CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Fusion Conditions - EUROfusion</title> <meta name="description" content="Plasma physicists combine three parameters – temperature, density and time – by multiplying them together to form what is known as the fusion product or triple product." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Fusion Conditions - EUROfusion" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Plasma physicists combine three parameters – temperature, density and time – by multiplying them together to form what is known as the fusion product or triple product." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="EUROfusion" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/fusion2050/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-06-07T07:56:51+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DSC_2771-e1658905927888.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2356" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1487" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@fusionincloseup" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/","url":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/","name":"Fusion Conditions - EUROfusion","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DSC_2771-e1658905927888.jpg","datePublished":"2023-01-01T10:32:01+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-07T07:56:51+00:00","description":"Plasma physicists combine three parameters – temperature, density and time – by multiplying them together to form what is known as the fusion product or triple product.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/#primaryimage","url":"https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DSC_2771-e1658905927888.jpg","contentUrl":"https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DSC_2771-e1658905927888.jpg","width":2356,"height":1487,"caption":"Credit © EUROfusion Consortium, photographer: Katharina Reinhart; all rights reserved."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://euro-fusion.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"What is Fusion?","item":"https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Fusion Conditions"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/#website","url":"https://euro-fusion.org/","name":"EUROfusion","description":"Realising fusion energy","publisher":{"@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://euro-fusion.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/#organization","name":"EUROfusion","url":"https://euro-fusion.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small.png","contentUrl":"https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small.png","width":317,"height":76,"caption":"EUROfusion"},"image":{"@id":"https://euro-fusion.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/fusion2050/","https://x.com/fusionincloseup","https://www.linkedin.com/company/eurofusion"]}]}</script>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="EUROfusion » Feed" href="https://euro-fusion.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="EUROfusion » Comments Feed" href="https://euro-fusion.org/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style>      <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//euro-fusion.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/g3zwvib5/1dgq.css" media="all"/> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-188-css' href='https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-188.css?ver=1732008036' media='all' />                  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//euro-fusion.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/8lzn6csk/3gp1.css" media="all"/> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-5540-css' href='https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-5540.css?ver=1732010394' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-13469-css' href='https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-13469.css?ver=1732008036' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-13528-css' href='https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-13528.css?ver=1732008036' media='all' />    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//euro-fusion.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/f42pr3zp/1dgq.css" media="all"/> <script src='//euro-fusion.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/dq7fno2k/1dgq.js' type="text/javascript"></script>   <script data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-cfasync="false" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/cache/borlabs-cookie/1/borlabs-cookie-config-en.json.js?ver=3.2.8-68" id="borlabs-cookie-config-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/5540" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://euro-fusion.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://euro-fusion.org/?p=5540' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Feuro-fusion.org%2Ffusion%2Ffusion-conditions%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Feuro-fusion.org%2Ffusion%2Ffusion-conditions%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.25.7; features: additional_custom_breakpoints, e_optimized_control_loading; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-auto"> <style> .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { background-image: none !important; } @media screen and (max-height: 1024px) { .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { background-image: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-height: 640px) { .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { background-image: none !important; } } </style> <style type="text/css">.broken_link, a.broken_link { text-decoration: line-through; }</style><link rel="icon" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-ICON-150x150.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-ICON.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-ICON.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-ICON.jpg" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .hilite { background-color:#C8D5DC; color: #000000; } </style> <style type="text/css"> </style> <style type="text/css"> </style> <style type="text/css"> </style> <style type="text/css"> </style> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-elementor_header_footer page page-id-5540 page-child parent-pageid-391 wp-custom-logo hello-elementor elementor-default elementor-template-full-width elementor-kit-188 elementor-page elementor-page-5540"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header data-elementor-type="header" data-elementor-id="13469" class="elementor elementor-13469 elementor-location-header" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-54931a9 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="54931a9" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-850cb60 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="850cb60" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-dce74ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-site-logo elementor-widget-image" data-id="dce74ee" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-site-logo.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org"> <img width="317" height="76" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-69" alt="" srcset="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small.png 317w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small-300x72.png 300w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small-213x51.png 213w" sizes="(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4414bc7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4414bc7" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0f170c7 elementor-nav-menu__align-end elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="0f170c7" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"layout":"horizontal","submenu_icon":{"value":"<i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i>","library":"fa-solid"},"toggle":"burger"}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <nav aria-label="Menu" class="elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade"> <ul id="menu-1-0f170c7" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-286"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/" class="elementor-item">Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7251"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/" class="elementor-item">Services</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4565"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/training-and-education/" class="elementor-sub-item">Training and Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7147"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/teaching-resources/" class="elementor-sub-item">Teaching Resources</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-674"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/journalists/" class="elementor-sub-item">Journalists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-683"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/industry/" class="elementor-sub-item">Industry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11270"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/media-library/" class="elementor-sub-item">Media Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1552"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/eurofusion-glossary/" class="elementor-sub-item">Glossary</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6035"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/links-to-related-organisations/" class="elementor-sub-item">Related links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-680"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/" class="elementor-item">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-288"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/contact/" class="elementor-item">Contact</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="elementor-menu-toggle" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Menu Toggle" aria-expanded="false"> <i aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar"></i><i aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close"></i> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Menu</span> </div> <nav class="elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul id="menu-2-0f170c7" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-286"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7251"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Services</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4565"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/training-and-education/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Training and Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7147"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/teaching-resources/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Teaching Resources</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-674"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/journalists/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Journalists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-683"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/industry/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Industry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11270"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/media-library/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Media Library</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1552"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/eurofusion-glossary/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Glossary</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6035"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/links-to-related-organisations/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Related links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-680"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-288"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/contact/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Contact</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4e6a232 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4e6a232" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6402986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode" data-id="6402986" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="shortcode.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <style type="text/css" media="screen"> #is-ajax-search-result-3749 .is-highlight { background-color: #d0ddf2 !important;} #is-ajax-search-result-3749 .meta .is-highlight { background-color: transparent !important;} </style> <div class="elementor-shortcode"><form data-min-no-for-search=3 data-result-box-max-height=400 data-form-id=3749 class="is-search-form is-form-style is-form-style-3 is-form-id-3749 is-ajax-search" action="https://euro-fusion.org/" method="get" role="search" ><label for="is-search-input-3749"><span class="is-screen-reader-text">Search for:</span><input type="search" id="is-search-input-3749" name="s" value="" class="is-search-input" placeholder="Search website ..." autocomplete=off /><span class="is-loader-image" style="display: none;background-image:url(https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/add-search-to-menu/public/images/spinner.gif);" ></span></label><button type="submit" class="is-search-submit"><span class="is-screen-reader-text">Search Button</span><span class="is-search-icon"><svg focusable="false" aria-label="Search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24px"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path></svg></span></button><input type="hidden" name="id" value="3749" /></form></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-941824e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="941824e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-63ec061 elementor-nav-menu__align-justify elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="63ec061" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"submenu_icon":{"value":"<i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i>","library":"fa-solid"},"layout":"horizontal","toggle":"burger"}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <nav aria-label="Menu" class="elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade"> <ul id="menu-1-63ec061" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8973"><a class="elementor-item">EUROfusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-55"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/" class="elementor-sub-item">About EUROfusion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2747"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/organisation/" class="elementor-sub-item">Organisation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1240"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/members/" class="elementor-sub-item">Members</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2817"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/roadmap/" class="elementor-sub-item">Roadmap</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2963"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/partners/" class="elementor-sub-item">EUROfusion partners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8974"><a class="elementor-item">Programme</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/" class="elementor-sub-item">About the Programme</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10042"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/fusion-science/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion Science</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2040"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/demo/" class="elementor-sub-item">DEMO</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11233"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/training-and-education/" class="elementor-sub-item">Training and Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8975"><a class="elementor-item">Devices</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/" class="elementor-sub-item">About Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-494"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/" class="elementor-sub-item">JET</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4343"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/research-at-jet/" class="elementor-sub-item">Research at JET</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4358"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/jets-salient-features/" class="elementor-sub-item">JET’s Salient Features</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4390"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/jet-history/" class="elementor-sub-item">JET history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-594"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/medium-sized-tokamaks/" class="elementor-sub-item">Medium-Sized Tokamaks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-648"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/wendelstein-7-x/" class="elementor-sub-item">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-686"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/linear-devices/" class="elementor-sub-item">Linear Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11720"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jt-60sa/" class="elementor-sub-item">JT-60SA</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-8976"><a class="elementor-item">Fusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent menu-item-396"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/" class="elementor-sub-item">About Fusion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1385"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-the-sun/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion on the Sun</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5485"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion on Earth</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5540 current_page_item menu-item-5546"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/" aria-current="page" class="elementor-sub-item elementor-item-active">Fusion Conditions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5572"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-vs-fission/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion vs Fission</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1912"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/history-of-fusion/" class="elementor-sub-item">History of Fusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11349"><a class="elementor-item">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-447"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/news/" class="elementor-sub-item">EUROfusion News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11350"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion-in-europe-newsletter/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion in Europe Newsletter</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="elementor-menu-toggle" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Menu Toggle" aria-expanded="false"> <i aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar"></i><i aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close"></i> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Menu</span> </div> <nav class="elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul id="menu-2-63ec061" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8973"><a class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">EUROfusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-55"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">About EUROfusion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2747"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/organisation/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Organisation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1240"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/members/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Members</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2817"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/roadmap/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Roadmap</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2963"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/partners/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">EUROfusion partners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8974"><a class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Programme</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-386"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">About the Programme</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10042"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/fusion-science/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion Science</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2040"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/demo/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">DEMO</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11233"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/training-and-education/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Training and Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8975"><a class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Devices</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">About Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-494"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">JET</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4343"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/research-at-jet/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Research at JET</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4358"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/jets-salient-features/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">JET’s Salient Features</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4390"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/jet-history/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">JET history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-594"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/medium-sized-tokamaks/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Medium-Sized Tokamaks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-648"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/wendelstein-7-x/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-686"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/linear-devices/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Linear Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11720"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jt-60sa/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">JT-60SA</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-8976"><a class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent menu-item-396"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">About Fusion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1385"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-the-sun/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion on the Sun</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5485"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion on Earth</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5540 current_page_item menu-item-5546"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/" aria-current="page" class="elementor-sub-item elementor-item-active" tabindex="-1">Fusion Conditions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5572"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-vs-fission/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion vs Fission</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1912"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/history-of-fusion/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">History of Fusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11349"><a class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-447"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/news/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">EUROfusion News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11350"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion-in-europe-newsletter/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion in Europe Newsletter</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-25f9ab3 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="25f9ab3" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6889892 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6889892" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a482b36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-site-logo elementor-widget-image" data-id="a482b36" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-site-logo.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org"> <img width="317" height="76" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-69" alt="" srcset="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small.png 317w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small-300x72.png 300w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/EUROfusion-LOGO-small-213x51.png 213w" sizes="(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0a5e55e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="0a5e55e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8b83cda elementor-search-form--skin-minimal elementor-widget elementor-widget-search-form" data-id="8b83cda" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"skin":"minimal"}" data-widget_type="search-form.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <search role="search"> <form class="elementor-search-form" action="https://euro-fusion.org" method="get"> <div class="elementor-search-form__container"> <label class="elementor-screen-only" for="elementor-search-form-8b83cda">Search</label> <div class="elementor-search-form__icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-search"></i> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Search</span> </div> <input id="elementor-search-form-8b83cda" placeholder="Search..." class="elementor-search-form__input" type="search" name="s" value=""> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6853ef0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6853ef0" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f16d4a9 elementor-nav-menu__align-end elementor-nav-menu--stretch elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-nav-menu__text-align-center elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="f16d4a9" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"full_width":"stretch","layout":"horizontal","submenu_icon":{"value":"<i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i>","library":"fa-solid"},"toggle":"burger"}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <nav aria-label="Menu" class="elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-fade"> <ul id="menu-1-f16d4a9" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1650"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/" class="elementor-item">EUROfusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2748"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/organisation/" class="elementor-sub-item">Organisation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1665"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/members/" class="elementor-sub-item">Members</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2816"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/roadmap/" class="elementor-sub-item">Roadmap</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2965"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/partners/" class="elementor-sub-item">EUROfusion partners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1651"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/" class="elementor-item">Programme</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2041"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/demo/" class="elementor-sub-item">DEMO</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3076"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/additional-schemes/" class="elementor-sub-item">Additional Schemes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1652"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/" class="elementor-item">Devices</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1667"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/" class="elementor-sub-item">JET</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1668"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/medium-sized-tokamaks/" class="elementor-sub-item">Medium-Sized Tokamaks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6811"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/wendelstein-7-x/" class="elementor-sub-item">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6812"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/linear-devices/" class="elementor-sub-item">Linear Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11721"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jt-60sa/" class="elementor-sub-item">JT-60SA</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-1653"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/" class="elementor-item">Fusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1664"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-the-sun/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion on the Sun</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5484"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion on Earth</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5540 current_page_item menu-item-5547"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/" aria-current="page" class="elementor-sub-item elementor-item-active">Fusion Conditions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5570"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-vs-fission/" class="elementor-sub-item">Fusion vs Fission</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1911"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/history-of-fusion/" class="elementor-sub-item">History of Fusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1654"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/news/" class="elementor-item">News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7252"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/" class="elementor-item">Services</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4566"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/training-and-education/" class="elementor-sub-item">Training and Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7146"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/teaching-resources/" class="elementor-sub-item">Teaching Resources</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1656"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/journalists/" class="elementor-sub-item">Journalists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1658"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/industry/" class="elementor-sub-item">Industry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1660"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/eurofusion-glossary/" class="elementor-sub-item">Glossary</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6036"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/links-to-related-organisations/" class="elementor-sub-item">Related links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1661"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/" class="elementor-item">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1662"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/contact/" class="elementor-item">Contact</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="elementor-menu-toggle" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Menu Toggle" aria-expanded="false"> <i aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar"></i><i aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close"></i> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Menu</span> </div> <nav class="elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container" aria-hidden="true"> <ul id="menu-2-f16d4a9" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1650"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">EUROfusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2748"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/organisation/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Organisation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1665"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/members/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Members</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2816"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/roadmap/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Roadmap</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2965"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion/partners/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">EUROfusion partners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1651"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Programme</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2041"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/demo/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">DEMO</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3076"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/additional-schemes/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Additional Schemes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1652"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Devices</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1667"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jet/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">JET</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1668"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/medium-sized-tokamaks/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Medium-Sized Tokamaks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6811"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/wendelstein-7-x/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Wendelstein 7-X</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6812"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/linear-devices/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Linear Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11721"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/devices/jt-60sa/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">JT-60SA</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-1653"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1664"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-the-sun/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion on the Sun</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5484"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion on Earth</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-5540 current_page_item menu-item-5547"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/" aria-current="page" class="elementor-sub-item elementor-item-active" tabindex="-1">Fusion Conditions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5570"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-vs-fission/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Fusion vs Fission</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1911"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/history-of-fusion/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">History of Fusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1654"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/news/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-7252"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Services</a> <ul class="sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4566"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/programme/training-and-education/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Training and Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7146"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/teaching-resources/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Teaching Resources</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1656"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/journalists/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Journalists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1658"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/industry/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Industry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1660"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/eurofusion-glossary/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Glossary</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6036"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/links-to-related-organisations/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Related links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1661"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1662"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/contact/" class="elementor-item" tabindex="-1">Contact</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div data-elementor-type="wp-page" data-elementor-id="5540" class="elementor elementor-5540" data-elementor-post-type="page"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-26cd2cf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="26cd2cf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2cd5de3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs" data-id="2cd5de3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="breadcrumbs.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/">Home</a></span> » <span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/">What is Fusion?</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Fusion Conditions</span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-dce-background-image-url="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DSC_2771-e1658905927888.jpg" class="elementor-element elementor-element-69cfd5b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="69cfd5b" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b3a4cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="b3a4cfb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Fusion conditions</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8c38eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="8c38eaf" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small">Credit: EUROfusion Consortium, photographer: Katharina Reinhart</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b20525b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="b20525b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-37f7ec9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="37f7ec9" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d86a303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="d86a303" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Three parameters</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f11e25f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="f11e25f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Plasma is called the forth state of matter, it is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/plasma/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Plasma</a> physicists combine three parameters – <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>A measure of thermal energy in units of degrees or electron volts. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/temperature/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">temperature</a>, density and time – by multiplying them together to form what is known as the fusion product or <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Triple product (Lawson’s Criteria) specified a minimum value for the product of three parameters, plasma density (n), confinement time (τ) and temperature (T). (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/triple-product/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">triple product</a>. At a certain value of the fusion product, called ignition, the reaction becomes self-sustaining: the heat generated by the reaction is enough to keep the plasma hot and so the external heating systems can be turned off. For deuterium-<a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>With deuterium, the second isotope of hydrogen, containing one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tritium/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tritium</a> fusion this value is about: nτT ≥ 5×1021 m<sup>-3</sup> s keV. <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Joint European Torus (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/jet/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>JET</a> has reached values of nτT of over 1021 m<sup>-3</sup> s keV.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d99ac6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3d99ac6" data-element_type="container"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-632838b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="632838b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8745945 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8745945" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c4fa7dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c4fa7dd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Temperature</h3> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a28b712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a28b712" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>Deuterium-tritium fusion reactions require temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees. To achieve these remarkable temperatures, three separate heating systems are usually used in tokamaks, each capable of delivering well over a million watts of power to the fuel. Together they generate and sustain plasma that is easily hot enough for the high energy collisions required for fusion to occur.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ad10ac2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="ad10ac2" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f13d137 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="f13d137" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4781e4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="4781e4b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large">Heating methods</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5757d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e5757d1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Inductive heating by using a transformer to drive a current in the plasma. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/ohmic-heating/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">Ohmic Heating</a><br>Neutral Beam Heating<br>Radio-Frequency Heating</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-38734c9 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="38734c9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-check-circle"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-736b0a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="736b0a5" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ef5af36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="ef5af36" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3152770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3152770" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Density</h3> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-edaabd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="edaabd2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>The constituents of a 100 million-degree plasma are moving about really fast, and, if left alone would soon be so far apart as to render collisions extremely unlikely. To keep the density of the plasma high enough to ensure collisions do actually occur, the plasma vessel is surrounded by huge electromagnets. These create magnetic fields 10,000 times stronger than the Earth’s magnetic field and confine the plasma to perpetually circulate within the ring-shaped vessel. However if the plasma gets too dense then collisions of a different kind – between nuclei and electrons – begin to create large amounts of radiation. This radiation, called <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>In a tokamak, if the plasma gets too dense then collisions between nuclei and electrons begin to create large amounts of radiation. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/bremsstrahlung/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">bremsstrahlung</a>, saps energy from the plasma and prevents fusion from occurring – the optimum density value is around one millionth of the atmosphere.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-41b8ad2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="41b8ad2" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c641d50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="c641d50" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b4e5e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="b4e5e60" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large">10,000 times</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-37d1b20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="37d1b20" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>see advanced tokamaks</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tokamak/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Tokamak</a> magnetic fields<br><strong>></strong><br>Earth’s magnetic field</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-80d0309 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="80d0309" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-check-circle"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d4c0acf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="d4c0acf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-87ed062 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="87ed062" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-37e6cd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="37e6cd8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Confinement Time</h3> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c76313a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c76313a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>80% of the fusion energy is carried away by the neutrons, but the 20% carried by the helium nuclei remains in the plasma. The newly formed helium ricochets around the vessel colliding with unburnt fuel nuclei, heating them up, thereby reducing the need for the external heating systems. However it takes time for this to happen – depending on the density and temperature of the plasma. The length of time for which particles are confined within the plasma is denoted by τ (the Greek letter tau). Typical current values at JET are on the order of a second, and at <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>ITER is the world’s largest and most advanced fusion experiment. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/iter/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>ITER</a> should be around four seconds.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4c1db48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4c1db48" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-19b00d4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="19b00d4" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9485f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="9485f6e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large">Confinement time</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6beca0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="6beca0e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>Denoted by T, ‘tau’</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4b2de22 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="4b2de22" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-check-circle"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bf1eed1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="bf1eed1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a995c08 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="a995c08" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Previous chapter: <br> Fusion on Earth</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-673af42 elementor-align-right elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="673af42" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-vs-fission/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Previous chapter: <br> Fusion vs Fission</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="13528" class="elementor elementor-13528 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8327d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="8327d5a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-221c83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="221c83b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a5ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88a5ef6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/flag_europe.png" alt="" width="102" height="69" />This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7024 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8ba7024" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3dc9823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3dc9823" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h6 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Internal Sites:</h6> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8f7b6e8 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="8f7b6e8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://fusecom.euro-fusion.org/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">FuseCOM Intranet</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://users.euro-fusion.org/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">User's Intranet</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://collaborators.euro-fusion.org/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Collaborators Site</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-71f8b7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="71f8b7f" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6bac19f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="6bac19f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h6 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Related Sites:</h6> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f6bd994 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="f6bd994" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://fusenet.eu/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">FuseNet</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://fusion-technology-transfer.europa.eu/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">FUTTA</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Fusion for Energy</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> <a href="https://www.iter.org/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">ITER</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b8fe3a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="b8fe3a6" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3f1ee49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3f1ee49" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ccb48cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="ccb48cb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">© 2014-2024 EUROfusion Consortium Research Institutions</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c55cd00 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="c55cd00" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-17e147f elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons" data-id="17e147f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="social-icons.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid"> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-5c0ce3c" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/eurofusion" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Linkedin</span> <i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i> </a> </span> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-x-twitter elementor-repeater-item-828f132" href="https://x.com/fusionincloseup?lang=en" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-screen-only">X-twitter</span> <i class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i> </a> </span> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-f675eb3" href="https://www.instagram.com/eurofusion_consortium/" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Instagram</span> <i class="fab fa-instagram"></i> </a> </span> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook-f elementor-repeater-item-3f1b7ac" href="https://www.facebook.com/fusion2050/" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Facebook-f</span> <i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i> </a> </span> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-repeater-item-88253ac" href="https://www.youtube.com/Euro-fusionOrg" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Youtube</span> <i class="fab fa-youtube"></i> </a> </span> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-rss elementor-repeater-item-9adb4b5" href="https://euro-fusion.org/feed/" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Rss</span> <i class="fas fa-rss"></i> </a> </span> <span class="elementor-grid-item"> <a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon- elementor-repeater-item-b608735" href="https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion-deutsche-seite/"> <span class="elementor-screen-only"></span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="200" height="191" viewBox="0 0 200 191" fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#clip0_1_2)"><path d="M0 143.25C0 148.878 2.34126 154.276 6.50874 158.256C10.6762 162.236 16.3285 164.472 22.2222 164.472H177.778C183.671 164.472 189.324 162.236 193.491 158.256C197.659 154.276 200 148.878 200 143.25V122.028H0V143.25Z" fill="#FFCD05"></path><path d="M0 74.2778H200V122.028H0V74.2778Z" fill="#ED1F24"></path><path d="M177.778 26.5278H22.2222C16.3285 26.5278 10.6762 28.7637 6.50874 32.7436C2.34126 36.7236 0 42.1215 0 47.75L0 74.2778H200V47.75C200 42.1215 197.659 36.7236 193.491 32.7436C189.324 28.7637 183.671 26.5278 177.778 26.5278Z" fill="#141414"></path></g><defs><clipPath id="clip0_1_2"><rect width="200" height="191" fill="white"></rect></clipPath></defs></svg> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-15c3268 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="15c3268" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ea4a7b4 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-right elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="ea4a7b4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org/privacy-policy/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Privacy Policy</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org/legal-notice/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Legal Notice</span> </a> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org/contact/"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Contact</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; _paq.push(['trackPageView']);_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);_paq.push(['alwaysUseSendBeacon']);_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', "\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/matomo\/app\/matomo.php"]);_paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src="\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/matomo\/matomo.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); </script> <script type="module" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/borlabs-cookie/assets/javascript/borlabs-cookie.min.js?ver=3.2.8" id="borlabs-cookie-core-js-module" data-cfasync="false" data-no-minify="1" data-no-optimize="1"></script> <div data-nosnippet data-borlabs-cookie-consent-required='true' id='BorlabsCookieBox'></div><div id='BorlabsCookieWidget' class='brlbs-cmpnt-container'></div> <script type='text/javascript'> const lazyloadRunObserver = () => { const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` ); const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => { entries.forEach( ( entry ) => { if ( entry.isIntersecting ) { let lazyloadBackground = entry.target; if( lazyloadBackground ) { lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' ); } lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target ); } }); }, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } ); lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => { lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground ); } ); }; const events = [ 'DOMContentLoaded', 'elementor/lazyload/observe', ]; events.forEach( ( event ) => { document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver ); } ); </script>     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//euro-fusion.org/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/1nmv0zzf/1dr9.css" media="all"/> <style id='cmtooltip-inline-css'> #tt { z-index: 1500; } #tt #ttcont div.glossaryItemTitle { color: #000000 !important; } #tt #ttcont div.glossaryItemTitle { background-color: #transparent !important; padding: 0 !important; margin: 0px !important; border-top: 10px solid transparent; border-bottom: 10px solid transparent; } #tt #ttcont div.glossaryItemTitle { font-size: 13px !important; } #tt #ttcont div.glossaryItemBody { padding: 0; font-size: 13px; } #tt #ttcont .mobile-link{ font-size: 13px; } .mobile-link a.glossaryLink { color: #fff !important; } .mobile-link:before{content: "Term link: "} .tiles ul.glossaryList li { min-width: 85px !important; width:85px !important; } .tiles ul.glossaryList span { min-width:85px; width:85px; } .cm-glossary.tiles.big ul.glossaryList a { min-width:179px; width:179px } .cm-glossary.tiles.big ul.glossaryList span { min-width:179px; width:179px; } span.glossaryLink, a.glossaryLink { border-bottom: dotted 1px #324a6d; color: #324a6d !important; } span.glossaryLink.temporary, a.glossaryLink.temporary { border-bottom: dotted 1px #eeff11; } span.glossaryLink:hover, a.glossaryLink:hover { border-bottom: solid 1px #324a6d; color:#324a6d !important; } .glossaryList .glossary-link-title { font-weight: normal !important; } #tt #tt-btn-close{ color: #222 !important} .cm-glossary.grid ul.glossaryList li[class^='ln'] { width: 200px !important} #tt #tt-btn-close{ direction: rtl; font-size: 20px !important } #tt #ttcont glossaryItemBody * {color: #ffffff} #tt #ttcont a{color: #2EA3F2 !important} #ttcont { box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #666666; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #666666; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #666666; } .cm-glossary.term-carousel .slick-slide, .cm-glossary.tiles-with-definition ul > li { height: 250px !important} .cm-glossary.tiles-with-definition ul { grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, 220px) !important; } .glossary-search-wrapper { display: inline-block; } input.glossary-search-term { outline: none; } button.glossary-search.button { outline: none; } </style> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/js/hello-frontend.min.js?ver=3.1.1" id="hello-theme-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/lib/smartmenus/jquery.smartmenus.min.js?ver=1.2.1" id="smartmenus-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/add-search-to-menu/public/js/ivory-search.min.js?ver=5.5.7" id="ivory-search-scripts-js"></script> <script id="ivory-ajax-search-scripts-js-extra"> var IvoryAjaxVars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_nonce":"7ee9a75239"}; </script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/add-search-to-menu/public/js/ivory-ajax-search.min.js?ver=5.5.7" id="ivory-ajax-search-scripts-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/add-search-to-menu/public/js/is-highlight.min.js?ver=5.5.7" id="is-highlight-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/enhanced-tooltipglossary/assets/js/modernizr.min.js?ver=4.3.11" id="cm-modernizr-js-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/enhanced-tooltipglossary/assets/js/purify.min.js?ver=4.3.11" id="cm-purify-js-js"></script> <script id="tooltip-frontend-js-js-extra"> var cmtt_data = {"cmtooltip":{"placement":"horizontal","clickable":false,"close_on_moveout":true,"only_on_button":false,"touch_anywhere":false,"delay":0,"timer":0,"minw":200,"maxw":400,"top":5,"left":25,"endalpha":95,"zIndex":1500,"borderStyle":"none","borderWidth":"0px","borderColor":"#000000","background":"#666666","foreground":"#ffffff","fontSize":"13px","padding":"2px 12px 3px 7px","borderRadius":"6px","tooltipDisplayanimation":"no_animation","tooltipHideanimation":"no_animation","toolip_dom_move":false,"link_whole_tt":false,"close_button":true,"close_button_mobile":true,"close_symbol":"dashicons-no"},"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","post_id":"5540","mobile_disable_tooltips":"0","desktop_disable_tooltips":"0","tooltip_on_click":"0","exclude_ajax":"cmttst_event_save","cmtooltip_definitions":[]}; </script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/enhanced-tooltipglossary/assets/js/tooltip.min.js?ver=4.3.11" id="tooltip-frontend-js-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/webpack-pro.runtime.min.js?ver=3.25.3" id="elementor-pro-webpack-runtime-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/webpack.runtime.min.js?ver=3.25.7" id="elementor-webpack-runtime-js"></script> <script id="elementor-frontend-modules-js-before"> (function() { const allFbWidgets = document.querySelectorAll('div.elementor-widget[data-widget_type^="facebook"]'); for (let fb of allFbWidgets) { fb.dataset.widget_type = 'brlabs_' + fb.dataset.widget_type; } })(); (function() { const allYtWidgets = document.querySelectorAll('div.elementor-widget-video[data-widget_type^="video."][data-settings*="youtube_url"]'); for (let yt of allYtWidgets) { if (yt.dataset.brlbsUnblocked === 'true') { continue; } yt.dataset.widget_type = 'brlbs_' + yt.dataset.widget_type; yt.dataset.settings = yt.dataset.settings.replace('show_image_overlay', 'brlbs_dont_show_image_overlay'); } })(); (function() { const allBackgroundContainerYt = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('[data-brlbs-elementor-bg-video-yt="true"]')); const allBackgroundContainerVimeo = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('[data-brlbs-elementor-bg-video-vimeo="true"]')); const allBackgroundContainerYtIds = allBackgroundContainerYt.map(e => e.dataset.id); const allBackgroundContainerVimeoIds = allBackgroundContainerVimeo.map(e => e.dataset.id); const allBackgroundContainerIds = [...allBackgroundContainerYtIds, ...allBackgroundContainerVimeoIds]; function insertBackgroundVideoCbs() { for (let id of allBackgroundContainerIds) { const videoContainer = document.querySelector('[data-id="'+id+'"]'); const template = document.getElementById('brlbs-cmpnt-cb-template-elementor-bg-video-' + id); if (videoContainer && template) { const videoEmbed = videoContainer.querySelector('.elementor-background-video-embed'); const cb = template.content.cloneNode(true).querySelector('.brlbs-cmpnt-container'); if (videoEmbed.nextSibling) { videoEmbed.parentNode.insertBefore(cb, videoEmbed.nextSibling); } else { videoEmbed.parentNode.appendChild(cb); } const bgImageCss = window.getComputedStyle(videoContainer).backgroundImage; const thumb = cb.querySelector('.brlbs-cmpnt-cb-thumbnail') if (bgImageCss != null && thumb != null && bgImageCss.startsWith('url(')) { thumb.style.backgroundImage = bgImageCss; } } } } window.addEventListener("load", () => insertBackgroundVideoCbs()); window.addEventListener( 'elementor/frontend/init', function() { let first = true; elementorFrontend.hooks.addAction('frontend/element_ready/global', () => { if (first === true) { first = false; if (allBackgroundContainerYtIds.length > 0) { const ytApiReadyOriginal = elementorFrontend.utils.youtube.onApiReady; let waitingYtCounter = 0; elementorFrontend.utils.youtube.onApiReady = (callback) => { document.addEventListener('brlbs_elementor_bgVideo_yt_unblocked', () => { ytApiReadyOriginal.call(elementorFrontend.utils.youtube, callback); }); if (++waitingYtCounter === allBackgroundContainerYtIds.length) { elementorFrontend.utils.youtube.onApiReady = ytApiReadyOriginal; window.brlbsElementorBgVideoYtUnblockReady = { state: true }; } } } if (allBackgroundContainerVimeoIds.length > 0) { const vimeoApiReadyOriginal = elementorFrontend.utils.vimeo.onApiReady; let waitingVimeoCounter = 0; elementorFrontend.utils.vimeo.onApiReady = (callback) => { document.addEventListener('brlbs_elementor_bgVideo_vimeo_unblocked', () => { vimeoApiReadyOriginal.call(elementorFrontend.utils.vimeo, callback); }); if (++waitingVimeoCounter === allBackgroundContainerVimeoIds.length) { elementorFrontend.utils.vimeo.onApiReady = vimeoApiReadyOriginal; window.brlbsElementorBgVideoVimeoUnblockReady = { state: true }; } } } } }); }); })(); </script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend-modules.min.js?ver=3.25.7" id="elementor-frontend-modules-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js-before"> var ElementorProFrontendConfig = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"3de1ebeadc","urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/","rest":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-json\/"},"settings":{"lazy_load_background_images":true},"popup":{"hasPopUps":true},"shareButtonsNetworks":{"facebook":{"title":"Facebook","has_counter":true},"twitter":{"title":"Twitter"},"linkedin":{"title":"LinkedIn","has_counter":true},"pinterest":{"title":"Pinterest","has_counter":true},"reddit":{"title":"Reddit","has_counter":true},"vk":{"title":"VK","has_counter":true},"odnoklassniki":{"title":"OK","has_counter":true},"tumblr":{"title":"Tumblr"},"digg":{"title":"Digg"},"skype":{"title":"Skype"},"stumbleupon":{"title":"StumbleUpon","has_counter":true},"mix":{"title":"Mix"},"telegram":{"title":"Telegram"},"pocket":{"title":"Pocket","has_counter":true},"xing":{"title":"XING","has_counter":true},"whatsapp":{"title":"WhatsApp"},"email":{"title":"Email"},"print":{"title":"Print"},"x-twitter":{"title":"X"},"threads":{"title":"Threads"}}, "facebook_sdk":{"lang":"en_US","app_id":""},"lottie":{"defaultAnimationUrl":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/modules\/lottie\/assets\/animations\/default.json"}}; </script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=3.25.3" id="elementor-pro-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script id="elementor-frontend-js-before"> var elementorFrontendConfig = {"environmentMode":{"edit":false,"wpPreview":false,"isScriptDebug":false},"i18n":{"shareOnFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareOnTwitter":"Share on Twitter","pinIt":"Pin it","download":"Download","downloadImage":"Download image","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","zoom":"Zoom","share":"Share","playVideo":"Play Video","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","close":"Close","a11yCarouselWrapperAriaLabel":"Carousel | Horizontal scrolling: Arrow Left & Right","a11yCarouselPrevSlideMessage":"Previous slide","a11yCarouselNextSlideMessage":"Next slide","a11yCarouselFirstSlideMessage":"This is the first slide","a11yCarouselLastSlideMessage":"This is the last slide","a11yCarouselPaginationBulletMessage":"Go to slide"},"is_rtl":false,"breakpoints":{"xs":0,"sm":480,"md":768,"lg":1025,"xl":1440,"xxl":1600},"responsive":{"breakpoints":{"mobile":{"label":"Mobile Portrait","value":767,"default_value":767,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"mobile_extra":{"label":"Mobile Landscape","value":880,"default_value":880,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"tablet":{"label":"Tablet Portrait","value":1024,"default_value":1024,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"tablet_extra":{"label":"Tablet Landscape","value":1200,"default_value":1200,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"laptop":{"label":"Laptop","value":1366,"default_value":1366,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"widescreen":{"label":"Widescreen","value":2400,"default_value":2400,"direction":"min","is_enabled":false}}, "hasCustomBreakpoints":false},"version":"3.25.7","is_static":false,"experimentalFeatures":{"additional_custom_breakpoints":true,"container":true,"e_swiper_latest":true,"e_nested_atomic_repeaters":true,"e_optimized_control_loading":true,"e_onboarding":true,"e_css_smooth_scroll":true,"theme_builder_v2":true,"hello-theme-header-footer":true,"home_screen":true,"landing-pages":true,"nested-elements":true,"editor_v2":true,"link-in-bio":true,"floating-buttons":true},"urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uploadUrl":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/uploads"},"nonces":{"floatingButtonsClickTracking":"7dac8a5908"},"swiperClass":"swiper","settings":{"page":[],"editorPreferences":[],"dynamicooo":[]},"kit":{"body_background_background":"classic","lightbox_description_src":"caption","active_breakpoints":["viewport_mobile","viewport_tablet"],"global_image_lightbox":"yes","lightbox_enable_counter":"yes","lightbox_enable_fullscreen":"yes","lightbox_enable_zoom":"yes","lightbox_enable_share":"yes","hello_header_logo_type":"logo","hello_header_menu_layout":"horizontal"},"post":{"id":5540,"title":"Fusion%20Conditions%20-%20EUROfusion","excerpt":"","featuredImage":"https:\/\/euro-fusion.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/DSC_2771-e1658905927888-1024x646.jpg"}}; </script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=3.25.7" id="elementor-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/elements-handlers.min.js?ver=3.25.3" id="pro-elements-handlers-js"></script> <div id="tt" role="tooltip" aria-label="Tooltip content" class="cmtt"></div> </body> </html>