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Fusion on the Sun - EUROfusion

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elementor-widget-breadcrumbs" data-id="dd877b9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="breadcrumbs.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/">Home</a></span> &raquo; <span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/">What is Fusion?</a></span> &raquo; <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Fusion on the Sun</span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-dce-background-image-url="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Magnificent_CME_Erupts_on_the_Sun_-_August_31.jpg" class="elementor-element elementor-element-d6047fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="d6047fb" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be0b2a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="be0b2a2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Fusion on the Sun</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-02b559f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="02b559f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small">Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5883885 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="5883885" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0585885 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="0585885" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-76b0893 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="76b0893" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>At temperatures of 15 million degrees Celcius in the Sun&rsquo;s core, <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Hydrogen is the lightest element with atomic number 1. (read more)&lt;/div&gt;" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/hydrogen/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>hydrogen</a> gas becomes <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Plasma is called the forth state of matter, it is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. (read more)&lt;/div&gt;" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/plasma/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>plasma</a>, the fourth state of matter. In a plasma, the negatively charged electrons in atoms are completely separated from the positively charged atomic nuclei (or ions). The Sun&rsquo;s gravitational force confines the positively-charged hydrogen nuclei and the high temperatures cause the nuclei to move around furiously. As a result they collide at high speeds overcoming the natural electrostatic repulsion that exists between the positive charges and subsequently fuse to form the heavier helium.</p><h2>From hydrogen to helium in three steps</h2><ul><li>In the first stage two protons combine and one of them converts into a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The most common subnuclear particle, along with the proton. (read more)&lt;/div&gt;" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/neutron/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>neutron</a> to form a nucleus of the heavy isotope of hydrogen known as deuterium.</li><li>Next, the deuterium nucleus combines with another <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The proton, along with the neutron is the most common nucleon. (read more)&lt;/div&gt;" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/proton/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>proton</a> to form the light helium isotope known as helium-3.</li><li>Finally, two helium-3 nuclei combine to form helium-4, releasing two protons.</li></ul><h2>Energy release</h2><p>Overall, four protons are converted into one helium nucleus. Energy is released because the helium nucleus has slightly less mass than the original four protons. The total amount of energy released for each conversion of four hydrogen nuclei into a helium nucleus is about 10 million times more than is produced by the chemical reaction when hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.</p><h2>Proton-proton chain reaction</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3430a23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="3430a23" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <figure class="wp-caption"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg.png" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-description="The proton-proton chain reaction is one of the processes by which stars fuse hydrogen into helium. By Doctor C (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons" data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTUzMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2V1cm8tZnVzaW9uLm9yZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyMlwvMDhcL1Byb3Rvbi1wcm90b25fcmVhY3Rpb25fY2hhaW4uc3ZnLnBuZyJ9"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="800" height="505" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-1532" alt="" srcset="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg.png 1024w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg-300x190.png 300w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Proton-proton_reaction_chain.svg-768x485.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"/> </a> <figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">The proton-proton chain reaction is one of the processes by which stars fuse hydrogen into helium. By Doctor C (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6696b71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6696b71" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-959d34e elementor-flip-box--effect-flip elementor-flip-box--direction-up elementor-widget elementor-widget-flip-box" data-id="959d34e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="flip-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-flip-box" tabindex="0"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer elementor-flip-box__front"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__overlay"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__inner"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i class="far fa-lightbulb"></i> </div> </div> <h3 class="elementor-flip-box__layer__title"> Did you know... </h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer elementor-flip-box__back"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__overlay"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__inner"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__description"> In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a9fae72 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="a9fae72" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d72443c elementor-align-right elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="d72443c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Next chapter: <br>Fusion on Earth</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="13528" class="elementor elementor-13528 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8327d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="8327d5a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-221c83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="221c83b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a5ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88a5ef6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/flag_europe.png" alt="" width="102" height="69" />This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). 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