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Resources</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1656"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/journalists/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Journalists</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1658"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/industry/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Industry</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1660"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/eurofusion-glossary/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Glossary</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6036"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/services/links-to-related-organisations/" class="elementor-sub-item" tabindex="-1">Related links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1661"><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/" 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</div> <div data-dce-background-image-url="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Sun_going_below_horizon_at_end_of_long_Yellowknife_sunset.jpg" class="elementor-element elementor-element-f3b60b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="f3b60b3" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b8aeda8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="b8aeda8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Fusion - Research for Tomorrow's Energy Supply</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4cd48f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="4cd48f4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small">Source: By Daniel Case (Own work) CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-35bb9f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="35bb9f6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-223892d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="223892d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b841a41 elementor-cta--layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action" data-id="b841a41" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="call-to-action.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-cta"> <div class="elementor-cta__content"> <h2 class="elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> What is Fusion? </h2> <div class="elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Nuclei of lighter atoms such as <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Hydrogen is the lightest element with atomic number 1. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/hydrogen/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>hydrogen</a> collide and fuse to produce nuclei of heavier atoms such as helium and release vast amounts of energy in the process —this is the essence of fusion. Because the energy is derived from the action of nuclei, fusion is a form of nuclear energy. It may be considered the opposite of fission, also a form of nuclear energy, which is generated when nuclei of heavy atoms split into lighter ones. Fusion is the process that powers and drives the production of energy in stars, such as our Sun. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-28f9a78 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="28f9a78" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7136a6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="7136a6c" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-aeafc23 elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action" data-id="aeafc23" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="call-to-action.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a class="elementor-cta" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-the-sun/"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg" style="background-image: url(https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Magnificent_CME_Erupts_on_the_Sun_-_August_31-1024x576.jpg);" role="img" aria-label="Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons"></div> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="elementor-cta__content"> <h2 class="elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Fusion on the Sun </h2> <h6 class="elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> On the Sun, four protons are converted into one helium nucleus. Energy is released because the helium nucleus has slightly less mass than the original four protons. </h6> <div class="elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item "> <span class="elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-"> more </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9cb2ead elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action" data-id="9cb2ead" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="call-to-action.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a class="elementor-cta" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-earth/"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg" style="background-image: url(https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/planet_iter_night_cropped_small-1024x649.jpg);" role="img" aria-label="Credit © ITER Organization, https://www.iter.org/"></div> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="elementor-cta__content"> <h2 class="elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Fusion on Earth </h2> <h6 class="elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> The Earth does not have the immense gravitational force required to confine the hydrogen nuclei. So a different approach is needed to achieve fusion reactions on Earth. </h6> <div class="elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item "> <span class="elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-"> More </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-72cb3db elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action" data-id="72cb3db" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="call-to-action.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a class="elementor-cta" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg" style="background-image: url(https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DSC_2771-e1658905927888-1024x646.jpg);" role="img" aria-label="Credit © EUROfusion Consortium, photographer: Katharina Reinhart; all rights reserved."></div> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="elementor-cta__content"> <h2 class="elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Fusion Conditions </h2> <h6 class="elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Fuel: The most efficient fusion fuel is a mixture of deuterium and tritium; Temperature: between 100 and 200 million degrees Celsius; Density: approximately 1 milligram per metre cubed; Time maintain these conditions for as long as possible! </h6> <div class="elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item "> <span class="elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-"> More </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7147dfe elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action" data-id="7147dfe" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="call-to-action.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a class="elementor-cta" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-vs-fission/"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg" style="background-image: url(https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission-1024x687.jpg);" role="img" aria-label="Left: fusion, when light atoms fuse and release energy. Right: fission, when heavy atoms split and release energy."></div> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="elementor-cta__content"> <h2 class="elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Fusion vs Fission </h2> <h6 class="elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> It seems confusing that energy can be generated by both fusion (the coalescence of two nuclei) and fission (splitting the nucleus), as they appear to be quite opposite processes. The explanation lies in the size of the nuclei. </h6> <div class="elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item "> <span class="elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-"> More </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-af4913c elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--mobile-layout-image-above elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action" data-id="af4913c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="call-to-action.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <a class="elementor-cta" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/history-of-fusion/"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg" style="background-image: url(https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/mag_who_invented_final-1024x404.jpg);" role="img" aria-label="Credit © ITER Organization, http://www.iter.org/"></div> <div class="elementor-cta__bg-overlay"></div> </div> <div class="elementor-cta__content"> <h2 class="elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> History of Fusion </h2> <h6 class="elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item"> Some 70 years ago scientists obtained the first insights into the physics of sunshine: when the sun and other stars transmute matter, tirelessly transforming hydrogen into helium by the process of fusion, they release colossal amounts of energy. </h6> <div class="elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item "> <span class="elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-"> More </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="13528" class="elementor elementor-13528 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8327d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="8327d5a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-221c83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="221c83b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a5ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88a5ef6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/flag_europe.png" alt="" width="102" height="69" />This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). 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