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id="toc-Hinduization_policy_of_the_Gorkhali_monarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideals_of_the_Bharadari_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideals_of_the_Bharadari_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Ideals of the Bharadari government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideals_of_the_Bharadari_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_civil_code_and_legal_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_civil_code_and_legal_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Hindu civil code and legal regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_civil_code_and_legal_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brahmo_Samaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmo_Samaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Brahmo Samaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmo_Samaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arya_Samaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arya_Samaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arya Samaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arya_Samaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swami_Vivekananda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swami_Vivekananda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Swami Vivekananda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swami_Vivekananda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Aurobindo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Aurobindo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sri Aurobindo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Aurobindo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Independence movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Revolutionary movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anushilan_Samiti_and_Jugantar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anushilan_Samiti_and_Jugantar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anushilan_Samiti_and_Jugantar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>India House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_National_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_National_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indian National Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_National_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lal-Bal-Pal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lal-Bal-Pal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Lal-Bal-Pal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lal-Bal-Pal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gandhi_and_Rāmarājya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gandhi_and_Rāmarājya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Gandhi and Rāmarājya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gandhi_and_Rāmarājya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madan_Mohan_Malviya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madan_Mohan_Malviya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Madan Mohan Malviya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madan_Mohan_Malviya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayodhya_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayodhya_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ayodhya dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayodhya_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_and_gender_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_and_gender_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sexual and gender minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_and_gender_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sarkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sarkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savarkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savarkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Savarkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savarkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mukherjee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mukherjee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Mukherjee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mukherjee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golwalkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golwalkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Golwalkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golwalkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deendayal_Upadhyaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deendayal_Upadhyaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Deendayal Upadhyaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deendayal_Upadhyaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Contemporary descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_Rashtra_movements_in_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_Rashtra_movements_in_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_Rashtra_movements_in_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu nationalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قومية هندوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قومية هندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="हिंदू राष्ट्रवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduistischer_Nationalismus" title="Hinduistischer Nationalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hinduistischer Nationalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_hind%C3%BA" title="Nacionalismo hindú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalismo hindú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindua_naciismo" title="Hindua naciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindua naciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme_hindou" title="Nationalisme hindou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme hindou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Hindu" title="Nasionalisme Hindu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme Hindu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo_ind%C3%B9" title="Nazionalismo indù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalismo indù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_revivalism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nationalism based on Hindu religion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about various Hindu nationalist mobilisations in the last two centuries. For present day Hindu nationalism, see <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Antiquity">Nationalism in Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_animals" title="List of national animals">Animal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hindu nationalism</b> has been collectively referred to as the expression of political thought, based on the native social and cultural traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. "Hindu nationalism" is a simplistic translation of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">Hindū Rāṣṭravāda</i></span>. It is better described as "Hindu polity".<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The native thought streams became highly relevant in Indian history when they helped form a distinctive identity about the Indian polity<sup id="cite_ref-chatterjee_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provided a basis for questioning colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These also inspired <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement</a> based on armed struggle,<sup id="cite_ref-li_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coercive politics,<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-violent protests.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also influenced social reform movements and economic thinking in India.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> (meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Hinduness</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a dominant form of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> politics in India. As a political ideology, the term Hindutva was articulated by <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindutva movement has been described as a variant of "right-wing extremism"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "almost <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some analysts dispute the "fascist" label, and suggest Hindutva is an extreme form of "<a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>" or "ethnic absolutism".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have also described Hindutva as a <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist ideology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varadarajan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varadarajan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindutva is championed by the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), the Hindu Nationalist volunteer organisation <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> (VHP), and other organisations in an ecosystem called the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_ideological_terminology_and_influences">Evolution of ideological terminology and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution of ideological terminology and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first half of the 20th century, factions of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> continued to be identified with "Hindu politics" and ideas of a Hindu nation.<sup id="cite_ref-wilfred_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilfred-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The word "Hindu", throughout history, had been used as an inclusive description that lacked a definition and was used to refer to the native traditions and people of India. It was only in the late 18th century that the word "Hindu" came to be used extensively with religious connotation, while still being used as a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> describing the indigenous traditions. Hindu nationalist ideologies and political languages were very diverse both linguistically and socially. Since Hinduism does not represent an identifiable religious group, terms such as 'Hindu nationalism', and 'Hindu', are considered problematic in the case of religious and nationalism discourse. As Hindus were identifiable as a homogeneous community, some individual Congress leaders were able to induce a symbolism with "Hindu" meaning inside the general stance of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilfred_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilfred-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diversity of Indian cultural groups and moderate positions of Hindu nationalism have sometimes made it regarded as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> rather than a religious one.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> and his conquests are said to have served basis for Hindu nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindutva creator <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> writes that Shivaji had 'electrified' minds of the Hindus all over India by defeating the forces of the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nepali_Hindu_nationalism_and_practices">Nepali Hindu nationalism and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nepali Hindu nationalism and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduization_policy_of_the_Gorkhali_monarch">Hinduization policy of the Gorkhali monarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hinduization policy of the Gorkhali monarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/250px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/330px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/500px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a> <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> (1723–1775), <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King of Nepal</a>, propagated the ideals of the Hindu text Dharmashastra as the ruling ideology.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maharajadhiraja <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> proclaimed the newly unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> as <i><b>Asal <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></b></i> ("Real Land of Hindus") because North India was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rulers</a>. The proclamation was made to enforce the Hindu social code <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>. He also referred to the rest of Northern India as <i>Mughlan</i> (Country of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhali</a> conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu valley</a>, King Prithvi Narayan Shah expelled Christian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patan, Nepal">Patan</a> and renamed Nepal as <i>Asali <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a></i> (the real land of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Harkadai_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkadai-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tagadhari" title="Tagadhari">Tagadharis</a> enjoyed a privileged status in the Nepalese capital and they were also given greater access to the authorities after these events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorgström198011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorgström198011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Hinduisation became the main policy of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkadai_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkadai-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prof. <a href="/wiki/Harka_Gurung" title="Harka Gurung">Harka Gurung</a> speculates that the presence of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rule</a> and Christian <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a> compelled the foundation of Hindu Nationalism in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>, to build a haven for Hindus there.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkadai_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkadai-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideals_of_the_Bharadari_government">Ideals of the Bharadari government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideals of the Bharadari government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policies of the old Bharadari governments of the Gorkha Kingdom were derived from ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King was considered an incarnation of Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judiciary functions were decided based on the principles of Hindu Dharma codes of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also to pardon the offenders and grant their return to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government in practicality was not an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> due to the dominance of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali_political_clans" title="List of Nepali political clans">Nepalese political clans</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pande_family" title="Pande family">Pande family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thapa_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Thapa family">Thapa family</a>, making the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah monarch</a> a puppet ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These basic Hindu templates provide the evidence that Nepal was administered as a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu_civil_code_and_legal_regulations">Hindu civil code and legal regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hindu civil code and legal regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/220px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/330px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/440px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Kunwar_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana">Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana</a> commissioned the first civil code <i>Muluki Ain</i> in 1854 AD based on traditional Hindu law and prioritized <a href="/wiki/Tagadhari" title="Tagadhari">Tagadhari</a> castes before Matwalis and Dalits.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nepali <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil code</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal#Muluki_Ain_(1854)" title="Caste system in Nepal">Muluki Ain</a></i>, was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a> after his European tour and enacted in 1854. It was rooted in traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Law">Hindu Law</a> and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law also comprised <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></i> (avoidance and removal of sin) and <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></i> (the customary law of different communities). It was an attempt to include the entire Hindu as well as the non-Hindu population of Nepal of that time into a single hierarchic civic code from the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas">Khas</a> rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nepalese <i>jati</i> arrangement in terms of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Varnashrama takes the Tagadhari to be the highest in the hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnolinguistic group of people of <a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> origin were tagged under the title <i>Matwali</i> ("Liquor Drinkers"), while those of <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> origin were termed <i>Tagadhari</i> ("Wearers of the Sacred Thread").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tagadhari castes could not be enslaved following any criminal punishment unless they had been expelled from the caste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198857–58_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198857–58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main broad caste categories in Nepal are <i>Tagadharis</i> (sacred thread bearers), <i>Matwalis</i> (liquor drinkers) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a></i> (or untouchables).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara2012275_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara2012275-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198855_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198855-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone19889_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone19889-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century">Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Hindu reform movements originated in the nineteenth century. These movements led to fresh interpretations of the ancient scriptures of Upanishads and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and also emphasised on social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marked feature of these movements was that they countered the notion of the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> during the colonial era. This led to the upsurge of patriotic ideas that formed the cultural and ideological basis for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement in Colonial India.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmo_Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brahmo Samaj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> was started by a Bengali scholar, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a> in 1828. Ram Mohan Roy endeavoured to create from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Upanishadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishadic">Upanishadic</a> texts, a vision of rationalist 'modern' India. Socially, he criticized the ongoing superstitions,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believed in a monotheistic Vedic religion. His major emphasis was social reform. He fought against <a href="/wiki/Discrimination#Caste" title="Discrimination">Caste discrimination</a> and advocated <a href="/wiki/Equal_rights_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal rights for women">equal rights for women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Brahmos found favourable responses from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> and Westernized Indians, they were largely isolated from the larger Hindu society due to their intellectual Vedantic and Unitarian views. However their efforts to systematise Hindu spirituality based on rational and logical interpretation of the ancient Indian texts would be carried forward by other movements in Bengal and across India.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arya_Samaj">Arya Samaj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arya Samaj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayananda Saraswati">Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, on a 1962 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> is considered one of the overarching Hindu renaissance movements of the late nineteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Swami Dayananda</a>, the founder of Arya Samaj, rejected idolatry, caste restriction and untouchability, child marriage and advocated equal status and opportunities for women. He opposed "Brahmanism" (which he believed had led to the corruption of the knowledge of Vedas) as much as he opposed Christianity and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Arya Samaj was often considered as a social movement, many revolutionaries and political leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Bismil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramprasad Bismil">Ramprasad Bismil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishnavarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyamji Krishnavarma">Shyamji Krishnavarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Paramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Paramanand">Bhai Paramanand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> were inspired by it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swami_Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Swami Vivekananda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/330px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/440px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> on the Platform of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another 19th-century Hindu reformer was <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>. Vivekananda as a student was educated in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Western thought">Western thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined Brahmo Samaj briefly before meeting <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, who was a priest in the temple of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> in Calcutta and who was to become his guru.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a>, Vivekananda re-interpreted <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, presenting it as the essence of Hindu spirituality, and the development of human's religiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project started with <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a> of Brahmo Samaj, who collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian Church</a>, and propagated a strict monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reinterpretation produced <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Vedanta</a>, in which Advaita Vedanta was combined with disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and the concept of social service<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to attain perfection from the ascetic traditions in what Vivekananda called the "practical Vedanta". The practical side essentially included participation in social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He made Hindu spirituality, intellectually available to the Westernized audience. His famous speech in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> at Chicago on 11 September 1893, followed a huge reception of his thought in the West and made him a well-known figure in the West and subsequently in India too.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence can still be recognised in popular Western <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a>. </p><p>A major element of Vivekananda's message was nationalism. He saw his effort very much in terms of a revitalisation of the Hindu nation, which carried Hindu spirituality and which could counter Western materialism. The notions of the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">culture of India</a>, were to be questioned based on Hindu spirituality. It also became a main inspiration for Hindu nationalism today.<sup id="cite_ref-Veer_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most revered leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), <a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Apte" title="Babasaheb Apte">Babasaheb Apte</a>'s lifelong pet sentence was "Vivekananda is like Gita for the RSS." Some historians have observed that this helped the nascent Independence movement with a distinct national identity and kept it from being the simple derivative function of European nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-chatterjee_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century"><span id="Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_.26_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century"></span>Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sri Aurobindo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_aurobindo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/200px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/300px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/400px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> was an Indian philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, poet, and nationalist.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> was a nationalist and one of the first to embrace the idea of complete political independence for India. He was inspired by the writings of Swami Vivekananda and the novels of <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-william_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-william-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He "based his claim for freedom for India on the inherent right to freedom, not on any charge of misgovernment or oppression". He believed that the primary requisite for national progress, national reform, is the free habit of free and healthy national thought and action and that it was impossible in a state of servitude.<sup id="cite_ref-peter_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></i>, a revolutionary group working towards the goal of Indian independence<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his brief political career spanning only four years, he led a delegation from Bengal to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> session of 1907<sup id="cite_ref-peter_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed to the revolutionary newspaper <a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a>. </p><p>In his famous <i>Uttarpara Speech</i>, he outlined the essence and the goal of India's nationalist movement thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I say no longer that nationalism is a creed, a religion, a faith; I say that it is the Sanatan Dharma which for us is nationalism. This Hindu nation was born with the Sanatan Dharma, with it, it moves and with it, it grows. When the Sanatan Dharma declines, then the nation declines, and if the Sanatan Dharma were capable of perishing, with the Sanatan Dharma it would perish. </p></blockquote> <p>In the same speech, he also gave a comprehensive perspective of Hinduism, which is at variance with the geocentric view developed by the later day Hindu nationalist ideologues such as Veer Savarkar and Deendayal Upadhyay: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But what is the Hindu religion? What is this religion which we call Sanatan, eternal? It is the Hindu religion only because the Hindu nation has kept it, after all, in this Peninsula it grew up in the seclusion of the sea and the Himalayas, because in this sacred and ancient land it was given as a charge to the Aryan race to preserve through the ages. But it is not circumscribed by the confines of a single country, it does not belong peculiarly and forever to a bounded part of the world. That which we call the Hindu religion is the eternal religion, because it is the universal religion which embraces all others. If a religion is not universal, it cannot be eternal. A narrow religion, a sectarian religion, an exclusive religion can live only for a limited time and a limited purpose. This is the one religion that can triumph over materialism by including and anticipating the discoveries of science and the speculations of philosophy.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1910, he withdrew from political life and spent his remaining life doing spiritual exercises and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-william_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-william-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But his works kept inspiring revolutionaries and struggles for independence, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are credited with having founded the basis for a vision of freedom and glory for India in the spirituality and heritage of Hinduism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This [Christian] proselytization will mean no peace in the world. Conversions are harmful to India. If I had the power and could legislate I should certainly stop all proselytizing ... It pains me to have to say that the Christian missionaries as a body, with honorable exceptions, have actively supported a system which has impoverished, enervated and demoralized a people considered to be among the gentlest and most civilized on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_1999_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_1999-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The influence of the Hindu renaissance movements was such that by the turn of the 20th century, there was a confluence of ideas of Hindu cultural nationalism with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both could be spoken synonymously even by tendencies that were seemingly opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu renaissance movements held considerable influence over the revolutionary movements against British rule and formed the philosophical basis for the struggles and political movements that originated in the first decade of the twentieth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_movements">Revolutionary movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revolutionary movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anushilan_Samiti_and_Jugantar">Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> was one of the prominent revolutionary movements in India in the early part of the twentieth century. It was started as a cultural society in 1902, by Aurobindo and the followers of Bankim Chandra to propagate the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. But soon the Samiti had its goal to overthrow British colonial rule in India<sup id="cite_ref-li_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various branches of the Samiti sprung across India in the guise of suburban fitness clubs but secretly imparted arms training to its members with the implicit aim of using them against the British colonial administration.<sup id="cite_ref-johari_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johari-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 April 1908 at <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>, two revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a> and Prafulla Chaki, threw bombs at a British convoy aimed at British officer Kingsford. Both were arrested trying to flee. Aurobindo was also arrested on 2 May 1908 and sent to <a href="/wiki/Alipore_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Jail">Alipore Jail</a>. The report sent from <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Henderson_Leith_Fraser" title="Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser">Andrew Fraser</a>, the then Lt Governor of Bengal to Lord Minto in England declared that although Sri Aurobindo came to Calcutta in 1906 as a Professor at the National College, "he has ever since been the principal advisor of the revolutionary party. It is of utmost importance to arrest his potential for mischief, for he is the prime mover and can easily set tools, one to replace another". But charges against Aurobindo were never proved and he was acquitted. Many members of the group faced charges and were transported and imprisoned for life. Others went into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-guha_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guha-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, when, Aurobindo withdrew from political life and decided to live a life of renounciate,<sup id="cite_ref-william_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-william-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> declined. One of the revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>, who managed to escape the trial started a group which would be called <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a>. Jugantar continued with its armed struggle against the colonial government, but the arrests of its key members and subsequent trials weakened its influence. Many of its members were imprisoned for life in the notorious Andaman Cellular jail.<sup id="cite_ref-guha_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guha-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India_House">India House</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A revolutionary movement was started by <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishnavarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyamji Krishnavarma">Shyamji Krishnavarma</a>, a Sanskritist and an Arya Samajist, in London, under the name of <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a> in 1905. The brain behind this movement was said to be <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V D Savarkar</a>. Krishnaverma also published a monthly "<i>Indian Sociologist</i>", where the idea of an armed struggle against the British colonial government was openly espoused.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement had become well known for its activities in the Indian expatriates in London. When Gandhi visited London in 1909, he shared a platform with the revolutionaries where both the parties politely agreed to disagree, on the question of adopting a violent struggle and whether <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> justified such violence. Gandhi, while admiring the "patriotism" of the young revolutionaries, had "dissented vociferously" from their "violent blueprints" for social change. In turn, the revolutionaries disliked his adherence to <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and his close contacts with moderate leaders of the Indian National Congress. Moreover, they considered his method of "passive resistance" effeminate and humiliating.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The India House was soon to face closure following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_Curzon_Wyllie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hutt Curzon Wyllie">William Hutt Curzon Wyllie</a> by the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a>, who was close to <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a>. <a href="/wiki/Savarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Savarkar">Savarkar</a> also faced charges and was transported. <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a> fled to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India House gave formative support to ideas that were later formulated by Savarkar in his book named '<a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>'. Hindutva was to gain relevance in the run-up to the Indian Independence and form the core ideology of the political party <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, of which Savarkar became president in 1937. It also formed the key ideology, under the euphemistic relabelling <i>Rashtriyatva</i> (nationalism), for the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> founded in 1925,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (the present-day ruling <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>) under another euphemistic relabelling <i>Bharatiyata</i> (Indianness).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350–352-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_National_Congress">Indian National Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indian National Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lal-Bal-Pal">Lal-Bal-Pal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lal-Bal-Pal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg/200px-Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg/300px-Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>A rare photograph of <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. The triumvirate was popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bal_Pal" title="Lal Bal Pal">Lal Bal Pal</a>, who changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Lal-Bal-Pal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal-Bal-Pal">Lal-Bal-Pal</a>" is the phrase that is used to refer to the three nationalist leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> who held sway over the Indian Nationalist movement and the independence struggle in the early parts of twentieth century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> belonged to the northern province of Punjab. He was influenced greatly by the Arya Samaj and was part of the Hindu reform movement.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1888 and became a prominent figure in the Indian Independence Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-collected_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collected-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started numerous educational institutions. The National College at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> started by him became the centre for revolutionary ideas and was the college where revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> studied.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While leading a procession against the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a>, he was fatally injured in the <a href="/wiki/Lathi_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathi charge">lathi charge</a>. His death led revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Chandrashekar_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekar Azad">Chandrashekar Azad</a> and Bhagat Singh to assassinate the British police officer <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. P. Saunders (page does not exist)">J. P. Saunders</a>, who they believed was responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.<sup id="cite_ref-collected_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collected-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> was a nationalist leader from the Central Indian province of Maharashtra. He has been widely acclaimed the "Father of Indian unrest" who used the press and Hindu occasions like <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> and symbols like the Cow to create unrest against the British administration in India.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilak joined the Indian National Congress in 1890. Under the influence of such leaders, the political discourse of the Congress moved from the polite accusation that colonial rule was "un-British" to the forthright claim of Tilak that "Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> of Bengal was another prominent figure of the Indian nationalist movement, who is considered a modern Hindu reformer, who stood for Hindu cultural nationalism and was opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1886 and was also one of the key members of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gandhi_and_Rāmarājya"><span id="Gandhi_and_R.C4.81mar.C4.81jya"></span>Gandhi and Rāmarājya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gandhi and Rāmarājya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_sel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marche_sel.jpg/250px-Marche_sel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marche_sel.jpg/500px-Marche_sel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> never called himself a Hindu nationalist, but preached Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and concept of "Rama Rajya".</figcaption></figure> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> never called himself a "Hindu nationalist"; he believed in and propagated concepts like <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and introduced the concept of the "Rāma Rājya" (Rule of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Lord Rāma</a>) as part of his social and political philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi said "By political independence I do not mean an imitation to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of commons</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">soviet rule of Russia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist rule of Italy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule of Germany</a>. They have systems suited to their genius. We must have ours suited to ours. What that can be is more than I can tell. I have described it as Ramarajya i.e., sovereignty of the people based on pure moral authority."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gandhi emphasised that "Rāma Rājya" to him meant peace and justice, adding that "the ancient ideal of Ramarajya is undoubtedly one of true democracy in which the meanest citizen could be sure of swift justice without an elaborate and costly procedure".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also emphasised that it meant respect for all religions: "My Hinduism teaches me to respect all religions. In this lies the secret of Ramarajya".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Gandhi had clarified that "by Ram Rajya I do not mean Hindu Raj. I mean by Ram Rajya, Divine Raj, the kingdom of God," his concept of "Rama Rajya" became a major concept in Hindu nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madan_Mohan_Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Madan Mohan Malviya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malviya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madan Mohan Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</a>, an educationist and a politician with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> was also a vociferous proponent of the philosophy of <i>Bhagavad Gita</i> (Bhagavad Gītā). He was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in the year 1909 and 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was seen as a 'moderate' in the Congress and was also considered very close to Gandhi. He popularized the Sanskrit phrase "<a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a>" (Truth alone triumphs), from the <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, which today is the national motto of the Republic of India.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the <a href="/wiki/Benaras_Hindu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Benaras Hindu University">Benaras Hindu University</a> in 1919 and became its first Vice-Chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Keshav Baliram Hedgewar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Hedgevar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/150px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/225px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/300px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a>, the founding <i><a href="/wiki/Sarsanghachalak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarsanghachalak">Sarsanghachalak</a></i> (or "Supreme Executive"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another leader of prime importance in the ascent of Hindu nationalism was <a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>. Hedgewar as a medical student in Calcutta had been part of the revolutionary activities of the Hindu Mahasabha, Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar.<sup id="cite_ref-chitkara_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitkara-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was charged with sedition in 1921 by the British Administration and served a year in prison. He was briefly a member of the Indian National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-chitkara_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chitkara-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, he left the Congress to form the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) with the help of Hindu Mahasabha Leader <a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a>, Bapuji Soni, Gatate Ji etc., which would become the focal point of Hindu movements in Independent India.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar2009_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar2009-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh started by him became one of the most prominent Hindu organisation with its influence ranging in the social and political spheres of India. </p><p>In 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi started <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> movement against the British Government, Hedgewar participated in the movement in his capacity and did not let the RSS join the freedom movement officially.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RSS portrayed itself as a social movement rather than a political party, and did not play a central role in any of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martha2008_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martha2008-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MGChitkara2004_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGChitkara2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the RSS emphatically rejected the Congress policy of cooperation with the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Martha2008_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martha2008-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 1934, the Congress banned its members from joining RSS, Hindu Mahasabha or Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-MGChitkara2004_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGChitkara2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Hedgewar in 1940, <a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> became head of the organization. RSS continued to avoid participation in anti-British activities, as Golwalkar did not want to give the British colonial administration any excuse to ban the RSS.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> After the Muslim League passed the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> demanding a separate Pakistan, the RSS campaigned for a Hindu nation, but stayed away from the independence struggle. When the British colonial government banned military drills and the use of uniforms in non-official organizations, Golwalkar terminated the RSS military department.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> RSS had played no role in the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">naval revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar2009_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar2009-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</a></div> <p>The <b>Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</b> refers to the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland for themselves within India, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>'s proposal and campaign to include the entire province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. The movement began in late 1946, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Calcutta_Killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Calcutta Killing">Great Calcutta Killing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhali genocide">Noakhali genocide</a>, gained significant momentum in April 1947 and in the end met with success on 20 June 1947 when the legislators from the Hindu majority areas returned their verdict in favour of Partition and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> was divided into <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, the Sangh Parivar was plunged into distress when the RSS was accused of involvement in his murder. Along with the conspirators and the assassin, <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> was also arrested. The court acquitted Savarkar, and the RSS was found be to completely unlinked with the conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, of which Godse was a member, lost membership and popularity. The effects of public outrage had a permanent effect on the Hindu Mahasabha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></div> <p>The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was started in 1925, had grown by the end of British rule in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1948, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a former member of the RSS.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the assassination, many prominent leaders of the RSS were arrested, and the RSS as an organisation was banned on 4 February 1948 by the then Home Minister Patel. During the court proceedings in relation to the assassination Godse began claiming that he had left the organisation in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-IAR_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAR-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The then Indian Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, Vallabhbhai Patel had remarked that the "RSS men expressed joy and distributed sweets after Gandhi's death".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh201582_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201582-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charged RSS leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>. Following his release in August 1948, Golwalkar wrote to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to lift the ban on RSS. After Nehru replied that the matter was the responsibility of the Home Minister, Golwalkar consulted Vallabhai Patel regarding the same. Patel then demanded an absolute pre-condition that the RSS adopt a formal written constitution<sup id="cite_ref-PLJ100_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLJ100-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and make it public, where Patel expected RSS to pledge its loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, accept the Tricolor as the <a href="/wiki/National_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flag">National Flag</a> of India, define the power of the head of the organisation, make the organisation democratic by holding internal elections, authorisation of their parents before enrolling the pre-adolescents into the movement, and to renounce violence and secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200714_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200714-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>Golwalkar launched an agitation against this demand during which he was imprisoned again. Later, a constitution was drafted for RSS, which, however, initially did not meet any of Patel's demands. After a failed attempt to agitate again, eventually the RSS's constitution was amended according to Patel's wishes except the procedure for selecting the head of the organisation and the enrolment of pre-adolescents. However, the organisation's internal democracy which was written into its constitution, remained a 'dead letter'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 July 1949, the Government of India lifted the ban on the RSS by issuing a communique stating that the decision to lift the ban on the RSS had been taken in view of the RSS leader Golwalkar's undertaking to make the group's loyalty towards the Constitution of India and acceptance and respect towards the National Flag of India more explicit in the Constitution of the RSS, which was to be worked out in a democratically.<sup id="cite_ref-Curran1950_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curran1950-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>After the ban was revoked RSS resumed its activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s saw the volunteers of the RSS join the different social and political movements. Movements that saw a large presence of volunteers included the <a href="/wiki/Bhoodan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoodan">Bhoodan</a>, a land reform movement led by prominent Gandhian <a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a> led by another Gandhian <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martha_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RSS supported trade union, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a> and political party <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> also grew into considerable prominence by the end of the decade. </p><p>Another prominent development was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Hindu Parishad">Vishwa Hindu Parishad</a> (VHP), an organisation of Hindu religious leaders, supported by the RSS, to unite the various Hindu religious denominations and to usher a social reform. The first VHP meeting in Mumbai was attended among others by all the Shankaracharyas, Jain leaders, Sikh leader Master <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_Malhotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara Singh Malhotra">Tara Singh Malhotra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and contemporary Hindu leaders like <a href="/wiki/Swami_Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Chinmayananda">Swami Chinmayananda</a>. From its initial years, the VHP led a concerted attack on the social evils of untouchability and casteism while launching social welfare programmes in the areas of education and health care, especially for the Scheduled Castes, backward classes, and the tribals.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organisations started and supported by the RSS volunteers came to be known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>. The next few decades saw a steady growth of the influence of the Sangh Parivar in the social and political space of India.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayodhya_dispute">Ayodhya dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ayodhya dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">अयोध्या विवाद</span>) is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, centred on a plot of land in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. The main issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the history and location of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_and_gender_minorities">Sexual and gender minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sexual and gender minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to the lean of conservative parties in the western world, the BJP has been supported by sexual minorities such as women and LGBTQ.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was influential in sponsoring a serious of agitations in support of women and protests against the rape and murder of a woman doctor, a movement that has been called "reclaim the night".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra">Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hindu Rashtra (disambiguation)">Hindu Rashtra</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarkar">Sarkar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sarkar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Kumar_Sarkar" title="Benoy Kumar Sarkar">Benoy Kumar Sarkar</a></div> <p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Kumar_Sarkar" title="Benoy Kumar Sarkar">Benoy Kumar Sarkar</a> coined the term Hindu Rastra. In his book named <i>Building of Hindu Rastra</i> (হিন্দু রাস্ট্রের গড়ন) presented the idea of structural of Hindu state and directives for the socio-economic and political system of the Hindu state. He is deemed the pioneer ideologue of Hindu Rashtra. Many people identify his philosophy as 'Sarkarism'. </p><p>His writings on this subject amounted to nearly 30,000 pages.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete list of his publications is contained in Bandyopadhyay's book <i>The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1914/1921 <i>The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology</i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1916 <i>The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600)</i><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1916 <i>Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1918 <i>Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1919, he authored a study in the <i>American Political Science Review</i> presenting a "Hindu <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory of international relations</a>" which drew on thinkers such as Kautilya, Manu and Shookra, and the text of the Mahabharata.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, he authored a <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> study presenting a "Hindu Theory of the State."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Barry Buzan and Amitav Acharya, Sarkar's works "may be the first major IR contributions by an Indian, and one of the first modern efforts to develop an indigenous Non-Western theory of IR."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savarkar">Savarkar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Savarkar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/210px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/315px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/420px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Veer Savarkar, formulator of the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> philosophy, on a 1970 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>Savarkar was one of the first in the twentieth century to attempt a definitive description of the term "Hindu" in terms of what he called <i>Hindutva</i> meaning Hinduness.<sup id="cite_ref-savarkar_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savarkar-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coinage of the term "Hindutva" was an attempt by Savarkar who was non religious and a rationalist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>, to de-link it from any religious connotations that had become attached to it. He defined the word Hindu as: "He who considers India as both his Fatherland and Holyland". He thus defined Hindutva ("Hindu-ness") or Hindu as different from Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-savarkar_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savarkar-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition kept the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) outside its ambit and considered only <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">native religious denominations</a> as Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This distinction was emphasised on the basis of territorial loyalty rather than on religious practices. In this book which was written in the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a>, Savarkar wrote "Their [Muslims' and Christians'] holy land is far off in Arabia or Palestine. Their mythology and Godmen, ideas and heroes are not the children of this soil. Consequently, their names and their outlook smack of foreign origin. Their love is divided".<sup id="cite_ref-savarkar_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savarkar-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Savarkar had made it clear that Hindutva is not the same thing as Hinduism and it does not concern religion or rituals but the basis of India’s national character.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Savarkar also defined the concept of Hindu Rashtra (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Hindu Polity</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-jain_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jain-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of Hindu Polity called for the protection of Hindu people and their culture and emphasised that political and economic systems should be based on native thought rather than on the concepts borrowed from the West. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mukherjee">Mukherjee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mukherjee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg/250px-Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Syama Prasad Mukherjee, who founded the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>, on a 1978 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>Mookerjee was the founder of the Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> party, the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>. Mookerjee was firmly against Nehru's invitation to the Pakistani PM, and their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries. He wanted to hold Pakistan directly responsible for the terrible influx of millions of Hindu refugees from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, who had left the state fearing religious suppression and violence aided by the state. </p><p>After consultation with Golwalkar of RSS, Mookerjee founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 at Delhi and he became the first President of it. The BJS was ideologically close to the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> and widely considered the political arm of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Nationalism">Hindu Nationalism</a>. It was opposed to appeasement of India's Muslims. The BJS also favored a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code of India">uniform civil code</a> governing personal law matters for both Hindus and Muslims, wanted to ban cow slaughter and end the special status given to the Muslim-majority state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. The BJS founded the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> agenda which became the wider political expression of India's Hindu majority. </p><p>Mookerjee opposed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>'s decision to grant <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> a special status with its own flag and Prime Minister. According to Congress's decision, no one, including the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> could enter into <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> without the permission of Kashmir's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Prime_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Prime Minister</a>. In opposition to this decision, he entered Kashmir on 11 May 1953. Thereafter, he was arrested and jailed in a dilapidated house.<sup id="cite_ref-zz_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zz-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syama Prasad had suffered from dry pleurisy and coronary troubles, and was taken to hospital one and a half months after his arrest due to complications arising from the same.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was administered penicillin despite having informed the doctor-in-charge of his allergy to penicillin, and he died on 23 June 1953. Mookherjee's death later compelled Nehru to remove the Permit system, the post of <i>Sadar-e-Riayasat</i> and of Prime Minister of Jammu & Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Mukherjee was not associated with RSS, he is widely revered by members and supporters of the RSS and the <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Hindu Parishad">Vishwa Hindu Parishad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golwalkar">Golwalkar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Golwalkar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Sadashiv_Golwalkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a>, the second head of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), was to further this non-religious, territorial loyalty based definition of "Hindu" in his book <i>Bunch of Thoughts</i>. Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra would form the basis of Golwalkar's ideology and that of the RSS. </p><p>While emphasising <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>, Golwalkar believed that Semitic monotheism and exclusivism were incompatible with and against the native Hindu culture. He wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those creeds (Islam and Christianity) have but one prophet, one scripture and one God, other than whom there is no path of salvation for the human soul. It requires no great intelligence to see the absurdity of such a proposition.</p></blockquote><p> He added: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As far as the national tradition of this land is concerned, it never considers that with a change in the method of worship, an individual ceases to be the son of the soil and should be treated as an alien. Here, in this land, there can be no objection to God being called by any name whatever. Ingrained in this soil is love and respect for all faiths and religious beliefs. He cannot be a son of this soil at all who is intolerant of other faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-bunch_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunch-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He further would echo the views of Savarkar on territorial loyalty, but with a degree of inclusiveness, when he wrote "So, all that is expected of our Muslim and Christian co-citizens is the shedding of the notions of their being 'religious minorities' as also their foreign mental complexion and merging themselves in the common national stream of this soil."<sup id="cite_ref-bunch_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunch-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, Golwalkar and Hindu Mahasabha's senior leaders such as Shyama Prasad Mukharji founded a new political party as Jan Sangh,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of Hindu Mahasabha members joined Jan Sangh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deendayal_Upadhyaya">Deendayal Upadhyaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Deendayal Upadhyaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deendayal_Upadhyaya" title="Deendayal Upadhyaya">Deendayal Upadhyaya</a>, another RSS ideologue, presented <a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral Humanism</a> as the political philosophy of the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the form of four lectures delivered in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> on 22–25 April 1965 as an attempt to offer a third way, rejecting both communism and capitalism as the means for socio-economic emancipation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_descriptions">Contemporary descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Contemporary descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later thinkers of the RSS, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._V._Sheshadri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. V. Sheshadri (page does not exist)">H. V. Sheshadri</a> and K. S. Rao, were to emphasise on non-theocratic nature of the word "Hindu Rashtra", which they believed was often inadequately translated, ill interpreted and wrongly stereotyped as a theocratic state. In a book, H. V. Sheshadri, the senior leader of the RSS writes "As Hindu Rashtra is not a religious concept, it is also not a political concept. It is generally misinterpreted as a theocratic state or a religious Hindu state. Nation (Rashtra) and State (Rajya) are entirely different and should never be mixed up. The state is purely a political concept. The State changes as the political authority shifts from person to person or party to party. But the people in the Nation remain the same.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would maintain that the concept of Hindu Rashtra is in complete agreement with the principles of secularism and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of "'Hindutva" continues to be espoused by organisations like the RSS and political parties like the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP). But the definition does not have the same rigidity with respect to the concept of "holy land" laid down by Savarkar, and stresses on inclusivism and patriotism. BJP leader <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, in 1998, articulated the concept of "holy land" in Hindutva as follows: "Mecca can continue to be holy for the Muslims but India should be holier than the holy for them. You can go to a mosque and offer namaz, you can keep the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan"><i>roza</i></a>. We have no problem. But if you have to choose between Mecca or Islam and India you must choose India. All the Muslims should have this feeling: we will live and die only for this country."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1995 landmark judgment, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> observed that "Ordinarily, Hindutva is understood as a way of life or a state of mind and is not to be equated with or understood as religious <a href="/wiki/Hindu_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu fundamentalism">Hindu fundamentalism</a>. A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a Hindu and since the Hindu is disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, he tends to believe that the highest divine powers complement each other for the well-being of the world and mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindu_Rashtra_movements_in_Nepal">Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, Nepal was declared a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> after the Maoist led <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">1996–2006 Nepalese Civil War</a> and the following <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a> led to the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Nepal">monarchy of Nepal</a>. Before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">secular republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> was the world's only country to have <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as its <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> changed its constitution to support monarchy and the re-establishment of the Hindu state.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2015, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chairperson of <a href="/wiki/CPN-Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN-Maoist">CPN-Maoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a>, claimed that Muslims were oppressed by the state and assured the Muslim crowd of Muslim Mukti Morcha to give special rights to Muslims in order to appease the community and garner Muslim support as his party faced losses in the <a href="/wiki/Terai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Terai region">Terai region</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the 2015 "Hindu Rashtra" campaigning in Nepal by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Muslims" title="Nepalese Muslims">Nepalese Muslim</a> groups demanded Nepal to be a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation) under which they claimed to "feel secure" compared to the secular constitution. Nepalese Muslim groups also opined that the increasing influences of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity in Nepal</a> that promote conversion against all other faiths is a reason they want Nepal to have a Hindu state identity under which all religions are protected.<sup id="cite_ref-THT_Nepali-Muslim_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THT_Nepali-Muslim-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ET_Nepali-Muslim_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET_Nepali-Muslim-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim leader Babu Khan Pathan who is the chairperson of the Muslim Rashtrawadi Manch <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> supported the Hindu Rashtra campaign and claimed that 80 percent Muslim citizens of <a href="/wiki/Banke_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Banke district">Banke district</a> supported the restoration of Hindu state. He gave the following clarification for the support of Hindu statehood in Nepal: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Turning the country secular is nothing but a design to break the longstanding unity among Muslims and Hindus. So there is no alternative to reinstating the country’s old Hindu State identity in order to allow fellow citizens to live with religious tolerance. We don't need a secular identity, but want to see the country called Hindu State as this ensures safety and peace for all. We are Nepali Muslims and proud of it, because we have our unique culture of being the Muslims of this land. Everything was going well until we were ambushed by political parties’ sudden decision to declare the country secular, which is deplorable as it is clear that they acted at the behest of foreign agents. <sup id="cite_ref-THT_Nepali-Muslim_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THT_Nepali-Muslim-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ET_Nepali-Muslim_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET_Nepali-Muslim-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While announcing the party manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_general_election" title="2017 Nepalese general election">2017 Nepalese general election</a>, the pro Hindu <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> chairperson <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Thapa" title="Kamal Thapa">Kamal Thapa</a> stated that Hindu statehood is the only means of establishing national unity and stability. He stated that the secularization of the state was done without the involvement of general public and thus, a referendum was due on the issue. Furthermore, chairperson Thapa argued that the conversion of Nepal into a secular republic was an organised attempt to weaken the national identity of Nepal and the religious conversions have seriously affected the indigenous and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> has stated support for a Hindu state with <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> and registered an amendment proposal for such on 19 March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 November 2020, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at Kathmandu. Similar protests were held on other major cities like <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 December 2020, mass protests were held at <a href="/wiki/Maitighar" title="Maitighar">Maitighar</a> that ended in <a href="/wiki/Baneshwor,_Kathmandu" title="Baneshwor, Kathmandu">Naya Baneshwor</a> demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protestors carried the national flags and posters of the founding father of modern Nepal, King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, and chanted slogans supporting Hindu statehood. Protestors claimed the Hindu statehood is a means of national unity and well being of the people. This protest is considered one of the biggest pro-monarchy demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 2021, mass protests were held at <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with monarchy. Police baton charged at the protestors around the <a href="/wiki/Singha_Durbar" title="Singha Durbar">Prime Minister's Office</a> resulting in protestors responding with stones and sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2021, similar protests led by former Nepal Army General Rookmangud Katawal were also observed.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output 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screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jain-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJain,_Girilal1994" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Girilal (1994). <i>The Hindu Phenomenon</i>. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8"><bdi>978-81-86112-32-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Phenomenon&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-86112-32-8&rft.au=Jain%2C+Girilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chatterjee-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatterjee Partha (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter van der Veer, Hartmut Lehmann, Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton University Press, 1999 p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-li-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-li_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-li_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Narangoa, R. B. Cribb <i>Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia</i>, 1895–1945, Published by Routledge, 2003 p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhatt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhatt, Chetan, <i>Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths</i>, Berg Publishers (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-348-6">978-1-85973-348-6</a>. P. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dhar_MahajanSavitri_Mahajan1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Mahajan" title="Vidya Dhar Mahajan">Vidya Dhar Mahajan</a>; Savitri Mahajan (1971). <i>Constitutional history of India, including the nationalist movement</i> (6th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+history+of+India%2C+including+the+nationalist+movement&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan&rft.au=Savitri+Mahajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550">"Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hindutva+is+not+the+same+as+Hinduism+said+Savarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Famp%2Findia%2Fhindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar%2Fcid%2F1699550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeidig2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leidig, Eviane (26 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">"Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism"</a>. <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>54</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F84144">10852/84144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221839031">221839031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Hindutva+as+a+variant+of+right-wing+extremism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F84144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221839031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861&rft.aulast=Leidig&rft.aufirst=Eviane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2020.1759861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik1993" class="citation journal cs1">Patnaik, Prabhat (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517631">"The Fascism of Our Times"</a>. <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>21</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517631">10.2307/3517631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517631">3517631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Fascism+of+Our+Times&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517631&rft.aulast=Patnaik&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhattMukta2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatt, Chetan; Mukta, Parita (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700328935">"Hindutva in the West: mapping the antinomies of diaspora nationalism"</a>. <i>Ethnic and Racial Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">407–</span>441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F014198700328935">10.1080/014198700328935</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-9870">0141-9870</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143287533">143287533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Hindutva+in+the+West%3A+mapping+the+antinomies+of+diaspora+nationalism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E441&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143287533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0141-9870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F014198700328935&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Chetan&rft.au=Mukta%2C+Parita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F014198700328935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parel_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Parel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Parel" title="Anthony Parel">Anthony Parel</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC"><i>Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0137-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0137-7</bdi></a>. <q>The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Self-rule&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0137-7&rft.au=Anthony+Parel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsErf-DzVI9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varadarajan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varadarajan_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiddharth_Varadarajan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Varadarajan" title="Siddharth Varadarajan">Siddharth Varadarajan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC"><i>Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4"><bdi>978-0-14-302901-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%2C+the+Making+of+a+Tragedy&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-302901-4&rft.au=Siddharth+Varadarajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kc9GmFWePUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2125/stories/20041217006712900.htm">"Frontline.in"</a>. <i>www.frontline.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frontline.in&rft.atitle=Frontline.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2125%2Fstories%2F20041217006712900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilfred-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilfred_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilfred_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies, By Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2">978-90-279-3448-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Gould2004" class="citation book cs1">William Gould (15 April 2004). <i>Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45195-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45195-6"><bdi>978-1-139-45195-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+the+Language+of+Politics+in+Late+Colonial+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45195-6&rft.au=William+Gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, one of the main votaries of Hindutva has stated that it believes in a cultural connotation of the term Hindu. "The term Hindu in the conviction as well as in the constitution of the RSS is a cultural and civilizational concept and not a political or religious dogma. The term as a cultural concept will include and did always include all including Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Muslims, Christians and Parsis. The cultural nationality of India, in the conviction of the RSS, is Hindu and it was inclusive of all who are born and who have adopted Bharat as their Motherland, including Muslims, Christians and Parsis. The answering association submit that it is not just a matter of RSS conviction, but a fact borne out by history that the Muslims, Christians and Parsis too are Hindus by culture although as religions they are not so." Quoting RSS General Secretary's reply to the Tribunal constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967 to hear the case on the RSS, Organiser, 6 June 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i>. M.E.Sharpe. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3757-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-3757-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=M.E.Sharpe&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3757-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanddra_Mauli_Mani2009" class="citation book cs1">Chanddra Mauli Mani (2009). <i>A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana)</i>. Northern Book Centre. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-256-1"><bdi>978-81-7211-256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+through+India%27s+Past+%28Great+Hindu+Kings+after+Harshavardhana%29&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-256-1&rft.au=Chanddra+Mauli+Mani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeera_Kosambi2000" class="citation book cs1">Meera Kosambi (2000). <i>Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra</i>. Orient Blackswan. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1878-0"><bdi>978-81-250-1878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+Socio-cultural+Trends+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1878-0&rft.au=Meera+Kosambi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBidyut_ChakrabartyBhuwan_Kumar_Jha2019" class="citation book cs1">Bidyut Chakrabarty; Bhuwan Kumar Jha (2019). <i>Hindu Nationalism in India: Ideology and Politics</i>. Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-75399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-75399-8"><bdi>978-1-000-75399-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+in+India%3A+Ideology+and+Politics&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-75399-8&rft.au=Bidyut+Chakrabarty&rft.au=Bhuwan+Kumar+Jha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaraharinath,_YogiAcharya,_Baburam2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Naraharinath" title="Yogi Naraharinath">Naraharinath, Yogi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Acharya" title="Baburam Acharya">Acharya, Baburam</a> (2014). <i>Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh</i> (2014 Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. pp. 4, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99933-912-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99933-912-1-0"><bdi>978-99933-912-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badamaharaj+Prithivi+Narayan+Shah+ko+Divya+Upadesh&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=4%2C+5&rft.edition=2014+Reprint&rft.pub=Shree+Krishna+Acharya&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-99933-912-1-0&rft.au=Naraharinath%2C+Yogi&rft.au=Acharya%2C+Baburam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkadai-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harkadai_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harkadai_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harkadai_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/OPSA/article/download/1133/1558"><i>Harka Gurung</i></a>, Nepjol</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harka+Gurung&rft.pub=Nepjol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FOPSA%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1133%2F1558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDharam_Vir1988">Dharam Vir 1988</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorgström198011-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorgström198011_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorgström1980">Borgström 1980</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiller, L. F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center, Kathmandu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofer1979" class="citation book cs1">Hofer, Andras (1979). <i>The Caste Hierarchy and the State of Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854</i>. Universitatsverlag Wagner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caste+Hierarchy+and+the+State+of+Nepal%3A+A+Study+of+the+Muluki+Ain+of+1854&rft.pub=Universitatsverlag+Wagner&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hofer&rft.aufirst=Andras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuneratne2002" class="citation book cs1">Guneratne, Arjun (2002). <i>Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8728-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-8728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Tongues%2C+One+People%3A+The+Making+of+Tharu+Identity+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8728-6&rft.aulast=Guneratne&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998">Skinner, Pach III & Holland 1998</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198857–58-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198857–58_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDharam_Vir1988">Dharam Vir 1988</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara2012275-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara2012275_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKara2012">Kara 2012</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198855-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198855_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDharam_Vir1988">Dharam Vir 1988</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone19889-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone19889_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1988">Stone 1988</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glory of Indian Culture, p.40, Giriraj Shah Satya Pal Ruhela – 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas R. 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New Delhi: Publications Division Government of India. p. 388. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL028.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+%28Electronic+Book%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Publications+Division+Government+of+India&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgandhiserve.org%2Fcwmg%2FVOL028.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johari-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johari_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By J. C. Johari, Voices of Indian Freedom Movement, Published by Akashdeep Pub. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mha.gov.in&rft.atitle=Advisory+related+to+the+display+of+complete+State+Emblem+of+India+with+the+motto+%27Satyameva+Jayate%27-Truth+alone+triumphs-written+in+Devanagari+script+bthe+profile+of+the+Lion+Capital.elow+%7C+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs+%7C+GoI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmha.gov.in%2Fdocument%2Fnational-flag-emblem-anthem%2Fadvisory-related-display-of-complete-state-emblem-of-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education and Political Development in India, 1898–1920, Published by Oxford University Press, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot1996" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC"><i>The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10335-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+in+India&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10335-0&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2buDDwdgIsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chitkara-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chitkara_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chitkara_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chitkara M G, Hindutva, Published by APH Publishing, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-798-2">978-81-7024-798-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shankar2009-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar2009_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar2009_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShankar_Gopalakrishnan2009" class="citation book cs1">Shankar Gopalakrishnan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/251462"><i>A Mass Movement Against Democracy: The Threat of the Sangh Parivar</i></a>. Aakar Books. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-90-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-90-9"><bdi>978-81-89833-90-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mass+Movement+Against+Democracy%3A+The+Threat+of+the+Sangh+Parivar&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-89833-90-9&rft.au=Shankar+Gopalakrishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F251462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2020" class="citation book cs1">Bhatt, C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTPpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18422-8"><bdi>978-1-000-18422-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+Origins%2C+Ideologies+and+Modern+Myths&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-18422-8&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTPpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martha2008-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martha2008_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martha2008_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Craven_Nussbaum2008" class="citation book cs1">Martha Craven Nussbaum (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WS_0saaC-jkC&pg=PA156"><i>The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 156–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03059-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+Within%3A+Democracy%2C+Religious+Violence%2C+and+India%27s+Future&rft.pages=156-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03059-6&rft.au=Martha+Craven+Nussbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWS_0saaC-jkC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGChitkara2004-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGChitkara2004_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGChitkara2004_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._G._Chitkara2004" class="citation book cs1">M. G. Chitkara (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuxzl9NM5sC&pg=PA251"><i>Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge</i></a>. APH Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-465-7"><bdi>978-81-7648-465-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtriya+Swayamsevak+Sangh%3A+National+Upsurge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-465-7&rft.au=M.+G.+Chitkara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Difuxzl9NM5sC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani2000-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Gafoor_Abdul_Majeed_Noorani2000" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT60"><i>The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour</i></a>. LeftWord Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7"><bdi>978-81-87496-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSS+and+the+BJP%3A+A+Division+of+Labour&rft.pub=LeftWord+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87496-13-7&rft.au=Abdul+Gafoor+Abdul+Majeed+Noorani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PnBFW7cdtsC%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParanjoy_Guha_ThakurtaShankar_Raghuraman2004" class="citation book cs1">Paranjoy Guha Thakurta; Shankar Raghuraman (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha"><i>A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand</i></a></span>. SAGE. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/131">131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+of+Coalitions%3A+Divided+We+Stand&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Paranjoy+Guha+Thakurta&rft.au=Shankar+Raghuraman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeofcoalitions0000guha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> RSS played an important role in anti-Muslim violence during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, By India (Republic). Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, Jeevan Lal Kapur, Published by Ministry of Home affairs, 1970, page 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha2020" class="citation web cs1">Jha, Dhirendra K. (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss">"Historical records expose the lie that Nathuram Godse left the RSS"</a>. <i>The Caravan</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caravan&rft.atitle=Historical+records+expose+the+lie+that+Nathuram+Godse+left+the+RSS&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Dhirendra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaravanmagazine.in%2Freportage%2Fhistorical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarawanMcCormackReynolds2008" class="citation book cs1">Karawan, Ibrahim A.; McCormack, Wayne; Reynolds, Stephen E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ol-63orWw68C&pg=PA87"><i>Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8660-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-8660-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Values+and+Violence%3A+Intangible+Aspects+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8660-1&rft.aulast=Karawan&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+A.&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dol-63orWw68C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVenugopal2016" class="citation news cs1">Venugopal, Vasudha (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family/articleshow/54159375.cms">"Nathuram Godse never left RSS, says his family"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Nathuram+Godse+never+left+RSS%2C+says+his+family&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.aulast=Venugopal&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fnathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family%2Farticleshow%2F54159375.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAR-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAR_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerald_James_Larson1995" class="citation book cs1">Gerald James Larson (1995). <i>India's Agony Over Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2412-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2412-X"><bdi>0-7914-2412-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Agony+Over+Religion&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7914-2412-X&rft.au=Gerald+James+Larson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201582-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh201582_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2015">Singh 2015</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLJ100-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLJ100_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanicker" class="citation book cs1">Panicker, P L John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79"><i>Gandhian approach to communalism in contemporary India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 100<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhian+approach+to+communalism+in+contemporary+India&rft.pages=100&rft.aulast=Panicker&rft.aufirst=P+L+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F7178%2F9%2F09_chapter%25202.pdf%23page%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, pp. 88, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200714-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200714_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2007">Graham 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curran1950-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curran1950_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurran1950" class="citation journal cs1">Curran, Jean A. (17 May 1950). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailymirror.lk&rft.atitle=LGBTQ+community+shows+strong+support+for+PM+Modi+in+Indian+General+Election+-+International+%7C+Daily+Mirror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Finternational%2FLGBTQ-community-shows-strong-support-for-PM-Modi-in-Indian-General-Election%2F107-284092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPTI2024" class="citation news cs1">PTI (26 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/kolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-bjp-announces-series-of-protest-programmes-in-west-bengal-from-august-28/article68567652.ece">"Kolkata doctor rape and murder: BJP announces series of protest programmes in West Bengal from August 28"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kolkata+doctor+rape+and+murder%3A+BJP+announces+series+of+protest+programmes+in+West+Bengal+from+August+28&rft.date=2024-08-26&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fwest-bengal%2Fkolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-bjp-announces-series-of-protest-programmes-in-west-bengal-from-august-28%2Farticle68567652.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/today-in-politics-bengal-bjp-continues-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-9538816/">"Today in Politics: Bengal BJP continues protests over Kolkata rape-murder"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 29 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Today+in+Politics%3A+Bengal+BJP+continues+protests+over+Kolkata+rape-murder&rft.date=2024-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitical-pulse%2Ftoday-in-politics-bengal-bjp-continues-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-9538816%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suhrita Saha, "Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1887-1949): A Tryst with Destiny" in <i>Sociological Bulletin</i>, 62 (1), January–April 2013, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandyopadhyay, B. (1984) <i>The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar</i> K. P. Bagchi, Calcutta, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-1336-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-1336-9">0-8364-1336-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12419520">12419520</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">published in two parts, the first in 1914 and the later in 1921: Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) <i>The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology</i> (Part 1) Pânini Office, Allahabad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2005865">2005865</a>; and Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) <i>The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology</i> (Part 2, with appendices by Brajendranáth Seal) Sudhindra Natha Vasu, Allahabad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48121776">48121776</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) <i>The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600)</i> Commercial Press, Shanghai, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5732399">5732399</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) <i>Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes: a study in the tendencies of Asiatic mentality</i> Commercial Press, Shanghai, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82020">82020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1918) <i>Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development</i> Longmans, Green and Co., New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1193853">1193853</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1919" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400015926/type/journal_article">"Hindu Theory of International Relations"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">400–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945958">10.2307/1945958</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945958">1945958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146956993">146956993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Hindu+Theory+of+International+Relations&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=1919&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146956993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1945958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1945958&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Benoy+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400015926%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcharyaBuzan2019" class="citation book cs1">Acharya, Amitav; Buzan, Barry (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-of-global-international-relations/FB7779C9914127CBDBE200481494BA7E"><i>The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108647670">10.1017/9781108647670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48017-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48017-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159147042">159147042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Global+International+Relations%3A+Origins+and+Evolution+of+IR+at+its+Centenary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159147042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108647670&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48017-8&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Amitav&rft.au=Buzan%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fmaking-of-global-international-relations%2FFB7779C9914127CBDBE200481494BA7E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-savarkar-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-savarkar_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-savarkar_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-savarkar_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar: Hindutva, Bharati Sahitya Sadan, Delhi 1989 (1923).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElst2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (2005). <i>Decolonizing the Hindu mind</i>. India: Rupa. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-519-7"><bdi>978-81-7167-519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+the+Hindu+mind&rft.place=India&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7167-519-7&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jain-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jain_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hindu Phenomenon, Girilal Jain, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86112-32-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-86112-32-4">81-86112-32-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zz-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zz_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhave1995" class="citation book cs1">Bhave, Y.G (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye3VUMLhaz8C&q=shyama+prasad+mukherjee+arrested+in+kashmir+by+nehru&pg=PA49"><i>The first prime minister of India By Y. G. Bhave</i></a>. 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Seshadri, ed.:<i>Why Hindu Rashtra?</i>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElst2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (2005). <i>Decolonizing the Hindu mind</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Monarchy+is+necessary+in+Nepal%3F&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindiapost.com%2F2009%2F10%2F28%2Fwhy-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Conger2008" class="citation web cs1">George Conger (18 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031409/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471">"Nepal moves to become a secular republic"</a>. <i>Religious Intelligence</i>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/hundreds-of-hindu-protesters-clash-with-police-in-nepals-capital-demanding-hindu-state">"Hundreds of Hindu protesters clash with police in Nepal's capital, demanding Hindu state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>. 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Hindu+protesters+clash+with+police+in+Nepal%27s+capital%2C+demanding+Hindu+state&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fhundreds-of-hindu-protesters-clash-with-police-in-nepals-capital-demanding-hindu-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span 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August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+demonstration+in+Kathmandu+in+favor+of+restoration+of+monarchy+in+Nepal&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fdemonstration-held-in-favor-of-monarchy-in-kathmandu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2020/12/05/despite-district-administration-s-order-pro-monarchy-pro-hindu-forces-hold-rally-in-kathmandu">"Despite district administration's order, pro-monarchy, pro-Hindu forces hold rally in Kathmandu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despite+district+administration%27s+order%2C+pro-monarchy%2C+pro-Hindu+forces+hold+rally+in+Kathmandu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fvalley%2F2020%2F12%2F05%2Fdespite-district-administration-s-order-pro-monarchy-pro-hindu-forces-hold-rally-in-kathmandu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/mass-protest-in-kathmandu-demanding-restoration-of-constitutional-monarchy-in-nepal/">"Mass protest in Kathmandu demanding restoration of constitutional monarchy"</a>. 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+protest+in+Kathmandu+demanding+restoration+of+constitutional+monarchy&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fmass-protest-in-kathmandu-demanding-restoration-of-constitutional-monarchy-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/thousands-in-nepal-demand-return-of-centuriesold-monarchy-protesters-khadga-prasad-oli-monarchy-monarchy-riot-police-b1785354.html">"Thousands in Nepal demand return of centuries-old monarchy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Thousands+in+Nepal+demand+return+of+centuries-old+monarchy&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fthousands-in-nepal-demand-return-of-centuriesold-monarchy-protesters-khadga-prasad-oli-monarchy-monarchy-riot-police-b1785354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeans2021" class="citation web cs1">Means, Other (9 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/growing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal/">"In Nepal, Calls Grow for the Restoration of a Hindu State"</a>. <i>The Diplomat – The Diplomat is a current-affairs magazine for the Asia-Pacific, with news and analysis on politics, security, business, technology and life across the region</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat+%E2%80%93+The+Diplomat+is+a+current-affairs+magazine+for+the+Asia-Pacific%2C+with+news+and+analysis+on+politics%2C+security%2C+business%2C+technology+and+life+across+the+region.&rft.atitle=In+Nepal%2C+Calls+Grow+for+the+Restoration+of+a+Hindu+State&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.aulast=Means&rft.aufirst=Other&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F12%2Fgrowing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation cs2">Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC"><i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i></a>, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-813-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-813-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-813-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-813-2&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Debra; Pach III, Alfred; Holland, Dorothy (1998). <i>Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8599-8"><bdi>978-0-8476-8599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selves+in+Time+and+Place%3A+Identities%2C+Experience%2C+and+History+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8599-8&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.au=Pach+III%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Holland%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMesserschmidt1992" class="citation book cs1">Messerschmidt, Donald Alan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwBHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Muktinath: Himalayan pilgrimage, a cultural & historical guide</i></a>. Sahayogi Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muktinath%3A+Himalayan+pilgrimage%2C+a+cultural+%26+historical+guide&rft.pub=Sahayogi+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Messerschmidt&rft.aufirst=Donald+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwBHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDharam_Vir1988" class="citation book cs1">Dharam Vir (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56"><i>Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-39-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-39-7"><bdi>978-81-85119-39-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Polity+in+Nepal%3A+An+Asian+Experiment&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-85119-39-7&rft.au=Dharam+Vir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEHODCDK-8kC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorgström1980" class="citation cs2">Borgström, Bengt-Erik (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxY1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The patron and the panca: village values and pancayat democracy in Nepal</i></a>, Vikas House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-0997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-0997-5"><bdi>978-0-7069-0997-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+patron+and+the+panca%3A+village+values+and+pancayat+democracy+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Vikas+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-0997-5&rft.aulast=Borgstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Bengt-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxY1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone1988" class="citation cs2">Stone, Linda (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7jfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Illness Beliefs and Feeding the Dead in Hindu Nepal: An Ethnographic Analysis</i></a>, E. Mellen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-060-7"><bdi>978-0-88946-060-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illness+Beliefs+and+Feeding+the+Dead+in+Hindu+Nepal%3A+An+Ethnographic+Analysis&rft.pub=E.+Mellen&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-060-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7jfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKara2012" class="citation cs2">Kara, Siddharth (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DLTnRNgVHIC"><i>Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia</i></a>, Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52801-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52801-6"><bdi>978-0-231-52801-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonded+Labor%3A+Tackling+the+System+of+Slavery+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52801-6&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DLTnRNgVHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2007" class="citation cs2">Graham, Bruce Desmond (3 December 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ"><i>Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation cs2">Singh, Neerja (28 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-JCwAAQBAJ"><i>Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right</i></a>, SAGE Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-266-1"><bdi>978-93-5150-266-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%2C+Prasad+and+Rajaji%3A+Myth+of+the+Indian+Right&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-266-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Neerja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl-JCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBharat_Prakashan1955" class="citation book cs1">Bharat Prakashan (1955). <i>Shri Guruji: The Man and His Mission, On the Occasion of His 51st Birthday</i>. Delhi: Bharat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24593952">24593952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Guruji%3A+The+Man+and+His+Mission%2C+On+the+Occasion+of+His+51st+Birthday&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Bharat+Prakashan&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24593952&rft.au=Bharat+Prakashan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham1968" class="citation cs2">Graham, B. D. (1968), "Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative", in D. A. Low (ed.), <i>Soundings in Modern South Asian History</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CO7K5">B0000CO7K5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syama+Prasad+Mookerjee+and+the+communalist+alternative&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+Modern+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CO7K5%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoyal1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Des_Raj_Goyal" title="Des Raj Goyal">Goyal, Des Raj</a> (1979). <i>Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</i>. Delhi: Radha Krishna Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0566-8"><bdi>978-0-8364-0566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtriya+Swayamsevak+Sangh&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Radha+Krishna+Prakashan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-0566-8&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=Des+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElst2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_ltAAAAMAAJ"><i>Decolonizing the Hindu mind: ideological development of Hindu revivalism</i></a>. Rupa & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-519-7"><bdi>978-81-7167-519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+the+Hindu+mind%3A+ideological+development+of+Hindu+revivalism&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7167-519-7&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db_ltAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElst2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9G3XAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Saffron Swastika: The Notion of "Hindu Fascism"</i></a>. Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-69-9"><bdi>978-81-85990-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Swastika%3A+The+Notion+of+%22Hindu+Fascism%22&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-85990-69-9&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9G3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2002), <i>Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bacchetta, Paola."Gendered Fractures in Hindu Nationalism: On the Subject-Members of the Rashtra Sevika Samiti."In The Oxford India Hinduism: A Reader, edited by <a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Dalmia" title="Vasudha Dalmia">Vasudha Dalmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">Heinrich von Stietencron</a>, 373–395. London and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Bacchetta, Paola. Gender in the Hindu Nation: RSS Women as Ideologues. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2004.</li> <li>Walter K. Andersen. 'Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face', In The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21134-1">0-312-21134-1</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21338-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21338-7">0-312-21338-7</a>)</li> <li>Partha Banerjee, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43318775">43318775</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlank1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Blank" title="Jonah Blank">Blank, Jonah</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowofblueskinn00blan"><i>Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-56267-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-56267-3"><bdi>978-0-395-56267-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrow+of+the+Blue-Skinned+God&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-395-56267-3&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farrowofblueskinn00blan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_T._Embree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainslie T. Embree">Ainslie T. Embree</a>, 'The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation', in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4">0-226-50885-4</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm"><i>Patel: A Life</i></a>. Navajivan Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatellife00rajm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavarkar1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar</a> (1923). <i>Hindutva</i>. Delhi, India: Bharati Sahitya Sadan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindutva&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Bharati+Sahitya+Sadan&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Savarkar&rft.aufirst=Vinayak+Damodar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a>, Goel, Sita Ram, et al. Time for Stock-Taking – Whither Sangh Parivar? (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-48-4">978-81-85990-48-4</a></li> <li>Girilal Jain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124075058/http://www.hindubooks.org/HinduPhe/index.htm">The Hindu phenomenon</a>, South Asia Books (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8">978-81-86112-32-8</a>.</li> <li>H V Seshadri, K S Sudarshan, K. Surya Narayan Rao, Balraj Madhok: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401094903/http://www.hindubooks.org/whr/index.htm">Why Hindu Rashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suruchi_Prakashan" title="Suruchi Prakashan">Suruchi Prakashan</a> (1990), ASIN B001NX9MCA.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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American Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/245998">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nation%3A+The+Undisputed+Legacy+of+Every+Indian&rft.pub=American+Chronicle&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Damodharan&rft.aufirst=Dipin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchronicle.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F245998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPunj" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Punj, Balbir K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820133700/http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/hindu_rashtra.htm">"Hindu Rashtra"</a>. <i>South Asian Journal</i>. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=Hindu+Rashtra&rft.aulast=Punj&rft.aufirst=Balbir+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasianmedia.net%2FMagazine%2FJournal%2Fhindu_rashtra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_nationalism" title="Template:Hindu nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_nationalism" title="Template talk:Hindu nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_nationalism80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">General ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral Humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Shiv Sena (2022–present)">Shiv Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Akhara_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharath_Dharma_Jana_Sena" title="Bharath Dharma Jana Sena">Bharath Dharma Jana Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karni_Sena" title="Karni Sena">Karni Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janshakti_Party" title="Bharatiya Janshakti Party">Bharatiya Janshakti Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jagran_Manch" title="Hindu Jagran Manch">Hindu Jagran Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ram_Sena" title="Sri Ram Sena">Sri Ram Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virat_Hindustan_Sangam" title="Virat Hindustan Sangam">Virat Hindustan Sangam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Nepal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GFP_Ramdir_Sena" title="GFP Ramdir Sena">GFP Ramdir Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Prajatantrik_Party" title="Hindu Prajatantrik Party">Hindu Prajatantrik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Party_Nepal" title="Shanti Party Nepal">Shanti Party Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivsena_Nepal" title="Shivsena Nepal">Shivsena Nepal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi#Banga_Sena" title="Bangabhumi">Banga Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_Senai" title="Siva Senai">Siva Senai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HINDRAF" title="HINDRAF">HINDRAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Ram_Rajya_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Dharma_Mahamandala" title="Bharat Dharma Mahamandala">Bharat Dharma Mahamandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jan_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Jan Sangh">Bharatiya Jan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Maha_Sabha_(Fiji)" title="Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)">Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena (1966–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dattopant_Thengadi" title="Dattopant Thengadi">Dattopant Thengadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deendayal_Upadhyaya" title="Deendayal Upadhyaya">Deendayal Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailashpati_Mishra" title="Kailashpati Mishra">Kailashpati Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushabhau_Thakre" title="Kushabhau Thakre">Kushabhau Thakre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat" title="Mohan Bhagwat">Mohan Bhagwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravin_Togadia" title="Pravin Togadia">Pravin Togadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Thapa" title="Kamal Thapa">Kamal Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad_Lingden" title="Rajendra Prasad Lingden">Rajendra Prasad Lingden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Madhav" title="Ram Madhav">Ram Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijay_Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Digvijay Nath">Digvijay Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Sudarshan" title="K. S. Sudarshan">K. S. Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Bharti" title="Uma Bharti">Uma Bharti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Events and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Demolition of the Babri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhiwandi_riots" title="1970 Bhiwandi riots">1970 Bhiwandi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_cinema" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema">Boycott of Hindi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_hate_speeches" class="mw-redirect" title="Haridwar hate speeches">Haridwar hate speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pseudohistory" title="Hindutva pseudohistory">Hindutva pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_to_Hindu_Nationalism95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_to_Hindu_Nationalism95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related to Hindu Nationalism</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sangh_Parivar_(RSS_Family_of_Organisations)188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FF9933;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sangh_Parivar" title="Template:Sangh Parivar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sangh_Parivar" title="Template talk:Sangh Parivar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sangh_Parivar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sangh Parivar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sangh_Parivar_(RSS_Family_of_Organisations)188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar (RSS Family of Organisations)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Foundation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Political party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (1980-present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (1951-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Ram_Rajya_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad</a> (1948-1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Religion-specific wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jagarana_Vedike" title="Hindu Jagarana Vedike">Hindu Jagarana Vedike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharm_Jagaran_Samiti" title="Dharm Jagaran Samiti">Dharm Jagaran Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra_Sena" title="Hindu Rashtra Sena">Hindu Rashtra Sena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Strata and trade-based wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Farmers wing: <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hindu_Students%27_Forum" title="National Hindu Students' Forum">National Hindu Students' Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">NGOs and social welfare:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Kendra" title="Vivekananda Kendra">Vivekananda Kendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Tribals_Society" title="Friends of Tribals Society">Friends of Tribals Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Lok_Shiksha_Parishad" title="Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad">Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Development_and_Relief_Fund" title="India Development and Relief Fund">India Development and Relief Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Think tank affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India Foundation</li> <li>India Policy Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_Jagaran_Manch" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi Jagaran Manch">Swadeshi Jagaran Manch</a></li> <li>Syama Prasad Mookerjee Research Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_International_Foundation" title="Vivekananda International Foundation">Vivekananda International Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Project specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarimala_Ayyappa_Seva_Samajam" title="Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam">Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Region specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Aikya_Vedi" title="Hindu Aikya Vedi">Hindu Aikya Vedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">News and communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Samvad_Kendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Samvad Kendra">Vishwa Samvad Kendra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samskrita_Bharati" title="Samskrita Bharati">Samskrita Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeda_Bharati" title="Kreeda Bharati">Kreeda Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_Military_Education_Society" title="Central Hindu Military Education Society">Central Hindu Military Education Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sarsanghchalaks_of_the_Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Sarsanghchalaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat" title="Mohan Bhagwat">Mohan Bhagwat</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Sudarshan" title="K. S. Sudarshan">K. S. Sudarshan</a> (2000–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_(RSS)" title="Rajendra Singh (RSS)">Rajendra Singh</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras</a> (1973–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> (1940–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Vasudev_Paranjape" title="Laxman Vasudev Paranjape">Laxman Vasudev Paranjape</a> (1930–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">K. B. Hedgewar</a> (1925–1930 and 1931–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Other major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Head of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> (Deputy Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> (President of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a> (Vice President of India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Freedom fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">Balkrishna Shivram Moonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Senior affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Singhal" title="Ashok Singhal">Ashok Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Apte" title="Babasaheb Apte">Babasaheb Apte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray">Bal Thackeray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Ranade" title="Eknath Ranade">Eknath Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhakar_Balwant_Dani" title="Prabhakar Balwant Dani">Prabhakar Balwant Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praveen_Togadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Praveen Togadia">Praveen Togadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Madhav" title="Ram Madhav">Ram Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Das_Paramhans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramchandra Das Paramhans">Ramchandra Das Paramhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Apte" title="S. S. Apte">S. S. Apte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Joshi_(RSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suresh Joshi (RSS)">Suresh Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji_Bhide" title="Sambhaji Bhide">Sambhaji Bhide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giriraj_Kishore" title="Giriraj Kishore">Giriraj Kishore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Govindacharya" title="K. N. Govindacharya">K. N. Govindacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Rao_Bhagwat" title="Madhukar Rao Bhagwat">Madhukar Rao Bhagwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Karpatri" title="Swami Karpatri">Swami Karpatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Sangh_Parivar" title="Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">David Frawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Agrawal" title="D. P. Agrawal">D. P. Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar_Chakrabarti" title="Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti">Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Subhash Kak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Chavhanke" title="Suresh Chavhanke">Suresh Chavhanke</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balraj_Madhok" title="Balraj Madhok">Balraj Madhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girilal_Jain" title="Girilal Jain">Girilal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">K. S. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Rajaram" title="N. S. Rajaram">N. S. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Krishna" title="Raj Krishna">Raj Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Dixit" title="Rajiv Dixit">Rajiv Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Swaraj Prakash Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Cultural Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Equality without appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism" title="Minoritarianism">Anti-minoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva_Dharma_Sama_Bhava" title="Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava">Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhaiva_Kutumbakam" title="Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam">Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma-Dhamma unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Unity of Indian-origin religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Antiquity">Nationalism in Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-/New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">State-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism_in_South_Asia58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Nationalism in South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Nationalism in South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism in South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism_in_South_Asia58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> in South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri nationalism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan_National_Front_(Naji)" title="Balawaristan National Front (Naji)">Balawaristan National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha" title="Gorkha Janmukti Morcha">Gorkha Janmukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathika_Hela_Urumaya" title="Jathika Hela Urumaya">Jathika Hela Urumaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language_Movement" title="Punjabi Language Movement">Punjabi Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria & <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_Unification_Movement" title="Ewe Unification Movement">Ewe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">North</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Region">Volga Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br />& Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict#Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bharatiya_Janata_Party625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;;background:#FF9933"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Template:Bharatiya Janata Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Template talk:Bharatiya Janata Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharatiya Janata Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bharatiya_Janata_Party625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party">Party presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (1980–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a> (1986–91, 1993–98, 2004–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a> (1991–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushabhau_Thakre" title="Kushabhau Thakre">Kushabhau Thakre</a> (1998–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaru_Laxman" title="Bangaru Laxman">Bangaru Laxman</a> (2000–01)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Krishnamurthi" title="Jana Krishnamurthi">Jana Krishnamurthi</a> (2001–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a> (2002–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (2006–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitin_Gadkari" title="Nitin Gadkari">Nitin Gadkari</a> (2009–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a> (2014–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Nadda" title="J. P. Nadda">J. P. Nadda</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasundhara_Raje" title="Vasundhara Raje">Vasundhara Raje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudan_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudan Singh (page does not exist)">Saudan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijayant_Panda" title="Baijayant Panda">Baijayant Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Pandey" title="Saroj Pandey">Saroj Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekha_Verma_(born_1973)" title="Rekha Verma (born 1973)">Rekha Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annpurna_Devi" title="Annpurna Devi">Annpurna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharti_Shiyal" title="Bharti Shiyal">Bharti Shiyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Aruna" title="D. K. Aruna">D. K. Aruna</a></li> <li>M. Chuba Ao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Abdullakutty" title="A. P. Abdullakutty">A. P. Abdullakutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxmikant_Bajpai" title="Laxmikant Bajpai">Laxmikant Bajpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Usendi" title="Lata Usendi">Lata Usendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Mansoor" title="Tariq Mansoor">Tariq Mansoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (1996; 1998–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a> (2002–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Other prominent leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavurao_Deshpande" title="Bhavurao Deshpande">Bhavurao Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandiben_Patel" title="Anandiben Patel">Anandiben Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smriti_Irani" title="Smriti Irani">Smriti Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Abbas_Naqvi" title="Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi">Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_Modi" title="Sushil Kumar Modi">Sushil Kumar Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Naik" title="Ram Naik">Ram Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvendu_Adhikari" title="Suvendu Adhikari">Suvendu Adhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbananda_Sonowal" title="Sarbananda Sonowal">Sarbananda Sonowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakant_Bacchu_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrakant Bacchu Patil">Chandrakant Bacchu Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Ghosh_(politician)" title="Dilip Ghosh (politician)">Dilip Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Tsering_Namgyal" title="Jamyang Tsering Namgyal">Jamyang Tsering Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Khurana" title="Madan Lal Khurana">Madan Lal Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_Singh_Verma" title="Sahib Singh Verma">Sahib Singh Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshubhai_Patel" title="Keshubhai Patel">Keshubhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Kumar" title="Shanta Kumar">Shanta Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_Dhumal" title="Prem Kumar Dhumal">Prem Kumar Dhumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babulal_Marandi" title="Babulal Marandi">Babulal Marandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Munda" title="Arjun Munda">Arjun Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Sadananda_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="D. V. Sadananda Gowda">D. V. Sadananda Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Shettar" title="Jagadish Shettar">Jagadish Shettar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Bharti" title="Uma Bharti">Uma Bharti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babulal_Gaur" title="Babulal Gaur">Babulal Gaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Fadnavis" title="Devendra Fadnavis">Devendra Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Bhairon Singh Shekhawat">Bhairon Singh Shekhawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prakash_Gupta" title="Ram Prakash Gupta">Ram Prakash Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdambika_Pal" title="Jagdambika Pal">Jagdambika Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Swami_(politician)" title="Nityanand Swami (politician)">Nityanand Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh_Koshyari" title="Bhagat Singh Koshyari">Bhagat Singh Koshyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._C._Khanduri" title="B. C. Khanduri">B. C. Khanduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Pokhriyal" title="Ramesh Pokhriyal">Ramesh Pokhriyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivendra_Singh_Rawat" title="Trivendra Singh Rawat">Trivendra Singh Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Chand_Kataria" title="Gulab Chand Kataria">Gulab Chand Kataria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hriday_Narayan_Dikshit" title="Hriday Narayan Dikshit">Hriday Narayan Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswabhusan_Harichandan" title="Biswabhusan Harichandan">Biswabhusan Harichandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaru_Dattatreya" title="Bandaru Dattatreya">Bandaru Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajubhai_Vala" title="Vajubhai Vala">Vajubhai Vala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalraj_Mishra" title="Kalraj Mishra">Kalraj Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwarilal_Purohit" title="Banwarilal Purohit">Banwarilal Purohit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilisai_Soundararajan" title="Tamilisai Soundararajan">Tamilisai Soundararajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Yediyurappa" title="B. S. Yediyurappa">B. S. Yediyurappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himanta_Biswa_Sarma" title="Himanta Biswa Sarma">Himanta Biswa Sarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party">Current chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Fadnavis" title="Devendra Fadnavis">Devendra Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Khandu" title="Pema Khandu">Pema Khandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himanta_Biswa_Sarma" title="Himanta Biswa Sarma">Himanta Biswa Sarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Deo_Sai" title="Vishnu Deo Sai">Vishnu Deo Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Sawant" title="Pramod Sawant">Pramod Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendrabhai_Patel" title="Bhupendrabhai Patel">Bhupendrabhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayab_Singh_Saini" title="Nayab Singh Saini">Nayab Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Yadav" title="Mohan Yadav">Mohan Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Charan_Majhi" title="Mohan Charan Majhi">Mohan Charan Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan_Lal_Sharma" title="Bhajan Lal Sharma">Bhajan Lal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Biren_Singh" title="N. Biren Singh">N. Biren Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manik_Saha" title="Manik Saha">Manik Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkar_Singh_Dhami" title="Pushkar Singh Dhami">Pushkar Singh Dhami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_deputy_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian deputy chief ministers">Current<br />deputy chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowna_Mein" title="Chowna Mein">Chowna Mein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanthungo_Patton" title="Yanthungo Patton">Yanthungo Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Pathak" title="Brajesh Pathak">Brajesh Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Prasad_Maurya" title="Keshav Prasad Maurya">Keshav Prasad Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samrat_Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Samrat Chaudhary">Samrat Chaudhary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Sinha" title="Vijay Kumar Sinha">Vijay Kumar Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Sao" title="Arun Sao">Arun Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Sharma_(politician)" title="Vijay Sharma (politician)">Vijay Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Shukla_(politician)" title="Rajendra Shukla (politician)">Rajendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Devda" title="Jagdish Devda">Jagdish Devda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_Kumari" title="Diya Kumari">Diya Kumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Chand_Bairwa" title="Prem Chand Bairwa">Prem Chand Bairwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanak_Vardhan_Singh_Deo" title="Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo">Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravati_Parida" title="Pravati Parida">Pravati Parida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current<br />national spokespersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Baluni" title="Anil Baluni">Anil Baluni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Mayukh" title="Sanjay Mayukh">Sanjay Mayukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambit_Patra" title="Sambit Patra">Sambit Patra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhanshu_Trivedi" title="Sudhanshu Trivedi">Sudhanshu Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahnawaz_Hussain" title="Syed Shahnawaz Hussain">Syed Shahnawaz Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Pratap_Rudy" title="Rajiv Pratap Rudy">Rajiv Pratap Rudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Kohli" title="Nalin Kohli">Nalin Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Chandrasekhar" title="Rajeev Chandrasekhar">Rajeev Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>Gaurav Bhatia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Zafar_Islam" title="Syed Zafar Islam">Syed Zafar Islam</a></li> <li>Tom Vadakkan</li> <li>Sanju Verma</li> <li>Gopal Krishna Agarwal</li> <li>Iqbal Singh Lalpura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._P._Singh_(politician)" title="R. P. Singh (politician)">R. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyavardhan_Singh_Rathore" title="Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore">Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparajita_Sarangi" title="Aparajita Sarangi">Aparajita Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heena_Gavit" title="Heena Gavit">Heena Gavit</a></li> <li>Guruprakash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmhonlumo_Kikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mmhonlumo Kikon">Mmhonlumo Kikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Bista" title="Raju Bista">Raju Bista</a></li> <li>K. K. Sharma</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current<br />general secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Singh_(Indian_politician)" title="Arun Singh (Indian politician)">Arun Singh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dushyant_Kumar_Gautam" title="Dushyant Kumar Gautam">Dushyant Kumar Gautam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarun_Chugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarun Chugh (page does not exist)">Tarun Chugh</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Tawde" title="Vinod Tawde">Vinod Tawde</a></li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Radha_Mohan_Das_Agarwal" title="Radha Mohan Das Agarwal">Radha Mohan Das Agarwal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>B. L. Santhosh (Organisation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prakash" title="Shiv Prakash">Shiv Prakash</a> (Organisation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Current<br />national secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijaya_Rahatkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijaya Rahatkar (page does not exist)">Vijaya Rahatkar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvind_Menon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arvind Menon (page does not exist)">Arvind Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaja_Munde" title="Pankaja Munde">Pankaja Munde</a></li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Narendra Singh">Narendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alka_Gujar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alka Gujar (page does not exist)">Alka Gujar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Dhurve" title="Om Prakash Dhurve">Om Prakash Dhurve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rituraj_Sinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rituraj Sinha (page does not exist)">Rituraj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Prasad_Tasa" title="Kamakhya Prasad Tasa">Kamakhya Prasad Tasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Singh_Nagar" title="Surendra Singh Nagar">Surendra Singh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anil_Antony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anil Antony (page does not exist)">Anil Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjinder_Singh_Sirsa" title="Manjinder Singh Sirsa">Manjinder Singh Sirsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Dhankar" title="Om Prakash Dhankar">Om Prakash Dhankar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party">Political wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJP_Mahila_Morcha" title="BJP Mahila Morcha">BJP Mahila Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJP_IT_Cell" title="BJP IT Cell">BJP IT Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_units_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party">State Units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_presidents_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party">State Presidents</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Related organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_Jagaran_Manch" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi Jagaran Manch">Swadeshi Jagaran Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color:black;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party_in_the_Parliament_of_India" title="Leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India">Party leaders in the Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_the_Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party">Rajya Sabha members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&oldid=1281922093#Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_Century">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&oldid=1281922093#Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_Century</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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