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class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Top FAQ</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fe9a3a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="fe9a3a7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small">Photo by DS stories from Pexels: https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-notepad-with-a-question-mark-drawing-6991443/</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-92307e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="92307e1" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8684213 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8684213" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e573c3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="e573c3b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>These are questions that the Communications Office have received via email from the website audience; hence the rather conversational tone. We attempt to answer each question with the available facts. The top FAQs are the ones that receive most views on our website. If you have a question, <a href="mailto:contact@euro-fusion.org">write to us</a>!</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ff709ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="ff709ee" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3a2dc15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3a2dc15" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5242c62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle" data-id="5242c62" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="toggle.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-toggle"> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8621" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="1" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8621" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How do both fission and fusion generate energy?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8621" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="1" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8621"><p>While it might seem confusing that energy can be generated by both fusion and fission, as they appear to be quite opposite processes, the explanation lies in the size of the nuclei.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/how-do-both-fission-and-fusion-generate-energy/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8622" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="2" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8622" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">Where does the plasma colour come from?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8622" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="2" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8622"><p>The colour comes from the fuel, which is basically <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Hydrogen is the lightest element with atomic number 1. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/hydrogen/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>hydrogen</a>. Hydrogen gives out two different colours, a strong red and aqua-blue, which combine to give the pink colour that shows up in most pictures.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/where-does-the-plasma-colour-come-from/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8623" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="3" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8623" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How are alpha particles produced and are they dangerous?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8623" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="3" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8623"><p>An <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>The nucleus of a helium atom, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/alpha-particle/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">alpha particle</a> is produced by the alpha decay of a radioactive nucleus. Because the nucleus is unstable a piece of it is ejected, allowing the nucleus to reach a more stable state.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/how-are-alpha-particles-produced/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8624" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="4" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8624" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">Does fusion give off radiation?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8624" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="4" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8624"><p>The fusion reaction releases neutrons, which would be quite dangerous to humans, however the production of neutrons ceases within milliseconds when the plant is turned off.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/does-fusion-give-off-radiation/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8625" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="5" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8625" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How much power is needed to start the reactor and to keep it working?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8625" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="5" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8625"><p>For fusion to occur we need to create and maintain <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Plasma is called the forth state of matter, it is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/plasma/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>plasma</a> at extremely high temperatures. Additionally we need to contain the plasma by energising large magnetic coils.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/power-to-start-the-reactor/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8626" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="6" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8626" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How do the magnetic fields contain the plasma and how are these fields set up and powered? </a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8626" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="6" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8626"><p>As the ions in the plasma are charged they respond to magnetic fields. By setting up magnetic field lines toroidally around the interior of the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>see advanced tokamaks</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tokamak/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tokamak</a>, the ions and electrons in the plasma are forced to travel tightly around these field lines.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/how-do-magnetic-fields-contain-the-plasma/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8627" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="7" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8627" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">Would a sustainable D-D fusion reaction require much more energy compared to D-T fusion?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8627" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="7" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8627"><p><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Joint European Torus (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/jet/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>JET</a>, so far the only operational fusion experiment capable of producing fusion energy, is routinely operated with Deuterium only, for a number of reasons.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/deuterium-deuterium-fusion-reaction-energy/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8628" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="8" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8628" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">Since plasma is a super heated substance, will it cause the burning of the reactor?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8628" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="8" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8628"><p>The answer is one of the key advantages of fusion as a potential energy source over nuclear fission power stations – its inherent safety.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/will-plasma-cause-the-burning-of-the-reactor/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-8629" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="9" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-8629" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How much more energy will it take a Tokamak over the “breakeven point” to actually produce power due to loss of energy in the processes of electricity production?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-8629" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="9" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-8629"><p><a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Energy breakeven occurs when the energy released by the fusion reaction equals the energy put in to heat the plasma. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/breakeven/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Breakeven</a> is achieved when the energy from fusion reactions is larger than the energy required to sustain the plasma.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/breakeven-point-to-actually-produce-power/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b141125 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="b141125" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-33f6bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle" data-id="33f6bb9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="toggle.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-toggle"> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5441" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="1" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5441" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">What is the temperature generated in a tokamak?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5441" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="1" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5441"><p>In order for fusion to occur in the very hot gas – or plasma –created inside JET, the plasma must be heated to temperatures in excess of 150 million degrees Celsius.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/what-is-the-temperature-generated-in-a-tokamak/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5442" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="2" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5442" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">What is a lithium blanket and how does it work?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5442" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="2" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5442"><p>The <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>In a fusion power plant using deuterium-tritium fuel, the system surrounding the plasma vessel, the blanket, has two functions. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/blanket/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>blanket</a> is a layer surrounding the vessel in a fusion powerplant. It will absorb the energy from the fusion neutrons produced in the plasma, boiling water via a heat exchanger, which will be used to drive a steam turbine and produce electricity.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/what-is-a-lithium-blanket-and-how-does-it-work/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5443" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="3" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5443" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">Should you not try fusion under pressure as that is how it takes place in the sun?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5443" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="3" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5443"><p>Strangely enough, the sun is a very inefficient fusion reactor, producing only 1 watt per cubic metre – luckily it is very big so the total is a lot of power. Here on earth we are aiming for efficiencies a million times better than that!</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/fusion-under-pressure/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5444" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="4" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5444" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How long is the longest sustained fusion reaction achieved by JET and elsewhere?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5444" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="4" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5444"><p>Most of the experiments that are carried out in fusion research use only deuterium, rather than a combination of deuterium and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>With deuterium, the second isotope of hydrogen, containing one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tritium/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tritium</a> (D-T).</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/longest-sustained-fusion-reaction-at-jet/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5445" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="5" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5445" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How can we get more energy out than in?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5445" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="5" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5445"><p>The First Law of Thermodynamics explains how the amount of energy gained from something cannot exceed the amount put in. So it seems to violate the laws of thermodynamics – but…</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/how-can-we-get-more-energy-out-than-in/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5446" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="6" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5446" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How do fission and fusion reactions compare? </a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5446" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="6" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5446"><p>In fission, energy is gained by splitting apart heavy atoms into smaller atoms whereas fusion is combining light atoms, which form a heavier one. Both reactions release energy.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/how-do-fission-and-fusion-reactions-compare/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5447" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="7" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5447" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How do fission and fusion compare as sources of energy?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5447" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="7" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5447"><p>Using nuclear fission and fusion for generating electricity requires very different technologies and engineering.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/fission-and-fusion-compare-as-sources-of-energy/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> <div class="elementor-toggle-item"> <h4 id="elementor-tab-title-5448" class="elementor-tab-title" data-tab="8" role="button" aria-controls="elementor-tab-content-5448" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b159ff04-3740-4ac3-96cc-b414ded50b3a" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><polygon points="8.39 7.64 8.39 0 7.61 0 7.61 7.64 0 7.64 0 8.4 7.61 8.4 7.61 16 8.39 16 8.39 8.4 16 8.4 16 7.64 8.39 7.64"></polygon></svg></span> <span class="elementor-toggle-icon-opened"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="adf49d60-5815-4ece-8d49-00a021de5c06" data-name="Layer 1" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16"><rect width="16" height="16" style="opacity:0"></rect><rect y="7.64" width="16" height="0.76"></rect></svg></span> </span> <a class="elementor-toggle-title" tabindex="0">How does fusion work?</a> </h4> <div id="elementor-tab-content-5448" class="elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix" data-tab="8" role="region" aria-labelledby="elementor-tab-title-5448"><p>Fusion releases energy when the nuclei of two forms of hydrogen (in our case, we use deuterium and tritium) are collided together at such high velocities that they stick together or fuse.</p><p><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/faq/how-does-fusion-work/">>> read more</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="13528" class="elementor elementor-13528 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8327d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="8327d5a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-221c83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="221c83b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a5ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88a5ef6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/flag_europe.png" alt="" width="102" height="69" />This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). 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