo-Young2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllitt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltemeyer1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrainApter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnnesley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArendt1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshbeeWaddan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshfordDavies2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuerbach1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacchettaPower2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalfour1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBischof,_Günter1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBischof2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlamires2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleeMcGee_Deutsch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlinkhorn1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBocca1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostonEichbaum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrook-Shepherd,_Gordon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFincherWalasek2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullockTrombleyLawrie1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaciagliRobeckYong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCal_Jillson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCat-Mackiewicz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanIlicic2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_RichmondPaul_Smith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjiHansenJaffrelot2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongdon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContinetti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornucopia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCram1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchlow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowsonThomaHestevold2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrus_GhaniSīrūs_Ghanī2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Jones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_van_der_Vat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidOlatunji,_B.O.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Hall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_MoslerRobert_Catley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grand2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Raphael2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeák1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDmowski1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudek2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunleavy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEccleshall1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvola2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEyck1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawcett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFellaRuzza2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraresi1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinseraas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedenSargentStears2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreyre1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrohnen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiubilei2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldwater2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottfried1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottfried2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGries2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigsby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy-Meakin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez_Dávila2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaidt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainsworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaught2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauss,_Charles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazony2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazony2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeidar,_Knut2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbingSmithAlford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogg_Baron_Hailsham_of_St._Marylebone1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussin_Mutalib2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Adams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInbarYoel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInoseSato2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaksson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacquesDunlapFreeman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Jupp2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich,_Barbara1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJostGlaserKruglanskiSulloway2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudaken2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuravich2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJussi_M._Hanhimäki1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaczyński2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanKlein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKater2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKersbergenVis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershnerKingsley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimVogel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk,_Russell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKojève2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopalyan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosiara-Pedersen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKselmanButtigieg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakoff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarkin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayton-Henry1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebovics1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_Wayne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiedke1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilla2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLind2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLojkó2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLori_G._Beaman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_Hartz1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukacs2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunaKaltwasser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajlard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaltz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasoud_Kazemzadeh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassola2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAnulla2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Foley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_John_Williams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicklethwaitWooldridge2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlebrook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreVaudagna2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMounsey1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNapierJost2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarreteFessler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeill2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickerson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisbet1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisbet2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugent1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliverOstwald2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOscarsson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsterling1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParlato2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashanko1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPempel1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_DaviesDerek_Lynch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_L._BergerGrace_DavieEffie_Fokas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippe_Siuberski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintoKallis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrattoSidaniusStallworthMalle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyrah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhard1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemmer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibuffo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiff1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinger1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Blake1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodhe1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Price2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussel,_Trevor1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSVT_Nyheter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSVT_Nyheter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSack1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSally2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchipani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlenkerChambersLe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlueterWenzel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman,_B.J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwok2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShindler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiaroff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidaniusPrattoBobo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSieg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegfriedJohnston1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoffer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanlis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhill1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweetser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSöderbaum2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSöderbaum2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSørensenMallett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTin_Seng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTingsten1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiounineHannen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUvell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViereck,_Peter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViereck1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWailoo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsonSkocpol2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinthrop1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitonski1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittRedding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodwards1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY._Inbar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiebertz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFeuconedit2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Klemperer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Kuehnelt-Leddihn1968\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious_conservatism\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"Christian democracy sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 202,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 45,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Colend\"] = 3,\n [\"Cols\"] = 3,\n [\"Conservatism\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism New Zealand\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Austria\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Brazil\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in China\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Denmark\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in France\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Greece sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Iran\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Russia\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Singapore\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in South Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Sweden\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Switzerland\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 2,\n [\"Edmund Burke\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Europe topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 11,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Joseph de Maistre\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"North America topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 68,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"South America topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Toryism\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","22.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","100","3.8"],["chunk 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