CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Racism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5aca1147-f1ae-4015-80d8-089c053944ac","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Racism","wgTitle":"Racism","wgCurRevisionId":1281582438,"wgRevisionId":1281582438,"wgArticleId":25613,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2024","Articles with excerpts","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2022","United States-centric","Articles containing German-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Commons category link from Wikidata","Racism","Prejudice and discrimination by type","Politics and race"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Racism","wgRelevantArticleId":25613,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8461","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Racism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Racism rootpage-Racism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Racism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Racism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Racism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Racism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology,_definition,_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology,_definition,_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology, definition, and usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology,_definition,_and_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology, definition, and usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology,_definition,_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Legal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_behavioral_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_behavioral_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Social and behavioral sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_behavioral_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Humanities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Popular usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aversive_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aversive_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Aversive racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aversive_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_blindness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_blindness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Color blindness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_blindness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Institutional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Othering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Othering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Othering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Othering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Racial discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Racial segregation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supremacism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supremacism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Supremacism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supremacism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic/modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic/modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Symbolic/modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic/modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subconscious_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subconscious_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Subconscious biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subconscious_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law_and_racial_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law_and_racial_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 International law and racial discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law_and_racial_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_ethnic_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_ethnic_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnicity_and_ethnic_conflicts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_ethnic_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_racial_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_racial_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnic and racial nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_racial_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnocentrism_and_proto-racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnocentrism_and_proto-racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnocentrism and proto-racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnocentrism_and_proto-racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aristotle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Aristotle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Early antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Arab_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Arab_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Medieval Arab writers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Arab_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limpieza_de_sangre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limpieza_de_sangre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Limpieza de sangre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limpieza_de_sangre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism_as_a_modern_phenomenon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_as_a_modern_phenomenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Racism as a modern phenomenon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_as_a_modern_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Scientific racism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_racism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific racism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heredity_and_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heredity_and_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Heredity and eugenics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heredity_and_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygenism_and_racial_typologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygenism_and_racial_typologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Polygenism and racial typologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygenism_and_racial_typologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_zoos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_zoos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Human zoos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_zoos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_about_the_origins_of_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_about_the_origins_of_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Theories about the origins of racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_about_the_origins_of_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Psychological causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State-sponsored_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-sponsored_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 State-sponsored racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sponsored_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Anti-racism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-racism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-racism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reverse_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Reverse racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Racism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassisme" title="Rassisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rassisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ዘረኝነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘረኝነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नस्लवाद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नस्लवाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عنصرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismu" title="Racismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Racismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emboyke_piresa%27%C3%BDre" title="Ñemboyke piresa'ýre – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemboyke piresa'ýre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rq%C3%A7ilik" title="İrqçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrqçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="عیرقچیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیرقچیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বর্ণবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng-cho%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Расизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Расизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizam" title="Rasizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rasizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouennelouriezh" title="Gouennelouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouennelouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismus" title="Rasismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rasismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusaruraganda" title="Rusaruraganda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rusaruraganda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiliaeth" title="Hiliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hiliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عنصرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عنصرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassism" title="Rassism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rassism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ρατσισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρατσισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrazismo" title="Arrazismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrazismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نژادپرستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نژادپرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Racism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasuskilna%C3%B0ur" title="Rasuskilnaður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rasuskilnaður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%ADochas" title="Ciníochas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciníochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A2%85_%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84" title="인종 차별 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인종 차별" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariyar_launin_fata" title="Wariyar launin fata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wariyar launin fata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ռասիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռասիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नस्लवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नस्लवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizam" title="Rasizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rasizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racialismo" title="Racialismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Racialismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukucwasa_ngokwebala" title="Ukucwasa ngokwebala – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukucwasa ngokwebala" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyn%C3%BE%C3%A1ttahyggja" title="Kynþáttahyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynþáttahyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismo" title="Razzismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Razzismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גזענות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזענות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ವರ್ಣಭೇದ ನೀತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಣಭೇದ ನೀತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რასიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რასიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Нәсілшілдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нәсілшілдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilgasieth" title="Hilgasieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hilgasieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaguzi_wa_rangi" title="Ubaguzi wa rangi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubaguzi wa rangi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasis" title="Rasis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rasis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rasism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEjadperest%C3%AE" title="Nîjadperestî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîjadperestî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razism" title="Razism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Razism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizmo" title="Rasizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rasizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisms" title="Rasisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rasisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassissem" title="Rassissem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rassissem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizmas" title="Rasizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rasizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razisme" title="Razisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Razisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismo" title="Razzismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Razzismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasszizmus" title="Rasszizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rasszizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Расизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Расизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra" title="Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വർണ്ണവിവേചനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വർണ്ണവിവേചനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्णद्वेष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्णद्वेष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რასიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რასიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تفرقه عنصريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفرقه عنصريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Арьсны өнгөөр ялгаварлан гадуурхах үзэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арьсны өнгөөр ялгаварлан гадуурхах үзэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="လူမျိုးစွဲဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူမျိုးစွဲဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="रंगभेद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रंगभेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="人種主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人種主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandummaa" title="Gandummaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gandummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irqchilik" title="Irqchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irqchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਸਲਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਸਲਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نسل پرستی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نسل پرستی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="توکمپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توکمپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesizim" title="Riesizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Riesizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassism" title="Rassism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rassism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizm" title="Rasizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rasizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rasism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassissem" title="Rassissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Rassissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawchuri_rikuri" title="Chawchuri rikuri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chawchuri rikuri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Расізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratzismu" title="Ratzismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ratzismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racizmi" title="Racizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Racizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismu" title="Razzismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Razzismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාතිවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාතිවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Racism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizmus" title="Rasizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rasizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizem" title="Rasizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rasizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizm" title="Rasizm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rasizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midabtakoor" title="Midabtakoor – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midabtakoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڕەگەزپەرستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەگەزپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Расизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Расизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizam" title="Rasizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rasizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismi" title="Rasismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rasism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இனவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คตินิยมเชื้อชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คตินิยมเชื้อชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyi%C9%9Br%C3%ABth%C3%A4nd%C3%AFt" title="Nyiɛrëthändït – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nyiɛrëthändït" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Нажодпарастӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нажодпарастӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᏓᏓᎴᏙᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᏓᏓᎴᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irk%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Irkçılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irkçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نسل پرستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نسل پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_bi%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng_t%E1%BB%99c" title="Phân biệt chủng tộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân biệt chủng tộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassism" title="Rassism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rassism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raecisse" title="Raecisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Raecisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="种族主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ראסיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראסיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81y%C3%A0m%E1%BA%B9%CC%80y%C3%A0" title="Ìṣẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="種族歧視 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="種族歧視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras%C4%97zmos" title="Rasėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rasėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="种族主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinanzat" title="Rinanzat – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rinanzat" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizm" title="Rasizm – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rasizm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8461#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Racism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Racism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Racism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Racism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Racism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&oldid=1281582438" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Racism&id=1281582438&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRacism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRacism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Racism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Racism" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8461" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Race or ethnic-based discrimination</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li>Race / Ethnicity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> over another.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghani-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman_p405-3">[3]</a> It may also mean <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different ethnic background.<a href="#cite_note-Ghani-2">[2]</a> Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of <a href="/wiki/Social_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actions">social actions</a>, practices or beliefs, or <a href="/wiki/Political_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Political systems">political systems</a> in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities.<a href="#cite_note-Ghani-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman_p405-3">[3]</a> There have been attempts to legitimize racist beliefs through scientific means, such as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, which have been overwhelmingly shown to be unfounded. In terms of political systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>) that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices or laws, racist ideology may include associated social aspects such as <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">otherness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical ranking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">supremacism</a>. While the concepts of race and ethnicity are considered to be separate in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>, the two terms have a long history of equivalence in popular usage and older social science literature. "Ethnicity" is often used in a sense close to one traditionally attributed to "race", the division of human groups based on qualities assumed to be essential or innate to the group (e.g. shared <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a> or shared behavior). Racism and <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, independent of whether these differences are described as racial. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, there is no distinction between the terms "racial" and "ethnic" discrimination. It further concludes that superiority based on racial differentiation is <a href="/wiki/Scientifically_false" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientifically false">scientifically false</a>, morally condemnable, socially <a href="/wiki/Unjust" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust">unjust</a>, and dangerous. The convention also declared that there is no justification for racial discrimination, anywhere, in theory or in practice.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Racism is frequently described as a relatively modern concept, evolving during the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of imperialism">age of imperialism</a>, transformed by <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dennis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman1997-6">[6]</a> of which it was a major driving force.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It was also a major force behind <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation in the United States</a> in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid in South Africa</a>; 19th and 20th-century racism in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> is particularly well documented and constitutes a reference point in studies and discourses about racism.<a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a> Racism has played a role in <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a>, as well as colonial projects including the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population transfer in the Soviet Union</a> including deportations of indigenous minorities.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> have been—and are—often subject to racist attitudes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology,_definition,_and_usage">Etymology, definition, and usage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_terminology_for_race" title="Biblical terminology for race">Biblical terminology for race</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">Race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">Racial equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_politics" title="Racial politics">Racial politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Race and...</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime" title="Race and crime">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Race and crime in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Race and crime in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Horror films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Intelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="History of the race and intelligence controversy">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_race" title="Neuroscience and race">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_society" title="Race and society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sports" title="Race and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_video_games" title="Race and video games">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By location</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Race and ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakedness_and_colonialism" title="Nakedness and colonialism">Nakedness and colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Race_(human_categorization)" title="Category:Race (human categorization)">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Race" title="Template:Race"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Race" title="Template talk:Race"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Race" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Race"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png/220px-ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png/330px-ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png/440px-ProceedingsLakeMohonkConference.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>An early use of the word racism by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Pratt" title="Richard Henry Pratt">Richard Henry Pratt</a> in 1902: "Association of races and classes is necessary to destroy racism and <a href="/wiki/Classism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classism">classism</a>."</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, i.e., subscribing to the belief that the human population can or should be classified into races with differential abilities and dispositions, which in turn may motivate a political ideology in which rights and privileges are differentially distributed based on racial categories. The term "racist" may be an adjective or a noun, the latter describing a person who holds those beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-10">[10]</a> The origin of the root word "race" is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>, but there is no such agreement on how it generally came into Latin-based languages. A recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ra's, which means "head, beginning, origin" or the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> rosh, which has a similar meaning.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Early race theorists generally held the view that some races were inferior to others and they consequently believed that the differential treatment of races was fully justified.<a href="#cite_note-Garner09-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclo-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> These early theories guided <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudo-scientific</a> research assumptions; the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, though this term is a misnomer, due to the lack of any actual science backing the claims. Most <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologists</a> reject a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of races in favor of more specific and/or empirically verifiable criteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, ethnicity, or a history of <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a> research indicates that race is not a meaningful genetic classification of humans.<a href="#cite_note-Patrinos04-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keita97-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smedley05-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> An entry in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2008) defines <a href="/wiki/Racialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism">racialism</a> as "[a]n earlier term than racism, but now largely superseded by it", and cites the term "racialism" in a 1902 quote.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shorter term "racism" in a quote from the year 1903.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It was defined by the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition 1989) as "[t]he theory that distinctive human characteristics and abilities are determined by race"; the same dictionary termed racism a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> of racialism: "belief in the superiority of a particular race". By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, racism had acquired the same supremacist connotations formerly associated with racialism: racism by then implied racial <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, racial <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">supremacism</a>, and a harmful intent. The term "race hatred" had also been used by sociologist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hertz" title="Frederick Hertz">Frederick Hertz</a> in the late 1920s. As its history indicates, the popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into widespread usage in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, which treated "race" as a naturally given political unit.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, but there is not a wide agreement on a single definition of what racism is and what it is not.<a href="#cite_note-Garner09-12">[12]</a> Today, some scholars of racism prefer to use the concept in the plural racisms, in order to emphasize its many different forms that do not easily fall under a single definition. They also argue that different forms of racism have characterized different historical periods and geographical areas.<a href="#cite_note-Bethen14-23">[23]</a> Garner (2009: p. 11) summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> relationship between groups; second, a set of ideas (an ideology) about racial differences; and, third, discriminatory actions (practices).<a href="#cite_note-Garner09-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3></div> Though many countries around the globe have passed <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> related to race and discrimination, the first significant international <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> instrument developed by the United Nations (UN) was the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR),<a href="#cite_note-UNUDHR-24">[24]</a> which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 1948. The UDHR recognizes that if people are to be treated with dignity, they require <a href="/wiki/Economic_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic rights">economic rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">social rights</a> including education, and the rights to <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and political participation and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberty</a>. It further states that everyone is entitled to these rights "without distinction of any kind, such as race, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">colour</a>, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">national</a> or <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> origin, property, birth or other status". The UN does not define "racism"; however, it does define "racial discrimination". According to the 1965 UN <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UNICERD-25">[25]</a> <blockquote> The term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, colour, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">descent</a>, or national or <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic</a> origin that has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. </blockquote> In their 1978 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a> Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice (Article 1), the UN states, "All human beings belong to a single species and are descended from a common stock. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form an integral part of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO78-26">[26]</a> The UN definition of racial discrimination does not make any distinction between <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">discrimination based on ethnicity and race</a>, in part because the distinction between the two has been a matter of debate among <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">British law</a>, the phrase racial group means "any group of people who are defined by reference to their race, colour, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origin".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In Norway, the word "race" has been removed from national laws concerning discrimination because the use of the phrase is considered problematic and unethical.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Norwegian Anti-Discrimination Act bans discrimination based on ethnicity, national origin, descent, and skin color.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_behavioral_sciences">Social and behavioral sciences</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociologists</a>, in general, recognize "race" as a <a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">social construct</a>. This means that, although the concepts of race and racism are based on observable biological characteristics, any conclusions drawn about race on the basis of those observations are heavily influenced by cultural ideologies. Racism, as an ideology, exists in a society at both the individual and institutional level. While much of the research and work on racism during the last half-century or so has concentrated on "white racism" in the Western world, historical accounts of race-based social practices can be found across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Gossett-32">[32]</a> Thus, racism can be broadly defined to encompass individual and group prejudices and acts of discrimination that result in material and cultural advantages conferred on a majority or a dominant social group.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> So-called "white racism" focuses on societies in which white populations are the majority or the dominant social group. In studies of these majority white societies, the aggregate of material and cultural advantages is usually termed "<a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a>". Race and race relations are prominent areas of study in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. Much of the sociological literature focuses on white racism. Some of the earliest sociological works on racism were written by sociologist <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Du Bois wrote, "[t]he problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the <a href="/wiki/Color_line_(civil_rights_issue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color line (civil rights issue)">color line</a>."<a href="#cite_note-DuBois03-34">[34]</a> Wellman (1993) defines racism as "culturally sanctioned beliefs, which, regardless of intentions involved, defend the advantages whites have because of the subordinated position of racial minorities".<a href="#cite_note-Wellman-35">[35]</a> In both sociology and economics, the outcomes of racist actions are often measured by the <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a>, and access to other cultural resources (such as education), between racial groups.<a href="#cite_note-Massey89-36">[36]</a> In sociology and <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">racial identity</a> and the acquisition of that identity, is often used as a variable in racism studies. Racial ideologies and racial identity affect individuals' perception of race and discrimination. Cazenave and Maddern (1999) define racism as "a highly organized system of 'race'-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color/'race' supremacy. Racial centrality (the extent to which a culture recognizes individuals' racial identity) appears to affect the degree of discrimination African-American young adults perceive whereas racial ideology may buffer the detrimental emotional effects of that discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-Cazenave-37">[37]</a> Sellers and Shelton (2003) found that a relationship between racial discrimination and emotional distress was moderated by racial ideology and social beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Sellers03-38">[38]</a> Some sociologists also argue that, particularly in the West, where racism is often <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">negatively sanctioned</a> in society, racism has changed from being a blatant to a more covert expression of racial prejudice. The "newer" (more hidden and less easily detectable) forms of racism—which can be considered embedded in social processes and structures—are more difficult to explore and challenge. It has been suggested that, while in many countries overt or explicit racism has become increasingly <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>, even among those who display egalitarian explicit attitudes, an <a href="/wiki/Implicit-association_test" title="Implicit-association test">implicit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">aversive racism</a> is still maintained subconsciously.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwald-39">[39]</a> This process has been studied extensively in social psychology as implicit associations and <a href="/wiki/Implicit_attitude" title="Implicit attitude">implicit attitudes</a>, a component of <a href="/wiki/Implicit_cognition" title="Implicit cognition">implicit cognition</a>. Implicit attitudes are evaluations that occur without conscious awareness towards an attitude object or the self. These evaluations are generally either favorable or unfavorable. They come about from various influences in the individual experience.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Implicit attitudes are not consciously identified (or they are inaccurately identified) traces of past experience that mediate favorable or unfavorable feelings, thoughts, or actions towards social objects.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwald-39">[39]</a> These feelings, thoughts, or actions have an influence on behavior of which the individual may not be aware.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Therefore, subconscious racism can influence our visual processing and how our minds work when we are subliminally exposed to faces of different colors. In thinking about crime, for example, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Eberhardt" title="Jennifer Eberhardt">Jennifer L. Eberhardt</a> (2004) of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> holds that, "blackness is so associated with crime you're ready to pick out these crime objects."<a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt04-42">[42]</a> Such exposures influence our minds and they can cause subconscious racism in our behavior towards other people or even towards objects. Thus, racist thoughts and actions can arise from stereotypes and fears of which we are not aware.<a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt14-43">[43]</a> For example, scientists and activists have warned that the use of the stereotype "Nigerian Prince" for referring to <a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">advance-fee scammers</a> is racist, i.e. "reducing Nigeria to a nation of scammers and fraudulent princes, as some people still do online, is a <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> that needs to be called out".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanities">Humanities</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> are active areas of study in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, along with literature and the arts. <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a> seeks to reveal the meaning of race and the actions of racists through careful study of the ways in which these factors of human society are described and discussed in various written and oral works. For example, Van Dijk (1992) examines the different ways in which descriptions of racism and racist actions are depicted by the perpetrators of such actions as well as by their victims.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He notes that when descriptions of actions have negative implications for the majority, and especially for white elites, they are often seen as controversial and such controversial interpretations are typically marked with quotation marks or they are greeted with expressions of distance or doubt. The previously cited book, <a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a> by W.E.B. Du Bois, represents early <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a> that describes the author's experiences with racism when he was traveling in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> as an African American. Much American fictional literature has focused on issues of racism and the black "racial experience" in the US, including works written by whites, such as <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(novel)" title="Imitation of Life (novel)">Imitation of Life</a>, or even the non-fiction work <a href="/wiki/Black_Like_Me" title="Black Like Me">Black Like Me</a>. These books, and others like them, feed into what has been called the "<a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">white savior narrative in film</a>", in which the heroes and heroines are white even though the story is about things that happen to black characters. <a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Textual analysis</a> of such writings can contrast sharply with black authors' descriptions of African Americans and their experiences in US society. African-American writers have sometimes been portrayed in <a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">African-American studies</a> as retreating from racial issues when they write about "<a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">whiteness</a>", while others identify this as an African-American literary tradition called "the literature of white estrangement", part of a multi-pronged effort to challenge and dismantle <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in the US.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_usage">Popular usage</h3></div> According to dictionary definitions, racism is prejudice and discrimination based on race.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Racism can also be said to describe a condition in society in which a dominant racial group benefits from the <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of others, whether that group wants such benefits or not.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Foucauldian scholar Ladelle McWhorter, in her 2009 book, Racism and Sexual Oppression in Anglo-America: A Genealogy, posits modern racism similarly, focusing on the notion of a dominant group, usually whites, vying for racial purity and progress, rather than an overt or obvious ideology focused on the oppression of nonwhites.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In popular usage, as in some academic usage, little distinction is made between "racism" and "<a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>". Often, the two are listed together as "racial and ethnic" in describing some action or outcome that is associated with prejudice within a majority or dominant group in society. Furthermore, the meaning of the term racism is often conflated with the terms prejudice, <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">bigotry</a>, and discrimination. Racism is a complex concept that can involve each of those; but it cannot be equated with, nor is it synonymous, with these other terms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some academics use a new <a href="/wiki/Stipulative_definition" title="Stipulative definition">stipulative definition</a> of racism, seeing racism not only in terms of individual prejudice, but also seeing it in terms of a power structure that protects the interests of the dominant culture and actively discriminates against ethnic minorities. From this newly defined perspective, racism means "<a href="/wiki/Prejudice_plus_power" title="Prejudice plus power">Prejudice plus power</a>".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Racism" title="Talk:Racism">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (May 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The ideology underlying racism can manifest in many aspects of social life. Such aspects are described in this section, although the list is not exhaustive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aversive_racism">Aversive racism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive racism</a></div> Aversive racism is a form of implicit racism, in which a person's unconscious negative evaluations of racial or ethnic minorities are realized by a persistent avoidance of interaction with other racial and ethnic groups. As opposed to traditional, overt racism, which is characterized by overt hatred for and explicit discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities, aversive racism is characterized by more complex, <a href="/wiki/Ambivalence" title="Ambivalence">ambivalent</a> expressions and attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Gaertner-52">[52]</a> Aversive racism is similar in implications to the concept of symbolic or modern racism (described below), which is also a form of implicit, unconscious, or covert attitude which results in unconscious forms of discrimination. The term was coined by Joel Kovel to describe the subtle racial behaviors of any ethnic or racial group who rationalize their aversion to a particular group by appeal to rules or stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-Gaertner-52">[52]</a> People who behave in an aversively racial way may profess egalitarian beliefs, and will often deny their racially motivated behavior; nevertheless they change their behavior when dealing with a member of another race or ethnic group than the one they belong to. The motivation for the change is thought to be implicit or subconscious. Experiments have provided empirical support for the existence of aversive racism. Aversive racism has been shown to have potentially serious implications for decision making in employment, in legal decisions and in helping behavior.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_blindness">Color blindness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness_(race)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color blindness (race)">Color blindness (race)</a></div> In relation to racism, color blindness is the disregard of racial characteristics in <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>, for example in the rejection of affirmative action, as a way to address the results of past patterns of discrimination. Critics of this attitude argue that by refusing to attend to racial disparities, <a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">racial color blindness</a> in fact unconsciously perpetuates the patterns that produce racial inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Ansell_2008-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Eduardo Bonilla-Silva</a> argues that color blind racism arises from an "abstract <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, biologization of culture, naturalization of racial matters, and minimization of racism".<a href="#cite_note-Bonilla-Silva-56">[56]</a> Color blind practices are "subtle, <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutional</a>, and apparently nonracial"<a href="#cite_note-Bonilla-Silva1-57">[57]</a> because race is explicitly ignored in decision-making. If race is disregarded in predominantly white populations, for example, whiteness becomes the <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">normative</a> standard, whereas <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a> are <a href="/wiki/Othering" class="mw-redirect" title="Othering">othered</a>, and the racism these individuals experience may be minimized or erased.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social-59">[59]</a> At an individual level, people with "color blind prejudice" reject racist ideology, but also reject systemic policies intended to fix <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Social-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></div> Cultural racism manifests as societal beliefs and customs that promote the assumption that the products of a given culture, including the language and traditions of that culture, are superior to those of other cultures. It shares a great deal with <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, which is often characterized by fear of, or aggression toward, members of an <a href="/wiki/Ingroups_and_outgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroups and outgroups">outgroup</a> by members of an <a href="/wiki/Ingroups_and_outgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroups and outgroups">ingroup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In that sense it is also similar to <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a> as used in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Cultural racism exists when there is a widespread acceptance of stereotypes concerning diverse ethnic or population groups.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Whereas racism can be characterised by the belief that one race is inherently superior to another, cultural racism can be characterised by the belief that one culture is inherently superior to another.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism#Racism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism § Racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial pay gap in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racial_wealth_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial wealth gap in the United States">Racial wealth gap in the United States</a></div> Historical economic or social disparity is alleged to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> caused by past racism and historical reasons, affecting the present generation through deficits in the formal education and kinds of preparation in previous generations, and through primarily unconscious racist attitudes and actions on members of the general population. Some view that capitalism generally transformed racism depending on local circumstances, but racism is not necessary for capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic discrimination</a> may lead to choices that perpetuate racism. For example, color photographic film was tuned for white skin<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> as are automatic soap dispensers<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional">Institutional</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural racism">Structural racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="State racism">State racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg/330px-Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg/500px-Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg/960px-Vivian_Malone_registering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African-American</a> university student <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a> entering the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> in the U.S. to register for classes as one of the first African-American students to attend the institution. Until 1963, the university was <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racially segregated</a> and African-American students were not allowed to attend.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Structural_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural racism">structural racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="State racism">state racism</a> or systemic racism) is racial discrimination by governments, corporations, religions, or educational institutions or other large organizations with the power to influence the lives of many individuals. <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a> is credited for coining the phrase institutional racism in the late 1960s. He defined the term as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a> argued that racism constituted the destruction of culture, language, religion, and human possibility and that the effects of racism were "the morally monstrous destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human relations among peoples".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a> refers to racism in terms of a power structure that protects the interests of the dominant culture and actively discriminates against ethnic minorities, not only in terms of individual prejudice or formal discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Cashmore-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yee-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Othering">Othering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Othering" class="mw-redirect" title="Othering">Othering</a></div> Othering is the term used by some to describe a system of discrimination whereby the characteristics of a group are used to distinguish them as separate from the norm.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Othering plays a fundamental role in the history and continuation of racism. To <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectify</a> a culture as something different, exotic or underdeveloped is to generalize that it is not like 'normal' society. Europe's colonial attitude towards the Orientals exemplifies this as it was thought that the East was the opposite of the West; feminine where the West was masculine, weak where the West was strong and traditional where the West was progressive.<a href="#cite_note-Said,_Edward_1978_pp.357-73">[73]</a> By making these <a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">generalizations</a> and othering the East, Europe was simultaneously defining herself as the norm, further entrenching the gap.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Much of the process of othering relies on imagined difference, or the expectation of difference. Spatial difference can be enough to conclude that "we" are "here" and the "others" are over "there".<a href="#cite_note-Said,_Edward_1978_pp.357-73">[73]</a> Imagined differences serve to categorize people into groups and assign them characteristics that suit the imaginer's expectations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid1978360-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_discrimination">Racial discrimination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a></div> Racial discrimination refers to <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> against someone on the basis of their race. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_segregation">Racial segregation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6LxuFpDIYM">James A. White Sr.: The little problem I had renting a house</a>, <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED Talks</a>, 14:20, 20 February 2015</td></tr></tbody></table> Racial segregation is the separation of humans into <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">socially-constructed racial groups</a> in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a bathroom, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Segregation is generally outlawed, but may exist through social norms, even when there is no strong individual preference for it, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a>'s models of segregation and subsequent work. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supremacism">Supremacism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1899BalanceCartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/220px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/330px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>In 1899 <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> (a personification of the United States) balances his new possessions which are depicted as savage children. The figures are Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines and "Ladrones" (the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>).</figcaption></figure> Centuries of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> in the Americas, Africa and Asia were often justified by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> During the early 20th century, the phrase "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>" was widely used to justify an <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> policy as a noble enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A justification for the policy of conquest and subjugation of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of the indigenous people as "merciless Indian savages", as they are described in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Sam Wolfson of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> writes that "the declaration's passage has often been cited as an encapsulation of the <a href="/wiki/Dehumanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehumanizing">dehumanizing</a> attitude toward indigenous Americans that the US was founded on."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In an 1890 article about colonial expansion onto Native American land, author <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a> wrote: "The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a>, published in 1785, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> wrote: "blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time or circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments of both body and mind."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Attitudes of <a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">black supremacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab supremacy">Arab supremacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">East Asian supremacy</a> also exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic/modern">Symbolic/modern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic racism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/220px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/330px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/440px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3421" /></a><figcaption>A rally against <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">school integration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, 1959</figcaption></figure> Some scholars argue that in the US, earlier violent and aggressive forms of racism have evolved into a more subtle form of prejudice in the late 20th century. This new form of racism is sometimes referred to as "modern racism" and it is characterized by outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes, displaying subtle prejudiced behaviors such as actions informed by attributing qualities to others based on racial stereotypes, and evaluating the same behavior differently based on the race of the person being evaluated.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This view is based on studies of prejudice and discriminatory behavior, where some people will act ambivalently towards black people, with positive reactions in certain, more public contexts, but more negative views and expressions in more private contexts. This ambivalence may also be visible for example in hiring decisions where job candidates that are otherwise positively evaluated may be unconsciously disfavored by employers in the final decision because of their race.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Some scholars consider modern racism to be characterized by an explicit rejection of stereotypes, combined with resistance to changing structures of discrimination for reasons that are ostensibly non-racial, an ideology that considers opportunity at a purely individual basis denying the relevance of race in determining individual opportunities and the exhibition of indirect forms of <a href="/wiki/Micro-aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-aggression">micro-aggression</a> toward and/or avoidance of people of other races.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subconscious_biases">Subconscious biases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implicit_bias#Racial_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Implicit bias">Implicit bias § Racial bias</a></div> Recent research has shown that individuals who consciously claim to reject racism may still exhibit race-based subconscious biases in their decision-making processes. While such "subconscious racial biases" do not fully fit the definition of racism, their impact can be similar, though typically less pronounced, not being explicit, conscious or deliberate.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law_and_racial_discrimination">International law and racial discrimination</h2></div> In 1919, a <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Equality Proposal, 1919">proposal</a> to include a racial equality provision in the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> was supported by a majority, but not adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919. In 1943, Japan and its allies declared work for the abolition of racial discrimination to be their aim at the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Article 1 of the 1945 <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a> includes "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race" as UN purpose. In 1950, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> suggested in <a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question</a>—a statement signed by 21 scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>, etc.—to "drop the term race altogether and instead speak of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>". The statement condemned <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> theories that had played a role in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. It aimed both at debunking scientific racist theories, by popularizing modern knowledge concerning "the race question", and morally condemned racism as contrary to the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and its assumption of <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equal rights</a> for all. Along with Myrdal's <a href="/wiki/An_American_Dilemma:_The_Negro_Problem_and_Modern_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy">An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy</a> (1944), The Race Question influenced the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">desegregation</a> decision in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prins-91">[91]</a> Also, in 1950, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> was adopted, which was widely used on racial discrimination issues.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The United Nations use the definition of racial discrimination laid out in the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, adopted in 1966:<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <blockquote>... any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin that has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. (Part 1 of Article 1 of the U.N. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)</blockquote> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> explicitly banned racism, along with many other forms of social discrimination, in the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>, the legal effect of which, if any, would necessarily be limited to <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions of the European Union</a>: "Article 21 of the charter prohibits discrimination on any ground such as race, color, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, disability, age or sexual orientation and also discrimination on the grounds of nationality."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Racistcampaignposter1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Racistcampaignposter1.jpg/220px-Racistcampaignposter1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Racistcampaignposter1.jpg/330px-Racistcampaignposter1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Racistcampaignposter1.jpg/440px-Racistcampaignposter1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>A pro–<a href="/wiki/Hiester_Clymer" title="Hiester Clymer">Hiester Clymer</a> racist political campaign poster from the <a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election</a></figcaption></figure> Racism existed during the 19th century as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, which attempted to provide a <a href="/wiki/Typology_(anthropology)" title="Typology (anthropology)">racial classification</a> of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 1775 <a href="/wiki/Johann_Blumenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Blumenbach">Johann Blumenbach</a> divided the world's population into five groups according to skin color (Caucasians, Mongols, etc.), positing the view that the non-Caucasians had arisen through a process of degeneration. Another early view in scientific racism was the <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenist view</a>, which held that the different races had been separately created. Polygenist <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners">Christoph Meiners</a> (1747 – May 1810) for example, split mankind into two divisions which he labeled the "beautiful White race" and the "ugly Black race". In Meiners' book, The Outline of History of Mankind, he claimed that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. He viewed only the white race as beautiful. He considered ugly races to be inferior, immoral and animal-like. <a href="/wiki/Anders_Retzius" title="Anders Retzius">Anders Retzius</a> (1796–1860) demonstrated that neither Europeans nor others are one "pure race", but of mixed origins. While <a href="/wiki/Typology_(anthropology)#Typology" title="Typology (anthropology)">discredited</a>, derivations of Blumenbach's taxonomy are <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">still widely used</a> for the classification of the population in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Peder_Steensby" title="Hans Peder Steensby">Hans Peder Steensby</a>, while strongly emphasizing that all humans today are of mixed origins, in 1907 claimed that the origins of human differences must be traced extraordinarily far back in time, and conjectured that the "purest race" today would be the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginals" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginals">Australian Aboriginals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DurbanSign1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/220px-DurbanSign1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/330px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/440px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A sign on a <a href="/wiki/Racially_segregated" class="mw-redirect" title="Racially segregated">racially segregated</a> beach during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> in South Africa, stating that the area is for the "sole use of members of the white race group"</figcaption></figure> Scientific racism fell strongly out of favor in the early 20th century, but the origins of fundamental human and societal differences are still researched within <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">human genetics</a> including <a href="/wiki/Paleogenetics" title="Paleogenetics">paleogenetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religions">history of religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>. There is widespread rejection of any methodology based on anything similar to Blumenbach's races. It is more unclear to which extent and when <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a> and national <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">stereotypes</a> are accepted. Although after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, racist ideologies were discredited on ethical, political and scientific grounds, racism and <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> have remained widespread around the world. <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> observed that it is not so much "race" that we think about, but culture: "... a common history, common laws and religion, similar habits of thought and a conscious striving together for certain ideals of life".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Late 19th century nationalists were the first to embrace contemporary discourses on "race", ethnicity, and "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>" to shape new nationalist doctrines. Ultimately, race came to represent not only the most important traits of the human body, but was also regarded as decisively shaping the character and personality of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> According to this view, culture is the physical manifestation created by ethnic groupings, as such fully determined by racial characteristics. Culture and race became considered intertwined and dependent upon each other, sometimes even to the extent of including nationality or language to the set of definition. Pureness of race tended to be related to rather superficial characteristics that were easily addressed and advertised, such as blondness. Racial qualities tended to be related to nationality and language rather than the actual geographic distribution of racial characteristics. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a>, the denomination "<a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic</a>" was equivalent to superiority of race. Bolstered by some <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a> values and achievements of choice, this concept of racial superiority evolved to distinguish from other cultures that were considered inferior or impure. This emphasis on culture corresponds to the modern mainstream definition of racism: "[r]acism does not originate from the existence of 'races'. It creates them through a process of social division into categories: anybody can be racialised, independently of their somatic, cultural, religious differences."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This definition explicitly ignores the biological concept of race, which is still subject to scientific debate. In the words of <a href="/wiki/David_C._Rowe" title="David C. Rowe">David C. Rowe</a>, "[a] racial concept, although sometimes in the guise of another name, will remain in use in biology and in other fields because scientists, as well as lay persons, are fascinated by human diversity, some of which is captured by race."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Racial prejudice became subject to international legislation. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1963, addresses racial prejudice explicitly next to discrimination for reasons of race, colour or ethnic origin (Article I).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity_and_ethnic_conflicts">Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee,_South_Dakota,_c._1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/250px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/330px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg/500px-Soldiers_at_a_burial_for_the_dead_at_Wounded_Knee%2C_South_Dakota%2C_c._1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>A mass grave being dug for frozen bodies from the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a>, in which the U.S. Army killed 150 <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a>, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></figcaption></figure> Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many use the term "racism" to refer to more general phenomena, such as <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>, although scholars attempt to clearly distinguish those phenomena from racism as an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or from scientific racism, which has little to do with ordinary xenophobia. Others conflate recent forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases, ethno-national conflict seems to owe itself to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> were harnessed in order to rally <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a> in wars between great religious empires (for example, the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians). Notions of race and racism have often played central roles in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a>. Throughout history, when an adversary is identified as "other" based on notions of race or ethnicity (in particular when "other" is interpreted to mean "inferior"), the means employed by the self-presumed "superior" party to appropriate territory, human chattel, or material wealth often have been more ruthless, more brutal, and less constrained by <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> considerations. According to historian Daniel Richter, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a> saw the emergence on both sides of the conflict of "the novel idea that all Native people were 'Indians,' that all Euro-Americans were 'Whites,' and that all on one side must unite to destroy the other".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Basil Davidson</a> states in his documentary, Africa: Different but Equal, that racism, in fact, only just recently surfaced as late as the 19th century, due to the need for a justification for slavery in the Americas. Historically, racism was a major driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic slave trade">Transatlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It was also a major force behind <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and South Africa under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>; 19th and 20th century racism in the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western world</a> is particularly well documented and constitutes a reference point in studies and discourses about racism.<a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a> Racism has played a role in <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, and colonial projects like the European <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> have been—and are—often subject to racist attitudes. Practices and ideologies of racism are condemned by the United Nations in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_racial_nationalism">Ethnic and racial nationalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_Australia_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/220px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/330px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/440px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>A 1917 anti-<a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> propaganda leaflet imploring voters to "<a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">keep Australia white</a>". A horde of Asians bearing a dragon flag is shown to the north.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Europe was confronted with the new "<a href="/wiki/Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalities">nationalities</a> question", leading to reconfigurations of the European map, on which the frontiers between the states had been delineated during the 1648 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> had made its first appearance with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutionaries</a>, thus inventing mass <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> in order to be able to defend the newly founded <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> order represented by the European monarchies. This led to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> (1792–1802) and then to the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and to the subsequent European-wide debates on the concepts and realities of <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a>, and in particular of <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Westphalia_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalia Treaty">Westphalia Treaty</a> had divided Europe into various empires and kingdoms (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">Kingdom of France</a>, etc.), and for centuries wars were waged between princes (<a href="/wiki/Kabinettskriege" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabinettskriege">Kabinettskriege</a> in German). Modern <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a> appeared in the wake of the French Revolution, with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotic</a> sentiments for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Spain">Spain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula War">Peninsula War</a> (1808–1813, known in Spain as the Independence War). Despite the restoration of the previous order with the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the "nationalities question" became the main problem of Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Era">Industrial Era</a>, leading in particular to the <a href="/wiki/1848_Revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolutions">1848 Revolutions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> completed during the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, which itself culminated in the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in the Hall of Mirrors in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, thus achieving the <a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unification</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">sick man of Europe</a>", was confronted with endless nationalist movements, which, along with the dissolving of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian-Hungarian Empire">Austrian-Hungarian Empire</a>, would lead to the creation, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, of the various nation-states of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkans</a>, with "national <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a>" in their borders.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a>, which advocated the belief in a hereditary membership of the nation, made its appearance in the historical context surrounding the creation of the modern nation-states. One of its main influences was the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic nationalist">Romantic nationalist</a> movement at the turn of the 19th century, represented by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Herder</a> (1744–1803), <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johan Fichte</a> (1762–1814) in the Addresses to the German Nation (1808), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Hegel">Friedrich Hegel</a> (1770–1831), or also, in France, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> (1798–1874). It was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalism</a>, represented by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> (1823–1892), who conceived of the nation as a community, which, instead of being based on the <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> ethnic group and on a specific, common language, was founded on the subjective will to live together ("the nation is a daily <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>", 1882) or also <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806–1873).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Ethnic nationalism blended with scientific racist discourses, as well as with "continental <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, 1951<a href="#cite_note-Arendt-107">[107]</a>) discourses, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a> discourses, which postulated the racial superiority of the German <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> (people/folk). The <a href="/wiki/Alldeutscher_Verband" class="mw-redirect" title="Alldeutscher Verband">Pan-German League</a> (Alldeutscher Verband), created in 1891, promoted <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German imperialism</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>", and was opposed to intermarriage with <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. Another popular current, the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a>, was also an important proponent of the <a href="/wiki/German_ethnic_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="German ethnic nationalist">German ethnic nationalist</a> discourse, and it combined Pan-Germanism with modern <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial antisemitism</a>. Members of the Völkisch movement, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a>, would participate in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a> (DAP) in Munich in 1918, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. Pan-Germanism played a decisive role in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> of the 1920s–1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Arendt-107">[107]</a> These currents began to associate the idea of the nation with the biological concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>" (often the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>" or the "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>") issued from the scientific racist discourse. They conflated nationalities with ethnic groups, called "races", in a radical distinction from previous racial discourses that posited the existence of a "race struggle" inside the nation and the state itself. Furthermore, they believed that political boundaries should mirror these alleged racial and ethnic groups, thus justifying <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, in order to achieve "racial purity" and also to achieve ethnic homogeneity in the nation-state. Such racist discourses, combined with nationalism, were not, however, limited to pan-Germanism. In France, the transition from Republican liberal nationalism, to ethnic nationalism, which made nationalism a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">far-right movements in France</a>, took place during the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> at the end of the 19th century. During several years, a nationwide crisis affected French society, concerning the alleged treason of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>, a French Jewish military officer. The country polarized itself into two opposite camps, one represented by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse%E2%80%A6!" class="mw-redirect" title="J'Accuse…!">J'Accuse…!</a> in defense of Alfred Dreyfus, and the other represented by the nationalist poet, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a> (1862–1923), one of the founders of the ethnic nationalist discourse in France.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a> (1868–1952), founder of the monarchist <a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a> movement, theorized the "anti-France", composed of the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the pejorative <a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">métèques</a>). Indeed, to him the first three were all "internal foreigners", who threatened the ethnic unity of the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"History of racism" redirects here. For racism concept in history, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">historical race concepts</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnocentrism_and_proto-racism">Ethnocentrism and proto-racism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksenophontov_noah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ksenophontov_noah.jpg/220px-Ksenophontov_noah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ksenophontov_noah.jpg/330px-Ksenophontov_noah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ksenophontov_noah.jpg/440px-Ksenophontov_noah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>'s biblical curse on <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(son_of_Ham)" title="Canaan (son of Ham)">Canaan</a>, which was often misinterpreted as <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">a curse on his father</a> <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>, was used to justify <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in 19th century America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> has cited the <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> who, in his discussion of slavery, stated that while Greeks are free by nature, "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>" (non-Greeks) are slaves by nature, in that it is in their nature to be more willing to submit to a <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotic</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-110">[110]</a> Though Aristotle does not specify any particular races, he argues that people from nations outside Greece are more prone to the burden of slavery than those from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> While Aristotle makes remarks about the most natural slaves being those with strong bodies and slave souls (unfit for rule, unintelligent) which would seem to imply a physical basis for discrimination, he also explicitly states that the right kind of souls and bodies do not always go together, implying that the greatest determinate for inferiority and natural slaves versus natural masters is the soul, not the body.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The modern version of racism based on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a> inferiority had not yet been developed, and Aristotle never explicitly stated whether he believed the supposed natural inferiority of Barbarians was caused by environment and climate (like many of his contemporaries) or by birth.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Historian Dante A. Puzzo, in his discussion of Aristotle, racism, and the ancient world writes that:<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <blockquote>Racism rests on two basic assumptions: that a correlation exists between physical characteristics and moral qualities; that mankind is divisible into superior and inferior stocks. Racism, thus defined, is a modern conception, for prior to the XVIth century there was virtually nothing in the life and thought of the West that can be described as racist. To prevent misunderstanding a clear distinction must be made between racism and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a> ... The Ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, in referring to all who were not Hebrews as <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>, were indulging in ethnocentrism, not in racism. ... So it was with the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenes</a> who denominated all non-Hellenes—whether the wild <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> whom they acknowledged as their mentors in the arts of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>—Barbarians, the term denoting that which was strange or foreign.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_antisemitism">Early antisemitism</h4></div> Some scholars suggest that anti-Jewish policies under the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic empires</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> constitute examples of ancient racism.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-gruen-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Other scholars have criticized this view as based on an ahistorical conception of race,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> and argued that such policies were aimed at repressing a religious group resistant to imperialism and conformity rather than a racialized entity.<a href="#cite_note-tcherikover-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohak-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Arab_writers">Medieval Arab writers</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Arab_attitudes_to_Black_people" title="Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people">Medieval Arab attitudes to Black people</a></div> Bernard Lewis has also cited historians and geographers of the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-Lewis53-121">[121]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhan_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Rayhan Biruni">Abu Rayhan Biruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis53-121">[121]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> expresses no racial prejudice, Lewis argues that ethnocentric prejudice later developed among <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, for a variety of reasons:<a href="#cite_note-Lewis53-121">[121]</a> their <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">extensive conquests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">slave trade</a>; the influence of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> ideas regarding slavery, which some <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Muslim philosophers</a> directed towards <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a><a href="#cite_note-Tlosfea-122">[122]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-110">[110]</a> and the influence of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> ideas regarding divisions among humankind.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> By the eighth century, anti-black prejudice among Arabs resulted in discrimination. A number of medieval Arabic authors argued against this prejudice, urging respect for all black people and especially <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>; Lewis argues that this led to the likes of Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> According to Lewis, the 14th-century Tunisian scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> also wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Lewis53-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-colorq-126">[126]</a> <blockquote>...beyond [known peoples of black West Africa] to the south there is no civilization in the proper sense. There are only humans who are closer to dumb animals than to rational beings. They live in thickets and caves, and eat herbs and unprepared grain. They frequently eat each other. They cannot be considered human beings. Therefore, the Negro nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because (Negroes) have little that is (essentially) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals, as we have stated.</blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University</a> professor Abdelmajid Hannoum, French <a href="/wiki/Orientalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orientalists">Orientalists</a> projected racist and <a href="/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialist</a> views of the 19th century into their translations of medieval Arabic writings, including those of Ibn Khaldun. This resulted in the translated texts <a href="/wiki/Racializing" class="mw-redirect" title="Racializing">racializing</a> Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> people, when no such distinction was made in the originals.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> James E. Lindsay argues that the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab identity</a> itself did not exist until modern times,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> though others like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hoyland">Robert Hoyland</a> have argued that a common sense of <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> already existed by the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limpieza_de_sangre">Limpieza de sangre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Limpieza de sangre</a></div> With the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad Caliphate's conquest of Hispania</a>, Muslim Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> overthrew the previous <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> rulers and created <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> which contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden age of Jewish culture</a>, and lasted for six centuries.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> It was followed by the centuries-long <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> during which Christian Iberian kingdoms contested Al-Andalus and progressively conquered the divided Muslim kingdoms, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War#Last_stand_at_Granada" title="Granada War">fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada</a> in 1492 and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_V_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand V of Spain">Ferdinand V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I of Spain">Isabella I</a> as <a href="/wiki/Reyes_Catolicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Reyes Catolicos">Catholic monarchs</a> of Spain. The legacy Catholic <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniards</a> then formulated the <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a> ("cleanliness of blood") doctrine. It was during this time in history that the Western concept of aristocratic "<a href="/wiki/Nobility#"Blue"_blood" title="Nobility">blue blood</a>" emerged in a racialized, religious and feudal context,<a href="#cite_note-:0-133">[133]</a> so as to stem the upward social mobility of the converted <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">New Christians</a>. Robert Lacey explains:<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <blockquote>It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. The Spanish nobility started taking shape around the ninth century in classic military fashion, occupying land as warriors on horseback. They were to continue the process for more than five hundred years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy. Sangre azul, blue blood, was thus a euphemism for being a <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> man—Spain's own particular reminder that the refined footsteps of the aristocracy through history carry the rather less refined spoor of racism.</blockquote> Following the expulsion of the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, the remaining <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> were forced to <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">convert</a> to Roman Catholicism, becoming "<a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>", who were sometimes discriminated against by the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Christian" title="Old Christian">Old Christians</a>" in some cities (including <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>), despite condemnations by the Church and the State, which both welcomed the new flock.<a href="#cite_note-:0-133">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> was carried out by members of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> in order to weed out the converts who still practiced <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in secret. The system and ideology of the limpieza de sangre ostracized false Christian converts from society in order to protect it against <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The remnants of such legislation persevered into the 19th century in military contexts.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the legal distinction between New and Old Christian was only ended through a legal decree issued by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a> in 1772, almost three centuries after the implementation of the racist discrimination. The limpieza de sangre legislation was common also during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>, where it led to the racial and feudal separation of peoples and social strata in the colonies. It was however often ignored in practice, as the new colonies needed skilled people.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Bry_1c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/De_Bry_1c.JPG/220px-De_Bry_1c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/De_Bry_1c.JPG/330px-De_Bry_1c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/De_Bry_1c.JPG/440px-De_Bry_1c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century illustration by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt#Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Flemish Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Las Casas</a>'s Brevisima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, depicting Spanish atrocities during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba#Spanish_conquest_and_early_colonization_(1492_-_1800)" title="History of Cuba">conquest of Cuba</a></figcaption></figure> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">Valladolid debate</a> (1550–1551), concerning the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">natives</a> of the "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>" pitted the Dominican friar and Bishop of Chiapas, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a>, to another Dominican and Humanist <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda">Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda</a>. The latter argued that the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> of innocents, <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>, and other such "crimes against nature"; they were unacceptable and should be suppressed by any means possible including war,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> thus reducing them to slavery or serfdom was in accordance with Catholic theology and <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>. To the contrary, Bartolomé de Las Casas argued that the Amerindians were free men in the natural order and deserved the same treatment as others, according to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>. It was one of the many controversies concerning racism, slavery, religion, and European morality that would arise in the following centuries and which resulted in the legislation protecting the natives.<a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-139">[139]</a> The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodríguez, a white segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In the Spanish colonies, Spaniards developed a complex <a href="/wiki/Castas" class="mw-redirect" title="Castas">caste system</a> based on race, which was used for social control, and which also determined a person's importance in society.<a href="#cite_note-Acuña-p23-24-141">[141]</a> While many Latin American countries have long since rendered the system officially illegal through legislation, usually at the time of their independence, <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> based on degrees of perceived racial distance from European ancestry combined with one's socioeconomic status remain, an echo of the colonial caste system.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism_as_a_modern_phenomenon">Racism as a modern phenomenon</h3></div> Racism is frequently described as a modern phenomenon. In the view of the French philosopher and historian <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, the first formulation of racism emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early Modern period</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> of race struggle", and a historical and political discourse, which Foucault opposed to the philosophical and juridical discourse of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This European discourse, which first appeared in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a>, was then carried on in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by such people as <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Boulainvilliers</a> (1658–1722), <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fr%C3%A9ret" title="Nicolas Fréret">Nicolas Fréret</a> (1688–1749), and then, during the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel-Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a>, and afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Thierry" title="Augustin Thierry">Augustin Thierry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a>. Boulainvilliers, who created the matrix of such racist discourse in France, conceived of the "race" as being something closer to the sense of a "nation", that is, in his time, the "race" meant the "people". He conceived of France as being divided between various nations—the unified <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a> here—which themselves formed different "races". Boulainvilliers opposed the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, which tried to bypass the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> by establishing a direct relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Third Estate</a>. Thus, he developed the theory that the French aristocrats were the descendants of foreign invaders, whom he called the "<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>", while according to him, the Third Estate constituted the autochthonous, vanquished <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romans">Gallo-Romans</a>, who were dominated by the Frankish aristocracy as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a>. Early modern racism was opposed to nationalism and the nation-state: the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_de_Reynaud_de_Montlosier" class="mw-redirect" title="François Dominique de Reynaud de Montlosier">Comte de Montlosier</a>, in exile during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, who borrowed Boulainvilliers' discourse on the "Nordic race" as being the French aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", thus showed his contempt for the Third Estate, calling it "this new people born of slaves ... <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">mixture of all races and of all times</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg/220px-Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg/330px-Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg/440px-Advert_for_Pears%27_Soap_Wellcome_L0030380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4376" data-file-height="6637" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Pears_(soap)" title="Pears (soap)">Pears' Soap</a> Caption reads, "Matchless for the complexion..." Illustration of 'before and after' use of soap by black child in the bath; soap washes off his dark complexion.</figcaption></figure> While 19th-century racism became closely intertwined with nationalism,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic nationalist">ethnic nationalist</a> discourse that identified the "race" with the "<a href="/wiki/Volk_(German_word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volk (German word)">folk</a>", leading to such movements as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavism</a>, medieval racism precisely divided the nation into various non-biological "races", which were thought to be the consequence of historical conquests and <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflicts</a>. Michel Foucault traced the genealogy of modern racism to this medieval "historical and political discourse of race struggle". According to him, it divided itself in the 19th century according to two rival lines: on one hand, it was incorporated by racists, biologists and <a href="/wiki/Eugenicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenicists">eugenicists</a>, who gave it the modern sense of "race", and they also transformed this popular discourse into a "<a href="/wiki/State_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="State racism">state racism</a>" (e.g., Nazism). On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxism</a> also seized this discourse founded on the assumption of a political struggle that provided the real <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">engine of history</a> and continued to act underneath the apparent peace. Thus, Marxists transformed the <a href="/wiki/Essentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essentialist">essentialist</a> notion of "race" into the historical notion of "<a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>", defined by socially structured positions: capitalist or proletarian. In <a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Will to Knowledge">The Will to Knowledge</a> (1976), Foucault analyzed another opponent of the "race struggle" discourse: <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, which opposed the concept of "blood <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>", prevalent in the 19th century racist discourse. Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, in her 1951 book <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a>, have said that the racist ideology (popular racism) which developed at the end of the 19th century helped legitimize the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">imperialist conquests</a> of foreign territories and the atrocities that sometimes accompanied them (such as the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua Genocide">Herero and Namaqua Genocide</a> of 1904–1907 or the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> of 1915–1917). <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem, <a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a> (1899), is one of the more famous illustrations of the belief in the inherent superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">European culture</a> over the rest of the world, though it is also thought to be a satirical appraisal of such imperialism. Racist ideology thus helped legitimize the conquest and incorporation of foreign territories into an empire, which were regarded as a humanitarian obligation partially as a result of these racist beliefs. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientific_racism_irish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scientific_racism_irish.jpg/220px-Scientific_racism_irish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scientific_racism_irish.jpg/330px-Scientific_racism_irish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scientific_racism_irish.jpg/440px-Scientific_racism_irish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A late-19th-century illustration from Ireland from One or Two Neglected Points of View by H. Strickland Constable shows an alleged similarity between "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Iberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Iberian">Irish Iberian</a>" and "Negro" features in contrast to the "higher" "Anglo-Teutonic".</figcaption></figure> However, during the 19th century, Western European colonial powers were involved in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a> in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> as well as in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Some Europeans during the time period objected to injustices that occurred in some colonies and lobbied on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples">aboriginal peoples</a>. Thus, when the <a href="/wiki/Saartjie_Baartman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saartjie Baartman">Hottentot Venus</a> was displayed in England in the beginning of the 19th century, the African Association publicly opposed itself to the exhibition. The same year that Kipling published his poem, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> published <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a> (1899), a clear criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, which was owned by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>. Examples of racial theories used include the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamitic theory</a> during the <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration of Africa</a>. The term Hamite was applied to different populations within North Africa, mainly comprising Ethiopians, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">Eritreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>, and the ancient Egyptians. Hamites were regarded as Caucasoid peoples who probably originated in either Arabia or Asia on the basis of their cultural, physical and linguistic similarities with the peoples of those areas.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Europeans considered Hamites to be more civilized than <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Sub-Saharan Africans</a>, and more akin to themselves and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic peoples">Semitic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In the first two-thirds of the 20th century, the Hamitic race was, in fact, considered one of the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Indo-Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterraneans</a>. However, the Hamitic peoples themselves were often deemed to have failed as rulers, which was usually ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">interbreeding</a> with <a href="/wiki/Negroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Negroe">Negroes</a>. In the mid-20th century, the German scholar <a href="/wiki/Carl_Meinhof" title="Carl Meinhof">Carl Meinhof</a> (1857–1944) claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> race was formed by a merger of <a href="/wiki/Hamitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamitic">Hamitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negro</a> races. The Hottentots (<a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Khoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi">Khoi</a>) were formed by the merger of Hamitic and <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a> (San) races—both being termed nowadays as <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> peoples. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg/250px-Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg/330px-Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg/500px-Freedman%27s_bureau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>One in a series of posters attacking <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> on the issue of black suffrage, issued during the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election,_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 1866">Pennsylvania gubernatorial election of 1866</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States in the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> was established as the primary vehicle for proposals to return black Americans to greater freedom and equality in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The colonization effort resulted from a mixture of motives with its founder <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> stating that "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Racism spread throughout the New World in the late 19th century and early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a>, which started in Indiana in the late 19th century, soon spread throughout all of North America, causing many African laborers to flee from the land they worked on. In the US, during the 1860s, racist posters were used during election campaigns. In one of these racist posters (see above), a black man is depicted lounging idly in the foreground as one white man ploughs his field and another chops wood. Accompanying labels are: "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread", and "The white man must work to keep his children and pay his taxes." The black man wonders, "Whar is de use for me to work as long as dey make dese appropriations." Above in a cloud is an image of the "Freedman's Bureau! Negro Estimate of Freedom!" The bureau is pictured as a large domed building resembling the U.S. Capitol and is inscribed "Freedom and No Work". Its columns and walls are labeled, "Candy", "Rum, Gin, Whiskey", "Sugar Plums", "Indolence", "White Women", "Apathy", "White Sugar", "Idleness", and so on. On 5 June 1873, Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>, distinguished English explorer and cousin of Charles Darwin, wrote in a letter to <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">My proposal is to make the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> settlements of Africa a part of our national policy, in the belief that the Chinese immigrants would not only maintain their position, but that they would multiply and their descendants supplant the inferior Negro race ... I should expect that the African seaboard, now sparsely occupied by lazy, palavering savages, might in a few years be tenanted by industrious, order-loving Chinese, living either as a semidetached dependency of China, or else in perfect freedom under their own law.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg/220px-Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg/330px-Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg/440px-Austrian_Nazis_and_local_residents_watch_as_Jews_are_forced_to_scrub_the_pavement_after_Nazi_annexation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>Austrian Nazis and local residents watch as Jews are forced to scrub the pavement, Vienna, March 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WannseeList.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WannseeList.jpg/220px-WannseeList.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WannseeList.jpg/330px-WannseeList.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/WannseeList.jpg/440px-WannseeList.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a>'s list of the Jewish population in Europe, drafted for the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, held to ensure the cooperation of various levels of the Nazi government in the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></figcaption></figure> The Nazi party, which seized power in the <a href="/wiki/German_federal_election,_March_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="German federal election, March 1933">1933 German elections</a> and maintained a dictatorship over much of Europe until the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II on the European continent</a>, deemed the Germans to be part of an Aryan "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>" (Herrenvolk), who therefore had the right to expand their territory and enslave or kill members of other races deemed inferior.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The racial ideology conceived by the Nazis graded humans on a scale of pure Aryan to non-Aryan, with the latter viewed as subhuman. At the top of the scale of pure Aryans were Germans and other Germanic peoples including the Dutch, Scandinavians, and the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> as well as other peoples such as some northern Italians and the French, who were said to have a suitable admixture of Germanic blood.<a href="#cite_note-Davies06-155">[155]</a> Nazi policies labeled <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">people of color</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>) as inferior non-Aryan subhumans.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Barbarossa_2004_page_180-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-157">[157]</a> Jews were at the bottom of the hierarchy, considered inhuman and thus <a href="/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life">unworthy of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta20019,_26–30-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In accordance with Nazi racial ideology, approximately six million Jews were killed in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. 2.5 million <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">ethnic Poles</a>, 0.5 million <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">ethnic Serbs</a> and 0.2–0.5 million <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Romani</a> were killed by the regime and its collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The Nazis considered most <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> to be non-Aryan <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a>. The Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, adopted the term from <a href="/wiki/Klansman" class="mw-redirect" title="Klansman">Klansman</a> <a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a>'s 1922 book The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In the secret plan <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> ("Master Plan East") the Nazis resolved to expel, enslave, or exterminate most Slavic people to provide "<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a>" for Germans,<a href="#cite_note-Gumkowski-166">[166]</a> but Nazi policy towards Slavs changed during World War II due to manpower shortages which necessitated limited Slavic participation in the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_Pp._167,_209-167">[167]</a> Significant war crimes were committed against Slavs, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a> had a far higher mortality rate than their American and British counterparts due to deliberate neglect and mistreatment. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> POWs, whom they viewed as "subhuman".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In the years 1943–1945, around 120,000 Polish people, mostly women and children, became the victims of <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">ethnicity-based massacres</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>, which was then operating in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–45)">occupied Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-no_simple_victory-169">[169]</a> In addition to Poles who represented the vast majority of the murdered people, the victims also included Jews, Armenians, Russians, and Ukrainians who were married to Poles or attempted to help them.<a href="#cite_note-ZZWRP0-170">[170]</a> During the intensification of ties with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> and their idea of the <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croatian nation</a> became increasingly race-oriented.<a href="#cite_note-Kallis-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne-173">[173]</a> The Ustaše view of national and racial identity, as well as the theory of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> as an inferior race, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalists</a> and intellectuals from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Kallis-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Serbs were primary targets of racial laws and murders in the puppet <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH); Jews and Roma were also targeted.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The Ustaše introduced laws to strip Serbs of their citizenship, livelihoods, and possessions.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide</a> in the NDH, Serbs suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, and the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne-173">[173]</a> German praise for America's institutional racism was continuous throughout the early 1930s, and Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models.<a href="#cite_note-Whitman-181">[181]</a> Race based U.S. citizenship laws and <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a> (no race mixing) directly inspired the Nazi's two principal <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg racial laws</a>—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.<a href="#cite_note-Whitman-181">[181]</a> Hitler's 1925 memoir <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> was full of admiration for America's treatment of "coloreds".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Nazi expansion eastward was accompanied with invocation of America's colonial expansion westward, with the accompanying actions toward the Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Westermann-183">[183]</a> In 1928, Hitler praised Americans for having "gunned down the millions of Redskins to a few hundred thousand, and now keeps the modest remnant under observation in a cage."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> On Nazi Germany's expansion eastward, in 1941 Hitler stated, "Our Mississippi [the line beyond which Thomas Jefferson wanted all Indians expelled] must be the Volga."<a href="#cite_note-Westermann-183">[183]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal,_Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/227px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/341px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/454px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2764" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">drinking fountain</a> from the mid-20th century labelled "Colored" with an <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> man drinking</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg/207px-No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg/311px-No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg/414px-No_beer_sold_to_indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="717" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A sign posted above a bar that reads "No beer sold to Indians [Native Americans]". <a href="/wiki/Birney,_Montana" title="Birney, Montana">Birney, Montana</a>, 1941.</div></div></div></div></div> White supremacy was dominant in the U.S. from its founding up to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> On the U.S. immigration laws prior to 1965, sociologist Stephen Klineberg cited the law as clearly declaring "that <a href="/wiki/Northern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern European">Northern Europeans</a> are a superior subspecies of the white race."<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_law-186">[186]</a> While anti-Asian racism was embedded in U.S. politics and culture in the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> were also racialized for their anticolonialism, with U.S. officials, casting them as a "Hindu" menace, pushing for Western imperial expansion abroad.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</a> limited U.S. citizenship to whites only, and in the 1923 case, <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind">United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</a>, the Supreme Court ruled that high caste Hindus were not "white persons" and were therefore racially ineligible for naturalized citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> It was after the <a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Luce–Celler Act of 1946">Luce–Celler Act of 1946</a> that a quota of 100 Indians per year could immigrate to the U.S. and become citizens.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional Northern European and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic groups</a>, and as a result would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Immigration_law-186">[186]</a> Serious <a href="/wiki/Durban_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Durban Riot">race riots in Durban</a> between <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulus">Zulus</a> erupted in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a>'s rise to power in Burma in 1962 and his relentless persecution of "resident aliens" led to an exodus of some 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Burmese Indians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> They migrated to escape <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_against_Burmese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Discrimination against Burmese Indians">racial discrimination</a> and wholesale nationalisation of private enterprises a few years later, in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a> of 12 January 1964, put an end to the local <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-nyt13jan-194">[194]</a> Thousands of Arabs and Indians in Zanzibar were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In August 1972, Ugandan President <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> started the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In the same year, Amin ethnically cleansed <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_in_Uganda_in_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972">Uganda's Asians</a>, giving them 90 days to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Shortly after World War II, the South African <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> took control of the government in South Africa. Between 1948 and 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime took place. This regime based its ideology on the racial separation of whites and non-whites, including the unequal rights of non-whites. Several protests and violence occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_South_African_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal resistance to South African apartheid">struggle against apartheid</a>, the most famous of these include the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpeville Massacre">Sharpeville Massacre</a> in 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a> in 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a> of 1983, and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_peace_march" title="Cape Town peace march">Cape Town peace march</a> of 1989.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg/220px-Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg/330px-Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg/440px-Julius_Malema_2011-09-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>On 12 September 2011, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Malema" title="Julius Malema">Julius Malema</a>, the youth leader of South Africa's ruling <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a>, was found guilty of hate speech for singing "<a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks#"Shoot_the_boer"_controversy" title="South African farm attacks">Shoot the Boer</a>" at a number of public events.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Congo Civil War</a> (1998–2003), <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy people">Pygmy people</a> were hunted down like game animals and eaten. Both sides in the war regarded them as "subhuman" and some say their flesh can confer magical powers. UN human rights activists reported in 2003 that rebels had carried out acts of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbuti">Mbuti</a> pygmies, has asked the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> to recognise cannibalism as both a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a> and an act of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> A report released by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination condemns <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>'s treatment of the '<a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a>' as racist.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In 2008, the tribunal of the 15-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC) accused Zimbabwean President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> of having a racist attitude towards white people.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Anti-African_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Anti-African protests">mass demonstrations and riots</a> against African students in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China, lasted from December 1988 to January 1989.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In November 2009, British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Lou_Jing" title="Lou Jing">Lou Jing</a>, of mixed Chinese and African parentage, had emerged as the most famous talent show contestant in China and has become the subject of intense debate because of her skin color.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-206">[206]</a> Her attention in the media opened serious debates about <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">racism in China</a> and racial prejudice.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Some 70,000 black African Mauritanians were expelled from Mauritania in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In the Sudan, black African captives in the civil war were often <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">enslaved</a>, and female prisoners were often sexually abused.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a> has been described by some as a racial matter.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the approximately 150,000<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Arabs living in the <a href="/wiki/Diffa" title="Diffa">Diffa</a> region of eastern Niger to Chad.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> While the government collected Arabs in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing Government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiji-0050.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fiji-0050.JPG/220px-Fiji-0050.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fiji-0050.JPG/330px-Fiji-0050.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fiji-0050.JPG/440px-Fiji-0050.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3557" data-file-height="2321" /></a><figcaption>The burnt out remains of Govinda's Indian Restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, May 2000</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_riots_of_May_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta riots of May 1998">Jakarta riots of May 1998</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">targeted</a> many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia">anti-Chinese legislation</a> was in the Indonesian constitution until 1998. Resentment against <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> workers has led to violent confrontations in Africa<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_229612-219">[219]</a> Anti-Chinese rioting, involving tens of thousands of people,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> broke out in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> in May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Fiji">Indo-Fijians</a> suffered violent attacks after the <a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji coup in 2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Non-indigenous citizens of Fiji are subject to discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Racial divisions also exist in Guyana,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Malaysia,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Trinidad and Tobago,<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Madagascar,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In Malaysia such racist state policies are codified on many levels,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> see <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a>. Peter Bouckaert, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>'s emergencies director, said in an interview that "racist hatred" is the chief motivation behind the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Myanmar" title="Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar">violence against Rohingya Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> One form of racism in the United States was enforced <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a>, which existed until the 1960s, when it was outlawed in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. It has been argued that this separation of races continues to exist de facto today in different forms, such as lack of access to loans and resources or discrimination by police and other government officials.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> poll found that Italians, in particular, hold strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Romanyism">anti-Romani views</a>, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>. In Greece, there are 67%, in Hungary, 64%, in France, 61%, in Spain, 49%, in Poland, 47%, in the UK, 45%, in Sweden, 42%, in Germany, 40%, and in the Netherlands, 37%, that have an unfavourable view of Roma.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> A survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> found the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine had the strongest racial bias against black people in Europe, while Serbia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina had the weakest racial bias, followed by Croatia and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> survey which featured the largest sample of Black people in Britain found that 88% had reported racial discrimination at work, 79% believed the police unfairly targeted black people with <a href="/wiki/Stop_and_search" title="Stop and search">stop and search</a> powers and 80% definitely or somewhat agreed that the biggest barrier to academic attainment for young Black students was <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">racial discrimination in education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_racism">Scientific racism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Races_and_skulls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Races_and_skulls.png/250px-Races_and_skulls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Races_and_skulls.png/330px-Races_and_skulls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Races_and_skulls.png/500px-Races_and_skulls.png 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="3612" /></a><figcaption>Drawings from <a href="/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a>'s Indigenous races of the earth (1857), which suggested <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> ranked between <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> and chimpanzees in terms of intelligence</figcaption></figure> The modern biological definition of race developed in the 19th century with scientific racist theories. The term scientific racism refers to the use of science to justify and support racist beliefs, which goes back to the early 18th century, though it gained most of its influence in the mid-19th century, during the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> period. Also known as academic racism, such theories first needed to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a>'s resistance to <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> accounts of history and its support of <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenism</a>, the concept that all human beings were originated from the same ancestors, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationist</a> accounts of history. These racist theories put forth on scientific hypothesis were combined with <a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">unilineal theories of social progress</a>, which postulated the superiority of the European civilization over the rest of the world. Furthermore, they frequently made use of the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>", a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> in 1864, associated with ideas of competition, which were named <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> in the 1940s. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> himself opposed the idea of rigid racial differences in <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a> (1871), in which he argued that humans were all of one species, sharing common descent. He recognised racial differences as varieties of humanity, and emphasised the close similarities between people of all races in mental faculties, tastes, dispositions and habits, while still contrasting the culture of the "lowest savages" with European civilization.<a href="#cite_note-dom-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> At the end of the 19th century, proponents of scientific racism intertwined themselves with <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> discourses of "<a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">degeneration</a> of the race" and "blood <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Henceforth, scientific racist discourses could be defined as the combination of polygenism, unilinealism, social Darwinism, and eugenism. They found their scientific legitimacy on <a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>, and others now discredited disciplines in order to formulate racist prejudices. Before being disqualified in the 20th century by the American school of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, etc.), the British school of <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social anthropology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a>, etc.), the French school of <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, etc.), as well as the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">neo-Darwinian synthesis</a>, such sciences, in particular anthropometry, were used to deduce behaviours and psychological characteristics from outward, physical appearances. The neo-Darwinian synthesis, first developed in the 1930s, eventually led to a <a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">gene-centered view of evolution</a> in the 1960s. According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>, the most complete mapping of human DNA to date indicates that there is no clear <a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">genetic basis to racial groups</a>. While some genes are more common in certain populations, there are no genes that exist in all members of one population and no members of any other.<a href="#cite_note-ornl-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heredity_and_eugenics">Heredity and eugenics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></div> The first theory of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> was developed in 1869 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1822–1911), who used the then-popular concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">degeneration</a>. He applied <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> to study human differences and the alleged "<a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of intelligence">inheritance of intelligence</a>", foreshadowing future uses of "<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence testing">intelligence testing</a>" by the anthropometry school. Such theories were vividly described by the writer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> (1840–1902), who started publishing in 1871, a twenty-novel cycle, <a href="/wiki/Les_Rougon-Macquart" title="Les Rougon-Macquart">Les Rougon-Macquart</a>, where he linked <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a> to behavior. Thus, Zola described the high-born Rougons as those involved in politics (<a href="/wiki/Son_Excellence_Eug%C3%A8ne_Rougon" title="Son Excellence Eugène Rougon">Son Excellence Eugène Rougon</a>) and medicine (<a href="/wiki/Le_Docteur_Pascal" title="Le Docteur Pascal">Le Docteur Pascal</a>) and the low-born Macquarts as those fatally falling into <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%27Assommoir" title="L'Assommoir">L'Assommoir</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nana_(novel)" title="Nana (novel)">Nana</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_humaine" title="La Bête humaine">La Bête humaine</a>). During the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazism in Germany</a>, some scientists in Western nations worked to debunk the regime's racial theories. A few argued against racist ideologies and discrimination, even if they believed in the alleged existence of biological races. However, in the fields of anthropology and biology, these were minority positions until the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> According to the 1950 UNESCO statement, <a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question</a>, an international project to debunk racist theories had been attempted in the mid-1930s. However, this project had been abandoned. Thus, in 1950, UNESCO declared that it had resumed: <blockquote>...up again, after a lapse of fifteen years, a project that the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a> has wished to carry through but that it had to abandon in deference to the <a href="/wiki/Appeasement_of_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeasement of Hitler">appeasement policy</a> of the pre-war period. The race question had become one of the pivots of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a> and policy. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Masaryk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Beneš</a> took the initiative of calling for a conference to re-establish in the minds and consciences of men everywhere the truth about race ... Nazi propaganda was able to continue its baleful work unopposed by the authority of an international organisation.</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich%27s_racial_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich's racial policies">Third Reich's racial policies</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">eugenics programs</a> and the extermination of Jews in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Porrajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porrajmos">Porrajmos</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Romani Holocaust</a>) and others minorities led to a change in opinions about scientific research into race after the war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Changes within scientific disciplines, such as the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boasian</a> school of anthropology in the United States contributed to this shift. These theories were strongly denounced in the 1950 UNESCO statement, signed by internationally renowned scholars, and titled <a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygenism_and_racial_typologies">Polygenism and racial typologies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">Polygenism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typology_(anthropology)" title="Typology (anthropology)">Typology (anthropology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg/220px-Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg/330px-Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg/440px-Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Madison Grant's map, from 1916, charting the "present distribution of European races", with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordics</a> in red, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpines</a> in green, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterraneans</a> in yellow</figcaption></figure> Works such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races">An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</a> (1853–1855) may be considered one of the first theorizations of this new racism, founded on an essentialist notion of race, which opposed the former racial discourse, of <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Boulainvilliers</a> for example, which saw in races a fundamentally historical reality, which changed over time. Gobineau, thus, attempted to frame racism within the terms of biological differences among humans, giving it the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. Gobineau's theories would be expanded in France by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a> (1854–1936)'s <a href="/wiki/Typology_(anthropology)" title="Typology (anthropology)">typology of races</a>, who published in 1899 The Aryan and his Social Role, in which he claimed that the white "<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race" "<a href="/wiki/Cephalic_index" title="Cephalic index">dolichocephalic</a>", was opposed to the "brachycephalic" race, of whom the "<a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a>" was the archetype. Vacher de Lapouge thus created a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_classification" title="Hierarchical classification">hierarchical classification</a> of races, in which he identified the "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Homo europaeus</a> (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the "<a href="/wiki/Homo_alpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo alpinus">Homo alpinus</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergnat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a>, etc.), and finally the "<a href="/wiki/Homo_mediterraneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo mediterraneus">Homo mediterraneus</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalus</a>, etc.) He assimilated races and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>, considering that the French upper class was a representation of the Homo europaeus, while the lower class represented the Homo alpinus. Applying Galton's eugenics to his theory of races, Vacher de Lapouge's "selectionism" aimed first at achieving the annihilation of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionists</a>, considered to be a "degenerate"; second, creating types of man each destined to one end, in order to prevent any contestation of <a href="/wiki/Labour_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour condition">labour conditions</a>. His "anthroposociology" thus aimed at blocking <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflict</a> by establishing a fixed, hierarchical social order.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The same year, <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> used identical racial classification in <a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley)">The Races of Europe</a> (1899), which would have a great influence in the United States. Other scientific authors include <a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">H.S. Chamberlain</a> at the end of the 19th century (a British citizen who <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> himself as German because of his admiration for the "Aryan race") and <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>, a eugenicist and author of <a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a> (1916). Madison Grant provided statistics for the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a>, which severely restricted immigration of Jews, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and Southern Europeans, who were subsequently hindered in seeking to escape Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_zoos">Human zoos</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Human_zoo" title="Human zoo">Human zoos</a> (called "People Shows"), were an important means of bolstering popular racism by connecting it to scientific racism: they were both objects of public curiosity and of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joice_Heth" title="Joice Heth">Joice Heth</a>, an African-American slave, was displayed by <a href="/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phineas Taylor Barnum">P.T. Barnum</a> in 1836, a few years after the exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Saartjie_Baartman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saartjie Baartman">Saartjie Baartman</a>, the "Hottentot Venus", in England. Such exhibitions became common in the New Imperialism period, and remained so until World War II. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a>, inventor of the modern zoos, exhibited animals beside humans who were considered "savages".<a href="#cite_note-Diplo-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Congolese <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">pygmy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ota_Benga" title="Ota Benga">Ota Benga</a> was displayed in 1906 by <a href="/wiki/Eugenicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenicist">eugenicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>, as an attempt to illustrate the "missing link" between humans and <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>: thus, racism was tied to <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinist</a> ideology that tried to ground itself in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s scientific discoveries. The 1931 Paris <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Exhibition">Colonial Exhibition</a> displayed <a href="/wiki/Kanaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanaks">Kanaks</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> A "Congolese village" was on display as late as 1958 at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2758" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo '58">Brussels' World Fair</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_about_the_origins_of_racism">Theories about the origins of racism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png/550px-Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png/825px-Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png/1100px-Model_of_ethnic_%26_racial_conflict.png 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Sociological model of ethnic and racial conflict</figcaption></figure> Evolutionary psychologists <a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a> were puzzled by the fact that in the US, race is one of the three characteristics most often used in brief descriptions of individuals (the others are age and sex). They reasoned that <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> would not have favoured the evolution of an instinct for using race as a classification, because for most of human history, humans almost never encountered members of other races. Tooby and Cosmides hypothesized that modern people use race as a proxy (rough-and-ready indicator) for coalition membership, since a better-than-random guess about "which side" another person is on will be helpful if one does not actually know in advance. Their colleague <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a> designed an experiment whose results appeared to support this hypothesis. Using the <a href="/wiki/Memory_confusion_protocol" title="Memory confusion protocol">memory confusion protocol</a>, they presented subjects with pictures of individuals and sentences, allegedly spoken by these individuals, which presented two sides of a debate. The errors that the subjects made in recalling who said what indicated that they sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker of the same race as the "correct" speaker, although they also sometimes mis-attributed a statement to a speaker "on the same side" as the "correct" speaker. In a second run of the experiment, the team also distinguished the "sides" in the debate by clothing of similar colors; and in this case the effect of racial similarity in causing mistakes almost vanished, being replaced by the color of their clothing. In other words, the first group of subjects, with no clues from clothing, used race as a visual guide to guessing who was on which side of the debate; the second group of subjects used the clothing color as their main visual clue, and the effect of race became very small.<a href="#cite_note-KurzbanToobyCosmides2001ErasingRace-250">[250]</a> Some research suggests that ethnocentric thinking may have actually contributed to the development of cooperation. Political scientists Ross Hammond and Robert Axelrod created a computer simulation wherein virtual individuals were randomly assigned one of a variety of skin colors, and then one of a variety of trading strategies: be color-blind, favor those of your own color, or favor those of other colors. They found that the ethnocentric individuals clustered together, then grew, until all the non-ethnocentric individuals were wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">The Selfish Gene</a>, evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> writes that "Blood-feuds and inter-clan warfare are easily interpretable in terms of <a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">Hamilton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">genetic theory</a>." Dawkins writes that racial prejudice, while not evolutionarily adaptive, "could be interpreted as an irrational generalization of a kin-selected tendency to identify with individuals physically resembling oneself, and to be nasty to individuals different in appearance."<a href="#cite_note-Dawkins2006-252">[252]</a> Simulation-based experiments in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">evolutionary game theory</a> have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric-strategy phenotypes.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Despite support for evolutionary theories relating to an innate origin of racism, various studies have suggested racism is associated with lower intelligence and less diverse peer groups during childhood. A neuroimaging study on amygdala activity during racial matching activities found increased activity to be associated with adolescent age as well as less racially diverse peer groups, which the author conclude suggest a learned aspect of racism.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies found amygdala activity correlated to increased scores on implicit measures of racial bias. It was also argued amygdala activity in response to racial stimuli represents increased threat perception rather than the traditional theory of the amygdala activity represented ingroup-outgroup processing.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Racism has also been associated with lower childhood IQ in an analysis of 15,000 people in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_causes">Psychological causes</h2></div> A 2017 study in the American Political Science Review found that prejudice towards marginalized groups, such as refugees, could be explained by a failure to take the perspective of the marginalized group.<a href="#cite_note-Simonovits-257">[257]</a> The study found that young Hungarian adults who played a perspective-taking game (a game intended to reduce prejudice towards marginalized groups by having players assume the role of a member of a marginalized group) showed reduced prejudice towards Romani people and refugees, as well as reduced their vote intentions for Hungary's overtly racist, far right party by 10%.<a href="#cite_note-Simonovits-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State-sponsored_racism">State-sponsored racism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Showa_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics in Showa Japan">Eugenics in Showa Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">Apartheid in South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia">Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/State_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="State racism">State racism</a>—the institutions and practices of a nation-state that are grounded in racist ideology—has played a major role in all instances of <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a>, from the United States to Australia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It also played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> regime, in <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> regimes throughout Europe, and during the early years of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa period</a>. These governments advocated and implemented ideologies and policies that were racist, xenophobic, and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, genocidal.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Race Laws</a> of 1935 prohibited sexual relations between any Aryan and Jew, considering it <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a>, "racial pollution". The Nuremberg Laws stripped all Jews, even quarter- and half-Jews (second and first degree Mischlings), of their German citizenship. This meant that they had no basic citizens' rights, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/The_right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="The right to vote">right to vote</a>. In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from having any influence in education, politics, higher education, and industry. On 15 November 1938, Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been persuaded to sell out to the Nazi government. This further reduced their rights as human beings; they were in many ways officially separated from the German populace. Similar laws existed in Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/Law_for_protection_of_the_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for protection of the nation">The Law for protection of the nation</a>), Hungary, Romania, and Austria. Legislative state racism is known to have been enforced by the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> of South Africa during its <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> regime between 1948 and 1994. Here, a series of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid legislation in South Africa">Apartheid legislation</a> was passed through the legal systems to make it legal for white South Africans to have rights which were superior to those of non-white South Africans. Non-white South Africans were not allowed involvement in any governing matters, including voting; access to quality healthcare; the provision of basic services, including clean water; electricity; as well as access to adequate schooling. Non-white South Africans were also prevented from accessing certain public areas, from using certain public transportation, and were required to live only in certain designated areas. Non-white South Africans were taxed differently than white South Africans and they were also required to carry on them at all times additional documentation, which later became known as "dom passes", to certify their non-white South African citizenship. All of these legislative racial laws were abolished through a series of equal <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> laws which were passed at the end of the Apartheid era in the early 1990s. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separate "white" and "colored" entrances to a café in North Carolina, 1940"><img alt="Separate "white" and "colored" entrances to a café in North Carolina, 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg/200px-WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg/300px-WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg/400px-WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="2746" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Separate "white" and "colored" entrances to a café in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, 1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1935 Chart from Nazi Germany used to explain the Nuremberg Laws, defining which Germans were to be considered Jews and stripped of their citizenship. Germans with three or more Jewish grandparents were defined as Jews, Germans with one or two Jewish grandparents were deemed Mischling (mixed-blood)."><img alt="1935 Chart from Nazi Germany used to explain the Nuremberg Laws, defining which Germans were to be considered Jews and stripped of their citizenship. Germans with three or more Jewish grandparents were defined as Jews, Germans with one or two Jewish grandparents were deemed Mischling (mixed-blood)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG/200px-Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG/300px-Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG/400px-Neurenberger_Rassenwetten_NL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2332" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1935 Chart from Nazi Germany used to explain the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, defining which Germans were to be considered Jews and stripped of their citizenship. Germans with three or more Jewish grandparents were defined as Jews, Germans with one or two Jewish grandparents were deemed Mischling (mixed-blood).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century political cartoon: Uncle Sam kicks out the Chinaman, referring to the Chinese Exclusion Act"><img alt="19th century political cartoon: Uncle Sam kicks out the Chinaman, referring to the Chinese Exclusion Act" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/146px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/219px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg/292px-The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2514" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th century <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> kicks out the <a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a>, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_(53163900837).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_%2853163900837%29.jpg/220px-ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_%2853163900837%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_%2853163900837%29.jpg/330px-ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_%2853163900837%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_%2853163900837%29.jpg/440px-ME_EMME_VAIKENE_023_Rasismia_ja_fasismia_vastaan_%2853163900837%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against racism in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland 2023</figcaption></figure> Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">movements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">policies</a> which are adopted or developed in order to oppose racism. In general, it promotes an egalitarian society in which people are not discriminated against on the basis of race. Examples of anti-racist movements include the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> groups have also been closely aligned with a number of anti-racist organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a> is sometimes embraced as an element of anti-racist movements, although this was not always the case. <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> laws, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, and bans on racist speech are also examples of government policy which is intended to suppress racism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_racism">Reverse racism</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a> is a concept often used to describe acts of discrimination or hostility against members of a dominant racial or ethnic group while favoring members of minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-Cashmore-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yee-71">[71]</a> This concept has been used especially in the United States in debates over <a href="/wiki/Color-conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Color-conscious">color-conscious</a> policies (such as <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>) intended to remedy racial inequalities.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> However, many experts and other commenters view reverse racism as a myth rather than a reality.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">substantive equality</a> perspective, while members of ethnic minorities may be prejudiced against members of the dominant culture, they lack the political and economic power to actively oppress them, and they are therefore not practicing the "<a href="/wiki/Prejudice_plus_power" title="Prejudice plus power">Prejudice plus power</a>" definition of racism.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cashmore-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Minow" title="Martha Minow">Martha Minow</a> refers to the differences between <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity#Formal_equality_of_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">formal equality of opportunity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">substantive equality</a> as the Dilemma of difference.<a href="#cite_note-j013-268">[268]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arneson" title="Richard Arneson">Richard Arneson</a> affirmative action violates formal equality of opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-c358-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrophobia">Afrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allport%27s_Scale" title="Allport's Scale">Allport's Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_and_mark_of_Cain" title="Curse and mark of Cain">Curse and mark of Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Discrimination based on skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_racism" title="Hipster racism">Hipster racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_trauma" title="Historical trauma">Historical trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Identitarianism">Identitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index of racism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial bias in criminal news">Racial bias in criminal news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">Racial bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial fetishism">Racial fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_literacy" title="Racial literacy">Racial literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raciolinguistics" title="Raciolinguistics">Raciolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite#Racist_pre-Adamism" title="Pre-Adamite">Racist pre-Adamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in horror films">Racism in horror films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism in the LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interpretations_of_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interpretations of race">Social interpretations of race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">Stereotype threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatarophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dennis-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDennis2004" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, R. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EiNiAgAAQBAJ&q=racism">"Racism"</a>. In Kuper, A.; Kuper, J. (eds.). The Social Science Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35969-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35969-1"><bdi>978-1-134-35969-1</bdi></a>. <q>Racism [is] the idea that there is a direct correspondence between a group's values, behavior and attitudes, and its physical features ... Racism is also a relatively new idea: its birth can be traced to the European colonization of much of the world, the rise and development of European capitalism, and the development of the European and US slave trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.btitle=The+Social+Science+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-35969-1&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEiNiAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dracism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghani-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghani_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghani_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghani_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhani2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghani, Navid (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=racism">"Racism"</a>. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Sage. pp. 1113–1115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1113-%3C%2Fspan%3E1115&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft.aulast=Ghani&rft.aufirst=Navid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMUola6pDnkC%26q%3Dracism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman_p405-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_p405_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_p405_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2012" class="citation book cs1">Newman, David M. (2012). Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8729-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-8729-5</bdi></a>. <q>Racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+Exploring+the+Architecture+of+Everyday+Life&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8729-5&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240702232413/https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial">"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>. 21 December 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial">the original</a> on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Racial+Discrimination&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=1965-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Finstruments-mechanisms%2Finstruments%2Finternational-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConroy2024" class="citation journal cs1">Conroy, William (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221140780">"Race, Capitalism, and the Necessity/Contingency Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theory,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Theory, Culture & Society">Theory, Culture & Society</a>. 41: 39–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02632764221140780">10.1177/02632764221140780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Capitalism%2C+and+the+Necessity%2FContingency+Debate&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F02632764221140780&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F02632764221140780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman1997-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman1997_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLieberman1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lieberman" title="Leonard Lieberman">Lieberman, Leonard</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124923/https://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-aaa/files/production/public/FileDownloads/pdfs/cmtes/commissions/aec/upload/A_Race_Odyssey.pdf">""Race" 1997 and 2001: A Race Odyssey"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-aaa/files/production/public/FileDownloads/pdfs/cmtes/commissions/aec/upload/A_Race_Odyssey.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 April 2024. <q>In the period since 1492, European overseas empires and colonies were established ... The establishment of mines and plantations enriched Europe while impoverishing and decimating the conquered and enslaved peoples in Africa and the New World. The race concept helped to give all this the appearance of scientific justification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Race%22+1997+and+2001%3A+A+Race+Odyssey&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=American+Anthropological+Association&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Frdcms-aaa%2Ffiles%2Fproduction%2Fpublic%2FFileDownloads%2Fpdfs%2Fcmtes%2Fcommissions%2Faec%2Fupload%2FA_Race_Odyssey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson, George M.</a> (1988). The arrogance of race: historical perspectives on slavery, racism, and social inequality. Middletown, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arrogance+of+race%3A+historical+perspectives+on+slavery%2C+racism%2C+and+social+inequality&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Fredrickson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReillyKaufmanBodino2003" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Kevin; Kaufman, Stephen; Bodino, Angela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racismglobalread0000unse/page/45">Racism: a global reader</a>. Armonk, NY: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racismglobalread0000unse/page/45">45–52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1060-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+a+global+reader&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pages=45-52&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1060-7&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Bodino%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracismglobalread0000unse%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Terry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521001613/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3229636/Martin%201998.pdf?sequence=2">"The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a>. 70 (4): 813–861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235168">10.1086/235168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/235168">10.1086/235168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32917643">32917643</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3229636/Martin%201998.pdf?sequence=2">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Soviet+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E861&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32917643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F235168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235168&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F3229636%2FMartin%25201998.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1983. p. 969. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-508-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-508-8"><bdi>0-87779-508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Ninth+New+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.pages=969&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87779-508-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404005057/https://www.etymonline.com/word/race">"race (n2)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=race&allowed_in_frame=0">the original</a> on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=race+%28n2%29&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Drace%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner09-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garner09_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner09_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner09_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarner2009" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Steve (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401055935/https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/racisms/book245769">Racisms: An Introduction</a>. Sage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/racisms/book245769">the original</a> on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisms%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.sagepub.com%2Fen-us%2Fnam%2Fracisms%2Fbook245769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Encyclo-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclo_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608204710/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racism">"Racism"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racism/">the original</a> on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fracism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514084654/http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/combating_discrimination/l33178_en.htm">"Framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia"</a>. Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/combating_discrimination/l33178_en.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+Framework+Decision+2008%2F913%2FJHA+of+28+November+2008&rft.atitle=Framework+decision+on+combating+racism+and+xenophobia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Flegislation_summaries%2Fjustice_freedom_security%2Fcombating_discrimination%2Fl33178_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804043913/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm">"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"</a>. UN Treaty Series. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm">the original</a> on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Racial+Discrimination&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fcerd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBamshadOlson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bamshad, Michael; Olson, Steve E. (December 2003). "Does Race Exist?". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 289 (6): 78–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SciAm.289f..78B">2003SciAm.289f..78B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1203-78">10.1038/scientificamerican1203-78</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14631734">14631734</a>. <q>If races are defined as genetically discrete groups, no. Researchers can, however, use some genetic information to group individuals into clusters with medical relevance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Does+Race+Exist%3F&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14631734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1203-78&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SciAm.289f..78B&rft.aulast=Bamshad&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Olson%2C+Steve+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrinos04-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Patrinos04_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrinos,_Ari2004" class="citation journal cs1">Patrinos, Ari (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng2150">"'Race' and the human genome"</a>. Nature Genetics. 36 (S1 – S2): S1 – S2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng2150">10.1038/ng2150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15510100">15510100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=%27Race%27+and+the+human+genome&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES1+%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES2%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES2%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng2150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15510100&rft.au=Patrinos%2C+Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fng2150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keita97-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Keita97_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeitaKittles1997" class="citation journal cs1">Keita, Shomarka O. Y. & Kittles, Rick A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007080932/http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf">"The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a>. 99 (3): 534–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1997.99.3.534">10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.534</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/pageDocuments/WAURRSZQOE.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+persistence+of+racial+thinking+and+the+myth+of+racial+divergence&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1997.99.3.534&rft.aulast=Keita&rft.aufirst=Shomarka+O.+Y.&rft.au=Kittles%2C+Rick+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org%2FpageDocuments%2FWAURRSZQOE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smedley05-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Smedley05_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmedley,_AudreyBrian_D._Smedley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smedley, Audrey & Brian D. Smedley (2005). "Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race". <a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a>. 60 (1): 16–26. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.7956">10.1.1.694.7956</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.60.1.16">10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641918">15641918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Race+as+biology+is+fiction%2C+racism+as+a+social+problem+is+real%3A+Anthropological+and+historical+perspectives+on+the+social+construction+of+race&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.7956%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15641918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.60.1.16&rft.au=Smedley%2C+Audrey&rft.au=Brian+D.+Smedley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYudellRobertsDeSalleTishkoff2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aac4951">"Taking race out of human genetics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 351 (6273): 564–565. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...351..564Y">2016Sci...351..564Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aac4951">10.1126/science.aac4951</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26912690">26912690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206639306">206639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Taking+race+out+of+human+genetics&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=6273&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E565&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206639306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...351..564Y&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aac4951&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26912690&rft.aulast=Yudell&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+D.&rft.au=DeSalle%2C+R.&rft.au=Tishkoff%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aac4951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "racialism, n." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/157084">OED Online</a>. September 2013. Oxford University Press. (Accessed 3 December 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/157097">"racism, n."</a>. OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. Accessed 3 December 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson, George M.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308115725/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7243.html">Racism: A Short History</a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11652-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11652-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11652-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7243.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11652-5&rft.aulast=Fredrickson&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethen14-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bethen14_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBethencourt2014" class="citation book cs1">Bethencourt, Francisco (2014). Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisms%3A+From+the+Crusades+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bethencourt&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNUDHR-24"><a href="#cite_ref-UNUDHR_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031224448/http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 6 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNICERD-25"><a href="#cite_ref-UNICERD_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240702232413/https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial">"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Adopted December 1965, entered into force January 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx">the original</a> on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Racial+Discrimination&rft.pub=United+Nations.+Adopted+December+1965%2C+entered+into+force+January+1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FProfessionalInterest%2FPages%2FCERD.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO78-26"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO78_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122163043/https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/declaration-race-and-racial-prejudice">"Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13161&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+on+Race+and+Racial+Prejudice&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D13161%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetraux1950" class="citation journal cs1">Metraux, A. (1950). "United nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on Problems of Race". American Anthropologist. 53 (1): 142–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1951.53.1.02a00370">10.1525/aa.1951.53.1.02a00370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=United+nations+Economic+and+Security+Council+Statement+by+Experts+on+Problems+of+Race&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1951.53.1.02a00370&rft.aulast=Metraux&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119032241/http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/rrpbcrbook.html">"Racist and Religious Crime – CPS Prosecution Policy"</a>. The CPS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/rrpbcrbook.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racist+and+Religious+Crime+%E2%80%93+CPS+Prosecution+Policy&rft.pub=The+CPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fprosecution%2Frrpbcrbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolgersen2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holgersen, Jon Dagsland (23 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404043334/https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/eKXpK/rasebegrepet-paa-vei-ut-av-loven">"Rasebegrepet på vei ut av loven"</a> [The concept of race on the way out of the law]. <a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Rasebegrepet-pa-vei-ut-av-loven-215256b.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Rasebegrepet+p%C3%A5+vei+ut+av+loven&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.aulast=Holgersen&rft.aufirst=Jon+Dagsland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnorge%2FRasebegrepet-pa-vei-ut-av-loven-215256b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214159/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/Rase-Et-ubrukelig-ord-6610475.html">"Rase: Et ubrukelig ord"</a> [Race: A useless word]. <a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/Rase-Et-ubrukelig-ord-6610475.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Rase%3A+Et+ubrukelig+ord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fmeninger%2Fdebatt%2FRase-Et-ubrukelig-ord-6610475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion">Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion</a> (26 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319090031/https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/the-anti-discrimination-act/id420606/">"The Act on prohibition of discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, etc"</a>. Regjeringen.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ad/doc/lover_regler/reglement/2005/the-anti-discrimination-act.html?id=420606">the original</a> on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regjeringen.no&rft.atitle=The+Act+on+prohibition+of+discrimination+based+on+ethnicity%2C+religion%2C+etc.&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft.au=Ministry+of+Labour+and+Social+Inclusion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fen%2Fdep%2Fad%2Fdoc%2Flover_regler%2Freglement%2F2005%2Fthe-anti-discrimination-act.html%3Fid%3D420606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gossett-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Gossett_32-0">^</a> Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509778-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509778-5">0-19-509778-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeagin2000" class="citation book cs1">Feagin, Joe R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racistamericaroo00feag_0">Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92531-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92531-0"><bdi>978-0-415-92531-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racist+America%3A+Roots%2C+Current+Realities%2C+and+Future+Reparations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92531-0&rft.aulast=Feagin&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracistamericaroo00feag_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuBois03-34"><a href="#cite_ref-DuBois03_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois, W. E. B.</a> (1903). <a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a>. New York: Bantam Classic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Souls+of+Black+Folk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Classic&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellman-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Wellman_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellman1993" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, David T. (1993). Portraits of White Racism. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+White+Racism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massey89-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Massey89_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasseyDenton1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._Massey" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas S. Massey">Massey, D.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nancy_A._Denton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy A. Denton">Denton, N.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061599">"Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demography_(journal)" title="Demography (journal)">Demography</a>. 26 (3): 378–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061599">10.2307/2061599</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2061599">2061599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2792476">2792476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37301240">37301240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=Hypersegregation+in+U.S.+Metropolitan+areas%3A+Black+and+Hispanic+Segregation+Along+Five+Dimensions&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2792476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37301240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2061599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2061599&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Denton%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2061599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cazenave-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Cazenave_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCazenaveMaddern1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cazenave, Noel A. & Maddern, Darlene Alvarez (1999). "Defending the White Race: White Male Faculty Opposition to a White Racism Course". Race and Society. 2 (1): 25–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1090-9524%2800%2900003-6">10.1016/s1090-9524(00)00003-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+and+Society&rft.atitle=Defending+the+White+Race%3A+White+Male+Faculty+Opposition+to+a+White+Racism+Course&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1090-9524%2800%2900003-6&rft.aulast=Cazenave&rft.aufirst=Noel+A.&rft.au=Maddern%2C+Darlene+Alvarez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sellers03-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Sellers03_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSellersShelton2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sellers, R. M. & Shelton, J. N. (2003). "The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a>. 84 (5): 1079–1092. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.84.5.1079">10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12757150">12757150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+racial+identity+in+perceived+racial+discrimination&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1079-%3C%2Fspan%3E1092&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.84.5.1079&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12757150&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Shelton%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwald-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwald_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwald_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwaldBanaji1995" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwald, A.G.; Banaji, M. R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes". <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Review" title="Psychological Review">Psychological Review</a>. 102 (1): 4–27. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.304.6161">10.1.1.304.6161</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.102.1.4">10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7878162">7878162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8194189">8194189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Implicit+social+cognition%3A+Attitudes%2C+self-esteem%2C+and+stereotypes&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.304.6161%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8194189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7878162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.102.1.4&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft.au=Banaji%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevos2008" class="citation book cs1">Devos, T. (2008). "Attitudes and attitude change". Implicit attitudes 101: Theoretical and empirical Insights. New York: <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. 61–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attitudes+and+attitude+change&rft.btitle=Implicit+attitudes+101%3A+Theoretical+and+empirical+Insights&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Devos&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGawronskiPayne2010" class="citation book cs1">Gawronski, B.; Payne, B. K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UiqBlGT7z4C">Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory and Application</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-674-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-674-1"><bdi>978-1-60623-674-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Implicit+Social+Cognition%3A+Measurement%2C+Theory+and+Application&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60623-674-1&rft.aulast=Gawronski&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Payne%2C+B.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UiqBlGT7z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhardt04-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt04_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; et al. (2004). "Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a>. 87 (6): 876–893. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.408.3542">10.1.1.408.3542</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.87.6.876">10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15598112">15598112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6322610">6322610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Seeing+Black%3A+Race%2C+Crime%2C+and+Visual+Processing&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E876-%3C%2Fspan%3E893&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.408.3542%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6322610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15598112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.87.6.876&rft.aulast=Eberhardt&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhardt14-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt14_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelenkoSpohn2014" class="citation book cs1">Belenko, Steven & <a href="/wiki/Cassia_Spohn" title="Cassia Spohn">Spohn, Cassia</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itTHBAAAQBAJ&q=Racism+goes+beyond+prejudicial+discrimination+and+bigotry.+It+arises+from+stereotypes+and+fears+of+which+we+are+vastly+unaware.&pg=PA202">Drugs, Crime, and Justice</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1295-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1295-8"><bdi>978-1-4833-1295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs%2C+Crime%2C+and+Justice&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-1295-8&rft.aulast=Belenko&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Spohn%2C+Cassia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitTHBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DRacism%2Bgoes%2Bbeyond%2Bprejudicial%2Bdiscrimination%2Band%2Bbigotry.%2BIt%2Barises%2Bfrom%2Bstereotypes%2Band%2Bfears%2Bof%2Bwhich%2Bwe%2Bare%2Bvastly%2Bunaware.%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYékú2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yékú, James (3 May 2020). "Anti-Afropolitan ethics and the performative politics of online scambaiting". <a href="/wiki/Social_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Dynamics">Social Dynamics</a>. 46 (2): 240–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02533952.2020.1813943">10.1080/02533952.2020.1813943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222232833">222232833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Anti-Afropolitan+ethics+and+the+performative+politics+of+online+scambaiting&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2020-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02533952.2020.1813943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222232833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Y%C3%A9k%C3%BA&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dijk1992" class="citation book cs1">Van Dijk, Tuen (1992). Analyzing Racism Through Discourse Analysis Some Methodological Reflections in Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 92–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5007-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5007-8"><bdi>978-0-8039-5007-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Racism+Through+Discourse+Analysis+Some+Methodological+Reflections+in+Race+and+Ethnicity+in+Research+Methods&rft.place=Newbury+Park%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-5007-8&rft.aulast=Van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Tuen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2013" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Veronica T. (2013). The Souls of White Folk: African American Writers Theorize Whiteness. Jackson: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0245-3"><bdi>978-1-4968-0245-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Souls+of+White+Folk%3A+African+American+Writers+Theorize+Whiteness&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-0245-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Veronica+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927163823/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/racism">"Definition of racism in English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/racism">the original</a> on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+racism+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fracism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225025723/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racism">"Definition of racism"</a>. Merriam-Webster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racism">the original</a> on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+racism&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fracism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlay2015" class="citation web cs1">Blay, Zeba (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511024537/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/reverse-racism-isnt-a-thing_n_55d60a91e4b07addcb45da97">"'Reverse Racism': 4 Myths That Need To Stop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">Huffpost Black Voices</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/reverse-racism-isnt-a-thing_us_55d60a91e4b07addcb45da97">the original</a> on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Reverse+Racism%27%3A+4+Myths+That+Need+To+Stop&rft.pub=Huffpost+Black+Voices&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Blay&rft.aufirst=Zeba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Freverse-racism-isnt-a-thing_us_55d60a91e4b07addcb45da97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2009" class="citation book cs1">McWhorter, Ladelle (2009). Racism and sexual oppression in Anglo-America: a genealogy. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35296-5"><bdi>978-0-253-35296-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/406565635">406565635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism+and+sexual+oppression+in+Anglo-America%3A+a+genealogy&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F406565635&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35296-5&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=Ladelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyt, Carlos (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719752">"The Pedagogy of the Meaning of Racism: Reconciling a Discordant Discourse"</a>. Social Work. 57 (3): 225–234. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-8046">0037-8046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Work&rft.atitle=The+Pedagogy+of+the+Meaning+of+Racism%3A+Reconciling+a+Discordant+Discourse&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0037-8046&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaertner-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaertner_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaertner_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDovidioGaertner1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dovidio" title="John Dovidio">Dovidio, John F.</a>; Gaertner, Samuel L., eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prejudicediscrim0000unse/page/61/mode/2up">"The aversive form of racism"</a>. Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism. Academic Press. pp. 61–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-221425-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-221425-7"><bdi>978-0-12-221425-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+aversive+form+of+racism&rft.btitle=Prejudice%2C+Discrimination+and+Racism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-12-221425-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprejudicediscrim0000unse%2Fpage%2F61%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDovidioGaertner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dovidio" title="John Dovidio">Dovidio, John F.</a>; Gaertner, Samuel L. (2004). "Aversive Racism". In Olson, James M.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zanna" title="Mark Zanna">Zanna, Mark P.</a> (eds.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 36. pp. 1–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2601%2804%2936001-6">10.1016/S0065-2601(04)36001-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-015236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-015236-0"><bdi>978-0-12-015236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aversive+Racism&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2601%2804%2936001-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-015236-0&rft.aulast=Dovidio&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Gaertner%2C+Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaucierMillerDoucet2005" class="citation journal cs1">Saucier, Donald A.; Miller, Carol T.; Doucet, Nicole (2005). "Differences in Helping Whites and Blacks: A Meta-Analysis". <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Social_Psychology_Review" title="Personality and Social Psychology Review">Personality and Social Psychology Review</a>. 9 (1): 2–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327957pspr0901_1">10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15745861">15745861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14542705">14542705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=Differences+in+Helping+Whites+and+Blacks%3A+A+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14542705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15745861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327957pspr0901_1&rft.aulast=Saucier&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Carol+T.&rft.au=Doucet%2C+Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansell_2008-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Ansell_2008_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsell2008" class="citation book cs1">Ansell, Amy E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STR1AwAAQBAJ&q=%22color+blindness%22">"Color Blindness"</a>. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 320–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6586-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-6586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Color+Blindness&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6586-5&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTR1AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522color%2Bblindness%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonilla-Silva-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonilla-Silva_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonilla-Silva2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo</a> (2001). White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 137–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-032-1"><bdi>978-1-58826-032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Supremacy+and+Racism+in+the+Post-Civil+Rights+Era&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-032-1&rft.aulast=Bonilla-Silva&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonilla-Silva1-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonilla-Silva1_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonilla-Silva2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racismwithoutrac0000boni_b6w1">Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States</a>. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 2–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1633-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1633-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-1633-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism+without+Racists%3A+Color-blind+Racism+and+the+Persistence+of+Racial+Inequality+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1633-5&rft.aulast=Bonilla-Silva&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracismwithoutrac0000boni_b6w1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1999" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Laurence (1999). Race Is – Race Isn't: Critical Race Theory and Qualitative Studies in Education. Westview Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9069-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-9069-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Is+%E2%80%93+Race+Isn%27t%3A+Critical+Race+Theory+and+Qualitative+Studies+in+Education&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-9069-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Social_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallantineRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Ballantine" title="Jeanne Ballantine">Ballantine, Jeanne H.</a>; Roberts, Keith A. (2015). Our Social World: Introduction to Sociology (Condensed Version) (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-7575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-7575-8"><bdi>978-1-4522-7575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Social+World%3A+Introduction+to+Sociology+%28Condensed+Version%29&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-7575-8&rft.aulast=Ballantine&rft.aufirst=Jeanne+H.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172343/https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary/glossary/xenophobia_en">"xenophobia - European Commission"</a>. home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary/glossary/xenophobia_en">the original</a> on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home-affairs.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=xenophobia+-+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome-affairs.ec.europa.eu%2Fnetworks%2Feuropean-migration-network-emn%2Femn-asylum-and-migration-glossary%2Fglossary%2Fxenophobia_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKundnani2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kundnani, Arun (1 October 2002). "An Unholy Alliance? Racism, Religion and Communalism". <a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a>. 44 (2): 71–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396802044002976">10.1177/0306396802044002976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145013667">145013667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=An+Unholy+Alliance%3F+Racism%2C+Religion+and+Communalism&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145013667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-3968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396802044002976&rft.aulast=Kundnani&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWren2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wren, Karen (2001). "Cultural racism: Something rotten in the state of Denmark?". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_%26_Cultural_Geography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social & Cultural Geography (page does not exist)">Social & Cultural Geography</a>. 2 (2): 141–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649360120047788">10.1080/14649360120047788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33883381">33883381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+%26+Cultural+Geography&rft.atitle=Cultural+racism%3A+Something+rotten+in+the+state+of+Denmark%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14649360120047788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33883381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlaut1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Morris_Blaut" title="James Morris Blaut">Blaut, James M.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213081052/http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/Blaut/racism.htm">"The Theory of Cultural Racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography</a>. 24 (4): 289–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Antip..24..289B">1992Antip..24..289B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.1992.tb00448.x">10.1111/j.1467-8330.1992.tb00448.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/Blaut/racism.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode%3A+A+Radical+Journal+of+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Cultural+Racism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8330.1992.tb00448.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Antip..24..289B&rft.aulast=Blaut&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~lnp3%2Fmydocs%2FBlaut%2Fracism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221140780">Conroy, William. "Race, capitalism, and the necessity/contingency debate." Theory, Culture & Society 41.1 (2024): 39-58.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2019" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Sarah (15 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701025727/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/lens/sarah-lewis-racial-bias-photography.html">"The Racial Bias Built Into Photography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/lens/sarah-lewis-racial-bias-photography.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Racial+Bias+Built+Into+Photography&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F25%2Flens%2Fsarah-lewis-racial-bias-photography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFussell2017" class="citation news cs1">Fussell, Sidney (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240705061747/https://gizmodo.com/why-cant-this-soap-dispenser-identify-dark-skin-1797931773">"Why Can't This Soap Dispenser Identify Dark Skin?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/why-cant-this-soap-dispenser-identify-dark-skin-1797931773">the original</a> on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Why+Can%27t+This+Soap+Dispenser+Identify+Dark+Skin%3F&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fwhy-cant-this-soap-dispenser-identify-dark-skin-1797931773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLohr2018" class="citation news cs1">Lohr, Steve (9 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304002448/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/technology/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html">"Facial Recognition Is Accurate, if You're a White Guy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/technology/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Facial+Recognition+Is+Accurate%2C+if+You%27re+a+White+Guy&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F09%2Ftechnology%2Ffacial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRace" class="citation cs2">Race, Richard W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923102013/http://www.shef.ac.uk/socstudies/Shop/race_article.pdf">Analysing ethnic education policy-making in England and Wales</a> (PDF), Sheffield Online Papers in Social Research, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>, p. 12, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shef.ac.uk/socstudies/Shop/race_article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2006, retrieved 20 June 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysing+ethnic+education+policy-making+in+England+and+Wales&rft.series=Sheffield+Online+Papers+in+Social+Research&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Sheffield&rft.aulast=Race&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2Fsocstudies%2FShop%2Frace_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarenga2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga, Maulana</a> (22–23 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801090448/http://www.ncobraonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Karenga-THE-ETHICS-OF-REPARATIONS.pdf">"The Ethics of Reparations: Engaging the Holocaust of Enslavement"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_National_Coalition_of_Blacks_for_Reparations_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America">The National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America</a> (N'COBRA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncobraonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Karenga-THE-ETHICS-OF-REPARATIONS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Reparations%3A+Engaging+the+Holocaust+of+Enslavement&rft.pub=The+National+Coalition+of+Blacks+for+Reparations+in+America+%28N%27COBRA%29&rft.date=2001-06-22%2F2001-06-23&rft.aulast=Karenga&rft.aufirst=Maulana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncobraonline.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FKarenga-THE-ETHICS-OF-REPARATIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cashmore-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cashmore_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCashmore2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Cashmore" title="Ellis Cashmore">Cashmore, Ellis</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2L-5lBDPJJMC&q=%22reverse+racism%22&pg=PA373">"Reverse Racism/Discrimination"</a>. Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44706-0"><bdi>978-1-134-44706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reverse+Racism%2FDiscrimination&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Ethnic+Studies&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44706-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2L-5lBDPJJMC%26q%3D%2522reverse%2Bracism%2522%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yee-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yee_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yee_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYee2008" class="citation book cs1">Yee, June Ying (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=%22reverse+racism%22&pg=PT1244">"Racism, Types of"</a>. In Shaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 1118–1119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Types+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1118-%3C%2Fspan%3E1119&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=June+Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMUola6pDnkC%26q%3D%2522reverse%2Bracism%2522%26pg%3DPT1244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMountz2009" class="citation book cs1">Mountz, Alison (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography. Sage. p. 328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Political+Geography&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mountz&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said,_Edward_1978_pp.357-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said,_Edward_1978_pp.357_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said,_Edward_1978_pp.357_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaid1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, Edward</a> (1978). <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. p. 357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory2004" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Derek (2004). The Colonial Present. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwell_publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwell publishers (page does not exist)">Blackwell publishers</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Present&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Blackwell+publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid1978360-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaid1978360_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaid1978">Said 1978</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Principles to Guide Housing Policy at the Beginning of the Millennium, Michael Schill & Susan Wachter, <a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFujitaniWhiteYoneyama2001" class="citation book cs1">Fujitani, Takashi; White, Geoffrey Miles; Yoneyama, Lisa (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltm9hv0_4A0C&pg=PA303">Perilous memories: the Asia-Pacific War(s)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2564-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-2564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+memories%3A+the+Asia-Pacific+War%28s%29&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2564-2&rft.aulast=Fujitani&rft.aufirst=Takashi&rft.au=White%2C+Geoffrey+Miles&rft.au=Yoneyama%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtm9hv0_4A0C%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1984" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03081-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03081-5</bdi></a>. <q>... imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benevolent+Assimilation%3A+The+American+Conquest+of+the+Philippines%2C+1899%E2%80%931903&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03081-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Creighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/InternationalHeraldTribune1999FranceEnglish/Feb%2004%201999%2C%20International%20Herald%20Tribune%2C%20%2336056%2C%20France%20%28en%29/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater">"In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. 4 February 1999. p. 6 col 6 – via Internet Archive Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=In+Our+Pages%3A+100%2C+75+and+50+Years+Ago%3B+1899%3A+Kipling%27s+Plea&rft.pages=p.+6+col+6&rft.date=1999-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FInternationalHeraldTribune1999FranceEnglish%2FFeb%252004%25201999%252C%2520International%2520Herald%2520Tribune%252C%2520%252336056%252C%2520France%2520%2528en%2529%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> : Notes that Rudyard Kipling's new poem, "The White Man's Burden", "is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion". </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Out West. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. 2000. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+West&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329055724/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/facebook-declaration-of-independence-hate-speech">"Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/facebook-declaration-of-independence-hate-speech">the original</a> on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Facebook+labels+declaration+of+independence+as+%27hate+speech%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F05%2Ffacebook-declaration-of-independence-hate-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193251/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm">"L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L.+Frank+Baum%27s+Editorials+on+the+Sioux+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northern.edu%2Fhastingw%2Fbaumedts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411060303/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-quotes-statesmen-race-idUSKBN2471YA">"Fact check: Quotes from prominent American statesmen on race are accurate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 6 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-quotes-statesmen-race-idUSKBN2471YA">the original</a> on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fact+check%3A+Quotes+from+prominent+American+statesmen+on+race+are+accurate&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-factcheck-quotes-statesmen-race-idUSKBN2471YA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAronsonWilsonAkert2010" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, E.; Wilson, T. D.; Akert, R. M. (2010). Social Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Akert%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcConahay1983" class="citation journal cs1">McConahay, J. B. (1983). "Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination The Effects of Race, Racial Attitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions". <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Social_Psychology_Bulletin" title="Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin">Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</a>. 9 (4): 551–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167283094004">10.1177/0146167283094004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144674550">144674550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Modern+Racism+and+Modern+Discrimination+The+Effects+of+Race%2C+Racial+Attitudes%2C+and+Context+on+Simulated+Hiring+Decisions&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E558&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146167283094004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144674550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McConahay&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriefDietzCohenPugh2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brief, A. P.; Dietz, J.; Cohen, R. R.; Pugh, S. D.; Vaslow, J. B. (2000). "Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 81 (1): 72–97. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.201.4044">10.1.1.201.4044</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fobhd.1999.2867">10.1006/obhd.1999.2867</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10631069">10631069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organizational+Behavior+and+Human+Decision+Processes&rft.atitle=Just+doing+business%3A+Modern+racism+and+obedience+to+authority+as+explanations+for+employment+discrimination&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.201.4044%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10631069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fobhd.1999.2867&rft.aulast=Brief&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft.au=Dietz%2C+J.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+R.+R.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+S.+D.&rft.au=Vaslow%2C+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcConahay1986" class="citation book cs1">McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+racism%2C+ambivalence%2C+and+the+modern+racism+scale&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=McConahay&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettigrew1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Pettigrew_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas F. Pettigrew (sociologist)">Pettigrew, T. F.</a> (1989). "The nature of modern racism in the United States". Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Internationale+de+Psychologie+Sociale&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+modern+racism+in+the+United+States&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pettigrew&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation news cs1">Staff (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418063714/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/race-lab">"How the biases in the back of your mind affect how you feel about race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/biases-back-mind-affect-feel-race/">the original</a> on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Newshour&rft.atitle=How+the+biases+in+the+back+of+your+mind+affect+how+you+feel+about+race&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fbiases-back-mind-affect-feel-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen1945" class="citation web cs1">Chen, C. Peter (23 February 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406230116/https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=70%20WW2DB:%20Greater%20East%20Asia%20Conference">"Joint Declaration of the Greater East Asia Conference (below)"</a>. Ww2db.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=70%20WW2DB:%20Greater%20East%20Asia%20Conference">the original</a> on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Declaration+of+the+Greater+East+Asia+Conference+%28below%29&rft.pub=Ww2db.com&rft.date=1945-02-23&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=C.+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fbattle_spec.php%3Fbattle_id%3D70%2520WW2DB%3A%2520Greater%2520East%2520Asia%2520Conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prins-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Prins_91-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30431&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"Toward a World without Evil: Alfred Métraux as UNESCO Anthropologist (1946–1962)"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Harald_E.L._Prins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald E.L. Prins">Harald E.L. Prins</a>, UNESCO </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614002623/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/2F848EFD-6B29-43E5-BB1C-497CD77BB2BF/0/FICHES_Racial_discrimination_EN.pdf">"European Court of Human Rights case law factsheet on racial discrimination"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/2F848EFD-6B29-43E5-BB1C-497CD77BB2BF/0/FICHES_Racial_discrimination_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Court+of+Human+Rights+case+law+factsheet+on+racial+discrimination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echr.coe.int%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F2F848EFD-6B29-43E5-BB1C-497CD77BB2BF%2F0%2FFICHES_Racial_discrimination_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm">Text of the Convention</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053246/http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, 1966 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030421181614/http://www.lbr.nl/internationaal/charter%20uk.html">"Charter of European Political Parties for a non-racist society"</a>. 28 February 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbr.nl/internationaal/charter%20uk.htm">the original</a> on 21 April 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+European+Political+Parties+for+a+non-racist+society&rft.date=1998-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbr.nl%2Finternationaal%2Fcharter%2520uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Pierre-André Taguieff</a>, La force du préjugé, 1987 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403224723/https://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/gto/gto_0019-PDF/gto_0019_67206.pdf">"Racestudier i Danmark"</a> [Race Studies in Denmark] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Danish_Journal_of_Geography" title="Danish Journal of Geography">Geografisk Tidsskrift</a> (in Danish). 19. 1907. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/gto/gto_0019-PDF/gto_0019_67206.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geografisk+Tidsskrift&rft.atitle=Racestudier+i+Danmark&rft.volume=19&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.kb.dk%2Ftidsskriftdk%2Fpdf%2Fgto%2Fgto_0019-PDF%2Fgto_0019_67206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1897" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois, W. E. B.</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329004824/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1119">"The Conservation of Races"</a>. p. 21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1119">the original</a> on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conservation+of+Races&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Flibrary%2Findex.asp%3Fdocument%3D1119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurda2004" class="citation book cs1">Turda, Marius (2004). The idea of national superiority in Central Europe, 1880–1918. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6180-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6180-2"><bdi>978-0-7734-6180-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+national+superiority+in+Central+Europe%2C+1880%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-6180-2&rft.aulast=Turda&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> National Analytical Study on Racist Violence and Crime, RAXEN Focal Point for Italy – Annamaria Rivera <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFRA" class="citation web cs1">FRA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216225620/http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/RAXEN/4/RV/CS-RV-NR-IT.pdf">"Helping to make fundamental rights a reality for everyone in the European Union"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/RAXEN/4/RV/CS-RV-NR-IT.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helping+to+make+fundamental+rights+a+reality+for+everyone+in+the+European+Union&rft.pub=European+Union+Agency+for+Fundamental+Rights&rft.au=FRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Ffra%2Fmaterial%2Fpub%2FRAXEN%2F4%2FRV%2FCS-RV-NR-IT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Graves_Jr." title="Joseph L. Graves Jr.">Graves, Joseph L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewcloth00grav">The Emperor's new clothes: biological theories of race at the millennium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2847-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-2847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+new+clothes%3A+biological+theories+of+race+at+the+millennium&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2847-2&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorsnewcloth00grav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808133610/http://scm.oas.org/doc_public/ENGLISH/HIST_02/CP09414E07.DOC">Inter-American Convention against Racism and all forms of Discrimination and Intolerance – Study prepared by the Inter-American Juridical Committee</a> 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Richter, <a href="/wiki/Facing_East_from_Indian_Country" title="Facing East from Indian Country">Facing East from Indian Country</a>, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson, George M.</a> 1988. The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/">[1]</a> [accessed 18 July 2012] </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> On this "<a href="/wiki/Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalities">nationalities</a> question" and the problem of nationalism, see the relevant articles for a non-exhaustive account of the state of contemporary historical researches; famous works include: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a>, Nations and Nationalism (1983); <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>,The Age of Revolution : Europe 1789–1848 (1962), Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality (1990); <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a> (1991); <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a>, Coercion, Capital and European States AD 990–1992 (1990); <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a>, Theories of Nationalism (1971), etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, Considerations on Representative Government, 1861 </li> <li id="cite_note-Arendt-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arendt_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arendt_107-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>, Le Roman de l'énergie nationale (The Novel of National Energy, a trilogy started in 1897) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHess2016" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Richard S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfvBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59">The Old Testament: A Historical, Theological, and Critical Introduction</a>. Baker Academic. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0573-2"><bdi>978-1-4934-0573-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+A+Historical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-0573-2&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfvBDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReillyKaufmanBodino2002" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Kevin; Kaufman, Stephen; Bodino, Angela (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racismglobalread0000unse/page/52">Racism: A Global Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racismglobalread0000unse/page/52">52–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1060-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+A+Global+Reader&rft.pages=52-58&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1060-7&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Bodino%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracismglobalread0000unse%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/54">Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/54">54–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+an+historical+enquiry&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906070456/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/distance_arc/las_casas/Aristotle-slavery.html">"Aristotle on Slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/distance_arc/las_casas/Aristotle-slavery.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristotle+on+Slavery&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Finstruct%2Fphl302%2Fdistance_arc%2Flas_casas%2FAristotle-slavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Isaac, Benjamin H.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfylyRawl8EC&q=aristotle+racism&pg=PA175">The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12598-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12598-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Racism+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12598-5&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfylyRawl8EC%26q%3Daristotle%2Bracism%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuzzo1964" class="citation journal cs1">Puzzo, Dante A. (1964). "Racism and the Western Tradition". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a>. 25 (4): 579–586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708188">10.2307/2708188</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708188">2708188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Racism+and+the+Western+Tradition&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E579-%3C%2Fspan%3E586&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708188%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Puzzo&rft.aufirst=Dante+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlannery1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Flannery" title="Edward Flannery">Flannery, Edward H.</a> (1985). The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4324-5"><bdi>978-0-8091-4324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anguish+of+the+Jews%3A+Twenty-three+Centuries+of+Antisemitism&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4324-5&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gruen-116"><a href="#cite_ref-gruen_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGruen1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Gruen, Erich S.</a> (1993). "Hellenism and Persecution: Antiochus IV and the Jews". In Green, Peter (ed.). Hellenistic History and Culture. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 250–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenism+and+Persecution%3A+Antiochus+IV+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton University Press 2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeth2022" class="citation news cs1">Seth, Vanita (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/when-did-racism-begin">"When Did Racism Begin? The history of race has animated a highly contentious debate"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=When+Did+Racism+Begin%3F+The+history+of+race+has+animated+a+highly+contentious+debate.&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Vanita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-did-racism-begin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover-119"><a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover_119-0">^</a> Tcherikover, Victor, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews, New York: Atheneum, 1975 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohak-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Bohak_120-0">^</a> Bohak, Gideon. "The Ibis and the Jewish Question: Ancient 'Antisemitism' in Historical Context" in Menachem Mor et al., Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Land in the Days of the Second Temple, the Mishna and the Talmud, Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2003, pp. 27–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis53-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis53_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis53_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis53_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis53_121-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi">Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+an+historical+enquiry&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tlosfea-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Tlosfea_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhalid1977" class="citation book cs1">Khalid, Abdallah (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4QOAAAAYAAJ">The Liberation of Swahili from European Appropriation</a>. East African Literature Bureau. p. 38. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberation+of+Swahili+from+European+Appropriation&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=East+African+Literature+Bureau&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Abdallah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4QOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_Hamel2002" class="citation journal cs1">El Hamel, Chouki (2002). "'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco". The Journal of North African Studies. 7 (3): 29–52 [39–40]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629380208718472">10.1080/13629380208718472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219625829">219625829</a>. <q>Neither in the Qur'an nor in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> is there any indication of racial difference among humankind. But as a consequence of the Arab conquests, a mutual assimilation between <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the cultural and the scriptural traditions of Christian and Jewish populations occurred. Racial distinctions between humankind with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">sons of Noah</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, a collection of rabbinic writings which dates back to the sixth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Race%27%2C+slavery+and+Islam+in+Maghribi+Mediterranean+thought%3A+the+question+of+the+Haratin+in+Morocco&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=29-52+39-40&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629380208718472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219625829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=El+Hamel&rft.aufirst=Chouki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/28">Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/28">28–34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+an+historical+enquiry&rft.pages=28-34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi%2Fpage%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/93">Race and Slavery in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colorq-126"><a href="#cite_ref-colorq_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228121150/http://www.colorq.org/articles/article.aspx?d=2002&x=arabviews">"West Asian views on black Africans during the medieval era"</a>. Colorq.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorq.org/Articles/article.aspx?d=2002&x=arabviews">the original</a> on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Asian+views+on+black+Africans+during+the+medieval+era&rft.pub=Colorq.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorq.org%2FArticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fd%3D2002%26x%3Darabviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHannoum2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hannoum, Abdelmajid (1 January 2003). "Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist". <a href="/wiki/History_and_Theory" title="History and Theory">History and Theory</a>. 42 (1): 61–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2303.00230">10.1111/1468-2303.00230</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590803">3590803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Translation+and+the+Colonial+Imaginary%3A+Ibn+Khald%C3%BBn+Orientalist&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2303.00230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3590803%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hannoum&rft.aufirst=Abdelmajid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, James E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/12">Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/12">12–15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32270-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=12-15&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32270-9&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2002" class="citation book cs1">Hoyland, Robert G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-EAgAAQBAJ">Arabia and the Arabs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134646357" title="Special:BookSources/9781134646357"><bdi>9781134646357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+the+Arabs&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134646357&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5-EAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins1995" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1995). The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631194057" title="Special:BookSources/9780631194057"><bdi>9780631194057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Spain%3A+710%E2%80%93797&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780631194057&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html">Sephardim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. Last accessed 27 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gVIt5u0U5wC">Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0306-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0306-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-0306-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconquest+and+Crusade+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0306-6&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gVIt5u0U5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Chami" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A. Chami, Pablo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123142530/https://pachami.com/Inquisicion/LimpiezaSangre.html">"Limpieza de Sangre"</a> [Cleanliness of blood] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pachami.com/Inquisicion/LimpiezaSangre.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limpieza+de+Sangre&rft.aulast=A.+Chami&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpachami.com%2FInquisicion%2FLimpiezaSangre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLacey1983" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (1983). Aristocrats. Little, Brown and Company. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristocrats&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSicroff" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sicroff, Albert A. Los estatutos de Limpieza de Sangre (in Spanish). p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+estatutos+de+Limpieza+de+Sangre&rft.pages=121&rft.aulast=Sicroff&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Colección Legislativa de España (1870), p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvrum_Ehrlich2009" class="citation book cs1">Avrum Ehrlich, Mark (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-873-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Jewish+diaspora%3A+origins%2C+experiences%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-873-6&rft.aulast=Avrum+Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGinés_de_Sepúlveda,_Juan_(trans._Marcelino_Menendez_y_Pelayo_and_Manuel_Garcia-Pelayo)1941" class="citation book cs1">Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan (trans. Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo and Manuel Garcia-Pelayo) (1941). Tratado sobre las Justas Causas de la Guerra contra los Indios. Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tratado+sobre+las+Justas+Causas+de+la+Guerra+contra+los+Indios&rft.place=Mexico+D.F.&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Gin%C3%A9s+de+Sep%C3%BAlveda%2C+Juan+%28trans.+Marcelino+Menendez+y+Pelayo+and+Manuel+Garcia-Pelayo%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hernandez-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Hernandez_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hernandez, Bonar Ludwig (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421063702/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/epf/journal_archive/volume_X%2C_2001/hernandez_b.pdf">"The Las Casas-Sepúlveda Controversy: 1550–1551"</a> (PDF). Ex Post Facto. 10: 95–104. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/journal_archive/volume_X,_2001/hernandez_b.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ex+Post+Facto&rft.atitle=The+Las+Casas-Sep%C3%BAlveda+Controversy%3A+1550%E2%80%931551&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Bonar+Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuserwww.sfsu.edu%2F~epf%2Fjournal_archive%2Fvolume_X%2C_2001%2Fhernandez_b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Francis" title="J. Michael Francis">Francis, J. Michael</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204110350/http://laflorida.org/florida-stories/">Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition</a>, laflorida.org, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laflorida.org/florida-stories/">the original</a> on 4 February 2021, retrieved 5 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luisa+de+Abrego%3A+Marriage%2C+Bigamy%2C+and+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.pub=laflorida.org&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaflorida.org%2Fflorida-stories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acuña-p23-24-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Acuña-p23-24_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcuña2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_F._Acu%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolfo F. Acuña">Acuña, Rodolfo F.</a> (2010). Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (7th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-78618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-78618-3"><bdi>978-0-205-78618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupied+America%3A+A+History+of+Chicanos&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-205-78618-3&rft.aulast=Acu%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920195738/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/11/weekinreview/the-world-racism-mexico-s-in-denial.html">"The World; Racism? Mexico's in Denial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 11 June 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDF1330F932A25755C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1">the original</a> on 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Racism%3F+Mexico%27s+in+Denial&rft.date=1995-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CEEDF1330F932A25755C0A963958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended (1976–77) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Academic Press (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHRNNk9hHEC&q=racism+and+ethnic+nationalism+in+the+19th+century%2C%2F&pg=PA435">" Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set, Volume 2"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510210721/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server?show=nav.5938&outputFormat=print">"Royal Navy and the Slave Trade : Battles : History"</a>. Royal-navy.mod.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server?show=nav.5938&outputFormat=print">the original</a> on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Navy+and+the+Slave+Trade+%3A+Battles+%3A+History&rft.pub=Royal-navy.mod.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-navy.mod.uk%2Fserver%3Fshow%3Dnav.5938%26outputFormat%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091210021701/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_victory_cfexhibition_infosheet.htm">"Chasing Freedom Exhibition: the Royal Navy and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade"</a>. Royalnavalmuseum.org. 21 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/visit_see_victory_cfexhibition_infosheet.htm">the original</a> on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chasing+Freedom+Exhibition%3A+the+Royal+Navy+and+the+Suppression+of+the+Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Royalnavalmuseum.org&rft.date=2006-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavalmuseum.org%2Fvisit_see_victory_cfexhibition_infosheet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Ronald James Harrison, Africa and the Islands, (Wiley: 1965), p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Dorothy Dodge, African Politics in Perspective, (Van Nostrand: 1966), p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Michael Senior, Tropical Lands: a human geography, (Longman: 1979), p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> A.H.M. Jones, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe_(historian)" title="Elizabeth Monroe (historian)">Elizabeth Monroe</a>, History of Abyssinia, (Kessinger Publishing: 2003), p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108042234/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75">"Background on conflict in Liberia"</a>. Fcnl.org. 30 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75">the original</a> on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+on+conflict+in+Liberia&rft.pub=Fcnl.org&rft.date=2003-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcnl.org%2Fissues%2Fitem.php%3Fitem_id%3D731%26issue_id%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalton1873" class="citation news cs1">Galton, Francis (9 June 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKZUAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Africa+for+the+Chinese%22&pg=PA377">"Africa for the Chinese"</a>. The London and China Telegraph. Vol. 15, no. 510. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+and+China+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Africa+for+the+Chinese&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=510&rft.date=1873-06-09&rft.aulast=Galton&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKZUAAAAcAAJ%26q%3D%2522Africa%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BChinese%2522%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGumkowskiLeszczynski" class="citation web cs1">Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070727021822/http://www.atsweb.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe"</a>. Poland under Nazi Occupation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poland+under+Nazi+Occupation&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Plans+for+Eastern+Europe&rft.aulast=Gumkowski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft.au=Leszczynski%2C+Kazimierz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dac.neu.edu%2Fholocaust%2FHitlers_Plans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies06-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies06_155-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2006). Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. Macmillan Pubs (pp. 167, 4). </li> <li id="cite_note-Operation_Barbarossa_2004_page_180-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Barbarossa_2004_page_180_156-0">^</a> Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity, by André Mineau, (Rodopi, 2004) p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMastný1971" class="citation book cs1">Mastný, Vojtěch (1971). The Czechs under Nazi Rule: The Failure of National Resistance, 1939–1942. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231033036" title="Special:BookSources/0231033036"><bdi>0231033036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czechs+under+Nazi+Rule%3A+The+Failure+of+National+Resistance%2C+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0231033036&rft.aulast=Mastn%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Vojt%C4%9Bch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust, p. 175 Jack R. Fischel. 2010. The policy of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> was also the product of Nazi racial ideology, which held that the Slavic peoples of the east were inferior to the Aryan race. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis, Jill Stephenson p. 135, Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Race Relations Within Western Expansion, p. 98 Alan J. Levine. 1996. Preposterously, Central European Aryan theorists, and later the Nazis, would insist that the Slavic-speaking peoples were not really Aryans </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-161"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_161-0">^</a> The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin, p. 118 Annette F. Timm. 2010. The Nazis' singleminded desire to "purify" the German race through the elimination of non-Aryans (particularly Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta20019,_26–30-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta20019,_26–30_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 9, 26–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Jerry Bergman, "Eugenics and the Development of Nazi Race Policy", <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Science_and_Christian_Faith" title="Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith">Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</a> <a href="/wiki/PSCF" class="mw-redirect" title="PSCF">PSCF</a> 44 (June 1992): 109–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619141114/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945">"Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> (USHMM). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219">the original</a> on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Genocide+of+European+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28USHMM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPauwels" class="citation book cs1">Pauwels, Jacques R. The Great Class War 1914–1918. Formac Publishing Company Limited. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Class+War+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.aulast=Pauwels&rft.aufirst=Jacques+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gumkowski-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Gumkowski_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGumkowskiLeszczynski1961" class="citation book cs1">Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PolandUnderNaziOccupation/mode/2up">Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe</a>. Poland Under Nazi Occupation. Translated by Rothert, Edward (First ed.). Polonia Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750570006">750570006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Plans+for+Eastern+Europe&rft.series=Poland+Under+Nazi+Occupation&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Polonia+Pub.+House&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750570006&rft.aulast=Gumkowski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft.au=Leszczynski%2C+Kazimierz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPolandUnderNaziOccupation%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies_Pp._167,_209-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_Pp._167,_209_167-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>. Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. pp. 167, 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Daniel Goldhagen</a>, Hitler's Willing Executioners (p. 290) – "2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation ... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs ... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers". </li> <li id="cite_note-no_simple_victory-169"><a href="#cite_ref-no_simple_victory_169-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory">Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</a> Publisher: Pan Books, 2007, 544 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35212-3">978-0-330-35212-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZWRP0-170"><a href="#cite_ref-ZZWRP0_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerles2008" class="citation book cs1">Terles, Mikolaj (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ha5pAAAAMAAJ">Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia: 1942–1946</a>. Original from the University of Michigan. Alliance of the Polish Eastern Provinces, Toronto Branch, 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9698020-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9698020-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9698020-0-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books, search inside.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Poles+in+Volhynia+and+Eastern+Galicia%3A+1942%E2%80%931946&rft.series=Original+from+the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=Alliance+of+the+Polish+Eastern+Provinces%2C+Toronto+Branch%2C+1993&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9698020-0-6&rft.aulast=Terles&rft.aufirst=Mikolaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dha5pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallis-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kallis_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kallis_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKallis2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Kallis" title="Aristotle Kallis">Kallis, Aristotle</a> (2008). Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 130–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134300341" title="Special:BookSources/9781134300341"><bdi>9781134300341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Fascism%3A+The+Eliminationist+Drive+in+Fascist+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134300341&rft.aulast=Kallis&rft.aufirst=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Yeomans, Rory</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HEDCwAAQBAJ">The Utopia of Terror: Life and Death in Wartime Croatia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580465458" title="Special:BookSources/9781580465458"><bdi>9781580465458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Utopia+of+Terror%3A+Life+and+Death+in+Wartime+Croatia&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781580465458&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HEDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2006). "The NDH State in Comparative Perspective". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (4): 409–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14690760600963198">10.1080/14690760600963198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144782263">144782263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=The+NDH+State+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14690760600963198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144782263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Yeomans" title="Rory Yeomans">Yeomans, Rory</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC">Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945</a>. Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822977933" title="Special:BookSources/9780822977933"><bdi>9780822977933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Annihilation%3A+The+Ustasha+Regime+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Fascism%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780822977933&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxv4-iqVe2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartulin2013" class="citation book cs1">Bartulin, Nevenko (2013). The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia: Origins and Theory. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004262829" title="Special:BookSources/9789004262829"><bdi>9789004262829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+Idea+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia%3A+Origins+and+Theory&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004262829&rft.aulast=Bartulin&rft.aufirst=Nevenko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenrick2006" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Donald (2006). The Final Chapter. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire_Press" title="University of Hertfordshire Press">University of Hertfordshire Press</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902806495" title="Special:BookSources/9781902806495"><bdi>9781902806495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Chapter&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781902806495&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloxhamGerwarth2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Gerwarth, Robert</a> (2011). Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139501293" title="Special:BookSources/9781139501293"><bdi>9781139501293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Violence+in+Twentieth-Century+Europe&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139501293&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Gerwarth%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Michele Frucht (2009). ""The Last Bullet for the Last Serb": The Ustaša Genocide against Serbs: 1941–1945". Nationalities Papers. 37 (6): 807–837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990903239174">10.1080/00905990903239174</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162231741">162231741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=%22The+Last+Bullet+for+the+Last+Serb%22%3A+The+Usta%C5%A1a+Genocide+against+Serbs%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E807-%3C%2Fspan%3E837&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990903239174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162231741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Michele+Frucht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDulić2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dulić, Tomislav (2006). "Mass killing in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945: a case for comparative research". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 8: 255–2281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12433">10.1111/nana.12433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242057219">242057219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Mass+killing+in+the+Independent+State+of+Croatia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+a+case+for+comparative+research&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E2281&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242057219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Duli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tomislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharny1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Charny" title="Israel Charny">Charny, Israel</a> (1999). Encyclopedia of Genocide: A–H. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 18–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874369281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874369281"><bdi>978-0874369281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide%3A+A%E2%80%93H&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0874369281&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitman-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Whitman" title="James Whitman">Whitman, James Q.</a> (2017). Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 37–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+American+Model%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Making+of+Nazi+Race+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/american-laws-against-coloreds-influenced-nazi-racial-planners/">"American laws against 'coloreds' influenced Nazi racial planners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-Westermann-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westermann_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westermann_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestermann2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Westermann" title="Edward B. Westermann">Westermann, Edward. B.</a> (2016). Hitler's Ostkrieg and the Indian Wars: Comparing Genocide and Conquest. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Ostkrieg+and+the+Indian+Wars%3A+Comparing+Genocide+and+Conquest&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Westermann&rft.aufirst=Edward.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2017" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, James Q. (2017). Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+American+Model%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Making+of+Nazi+Race+Law&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson, George</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacy00geor/page/162">White Supremacy</a>. Oxford Oxfordshire: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitesupremacy00geor/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503042-6"><bdi>978-0-19-503042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Supremacy&rft.place=Oxford+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503042-6&rft.aulast=Fredrickson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitesupremacy00geor%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immigration_law-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_law_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_law_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudden2006" class="citation news cs1">Ludden, Jennifer (9 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240702010908/https://www.npr.org/2006/05/09/5391395/1965-immigration-law-changed-face-of-america">"1965 immigration law changed face of America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395">the original</a> on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=1965+immigration+law+changed+face+of+America&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5391395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSohi2014" class="citation book cs1">Sohi, Seema (2014). Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937625-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937625-4"><bdi>978-0-19-937625-4</bdi></a>. <q>During the early decades of the twentieth century, US Immigration, Justice, and State Department officials cast Indian anticolonialists as a "Hindu" menace</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+Mutiny%3A+Race%2C+Surveillance%2C+and+Indian+Anticolonialism+in+North+America&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937625-4&rft.aulast=Sohi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Zhao, X. & Park, E.J.W. (2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. Greenwood. p. 1142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-239-5">978-1-59884-239-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2002" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002). Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans. p. 284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Minorities+in+American+Politics%3A+African+Americans+and+Asian+Americans&rft.pages=284&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412193726/http://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/a_lucecellar.html">"Roots in the Sand – the Archives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/a_lucecellar.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+in+the+Sand+%E2%80%93+the+Archives&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Frootsinthesand%2Fa_lucecellar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826154005/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/current-race-riots-like-1949-anti-indian-riots-south-african-minister_10052573.html">"Current race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: South African minister"</a>. Thaindian News. 25 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/current-race-riots-like-1949-anti-indian-riots-south-african-minister_10052573.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thaindian+News&rft.atitle=Current+race+riots+like+1949+anti-Indian+riots%3A+South+African+minister&rft.date=2008-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Funcategorized%2Fcurrent-race-riots-like-1949-anti-indian-riots-south-african-minister_10052573.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Martin (1991). Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London; New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. pp. 43–44, 56–57, 98, 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+%E2%80%93+Insurgency+and+the+Politics+of+Ethnicity&rft.place=London%3B+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57%2C+98%2C+176&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208073731/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html">"Burma: Asians v. Asians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 17 July 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Burma%3A+Asians+v.+Asians&rft.date=1964-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C875949%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt13jan-194"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt13jan_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConley1964" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conley_(reporter)" title="Robert Conley (reporter)">Conley, Robert</a> (13 January 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501055725/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/13/archives/african-revolt-overturns-arab-regime-in-zanzibar-all-strategic.html">"African Revolt Overturns Arab Regime in Zanzibar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/13/archives/african-revolt-overturns-arab-regime-in-zanzibar-all-strategic.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=African+Revolt+Overturns+Arab+Regime+in+Zanzibar&rft.date=1964-01-13&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F01%2F13%2Farchives%2Fafrican-revolt-overturns-arab-regime-in-zanzibar-all-strategic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlekhanov2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Plekhanov" title="Sergei Plekhanov">Plekhanov, Sergey</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-U8BL-tEPLwC">A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said</a>. Trident Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-U8BL-tEPLwC/page/n93">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900724-70-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900724-70-8"><bdi>978-1-900724-70-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reformer+on+the+Throne%3A+Sultan+Qaboos+Bin+Said+Al+Said&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Trident+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-900724-70-8&rft.aulast=Plekhanov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_-U8BL-tEPLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoede2017" class="citation book cs1">Goede, Meike de (2017). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEorDwAAQBAJ&dq=amin+idi+asians+european+properties&pg=PT12">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+and+Subject%3A+Contemporary+Africa+and+the+Legacy+of+Late+Colonialism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Goede&rft.aufirst=Meike+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahemtulla" class="citation book cs1">Rahemtulla, K. Where In the World Should I Invest: An Insider's Guide to Making Money Around the Globe. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22uPPanw0FUC&dq=amin+idi+asians+european+properties&pg=PA156">156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+In+the+World+Should+I+Invest%3A+An+Insider%27s+Guide+to+Making+Money+Around+the+Globe&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.aulast=Rahemtulla&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614130327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm">"1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda"</a>. On This Day. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm">the original</a> on 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+This+Day&rft.atitle=1972%3A+Asians+given+90+days+to+leave+Uganda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F7%2Fnewsid_2492000%2F2492333.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2002" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, Michael (17 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210113529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575204.stm">"The birth and death of apartheid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575204.stm">the original</a> on 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+birth+and+death+of+apartheid&rft.date=2002-06-17&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F575204.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Staff reporters (11 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/12/julius-malema-guilty-hate-speech?INTCMP=SRCH">"ANC's youth leader found guilty of hate speech for Shoot the Boer song"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507015325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm">"DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 May 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm">the original</a> on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+Pygmies+appeal+to+UN&rft.date=2003-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F2933524.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.survival-international.org/news/81">UN Condems [sic] Botswana's Racism</a>. Survival International. 31 August 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403123039/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/stop-your-racist-land-grab-tribunal-tells-robert-mugabe-ccct2p6pxdw">"Stop your racist land grab, tribunal tells Robert Mugabe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 5 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/stop-your-racist-land-grab-tribunal-tells-robert-mugabe-ccct2p6pxdw">the original</a> on 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Stop+your+racist+land+grab%2C+tribunal+tells+Robert+Mugabe&rft.date=2009-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fstop-your-racist-land-grab-tribunal-tells-robert-mugabe-ccct2p6pxdw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2011" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Colin (26 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/8598458/The-end-of-an-era-for-Zimbabwes-last-white-farmers.html">"The end of an era for Zimbabwe's last white farmers?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/8598458/The-end-of-an-era-for-Zimbabwes-last-white-farmers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+end+of+an+era+for+Zimbabwe%27s+last+white+farmers%3F&rft.date=2011-06-26&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fzimbabwe%2F8598458%2FThe-end-of-an-era-for-Zimbabwes-last-white-farmers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406005748/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/30/world/black-africa-leaves-china-in-quandary.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Black Africa Leaves China In Quandary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 30 December 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/30/world/black-africa-leaves-china-in-quandary.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">the original</a> on 6 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Africa+Leaves+China+In+Quandary&rft.date=1988-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F12%2F30%2Fworld%2Fblack-africa-leaves-china-in-quandary.html%3Fsec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVines2009" class="citation news cs1">Vines, Stephen (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609144220/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/01/lou-jing-chinese-talent-show">"China's black pop idol exposes her nation's racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/01/lou-jing-chinese-talent-show">the original</a> on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China%27s+black+pop+idol+exposes+her+nation%27s+racism&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.aulast=Vines&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fnov%2F01%2Flou-jing-chinese-talent-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216002522/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/12/21/china.race/index.html">"TV talent show exposes China's race issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 22 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/12/21/china.race/index.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=TV+talent+show+exposes+China%27s+race+issue&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F12%2F21%2Fchina.race%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522">"Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance"</a>. IRIN Africa. 5 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania%3A+Fair+elections+haunted+by+racial+imbalance&rft.pub=IRIN+Africa&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.aspx%3FReportId%3D70522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421164240/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/1463215/Arab-militia-use-rape-camps-for-ethnic-cleansing-of-Sudan.html">"Arab militia use 'rape camps' for ethnic cleansing of Sudan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 30 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/1463215/Arab-militia-use-rape-camps-for-ethnic-cleansing-of-Sudan.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Arab+militia+use+%27rape+camps%27+for+ethnic+cleansing+of+Sudan&rft.date=2004-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fsudan%2F1463215%2FArab-militia-use-rape-camps-for-ethnic-cleansing-of-Sudan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0714/p09s02-coop.html">Racism at root of Sudan's Darfur crisis</a>. Csmonitor.com. 14 July 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081110112313/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25138454.htm">"Niger's Arabs say expulsions will fuel race hate"</a>. Reuters Alertnet.org. 25 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25138454.htm">the original</a> on 10 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger%27s+Arabs+say+expulsions+will+fuel+race+hate&rft.pub=Reuters+Alertnet.org&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FL25138454.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514103149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6087048.stm">"Africa | Niger starts mass Arab expulsions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 26 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6087048.stm">the original</a> on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Africa+%26%23124%3B+Niger+starts+mass+Arab+expulsions&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6087048.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2007" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (11 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121228065000/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=469638881e">"Refworld – The Leader in Refugee Decision Support"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=469638881e">the original</a> on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+The+Leader+in+Refugee+Decision+Support&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frefworld%2Frwmain%3Fdocid%3D469638881e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613063451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm">"Analysis | Indonesia: Why ethnic Chinese are afraid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 12 February 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm">the original</a> on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Analysis+%26%23124%3B+Indonesia%3A+Why+ethnic+Chinese+are+afraid&rft.date=1998-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fanalysis%2F51981.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213015723/http://en.afrik.com/article16008.html">"Algeria: Xenophobia against Chinese on the rise in Africa"</a>. Afrik.com. 5 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.afrik.com/article16008.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afrik.com&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Xenophobia+against+Chinese+on+the+rise+in+Africa&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.afrik.com%2Farticle16008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407083117/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530464/Rioters-attack-Chinese-after-Zambian-poll.html">"Rioters attack Chinese after Zambian poll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 3 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530464/Rioters-attack-Chinese-after-Zambian-poll.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rioters+attack+Chinese+after+Zambian+poll&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1530464%2FRioters-attack-Chinese-after-Zambian-poll.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76405">"Lesotho: Anti-Chinese resentment flares"</a>. IRIN Africa. 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesotho%3A+Anti-Chinese+resentment+flares&rft.pub=IRIN+Africa&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport.aspx%3FReportId%3D76405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpiller2006" class="citation news cs1">Spiller, Penny (21 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004082605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4930994.stm">"Riots highlight Chinese tensions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4930994.stm">the original</a> on 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Riots+highlight+Chinese+tensions&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.aulast=Spiller&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4930994.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_229612-219"><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_229612_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503140000/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/ieditorial-iracist-moves-will-rebound-on-tonga/AS6OGNON2TCF5EP52HAXZNKJNQ/?c_id=1&objectid=229612">"Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. 23 November 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=229612">the original</a> on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Racist+moves+will+rebound+on+Tonga&rft.date=2001-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D229612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709164436/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/looters-shot-dead-amid-chaos-of-papua-new-guineas-anti-chinese-riots/story-e6frg6no-1225715006615">"Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea's anti-Chinese riots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. 23 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25524906-2703,00.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Looters+shot+dead+amid+chaos+of+Papua+New+Guinea%27s+anti-Chinese+riots&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C25524906-2703%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909054302/http://www.economist.com/node/14207132">"Overseas and under siege"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 11 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/14207132">the original</a> on 9 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Overseas+and+under+siege&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F14207132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMercer2000" class="citation news cs1">Mercer, Phil (12 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403215810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/830926.stm">"Future bleak for Fiji's Indians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/830926.stm">the original</a> on 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Future+bleak+for+Fiji%27s+Indians&rft.date=2000-07-12&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F830926.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421212510/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C25339291-28737%2C00.html">"Dealing with the dictator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. 16 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C25339291-28737%2C00.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Dealing+with+the+dictator&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%252C25197%252C25339291-28737%252C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=110">Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration</a>. Brij V. Lal. The Australian National University. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403134138/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2005/09/050920_guyana_race.shtml">"Guyana turns attention to racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2005/09/050920_guyana_race.shtml">the original</a> on 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Guyana+turns+attention+to+racism&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2005%2F09%2F050920_guyana_race.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html">"Racism alive and well in Malaysia"</a>. Asia Times. 24 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Racism+alive+and+well+in+Malaysia&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSoutheast_Asia%2FHC24Ae01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm">"Trouble in paradise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 1 May 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trouble+in+paradise&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fcrossing_continents%2F1959567.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1987383.stm">"Ethnic strife rocks Madagascar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 May 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethnic+strife+rocks+Madagascar&rft.date=2002-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1987383.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/race-war-rocks-grabouw-1.1260536">"Race war rocks Grabouw"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Times" title="Cape Times">Cape Times</a>. 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cape+Times&rft.atitle=Race+war+rocks+Grabouw&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fcapetimes%2Frace-war-rocks-grabouw-1.1260536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2013/04/27/a-never-ending-policy">"A Never Ending Policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+Never+Ending+Policy&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2013%2F04%2F27%2Fa-never-ending-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302051938/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/19428-nik-aziz-says-bumiputera-term-is-racist">"Nik Aziz says 'bumiputera' term is racist"</a>. 2 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/19428-nik-aziz-says-bumiputera-term-is-racist">the original</a> on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nik+Aziz+says+%27bumiputera%27+term+is+racist&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themalaysianinsider.com%2Findex.php%2Fmalaysia%2F19428-nik-aziz-says-bumiputera-term-is-racist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/09/rohingya-refugees-share-stories-sexual-violence-170929095909926.html">"Rohingya refugees share stories of sexual violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 29 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Rohingya+refugees+share+stories+of+sexual+violence&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F09%2Frohingya-refugees-share-stories-sexual-violence-170929095909926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSugrue2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sugrue" title="Thomas Sugrue">Sugrue, Thomas J.</a> (2008). Sweet Land of Liberty: the Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 533–543.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+Land+of+Liberty%3A+the+Forgotten+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights+in+the+North&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sugrue&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasseyDenton1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._Massey" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas S. Massey">Massey, Douglas S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nancy_A._Denton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy A. Denton">Denton, Nancy A.</a> (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Apartheid%3A+Segregation+and+the+Making+of+the+Underclass&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S.&rft.au=Denton%2C+Nancy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203326/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/">"Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 11 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/">the original</a> on 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Negative+opinions+about+Roma%2C+Muslims+in+several+European+nations&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2016%2F07%2F11%2Feuropeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs%2Flede-chart-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVesey-Byrne2022" class="citation web cs1">Vesey-Byrne, Joe (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210921/https://www.indy100.com/article/racism-europe-mapped-harvard-university-implicit-association-test-7717886">"A map of the most racist countries in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indy100" class="mw-redirect" title="Indy100">indy100</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indy100.com/lifestyle/map-racist-countries-europe">the original</a> on 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indy100&rft.atitle=A+map+of+the+most+racist+countries+in+Europe&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.aulast=Vesey-Byrne&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indy100.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmap-racist-countries-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526214051/https://theconversation.com/this-map-shows-what-white-europeans-associate-with-race-and-it-makes-for-uncomfortable-reading-76661">"This map shows what white Europeans associate with race – and it makes for uncomfortable reading"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. 2 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/this-map-shows-what-white-europeans-associate-with-race-and-it-makes-for-uncomfortable-reading-76661">the original</a> on 26 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=This+map+shows+what+white+Europeans+associate+with+race+%E2%80%93+and+it+makes+for+uncomfortable+reading&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthis-map-shows-what-white-europeans-associate-with-race-and-it-makes-for-uncomfortable-reading-76661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/black-british-voices-report">"Black British Voices: the findings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Black+British+Voices%3A+the+findings&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fstories%2Fblack-british-voices-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dom-239"><a href="#cite_ref-dom_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1871" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014528/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=245">"The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex"</a>. John Murray. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=245">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+descent+of+man%2C+and+selection+in+relation+to+sex&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF937.1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Desmond" title="Adrian Desmond">Desmond, Adrian</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(biographer)" title="James Moore (biographer)">Moore, James Richard</a> (1991). Darwin. Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. pp. 28, 147, 580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-3430-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185764721">185764721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin&rft.pages=28%2C+147%2C+580&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph%2C+Penguin+Group&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185764721&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ornl-241"><a href="#cite_ref-ornl_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/minorities.shtml">"Minorities, Race, and Genomics"</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minorities%2C+Race%2C+and+Genomics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2Fsci%2Ftechresources%2FHuman_Genome%2Felsi%2Fminorities.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question</a>, 1950 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Matsuo Takeshi (<a href="/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture" title="Shimane Prefecture">University of Shimane</a>, Japan). L'Anthropologie de Georges Vacher de Lapouge: Race, classe et eugénisme (Georges Vacher de Lapouge anthropology) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Society_for_French_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Society for French Literature (page does not exist)">Studies in French Language and Literature</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="jp:日本フランス語フランス文学会">jp</a>] 2001, n°79, pp. 47–57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0425-4929">0425-4929</a>; <a href="/wiki/INIST" class="mw-redirect" title="INIST">INIST</a>-<a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a>, Cote INIST : 25320, 35400010021625.0050 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13473405">Abstract resume on the INIST-CNRS</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">Tucker, William H.</a> (2007). The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07463-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07463-9"><bdi>978-0-252-07463-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+funding+of+scientific+racism%3A+Wickliffe+Draper+and+the+Pioneer+Fund&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07463-9&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonassohn2000" class="citation web cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202161436/https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/979954/">"On A Neglected Aspect Of Western Racism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/979954/">the original</a> on 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+A+Neglected+Aspect+Of+Western+Racism&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.library.concordia.ca%2F979954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardLemaireBancel2000" class="citation news cs1">Blanchard, Pascal; Lemaire, Sandrine & Bancel, Nicolas (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519143603/https://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo">"Human zoos – Racist theme parks for Europe's colonialists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo">the original</a> on 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Human+zoos+%E2%80%93+Racist+theme+parks+for+Europe%27s+colonialists&rft.date=2000-08&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Lemaire%2C+Sandrine&rft.au=Bancel%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2000%2F08%2F07humanzoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html">"Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale"</a> [These human zoos of the Colonial Republic]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a> (in French). August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Ces+zoos+humains+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+coloniale&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2000%2F08%2FBANCEL%2F14145.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplo-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBancelBlanchardLemaire2000" class="citation news cs1">Bancel, Nicolas; Blanchard, Pascal; Lemaire, Sandrine (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo">"Human Zoos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Human+Zoos&rft.date=2000-08&rft.aulast=Bancel&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Blanchard%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Lemaire%2C+Sandrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2000%2F08%2F07humanzoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html">French – free</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothfels" class="citation book cs1">Rothfels, Nigel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629100243/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_16_131/ai_n13463375">Savages and Beasts – The Birth of the Modern Zoo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_16_131/ai_n13463375">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savages+and+Beasts+%E2%80%93+The+Birth+of+the+Modern+Zoo&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.aulast=Rothfels&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1252%2Fis_16_131%2Fai_n13463375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171736/http://www2.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter6/interviews/filetodownload,18533,en.pdf">"The Colonial Exhibition of May 1931"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter6/interviews/filetodownload,18533,en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Exhibition+of+May+1931&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.port.ac.uk%2Fspecial%2Ffrance1815to2003%2Fchapter6%2Finterviews%2Ffiletodownload%2C18533%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> (96.6 KB) by Michael G. Vann, History Dept., <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KurzbanToobyCosmides2001ErasingRace-250"><a href="#cite_ref-KurzbanToobyCosmides2001ErasingRace_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_KurzbanJohn_ToobyLeda_Cosmides2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a> (18 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC65039">"Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. 98 (26): 15387–15392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9815387K">2001PNAS...9815387K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.251541498">10.1073/pnas.251541498</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC65039">65039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11742078">11742078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Can+race+be+erased%3F+Coalitional+computation+and+social+categorization&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15387-%3C%2Fspan%3E15392&rft.date=2001-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC65039%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...9815387K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11742078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.251541498&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.au=Robert+Kurzban&rft.au=John+Tooby&rft.au=Leda+Cosmides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC65039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988">. The authors provide a summary and other comments at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627070117/https://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/erasingrace.htm">"(untitled)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/erasingrace.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28untitled%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ucsb.edu%2Fresearch%2Fcep%2Ferasingrace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Issue 2595, 17 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawkins2006-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins2006_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJeHTt8hW7UC&pg=PA99">The selfish gene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929115-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929115-1"><bdi>978-0-19-929115-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+selfish+gene&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929115-1&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJeHTt8hW7UC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammondAxelrod2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, R. A.; Axelrod, R. (2006). "The Evolution of Ethnocentrism". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Conflict_Resolution" title="Journal of Conflict Resolution">Journal of Conflict Resolution</a>. 50 (6): 926–936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002706293470">10.1177/0022002706293470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9613947">9613947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Ethnocentrism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E926-%3C%2Fspan%3E936&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002706293470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9613947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Axelrod%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTelzerHumphreysMorTottenham2013" class="citation journal cs1">Telzer, Eva; Humphreys, Kathryn; Mor, Shapiro; <a href="/wiki/Nim_Tottenham" title="Nim Tottenham">Tottenham, Nim</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628780">"Amygdala Sensitivity to Race Is Not Present in Childhood but Emerges over Adolescence"</a>. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 25 (2): 234–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjocn_a_00311">10.1162/jocn_a_00311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628780">3628780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23066731">23066731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cognitive+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Amygdala+Sensitivity+to+Race+Is+Not+Present+in+Childhood+but+Emerges+over+Adolescence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3628780%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23066731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjocn_a_00311&rft.aulast=Telzer&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Mor%2C+Shapiro&rft.au=Tottenham%2C+Nim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3628780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChekroudEverettBridgeHewstone2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chekroud, Adam M.; Everett, Jim A.C.; Bridge, Holly; <a href="/wiki/Miles_Hewstone" title="Miles Hewstone">Hewstone, Miles</a> (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973920">"A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: does amygdala response reflect threat?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Human_Neuroscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers in Human Neuroscience">Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</a>. 8: 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00179">10.3389/fnhum.2014.00179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-5161">1662-5161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973920">3973920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24734016">24734016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Human+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+review+of+neuroimaging+studies+of+race-related+prejudice%3A+does+amygdala+response+reflect+threat%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3973920%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-5161&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24734016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnhum.2014.00179&rft.aulast=Chekroud&rft.aufirst=Adam+M.&rft.au=Everett%2C+Jim+A.C.&rft.au=Bridge%2C+Holly&rft.au=Hewstone%2C+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3973920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodsonBusseri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hodson, G.; Busseri, M.A. (5 January 2012). "Bright Minds and Dark Attitudes: Lower Cognitive Ability Predicts Greater Prejudice Through Right-Wing Ideology and Low Intergroup Contact". <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Science" title="Psychological Science">Psychological Science</a>. 23 (2): 187–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797611421206">10.1177/0956797611421206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22222219">22222219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206585907">206585907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Bright+Minds+and+Dark+Attitudes%3A+Lower+Cognitive+Ability+Predicts+Greater+Prejudice+Through+Right-Wing+Ideology+and+Low+Intergroup+Contact&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206585907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22222219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797611421206&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Busseri%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonovits-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simonovits_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simonovits_257-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimonovitsKézdiKardos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Simonovits, Gábor; Kézdi, Gábor; Kardos, Péter (2017). "Seeing the World Through the Other's Eye: An Online Intervention Reducing Ethnic Prejudice". American Political Science Review. 112: 186–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055417000478">10.1017/S0003055417000478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148909505">148909505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Seeing+the+World+Through+the+Other%27s+Eye%3A+An+Online+Intervention+Reducing+Ethnic+Prejudice&rft.volume=112&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148909505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055417000478&rft.aulast=Simonovits&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=K%C3%A9zdi%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Kardos%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussel2002" class="citation book cs1">Russel, Edward (2002). The Knights of Bushido. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+Bushido&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Russel&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBix2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Bix, Herbert</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_making_of_modern_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirohito and the making of modern Japan">Hirohito and the making of modern Japan</a>. pp. 313–314, 326, 359–360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+making+of+modern+Japan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E314%2C+326%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolferen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Wolferen" title="Karel van Wolferen">Wolferen, Karel van</a> (1989). The Enigma of Japanese Power. pp. 263–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Japanese+Power&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Wolferen&rft.aufirst=Karel+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulino2006" class="citation journal cs1">Paulino, Edward (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss3/5">"Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, and the Potential for Genocidal Violence in the Dominican Republic"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Studies_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Studies International (page does not exist)">Genocide Studies International</a>. 1 (3): 265–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F7864-3362-3R24-6231">10.3138/7864-3362-3R24-6231</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1855">2291-1855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Anti-Haitianism%2C+Historical+Memory%2C+and+the+Potential+for+Genocidal+Violence+in+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=2291-1847&rft.eissn=2291-1855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F7864-3362-3R24-6231&rft.aulast=Paulino&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol1%2Fiss3%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHøgsbjerg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Høgsbjerg, Christian (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525203955/https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/">"Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain"</a>. International Socialism (160). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/">the original</a> on 25 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=Trotskyology%3A+A+review+of+John+Kelly%2C+Contemporary+Trotskyism%3A+Parties%2C+Sects+and+Social+Movements+in+Britain&rft.issue=160&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8gsbjerg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisj.org.uk%2Ftrotskyology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Platt, Edward (20 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630024250/https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2014/05/comrades-war-decline-and-fall-socialist-workers-party">"Comrades at war: the decline and fall of the Socialist Workers Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2014/05/comrades-war-decline-and-fall-socialist-workers-party">the original</a> on 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Comrades+at+war%3A+the+decline+and+fall+of+the+Socialist+Workers+Party&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Funcategorized%2F2014%2F05%2Fcomrades-war-decline-and-fall-socialist-workers-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsell2013" class="citation book cs1">Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_y3Q6fzgQAC&q=%22reverse%20racism%22">"Affirmative Action; Color-Consciousness"</a>. Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 4, 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-415-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action%3B+Color-Consciousness&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.pages=4%2C+46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33794-6&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_y3Q6fzgQAC%26q%3D%2522reverse%2520racism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWida2020" class="citation news cs1">Wida, Erica Chayes (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308234353/https://www.today.com/tmrw/what-reverse-racism-experts-weigh-term-t184580">"What does 'reverse racism' mean and is it actually real? Experts weigh in"</a>. Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/tmrw/what-reverse-racism-experts-weigh-term-t184580">the original</a> on 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=What+does+%27reverse+racism%27+mean+and+is+it+actually+real%3F+Experts+weigh+in&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.aulast=Wida&rft.aufirst=Erica+Chayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Ftmrw%2Fwhat-reverse-racism-experts-weigh-term-t184580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewkirk_II2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vann_R._Newkirk_II" title="Vann R. Newkirk II">Newkirk II, Vann R.</a> (5 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050613/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/">"The Myth of Reverse Racism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/">the original</a> on 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Reverse+Racism&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.aulast=Newkirk+II&rft.aufirst=Vann+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2017%2F08%2Fmyth-of-reverse-racism%2F535689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassie" class="citation news cs1">Massie, Victoria M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305015907/https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action">"Americans are split on "reverse racism." That still doesn't mean it exists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. p. 29 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action">the original</a> on 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Americans+are+split+on+%22reverse+racism.%22+That+still+doesn%27t+mean+it+exists.&rft.pages=29+June+2016&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Victoria+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F6%2F29%2F12045772%2Freverse-racism-affirmative-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTorbett2015" class="citation news cs1">Torbett, Emily (21 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407091425/https://www.thedaonline.com/opinion/article_25e8b7cc-47bc-11e5-bb94-7f79b1590106.html">"Reverse racism: Can't exist by definition, insulting to minority groups"</a>. The Daily Athenaeum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedaonline.com/opinion/article_25e8b7cc-47bc-11e5-bb94-7f79b1590106.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Reverse+racism%3A+Can%27t+exist+by+definition%2C+insulting+to+minority+groups&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft.aulast=Torbett&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedaonline.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle_25e8b7cc-47bc-11e5-bb94-7f79b1590106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsell2013" class="citation book cs1">Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_y3Q6fzgQAC&q=%22reverse%20racism%22">"Reverse Racism"</a>. Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 135–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-415-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reverse+Racism&rft.btitle=Race+and+Ethnicity%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33794-6&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Amy+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_y3Q6fzgQAC%26q%3D%2522reverse%2520racism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j013-268"><a href="#cite_ref-j013_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinow1985" class="citation journal cs1">Minow, Martha (1985). "Learning to Live with the Dilemma of Difference: Bilingual and Special Education". Law and Contemporary Problems. 48 (2). Duke University School of Law: 157–211. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-9186">0023-9186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191571">1191571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=Learning+to+Live+with+the+Dilemma+of+Difference%3A+Bilingual+and+Special+Education&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1191571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=00239186&rft.aulast=Minow&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c358-269"><a href="#cite_ref-c358_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArneson2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arneson, Richard (8 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/equal-opportunity/#AffAct">"Equality of Opportunity §2.4 Affirmative Action"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Equality+of+Opportunity+%C2%A72.4+Affirmative+Action&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2002-10-08&rft.aulast=Arneson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2023%2Fentries%2Fequal-opportunity%2F%23AffAct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Racism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Racism">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_W._Allen" title="Theodore W. Allen">Allen, Theodore</a>. (1994). The Invention of the White Race: Volume 1 London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_W._Allen" title="Theodore W. Allen">Allen, Theodore</a>. (1997). The Invention of the White Race: Volume 2 London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>.</li> <li>Barkan, Elazar (1992), The Retreat of Scientific Racism : Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars, Cambridge University Press, New York.</li> <li>Barth, Boris: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054305/http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:">nbn:de:0159-2010092173 Racism </a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011, retrieved: 16 November 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolick2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Bolick" title="Clint Bolick">Bolick, Clint</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n253.xml">"Racism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 411–412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Bolick&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn253.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQglDwAAQBAJ">Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC">The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0"><bdi>978-1-139-42888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42888-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dain, Bruce (2002), A Hideous Monster of the Mind : American Race Theory in the Early Republic, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Cambridge. (18th century US racial theory)</li> <li>Daniels, Jessie (1997), White Lies: Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, New York.</li> <li>Daniels, Jessie (2009), Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, Lanham, MD.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Ancestral+Proof%3A+Genealogy%2C+Racial+Science%2C+and+the+Final+Solution&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwenEwen2006" class="citation book cs1">Ewen; Ewen (2006). Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality. New York: Seven Stories Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typecasting%3A+On+the+Arts+and+Sciences+of+Human+Inequality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ewen&rft.au=Ewen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeagin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Feagin, Joe R.</a> (2006). Systemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systemic+Racism%3A+A+Theory+of+Oppression&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Feagin&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeagin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Feagin, Joe R.</a> (2009). Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racist+America%3A+Roots%2C+Current+Realities%2C+and+Future+Reparations&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Feagin&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEliav-FeldonIsaacZiegler2009" class="citation book cs1">Eliav-Feldon, Miriam; <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Isaac, Benjamin</a>; Ziegler, Joseph (2009). The Origins of Racism in the West. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Racism+in+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Eliav-Feldon&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=Isaac%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richgibson.com/againstracism.htm">Gibson, Rich (2005) Against Racism and Irrationalism</a></li> <li>Graves, Joseph. (2004) The Race Myth NY: Dutton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIgnatiev1995" class="citation book cs1">Ignatiev, Noel (1995). How the Irish Became White. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Irish+Became+White&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ignatiev&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Isaac, Benjamin</a> (1995). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Racism+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLentin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lentin, Alana (2008). Racism: A Beginner's Guide. Oxford: One World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=One+World&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Alana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLévi-Strauss1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss, Claude</a> (1952). Race and History. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+History&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi-Strauss&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMemmi2000" class="citation book cs1">Memmi, Albert (2000). Racism. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3165-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3165-0"><bdi>978-0-8166-3165-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3165-0&rft.aulast=Memmi&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoody-Adams2005" class="citation cs2">Moody-Adams, Michele (2005), "Racism", in Frey, R. G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoappli0000unse/page/89">A companion to applied ethics</a>, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford; Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoappli0000unse/page/89">89–101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470996621.ch7">10.1002/9780470996621.ch7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3345-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3345-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-3345-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racism&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+applied+ethics&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Malden%2C+MA&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=89-101&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470996621.ch7&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3345-6&rft.aulast=Moody-Adams&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoappli0000unse%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRocchio2000" class="citation book cs1">Rocchio, Vincent F. (2000). Reel Racism: Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reel+Racism%3A+Confronting+Hollywood%27s+Construction+of+Afro-American+Culture&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rocchio&rft.aufirst=Vincent+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmedleySmedley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smedley, Audrey; Smedley, Brian D. (2005). "Race as Biology if Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem is Real". <a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a>. 60 (1): 16–26. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.7956">10.1.1.694.7956</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.60.1.16">10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641918">15641918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Race+as+Biology+if+Fiction%2C+Racism+as+a+Social+Problem+is+Real&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.7956%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15641918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.60.1.16&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft.au=Smedley%2C+Brian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smedley, Audrey. 2007. Race in North America: Origins and Evolution of a World View. Boulder, CO: Westview.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stoler, Ann Laura (1997). "Racial Histories and Their Regimes of Truth". Political Power and Social Theory. 11: 183–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Power+and+Social+Theory&rft.atitle=Racial+Histories+and+Their+Regimes+of+Truth&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stoler&rft.aufirst=Ann+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of race and racism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Taguieff, Pierre-André</a> (1987), La Force du préjugé : Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles, Tel Gallimard, La Découverte.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Poliakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Poliakov">Poliakov, Leon</a>. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalistic Ideas In Europe (Barnes & Noble Books (1996)) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0034-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-0034-6">0-7607-0034-6</a>.</li> <li>Trepagnier, Barbara. 2006. Silent Racism: How Well-Meaning White People Perpetuate the Racial Divide. Paradigm Publishers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Winddance_Twine" title="France Winddance Twine">Twine, France Winddance</a> (1997), Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question</a>, 1950</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3389823,00.html">Tali Farkash, "Racists among us" in Y-Net (Yediot Aharonot), "Jewish Scene" section, April 20, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Winant" title="Howard Winant">Winant, Howard</a> The New Politics of Race (2004)</li> <li>Winant, Howard and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Omi" title="Michael Omi">Omi, Michael</a> Racial Formation in the United States Routeledge (1986); Second Edition (1994).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBettina_Wohlgemuth2007" class="citation book cs1">Bettina Wohlgemuth (2007). Racism in the 21st century: how everybody can make a difference. AV Akademikerverlag GmbH & Company KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-1033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-1033-5"><bdi>978-3-8364-1033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism+in+the+21st+century%3A+how+everybody+can+make+a+difference&rft.pub=AV+Akademikerverlag+GmbH+%26+Company+KG&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8364-1033-5&rft.au=Bettina+Wohlgemuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wright W.D. (1998) "Racism Matters", Westport, CT: Praeger.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Racism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Racism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Racism">Racism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/racism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/racism">racism</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://havanatimes.org/features/being-a-black-male-in-cuba/">Being a Black Male in Cuba</a> – By Lucia Lopez, Havana Times 5 May 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.corwin.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/4021_Jandt_Reader_Reading_11_Final_Proof.pdf">Race, history and culture – Ethics – March 1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616053243/https://us.corwin.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/4021_Jandt_Reader_Reading_11_Final_Proof.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Extract of two articles by <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731235312/http://racism.org/">Race, Racism and the Law</a> – Information about race, racism and racial distinctions in the law.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racismreview.com/blog">RacismReview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119071329/http://www.racismreview.com/blog/">Archived</a> 19 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Created and maintained by American sociologists <a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a>, PhD and Jessie Daniels, PhD, provides a research-based analysis of racism.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/2/e20191765">The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">Hypodescent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">Hyperdescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_capitalism" title="Racial capitalism">Racial capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Segregation_by_type" title="Template talk:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Committee" title="Tal Committee">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Saudi_Arabia" title="Religious segregation">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Bahrain" title="Religious segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Myanmar" title="Religious segregation">Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Ethnic and racial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Bahrain" title="Racial segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgaria and Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_population_exchange" title="Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange">Czechoslovakia and Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Fiji" title="Racial segregation">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_situation_in_the_French_suburbs" title="Social situation in the French suburbs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Rhodesia" title="Racial segregation">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudization" title="Saudization">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiratisation" title="Emiratisation">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Afghanistan" title="Sex segregation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_public_restrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation in public restrooms">Sex segregation in public restrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid" title="Social apartheid">Social apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caste" title="Category:Caste">caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_segregation" title="Category:Sex segregation">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racial_segregation" title="Category:Racial segregation">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations">more ...</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led international bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Africa270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Africa270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Racism in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_the_Americas359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_the_Americas359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Racism in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Cuba" title="Racism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Racism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Peru" title="Racism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Racism in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Venezuela" title="Racism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Racism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Asia410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Asia410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Racism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Philippines" title="Racism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Europe121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Europe121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Racism in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Finland" title="Racism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iceland" title="Racism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Latvia" title="Racism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Lithuania" title="Racism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Norway" title="Racism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sweden" title="Racism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism_in_Oceania107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Oceania107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Racism in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Fiji" title="Racism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076527-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110266">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940470z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940470z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574821">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125031&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576282">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555805405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643796">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism&oldid=1281582438">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism&oldid=1281582438</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination_by_type" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination by type">Prejudice and discrimination by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_and_race" title="Category:Politics and race">Politics and race</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2022">Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2025, at 06:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Racism</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 147 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-7mfmt","wgBackendResponseTime":451,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.992","walltime":"3.680","ppvisitednodes":{"value":44287,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":913389,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":140581,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":78,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1046273,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2992.269 1 -total"," 47.62% 1424.860 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.40% 460.713 100 Template:Cite_book"," 11.53% 344.950 1 Template:Navboxes"," 10.84% 324.396 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.83% 324.091 1 Template:Discrimination_sidebar"," 9.78% 292.592 9 Template:Navbox"," 8.01% 239.747 9 Template:Excerpt"," 6.85% 204.932 41 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.82% 204.204 4 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.739","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23280738,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Chami\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcuña2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsell2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArneson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAronsonWilsonAkert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvrum_Ehrlich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallantineRoberts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBamshadOlson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBancelBlanchardLemaire2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartulin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelenkoSpohn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethencourt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBettina_Wohlgemuth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBix2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchardLemaireBancel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaut1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxhamGerwarth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonilla-Silva2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonilla-Silva2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriefDietzCohenPugh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCashmore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCazenaveMaddern1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharny1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChekroudEverettBridgeHewstone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConley1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConroy2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwin1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmondMoore1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDovidioGaertner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDovidioGaertner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_Bois1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_Bois1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrenreich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Hamel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliav-FeldonIsaacZiegler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwenEwen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFRA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeagin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeagin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeagin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredrickson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredrickson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredrickson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujitaniWhiteYoneyama2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFussell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalton1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawronskiPayne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhani2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinés_de_Sepúlveda,_Juan_(trans._Marcelino_Menendez_y_Pelayo_and_Manuel_Garcia-Pelayo)1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoede2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwaldBanaji1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumkowskiLeszczynski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumkowskiLeszczynski1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondAxelrod2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannoum2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernandez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodsonBusseri2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolgersen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHøgsbjerg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnatiev1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonassohn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarenga2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeitaKittles1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenrick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKundnani2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacey1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1992\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévi-Strauss1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseyDenton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseyDenton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastný1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConahay1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConahay1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemmi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetraux1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinow1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoody-Adams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMountz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewkirk_II2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrinos,_Ari2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulino2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauwels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettigrew1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlekhanov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuzzo1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRace\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahemtulla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReillyKaufmanBodino2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReillyKaufmanBodino2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_KurzbanJohn_ToobyLeda_Cosmides2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocchio2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothfels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaucierMillerDoucet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellersShelton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicroff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonovitsKézdiKardos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmedley,_AudreyBrian_D._Smedley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmedleySmedley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugrue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelzerHumphreysMorTottenham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerles2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorbett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurda2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Dijk1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesey-Byrne2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVines2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestermann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitman2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWida2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolferen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYudellRobertsDeSalleTishkoff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYékú2020\"] = 1,\n [\"In_history\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Africa topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Americas topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 100,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Europe topic\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Indigenous rights footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Oceania topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 4,\n [\"Race\"] = 1,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Segregation by type\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Void\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","26.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","10.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.1"],["(for generator)","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","3.0"],["[others]","580","29.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-856b4fbb5-8ls2b","timestamp":"20250321064311","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Racism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Racism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8461","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8461","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-28T16:48:11Z","dateModified":"2025-03-21T06:43:07Z","headline":"race or ethnic-based discrimination"}</script> </body> </html>