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<span>Expedition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expedition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Cíbola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Cíbola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Conquest of Cíbola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Cíbola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_of_the_Colorado_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_of_the_Colorado_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Exploration of the Colorado River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_of_the_Colorado_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiguex_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiguex_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Tiguex War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiguex_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_for_Quivira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_Quivira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Search for Quivira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_for_Quivira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Querechos_and_Teyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Querechos_and_Teyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Querechos and Teyas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Querechos_and_Teyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quivira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quivira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Quivira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quivira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_of_Quivira,_Tabas,_and_Harahey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_of_Quivira,_Tabas,_and_Harahey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_of_Quivira,_Tabas,_and_Harahey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Expedition end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="فرانسيسكو فاسكويز دي كورونادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيسكو فاسكويز دي كورونادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Васкес де Коронадо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсиско Васкес де Коронадо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisko Vázquez de Coronado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو واسکس د کورونادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیسکو واسکس د کورونادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%B0_%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98%EB%8F%84" title="프란시스코 바스케스 데 코로나도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란시스코 바스케스 데 코로나도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95" title="פרנסיסקו וסקס דה קורונדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיסקו וסקס דה קורונדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="ფრანცისკო ვასკეს დე კორონადო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანცისკო ვასკეს დე კორონადო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%89" title="フランシスコ・バスケス・デ・コロナド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ・バスケス・デ・コロナド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de 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href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Васкез де Коронадо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсиско Васкез де Коронадо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Governor of New Galicia</a></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1510<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1510</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1554<span style="display:none">(1554-09-22)</span> (aged 43–44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_(1510%E2%80%931554).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_%281510%E2%80%931554%29.png/107px-Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_%281510%E2%80%931554%29.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_%281510%E2%80%931554%29.png/160px-Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_%281510%E2%80%931554%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_%281510%E2%80%931554%29.png/214px-Signature_of_Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado_%281510%E2%80%931554%29.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1535–1554</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[fɾanˈθisko<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈβaθkeθ<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>koɾoˈnaðo]</a></span>; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to present-day <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of Cíbola, often referred to now as the mythical <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a>. His expedition marked the first European sightings of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>, among other landmarks. His name is often Anglicized as <b>Vasquez de Coronado</b> or just <b>Coronado</b>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization <br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble family in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanca, Spain">Salamanca</a>, Spain, in 1510 as the second son of Juan Vázquez de Coronado and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions in the administration of the recently captured <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> under <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones">Íñigo López de Mendoza</a>, its first Christian governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at about age 25, in the entourage of its first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Viceroys_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the son of his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (<i>la Santa</i>), sister of Leonor de Estrada, ancestor of the de Alvarado family and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a> Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3n" title="Picón">Picón</a>, and his wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez <a href="/wiki/De_la_Caballeria" title="De la Caballeria">de la Caballería</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> <a href="/wiki/Sefardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefardi Jews">Jewish</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vázquez de Coronado inherited a large portion of a Mexican <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda"><i>encomendero</i></a> estate through Beatriz and had eight children by her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a> (New Galicia), a province of New Spain located northwest of Mexico and comprising the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mexican_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican state">Mexican states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a>. In 1539, he dispatched Friar <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estevanico" title="Estevanico">Estevanico</a> (more properly known as Estevan), one of only four survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a>, on an expedition north from <a href="/wiki/Compostela,_Nayarit" title="Compostela, Nayarit">Compostela</a> toward present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. When de Niza returned, he told of a city of vast wealth, a golden city called <a href="/wiki/Zuni-Cibola_Complex" title="Zuni-Cibola Complex">Cíbola</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan. Though he did not claim to have entered the city of Cíbola, he mentioned that it stood on a high hill and that it appeared wealthy and as large as Mexico City. </p><p>Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with two components. One component carried the bulk of the expedition's supplies, traveling via the Guadalupe River and Gulf of California under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Hernando de Alarcón">Hernando de Alarcón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other component traveled by land, along the trail on which Friar Marcos de Niza had followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a> invested large sums of their own money in the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander of the expedition, with the mission to find the mythical <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a>. This is the reason he pawned his wife's estates and was lent 70,000 pesos. </p><p>In the autumn of 1539, Mendoza ordered <a href="/wiki/Melchior_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Díaz">Melchior Díaz</a>, commander of the Spanish outpost at <a href="/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Culiacán">San Miguel de Culiacán</a>, to investigate Friar de Niza's findings, and on November 17, 1539, Díaz departed for Cíbola with fifteen horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the ruins of Chichilticalli, he turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from across the wilderness".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before he had departed San Miguel de Culiacán, and reported that initial investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence of the bountiful land he had described. Díaz's report was delivered to Viceroy Mendoza on March 20, 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_2">Expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronado_expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/350px-Coronado_expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/525px-Coronado_expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/700px-Coronado_expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The Coronado Expedition (1540–1542) from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> north through the future <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronado-Remington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coronado-Remington.jpg/350px-Coronado-Remington.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coronado-Remington.jpg/525px-Coronado-Remington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coronado-Remington.jpg/700px-Coronado-Remington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><i>Coronado Sets Out to the North</i> (<a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>, c. 1900)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vázquez de Coronado set out from Compostela on February 23, 1540, at the head of a much larger expedition composed of about 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian">Mexican Indian</a> allies, four <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friars (the most notable of whom were <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Padilla" title="Juan de Padilla">Juan de Padilla</a> and the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial superior</a> of the Franciscan order in the New World, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a>), and several slaves, both natives and Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other family members and servants also joined the party. </p><p>He followed the Sinaloan coast northward, keeping the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> on his left to the west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Culiac%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="San Miguel de Culiacán">San Miguel de Culiacán</a>, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from his mission to verify Friar de Niza's report, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Díaz">Melchior Díaz</a> had also taken notice of the forage and food situation along the trail, and reported that the land along the route would not be able to support a large concentrated body of soldiers and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, decided to divide his expedition into small groups and time their departures so that grazing lands and water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along the trail, Vázquez de Coronado established camps and stationed garrisons of soldiers to keep the supply route open. For example, in September 1540, Melchior Díaz, along with "seventy or eighty of the weakest and least reliable men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the town of San Jerónimo, in the valley of Corazones, or "Hearts".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the scouting and planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group of soldiers up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were able to travel quickly, while the main bulk of the expedition would set out later. </p><p>After leaving <a href="/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Culiacán">Culiacán</a> on April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed the coast, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, by an extremely rough way, to the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_River" title="Sinaloa River">Sinaloa River</a>. The configuration of the country made it necessary to follow the river valley until he could find a passage across the mountains to the course of the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_River" title="Yaqui River">Yaqui River</a>. He traveled alongside this stream for some distance, then crossed to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Sonora">Rio Sonora</a>, which he followed nearly to its source before a pass (now known as <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Montezuma Pass">Montezuma Pass</a>) was discovered. On the southern side of the <a href="/wiki/Huachuca_Mountains" title="Huachuca Mountains">Huachuca Mountains</a> he found a stream he called the <i>Nexpa</i>, which may have been either the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River_(Arizona)" title="Santa Cruz River (Arizona)">Santa Cruz</a> or the <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_River_(Arizona)" title="San Pedro River (Arizona)">San Pedro</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> of modern maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro River. The party followed this river valley until they reached the edge of the wilderness, where, as Friar Marcos had described it to them, they found Chichilticalli.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chichilticalli is in southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Springs_Valley" title="Sulphur Springs Valley">Sulphur Springs Valley</a>, within the bend of the <a href="/wiki/Dos_Cabezas_Mountains" title="Dos Cabezas Mountains">Dos Cabezas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Mountains" title="Chiricahua Mountains">Chiricahua Mountains</a>. This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description, which reports that "at Chichilticalli the country changes its character again and the spiky vegetation ceases. The reason is that ... the mountain chain changes its direction at the same time that the coast does. Here they had to cross and pass the mountains in order to get into the level country."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There Vázquez de Coronado met a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great golden city that de Niza had described. Instead, it was just a village of nondescript <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">pueblos</a> constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>. The soldiers were upset with de Niza for his mendacious imagination, so Vázquez de Coronado sent him back south to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> in disgrace. </p><p>Despite what is shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli and Zuni primarily on the future New Mexico side of the state line, not the Arizona side as has been thought by historians since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about thirty miles east of the great bend of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, ending about twenty miles west-southwest of the location depicted on the map, with Quivira being mostly on tributaries of the Arkansas River instead of directly on the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For details, see the heading below, "Location of Quivira...." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_Cíbola"><span id="Conquest_of_C.C3.ADbola"></span>Conquest of Cíbola</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conquest of Cíbola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:The_Coronado_expedition,_1540-1542.djvu&page=7" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Coronado_expedition%2C_1540-1542.djvu/page7-220px-The_Coronado_expedition%2C_1540-1542.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Coronado_expedition%2C_1540-1542.djvu/page7-330px-The_Coronado_expedition%2C_1540-1542.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Coronado_expedition%2C_1540-1542.djvu/page7-440px-The_Coronado_expedition%2C_1540-1542.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="3362" /></a><figcaption><i>The Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> format)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Vázquez de Coronado traveled north on one side or the other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a>, he continued on until he came to the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_River" title="Zuni River">Zuni River</a>. He followed the river until he entered the territory controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuni (tribe)">Zuni</a>. The members of the expedition were almost starving and demanded entrance into the community of <a href="/wiki/Hawikuh_Ruins" title="Hawikuh Ruins">Hawikuh</a> (of which the preferred Zuni word is Hawikku). The residents refused, denying the expedition entrance to the community. Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted the extent of what can be called the Spanish Conquest of Cíbola. He never personally led his men-at-arms in any subsequent battles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. During the weeks that the expedition stayed at Zuni, he sent out several scouting expeditions. </p><p>The first scouting expedition was led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Tovar" title="Pedro de Tovar">Pedro de Tovar</a>. This expedition headed northwest to the <a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi</a> communities they recorded as Tusayan. Upon arrival, the Spanish were also denied entrance to the village that they came across and, once again, resorted to using force to enter. Materially, Hopi territory was just as poor as that of the Zuni in precious metals, but the Spaniards did learn that a large river (the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River (U.S.)">Colorado</a>) lay to the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploration_of_the_Colorado_River">Exploration of the Colorado River</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exploration of the Colorado River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three leaders affiliated with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>. The first was <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Hernando de Alarcón">Hernando de Alarcón</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Melchior_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Díaz">Melchior Díaz</a> and lastly <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a>. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and to establish contact with the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to do so because of the extreme distance to Cibola. He traveled up the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Cort%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Cortés">Sea of Cortés</a> and then the Colorado River. In this exploration, he hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, he buried them with a note in a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado to take charge of the camp of Corazones and to establish contact with the fleet. Soon after arriving at the camp he set out from the valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a>. There, indigenous informants, probably the Cocomaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had buried supplies and left a note in a bottle. The supplies were retrieved, and the note stated that Alarcón's men had rowed up the river as far as they could, searching in vain for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They had given up and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the indigenous people of the area used firebrands to keep their bodies warm in the winter. Díaz died on the trip back to the camp in the valley of the Corazones. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/220px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/330px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/440px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>La conquista del Colorado</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau" title="Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau">Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau</a>, depicts Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition. <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a> can be seen overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado River, led by Don García López de Cárdenas. The expedition returned to Hopi territory to acquire scouts and supplies. Members of Cárdenas's party eventually reached the South Rim of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, where they could see the Colorado River thousands of feet below, becoming the first non-Native Americans to do so. After trying and failing to climb down into the canyon to reach the river, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado River to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After this, the main body of the expedition began its journey to the next populated center of pueblos, along another large river to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tiguex_War">Tiguex War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tiguex War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Alvarado" title="Hernando de Alvarado">Hernando de Alvarado</a> was sent to the east, and found several villages around the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the river from present-day <a href="/wiki/Bernalillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernalillo">Bernalillo</a> near <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>. During the winter of 1540–41, his army found themselves in conflict with the Rio Grande natives, which led to the brutal <a href="/wiki/Tiguex_War" title="Tiguex War">Tiguex War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This war resulted in the destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards also captured a Wichita woman, <a href="/wiki/Big_Eyes_(Wichita_woman)" title="Big Eyes (Wichita woman)">Big Eyes</a>, who had been enslaved by the Tiguex, and who would become a guide for the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Search_for_Quivira">Search for Quivira</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Search for Quivira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From an indigenous informant the Spanish called "the Turk" (<i>el turco</i>), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy nation called <a href="/wiki/Quivira" title="Quivira">Quivira</a> far to the east. In spring 1541, he led his army and priests and indigenous allies onto the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> to search for Quivira. The Turk was probably either <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> and his intention seems to have been to lead Vázquez de Coronado astray and hope that he got lost in the Great Plains. </p><p>With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado and his army might have crossed the flat and featureless steppe called the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico" title="Eastern New Mexico">Eastern New Mexico</a>, passing through the present-day communities of <a href="/wiki/Hereford,_Texas" title="Hereford, Texas">Hereford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian,_Texas" title="Canadian, Texas">Canadian</a>. The Spanish were awed by the Llano. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was so smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became lost in the featureless plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like he had been swallowed up by the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>—the American buffalo. "I found such a quantity of cows ... that it is impossible to number them, for while I was journeying through these plains ... there was not a day that I lost sight of them."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Querechos_and_Teyas">Querechos and Teyas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Querechos and Teyas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vázquez de Coronado found a community of people he called <a href="/wiki/Querechos" class="mw-redirect" title="Querechos">Querechos</a>. The Querechos were not awed or impressed by the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except to come out of their tents to look at us, after which they came to talk to the advance guard, and asked who we were."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, following the buffalo herds on the plains. The Querechos were numerous. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement of two hundred tipis—which implies a population of more than one thousand people living together for at least part of the year. Authorities agree that the Querechos (Becquerel's) were <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast in the direction in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and his army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado into the <a href="/wiki/Caprock_Escarpment" title="Caprock Escarpment">caprock</a> canyon country. He soon met with another group of Indians, the <a href="/wiki/Teyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Teyas">Teyas</a>, enemies of the Querechos. </p><p>The Teyas, like the Querechos, were numerous and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees and flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, but not corn. The Spanish, however, did note the presence of mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, and plums.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among the Teyas an old blind bearded man who said that he had met many days before "four others like us". He was probably talking about <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a>, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition to Florida made his way across southern Texas six years before Vázquez de Coronado.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars differ in their opinions as to which historical Indian group were the Teyas. A plurality believe they were <a href="/wiki/Caddoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddoan">Caddoan</a> speakers and related to the Wichita.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place where Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas has also been debated. The mystery may have been cleared up—to the satisfaction of some—by the discovery of a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon country, his army suffered one of the violent climatic events so common on the plains. "A tempest came up one afternoon with a very high wind and hail ... The hail broke many tents and tattered many helmets, and wounded many of the horses, and broke all the crockery of the army, and the gourds which was no small loss."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow points in <a href="/wiki/Blanco_Canyon" title="Blanco Canyon">Blanco Canyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas" title="Crosby County, Texas">Crosby County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Floydada,_Texas" title="Floydada, Texas">Floydada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas" title="Floyd County, Texas">Floyd County</a>. Archaeologists subsequently searched the site and found pottery sherds, more than forty crossbow points, and dozens of horseshoe nails of Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quivira">Quivira</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quivira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another guide, probably Pawnee and named Ysopete, and probably Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong direction, saying <a href="/wiki/Quivira" title="Quivira">Quivira</a> lay to the north. By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to have lost his confidence that fortune awaited him. He sent most of his expedition back to New Mexico and continued with only forty Spanish soldiers and priests and an unknown number of Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, dedicated himself to a reconnaissance rather than a mission of conquest. </p><p>After more than thirty days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger than any he had seen before. This was the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a>, probably a few miles east of present-day <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City, Kansas</a>. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and fear but calmed down when one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language. </p><p>Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after a few more days of traveling. He found Quivira "well settled ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, and good streams which flow into another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans were nearly naked. Vázquez de Coronado was impressed with the size of the Quivirans and all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of very good build".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vázquez de Coronado spent twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to two hundred houses and fields containing corn, beans, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence of wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly the ancestors of the Wichita people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg/250px-Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg/375px-Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg/500px-Jan_Mostaert_-_Landscape_with_a_Scene_of_the_Conquest_of_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10690" data-file-height="5964" /></a><figcaption><i>Episode from the Conquest of America</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mostaert" title="Jan Mostaert">Jan Mostaert</a> (c. 1545), probably Vázquez de Coronado in New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Spanish. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, and some sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought. Disappointed, he returned to New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk <a href="/wiki/Garrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrot">garroted</a> (executed). The Turk is regarded as an Indian hero in a display at Albuquerque's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pueblo_Cultural_Center" title="Indian Pueblo Cultural Center">Indian Pueblo Cultural Center</a> because his <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> led Vázquez de Coronado onto the Great Plains and thus relieved the beleaguered pueblos of Spanish depredations for at least a few months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_of_Quivira,_Tabas,_and_Harahey"><span id="Location_of_Quivira.2C_Tabas.2C_and_Harahey"></span>Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that Quivira was in central <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> with the westernmost village near the small town of <a href="/wiki/Lyons,_Kansas" title="Lyons, Kansas">Lyons</a> on Cow Creek, extending twenty miles east to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Arkansas_River" title="Little Arkansas River">Little Arkansas River</a>, and north another twenty miles to the town of <a href="/wiki/Lindsborg,_Kansas" title="Lindsborg, Kansas">Lindsborg</a> on a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hill_River" title="Smoky Hill River">Smoky Hill River</a>. Tabas was likely on the Smoky Hill River. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas that probably include some of the settlements visited by Vázquez de Coronado. </p><p>At Harahey "was a river, with more water and more inhabitants than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River near <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a>. It is a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Little Arkansas and is located at roughly the 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado said he traveled in Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of a place, with settlements like these, and of about the same size" as Quivira. They were probably the ancestors of the Pawnee.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_end">Expedition end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expedition end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably in March 1542. During a long convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed New Mexico in early April 1542, leaving behind two friars.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His expedition had been a failure. Although he remained governor of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a> until 1544, the expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted in charges of war crimes being brought against him and his field master, Cárdenas. Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends on the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of basically the same charges by the Council of the Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where he died of an infectious disease on September 22, 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried under the altar of the <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_(Mexico_City)" title="Santo Domingo (Mexico City)">Church of Santo Domingo</a> in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a year of arriving in New Spain, he married Beatriz de Estrada, called "the saint". </p><p>Beatriz was the second daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Estrada" title="Alonso de Estrada">Alonso de Estrada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marina_de_la_Caballer%C3%ADa" title="Marina de la Caballería">Marina de la Caballería</a>; niece of <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Caballeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Caballeria">Diego de Caballeria</a>. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political union that Francisco and Marina orchestrated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man. Beatriz brought to the marriage the encomienda of Tlapa, the third largest <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> in New Spain. This marriage was an important source of funding for Francisco's expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beatriz and Francisco have been reported, through different sources, to have had at least four sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso) and five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).<sup id="cite_ref-Mere_Shadows_pp_40_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mere_Shadows_pp_40-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured that three of their daughters were married into prominent families of New Spain. She never remarried.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beatriz reported that her husband had died in great poverty, since their encomiendas had been taken away from them due to the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a>, and that she and her daughters lived in misery too, a shame for the widow of a conqueror that had provided such valuable service to his majesty. This, as most reports from the early days of New Spain, both positive and <a href="/wiki/Leyenda_negra" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyenda negra">negative</a> and regarding all things, have been proven to be false, part of the power struggles among settlers and attempts to exploit the budding new system that tried to find a way to administer justice in land the king could not see nor the army reach. Francisco, Beatriz and their children actually ended their days comfortably.<sup id="cite_ref-Mere_Shadows_pp_40_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mere_Shadows_pp_40-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coronado_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coronado (disambiguation)">Coronado (disambiguation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single,_1940_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single%2C_1940_issue.jpg/290px-3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single%2C_1940_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single%2C_1940_issue.jpg/435px-3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single%2C_1940_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single%2C_1940_issue.jpg/580px-3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single%2C_1940_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>In 1940 the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp celebrating the 400th anniversary of the Coronado expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, United States 76th Congress passes the <a href="/wiki/Coronado_Exposition_Commission_Act_of_1939" title="Coronado Exposition Commission Act of 1939">Coronado Exposition Commission Act of 1939</a> authorizing the erection of a monument at the nearest point of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">international boundary</a> between the United States and Mexico where the Coronado expedition first crossed into North America. </p><p>In 1952, the United States established <a href="/wiki/Coronado_National_Memorial" title="Coronado National Memorial">Coronado National Memorial</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Vista,_Arizona" title="Sierra Vista, Arizona">Sierra Vista, Arizona</a> to commemorate his expedition. The nearby <a href="/wiki/Coronado_National_Forest" title="Coronado National Forest">Coronado National Forest</a> is also named in his honor. </p><p>In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Coronado_Butte" title="Coronado Butte">Coronado Butte</a>, a summit in the Grand Canyon, was officially named to commemorate him. </p><p>A large hill northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, is called <a href="/wiki/Coronado_Heights" title="Coronado Heights">Coronado Heights</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coronado High Schools in <a href="/wiki/Coronado_High_School_(Lubbock,_Texas)" title="Coronado High School (Lubbock, Texas)">Lubbock</a>, Texas; <a href="/wiki/Coronado_High_School_(El_Paso,_Texas)" title="Coronado High School (El Paso, Texas)">El Paso</a>, Texas; <a href="/wiki/Coronado_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Coronado High School (Colorado)">Colorado Springs</a>, Colorado; and <a href="/wiki/Coronado_High_School_(Arizona)" title="Coronado High School (Arizona)">Scottsdale</a>, Arizona were named for Vázquez de Coronado. </p><p>Coronado Road in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_in_New_Mexico#Albuquerque_Metro_Area" title="Interstate 40 in New Mexico">Interstate 40 through Albuquerque</a> has been named the Coronado Freeway. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coronado,_California" title="Coronado, California">Coronado, California</a> is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but is named after <a href="/wiki/Coronado_Islands" title="Coronado Islands">Coronado Islands</a>, which were named in 1602 by <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a> who called them <i>Los Cuatro Coronados</i> (the four crowned ones) to honor four martyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mineral <a href="/wiki/Coronadite" title="Coronadite">Coronadite</a> is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a></i> references the "Cross of Coronado". According to the film, this gold cross, discovered in a Utah cave system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> in 1521. Such an event never happened because Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 or 12 years old in 1521 and still living in Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off the coast of Portugal, the ship can be seen to be named <i>The Coronado</i>. </p><p>In the classic <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult novel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Fifth" title="The King's Fifth">The King's Fifth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Scott_O%27Dell" title="Scott O'Dell">Scott O'Dell</a>, the main characters, Estéban de Sandoval and Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and temporarily join it. It is there that they meet the third main character, Zia Troyano, a teenage <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate in the battle of Hawikuh (during which Sandoval is wounded) and describe the injury sustained by Coronado during that battle. </p><p>The song "Hitchin' to Quivira"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from independent singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Jakes" title="Tyler Jakes">Tyler Jakes</a>'s 2016 album <i>Mojo Suicide</i> is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition. </p><p>The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Steve_Tilston" title="Steve Tilston">Steve Tilston</a>'s 1992 album <i>Of Moor And Mesa</i> is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition. </p><p>The 1995 film, <i>Charlie's Ghost: The Secret of Coronado</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie%27s_Ghost_Story" title="Charlie's Ghost Story">Charlie's Ghost Story</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Cheech_Marin" title="Cheech Marin">Cheech Marin</a>, follows the story of a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado and tries to help him by giving his remains a proper burial. </p><p>In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made the film <i>O No Coronado!</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detailing the expedition of Vázquez de Coronado through the use of recycled images from Westerns, conquest films, and <i>The Lone Ranger</i> television series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamuscado_and_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Expedition" title="Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition">Chamuscado and Rodriguez Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Espejo" title="Antonio de Espejo">Antonio de Espejo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Flint-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flint_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flint_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlintFlint" class="citation web cs1">Flint, Richard; Flint, Shirley Cushing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newmexicohistory.org/people/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado">"Francisco Vázquez de Coronado"</a>. New Mexico Office of the State Historian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Office+of+the+State+Historian&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Flint%2C+Shirley+Cushing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmexicohistory.org%2Fpeople%2Ffrancisco-vazquez-de-coronado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.prodigy.net/bluemountain1/estrada1.htm">estrada1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513011454/http://pages.prodigy.net/bluemountain1/estrada1.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. pp. 32–4, 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2005" class="citation journal cs1">Flint, R. (Winter 2005). "What They Never Told You about the Coronado Expedition". <i>Kiva</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 203–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fkiv.2005.71.2.004">10.1179/kiv.2005.71.2.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30246725">30246725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129070895">129070895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiva&rft.atitle=What+They+Never+Told+You+about+the+Coronado+Expedition&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-217&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129070895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30246725%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fkiv.2005.71.2.004&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. pp. 38, 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship. p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, eds. <i>The Latest Word from 1540</i>. Albuquerque: U New Mexico Press, 2011, 229–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint and Flint, <i>Documents of the Coronado Expedition.</i> Albuquerque: U New Mexico Press, 2012, p. 602</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrick, Dennis. <i>Winter of the Metal People: The Untold Story of America's First Indian War</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Sunbury Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint" class="citation web cs1">Flint, Richard, Shirley Cushing Flint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415104522/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=490/">"Coofor and Juan Aleman"</a>. New Mexico Office of the State Historian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=490/">the original</a> on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coofor+and+Juan+Aleman&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Office+of+the+State+Historian&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Richard%2C+Shirley+Cushing+Flint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmexicohistory.org%2Ffiledetails.php%3FfileID%3D490%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampagne1994" class="citation book cs1">Champagne, Duane (1994). <i>Chronology of Native North American History: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present</i>. Gale Research. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810391956" title="Special:BookSources/9780810391956"><bdi>9780810391956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Native+North+American+History%3A+From+Pre-Columbian+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780810391956&rft.aulast=Champagne&rft.aufirst=Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, George Parker (Ed. and Translator) <i>The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the City of Mexico to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska, As Told by Himself and his Followers.</i> New York: A.S. Barnes & Co, 1904, 142–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley, Carroll L., <i>Rio del Norte</i>, Salt Lake City: U of Utah Press, 1995, 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint, Richard. <i>No Settlement, No Conquest</i>, Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 2008, 157. For a contrary view, see Riley, 191–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, eds. <i>The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva</i>. Niwot, CO: U Press of CO, 1997, 372–375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 113, 209, 215, 234–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, 293 and many subsequent scholars</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, 235; Wedel, Waldo R., "Archeological Remains in Central Kansas and their Possible Bearing on the Location of Quivira". <i>Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections</i>, Vol. 101, No. 7, 1942, 1–24. Wedel lays the foundation for the location of Quivira, built on by many subsequent investigators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, Herbert E. <i>Coronado: Knight of Pueblo and Plains</i>, Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 1949, 330–334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlueNaden2003" class="citation book cs1">Blue, Rose; Naden, Corinne J. (2003). <i>Exploring the Southwestern United States</i>. Mankato, MN: Capstone Publishers. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Southwestern+United+States&rft.place=Mankato%2C+MN&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Capstone+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft.au=Naden%2C+Corinne+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorantes de Carranza, Baltasar, and Ernesto de la Torre Villar. 1987. Sumaria relación de las cosas de la Nueva España: con noticia individual de los conquistadores y primeros pobladores españoles. México: Editorial Porrúa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mere_Shadows_pp_40-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mere_Shadows_pp_40_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mere_Shadows_pp_40_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirley Cushing Flint "No Mere Shadows: Faces of Widowhood in Early Colonial Mexico" University of New Mexico Press 2013 pp 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aiton, Arthur Scott. Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aiton, Arthur Scott. Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnycv.com/steve/local/coronado/adams.html">Chauncey Adams, <i>History of Coronado</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-1134.html">"Coronadite: Mineral information, data and localities"</a>. <i>www.mindat.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mindat.org&rft.atitle=Coronadite%3A+Mineral+information%2C+data+and+localities.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-1134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tylerjakes.com/track/853695/hitchin-to-quivira">"Hitchin' To Quivira by Tyler Jakes"</a>. <i>Https</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Https&rft.atitle=Hitchin%27+To+Quivira+by+Tyler+Jakes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftylerjakes.com%2Ftrack%2F853695%2Fhitchin-to-quivira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109400/">"Charlie's Ghost: The Secret of Coronado"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Charlie%27s+Ghost%3A+The+Secret+of+Coronado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0109400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105037/">"¡O No Coronado!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=%C2%A1O+No+Coronado%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0105037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+V%C3%A1zquez+de+Coronado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Winship, George Parker, translator and editor (1990) <i>The Journey of Coronado 1540–1542</i>. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55591-066-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55591-066-1">1-55591-066-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=59886681&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=59886681">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=59886681&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. T. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and a Discussion of its Place in the Coronado Route". In <i>The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva</i>. Eds. R. and S. Flint, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.</li> <li>Bolton, Herbert Eugene. (1949) <i>Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains</i> (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/coronado-knight-of-pueblos-and-plains-by-herbert-e-bolton.jsp">Ebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222185754/http://www.questia.com/library/book/coronado-knight-of-pueblos-and-plains-by-herbert-e-bolton.jsp">Archived</a> 2009-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bolton, Herbert E. (1949) <i>Coronado on the Turquoise Trail: Knight of Pueblos and Plains.</i> Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reprinted in 1949 jointly with Whittlesey House, New York, under the title <i>Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains</i>.</li> <li>Bolton, H. E. (1960) <i>Rim of Christendom</i>. Russell and Russell, New York.</li> <li>Bolton, Herbert E. (1921) <i>The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest.</i> Chronicles of America Series, vol. 23. Yale University Press, New Haven.</li> <li>Castañeda, Pedro de. (1990) <i>The Journey of Coronado</i>. Translated with an extensive introduction by <a href="/wiki/George_Parker_Winship" title="George Parker Winship">George Parker Winship</a>, modern introduction, Donald C. Cutter, <i>The Journey of Coronado</i>, Fulcrum Publishing, hardcover, 233 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55591-066-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55591-066-1">1-55591-066-1</a> On-line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/one/corona1.htm">PBS - The West</a></li> <li>Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) <i>Coronado's Friars.</i>. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington D.C.</li> <li>Day, Arthur Grove. (1981) <i>Coronado's Quest: The Discovery of the Southwestern States</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23207-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23207-5">0-313-23207-5</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/coronados-quest-the-discovery-of-the-southwestern-states-by-a-grove-day.jsp">Ebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222191801/http://www.questia.com/library/book/coronados-quest-the-discovery-of-the-southwestern-states-by-a-grove-day.jsp">Archived</a> 2009-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>De Voto, Bernard. (1952) <i>The Course of Empire.</i> Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.</li> <li>Duffen, W., and Hartmann, W. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and the Location of Chichilticale". In <i>The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest</i>. Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot. <ul><li>(1997) <i>The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest</i>, edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.</li></ul></li> <li>Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint. (1993) "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". <i>Journal of the Southwest</i> 35(2) (1993):207–216. <ul><li>(2003) <i>The Coronado Expedition from the Distance of 460 Years</i>. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.</li> <li>(2005) <i>Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539–1541: They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects.</i> Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.</li></ul></li> <li>Richard Flint, Shirley Cushing Flint. <i>A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Expedition in Global Perspective</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019.</li> <li>Forbes, Jack D. (1960) <i>Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard.</i> University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.</li> <li>Hammond, George P. (1940) <i>Coronado's Seven Cities.</i> United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque.</li> <li>Hammond, George P., and Edgar R. Goad. (1938) <i>The Adventure of Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.</i> University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.</li> <li>Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) <i>Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542</i>. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New York, 1977).</li> <li>Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds. (1940) <i>Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542.</i> Coronado Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.</li> <li>Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search for Chichilticale". <i>Arizona Highways</i> 60(4):14–19.</li> <li>Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones". In <i>Across the Chichimec Sea</i>. Ed. C. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.</li> <li>Herrick, Dennis (2013) "Winter of the Metal People: The Untold Story of America's First Indian War, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.</li> <li>Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Lewis, ed. (1907) <i>Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States</i>, Vol. II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Association, 1985, 411 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87611-066-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87611-066-9">0-87611-066-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87611-067-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87611-067-7">0-87611-067-7</a> pbk.)</li> <li>Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) <i>The Eagle Pass Site: An Integral Part of the Province of Chichilticale</i>. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication No. 5.</li> <li>Mill, J. P., and V. M. Mills (1969) <i>The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona</i>. El Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Report for 1967, No. 6, El Paso.</li> <li>Reff, Daniel T. (1991) <i>Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1764</i>. (University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City). <ul><li>Reff, Daniel T. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In <i>The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest</i>. pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.</li></ul></li> <li>Sauer, Carl O. (1932) <i>The Road to Cibola</i>. Ibero-Americana III. University of California Press, Berkeley.</li> <li>Schroeder, Albert E. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". <i>New Mex. Hist. Rev.</i> 30:265–296; see also 31:24–37.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J., (2007) "An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum". <i>Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin</i> No. 51, December 2007:1–7.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area". Chapter 5 in <i>Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin</i>, pp. 121–162, edited by David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples Along the Coronado Trail From the International Border to Cibola". <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i> 84(3):399–435.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) <i>Where the Earth and Sky are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism</i>. Book manuscript.</li> <li>Udall, Steward S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". <i>Arizona Highways</i> 60(4):3.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box 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title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coronado,_Francisco_Vasquez_de" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de">Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chichilticale.com/">The Search for Chichilticale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010194519/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-3161"><i>The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers</i></a>, written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated by George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, searchable copy with page numbers at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeycoronado02jaragoog">archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/young/educators/coronado/index.shtml">Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer</a> Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/">The Portal to Texas History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014120831/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/orgs/fordco/coronado.html">Coronado Cross</a> June 29, 1541, Ford County, KS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~GaryFelix/index5D.htm">List of Men Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005011700/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CO062.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Coronado,_Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de">"Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span 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</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" 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