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<span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Siege-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Siege subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_maneuvers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_maneuvers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First maneuvers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_maneuvers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Great assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ottoman capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="حصار كاستلنوفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار كاستلنوفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Castelnuovo" title="Setge de Castelnuovo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Castelnuovo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Castelnuovo" title="Sitio de Castelnuovo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Castelnuovo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="محاصره کاستل‌نوو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره کاستل‌نوو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Castelnuovo" title="Siège de Castelnuovo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Castelnuovo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Castelnuovo" title="Assedio di Castelnuovo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Castelnuovo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Опсада на Кастелнуово – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Кастелнуово" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Castelnuovo" title="Pengepungan Castelnuovo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Castelnuovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Осада Кастельнуово – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Кастельнуово" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Herceg_Novog" title="Opsada Herceg Novog – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsada Herceg Novog" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastelnovo_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Kastelnovo Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kastelnovo Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1539)" title="Облога Кастельнуово (1539) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Облога Кастельнуово (1539)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2621537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Castelnuovo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castel_Novo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Castel_Novo.jpg/300px-Castel_Novo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Castel_Novo.jpg/450px-Castel_Novo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Castel_Novo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="270" /></a></span><br /><i>View of Castelnuovo in the 16th century</i> – engraving by an unknown 17th-century artist</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 July – 6 August 1539</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Herceg_Novi" title="Herceg Novi">Herceg Novi</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ottoman_red_flag.svg/23px-Ottoman_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ottoman_red_flag.svg/35px-Ottoman_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ottoman_red_flag.svg/45px-Ottoman_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Sarmiento" title="Francisco de Sarmiento">Francisco de Sarmiento</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,500<sup id="cite_ref-Fernández_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–4,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 50,000 men<br />200 ships<sup id="cite_ref-Fernández_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laínez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laínez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> All killed or executed<br />except 100 men<sup id="cite_ref-Laínez_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laínez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8,000<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–20,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars"><span class="wrap">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Hungary and the Balkans</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign</a> (1527–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War">Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War</a> (1527–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I%27s_campaign_of_1529" title="Suleiman I's campaign of 1529">Hungary</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars_in_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931568)" title="Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)">Little Wars in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1529%E2%80%931533" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533">(1529–1533)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1540%E2%80%931547" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1540–1547">(1540–1547)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1551%E2%80%931562" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1551–1562">(1551–1562)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1565%E2%80%931568" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1565–1568">(1565–1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gy%C5%91r_(1577)" title="Battle of Győr (1577)">Győr</a> (1577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicske" title="Battle of Bicske">Bicske</a> (1578)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long War</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a> (1604–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1663%E2%80%931664)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1663–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> (1683–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_of_1716%E2%80%931718" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1716–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War</a> (1735–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1788–91)</li></ul> <p><b>Mediterranean</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Saint_George" title="Siege of the Castle of Saint George">Cephalonia</a> (1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Balearics</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">1st Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">2nd Algiers</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">3rd Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera" title="Battle of Formentera">Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Cherchell</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Coron</a> (1533–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">1st Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">2nd Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Girolata" title="Battle of Girolata">Girolata</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albor%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Alborán">Alborán</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">4th Algiers</a> (1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">1st Mostaganem</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lipari" title="Sack of Lipari">Lipari</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Naples" title="Sack of Naples">Naples</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">2st Mostaganem</a> (1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Cullera" title="Sack of Cullera">Cullera</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Mahdia</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">1st Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Corsica</a> (1553–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Vieste" title="Sack of Vieste">Viste</a> (1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Béjaïa</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearics</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">3rd Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Orán and Mers-el-Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">1st Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Granada" title="Sack of Granada">Granada</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">2nd Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> (1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tunis_(1569)" title="Capture of Tunis (1569)">3rd Tunis</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gozo_(1570)" title="Battle of Gozo (1570)">2nd Gozo</a> (1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Navarino_(1572)" title="Siege of Navarino (1572)">Navarino</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">4th Tunis</a> (1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">5th Tunis</a> (1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26_September_1575" title="Action of 26 September 1575">Cadaqués</a> (1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lanzarote_(1586)" title="Sack of Lanzarote (1586)">Lanzarote</a> (1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_expedition_(1599)" title="Chios expedition (1599)">Chios</a> (1599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Hammamet</a> (1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_June_1609" title="Action of 29 June 1609">1nd La Goulette</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Cape Corvo</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_May_1612" title="Action of May 1612">2nd La Goulette</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Malta</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a> (1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Constantinople" title="Raid on Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1616)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_Ottoman–Venetian_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Template:Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third_Ottoman–Venetian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)"><span class="wrap">Third Ottoman–Venetian War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Castelnuovo</b> was an engagement during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars#War_in_the_Mediterranean" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman-Habsburg struggle for control of the Mediterranean</a>, which took place in July 1539 at the walled town of Castelnuovo, present-day <a href="/wiki/Herceg_Novi" title="Herceg Novi">Herceg Novi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. Castelnuovo had been conquered by elements of various Spanish <a href="/wiki/Tercios" class="mw-redirect" title="Tercios">tercios</a> the year before during the failed campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)" title="Holy League (1538)">Holy League</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> waters. The walled town was besieged by land and sea by a powerful Ottoman army under <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, who offered an honourable surrender to the defenders. These terms were rejected by the Spanish commanding officer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Sarmiento" title="Francisco de Sarmiento">Francisco de Sarmiento</a> and his captains even though they knew that the Holy League's fleet, defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a>, could not relieve them.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernández_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the siege, Barbarossa's army suffered heavy losses due to the stubborn resistance of Sarmiento's men. Even the Venetian refused the promised naval link to Castelnuovo with the supplies and reinforcements; after a general troop parliament, the commanding officer Francisco de Sarmiento asked his captains what his answer should be to Barbarossa's offer to surrender. The captains responded: "Que vengan cuando quieran" (Let them come whenever they want).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Castelnuovo eventually fell into Ottoman hands and almost all the Spanish defenders, including Sarmiento, were killed. The loss of the town ended the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> attempt to regain control of the Eastern Mediterranean. The courage displayed by the Old Tercio of Naples during this <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a>, however, was praised and admired throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and was the subject of numerous poems and songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Laínez_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laínez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Preveza_(1538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha">Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha</a> defeats the Holy League of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria, Prince of Melfi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza (1538)</a> – painting from 1866 by Ohannes Umed Behzad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_charles_v.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/220px-Emperor_charles_v.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/330px-Emperor_charles_v.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/440px-Emperor_charles_v.png 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> with a Baton – copy by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> of a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, painted circa 1605 after a work of circa 1550, <a href="/wiki/Buen_Retiro_Palace" title="Buen Retiro Palace">Buen Retiro Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Doria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andrea_Doria.jpg/220px-Andrea_Doria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andrea_Doria.jpg/330px-Andrea_Doria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andrea_Doria.jpg/440px-Andrea_Doria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Andrea_Doria_(Sebastiano_del_Piombo)" title="Portrait of Andrea Doria (Sebastiano del Piombo)">Portrait of Andrea Doria</a>, c. 1520, by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1538 the main danger to Christianity in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion of the Ottoman Empire">expansion of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The armies of the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">stopped</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1529.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mediterranean, a Christian offensive attempted to eliminate the danger of the great Turkish fleet in 1535, when a strong armada under Don <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Tunis">captured</a> the port of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, expelling Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa from the waters of the Western Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman admiral was then required to return to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>, where he was appointed commander of a great fleet to conduct a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>'s possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Seas</a>. Barbarossa captured the islands of <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ios_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ios (island)">Ios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Island">Naxos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">besieged</a> <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a> and the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Castro,_Apulia" title="Castro, Apulia">Castro</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a>, were also looted.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic of Venice, frightened by the loss of their possessions and the ruin of their trade, conducted a vigorous campaign for the creation of a "Holy League" to recover the lost territories and expel the Ottomans from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1538, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> succeeded in creating a league which united the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> itself, the Republic of Venice, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Empire of Charles V</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied fleet for the campaign was supposed to consist of 200 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> and another 100 auxiliary ships, and the army of about 50,000 infantry and 4,500 cavalry. But only 130 galleys and an army of around 15,000 infantry, mostly <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, were all that could be gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The command of the fleet was given nominally to the Genoese Andrea <a href="/wiki/Doria_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Doria family">Doria</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Capello" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincenzo Capello">Vincenzo Capello</a> and Marco <a href="/wiki/Grimaldi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimaldi family">Grimaldi</a>, commanding officers of the Venetian and <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal</a> fleets respectively, had almost twice as many ships as Doria.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the army was unquestionably <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Gonzaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando Gonzaga">Hernando Gonzaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Sicily">Viceroy of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences among the commanders of the fleet diminished its effectiveness against an experienced opponent like Barbarossa. This was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a>, fought in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Arta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Arta">Gulf of Arta</a>. But the Holy League fleet provided support to the land forces that landed on the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coast and captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Herceg_Novi" title="Herceg Novi">Castelnuovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This small town was a strategic fortress between the Venetian possessions of <a href="/wiki/Cattaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattaro">Cattaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a> in the area known as <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a>. Venice therefore claimed ownership of the city, but Charles V refused to cede it. This was the beginning of the end of the Holy League.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of Castelnuovo was garrisoned with approximately 4,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main force was a <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercio</a> of Spanish veteran soldiers numbering about 3,500 men under the experienced <i><a href="/wiki/Maestre_de_campo" title="Maestre de campo">maestre de campo</a></i> Francisco Sarmiento de Mendoza y Manuel. This tercio, named Tercio of Castelnuovo, was formed by 15 flags (companies) belonging to other tercios, among them the Old Tercio of Lombardy, dissolved the year before after a mutiny for lack of pay.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garrison also included 150 <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> soldiers, a small contingent of <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> soldiers and knights under Ándres Escrápula, and some <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery pieces</a> managed by 15 gunners under captain Juan de Urrés.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval375_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval375-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chaplain of Andrea Doria, named Jeremías, also remained in Castelnuovo along with 40 clerics and traders and was appointed <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval375_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval375-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason for the garrison's large size was that Castelnuovo was projected to be the <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a> for a great offensive against the heart of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fate of the troops who were in the fortress depended entirely on the support of the fleet, and this had been defeated by Barbarossa at Preveza before the capture of Castelnuovo. Moreover, in a short time Venice withdrew from the Holy League after accepting a disadvantageous agreement with the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without Venetian ships, the Allied fleet had no chance to defeat the Ottoman fleet commanded by Barbarossa, who was by this time supported by another experienced officer, <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_maneuvers">First maneuvers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First maneuvers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/220px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/330px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/440px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption> A portrait of Hayreddin Barbarossa, Fine Art Museum - Algiers</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> ordered Barbarossa to reorganize and rearm his fleet during the winter months to have it ready for the battle in the spring of 1539. 10,000 infantry soldiers and 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> were embarked aboard the warships to reinforce the troops of the galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the orders received, Barbarossa's army, numbering about 200 ships with 20,000 fighting men aboard, would <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">blockade</a> Castelnuevo by sea while the forces of the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Persian</a> named Ulamen, would besiege the fortress by land in command of 30,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento, meanwhile, used the peaceful months prior to the siege to improve the defenses of the town, repairing walls and bastions and building new fortifications. In the event he could not do much due to a lack of available means, as there was no plan to fortify the town since it was supposed to function as a beachhead.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Alcocer was sent to <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> with instructions to call for help; Pedro de Sotomayor was sent to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and Captain Zambrana to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>, all in vain.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrea Doria, who was in <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> with 47 Imperial and 4 Maltese galleys, received news of Castelnuovo's situation, but given the inferiority of his fleet he sent a message to Sarmiento recommending him to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June Barbarossa sent 30 galleys to block the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Cattaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Cattaro">Gulf of Cattaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vessels reached Castelnuovo on 12 June and disembarked a thousand soldiers with the aim of finding water and capturing Spanish soldiers or local civilians to gain information.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Spanish were warned of their enemy's presence, Sarmiento dispatched three companies under Captain Machín de Munguía and the cavalry under Lázaro de Corón to attack them before lunchtime.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a fierce fight the Ottoman landing party was forced to re-embark, although it returned in the afternoon. Then it was beaten by Francisco de Sarmiento in person, who was waiting for a new attempt together with Captains Álvaro de Mendoza, Olivera, and Juan Vizcaíno, and 600 soldiers. Three hundred Ottomans were killed during the battle, and another 30 captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval374_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval374-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder escaped to their ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval374_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval374-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/220px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/330px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/440px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, attributed to Titian. c.1530</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 July Barbarossa arrived with the main force and immediately began to land troops and artillery while waiting for the arrival of Ulamen, who came along with his army a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneers</a> spent five days digging <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trenches</a> and building ramparts for 44 heavy siege guns carried aboard Barbarossa's fleet or by Ulamen's troops, and even smoothed the fields around Castelnuovo to facilitate maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castelnuovo was also bombarded by sea, as ten pieces had been previously embarked aboard the galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish, meanwhile, undertook several sorties to obstruct the siege works. These raids inflicted many casualties, among them Agi, one of Barbarossa's favorite captains.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another sortie by a Spanish force of 800 men surprised several units of Janissaries who were attempting to storm the walls of Castlenuovo, killing most of them and leaving the field strewn with corpses. When Barbarossa was informed about the setback, he severely reprimanded his officers, as the losses of the Ottoman elite corps were difficult to replace. He gave orders forbidding skirmishes to avoid a repeat of the defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval374_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval374-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_assault">Great assault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Great assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 23 July, Barbarossa's army was ready to begin a general assault and his artillery prepared to break down the walls of Castelnuovo. Enjoying a vast numerical superiority over the Spanish garrison, which was completely isolated and unable to receive support or supplies, Barbarossa offered an honorable surrender to the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento and his men would be granted a safe passage to <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italy</a>, the soldiers retaining their weapons and flags. Barbarossa added to his offer the incentive of giving each soldier 20 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His only demand to Sarmiento was the abandonment of his artillery and <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. Two squad corporals of Captain Vizcaino's company, Juan Alcaraz and Francisco de Tapia, managed to return to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and write their version of events many years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They recorded the answer given to Barbarossa that "<i>the </i>maestre de campo<i> consulted with all the captains, and the captains with his officers, and they decided that they preferred to die in service of God and His Majesty.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg/220px-Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg/330px-Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg/440px-Cannon_battery_at_the_Siege_of_Esztergom_1543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman siege guns at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">siege of Esztergom</a>, 1543 – painted by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Vrancks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Vrancks">Sebastian Vrancks</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The great assault on the city was launched shortly after, and lasted all day.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal28_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal28-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was costly in lives, as the Ottomans employed both infantry and artillery at the same time to assault and bombard Castelnuovo, resulting in heavy casualties among the Ottomans themselves due to both <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> and Spanish defending.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal28_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal28-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night the Spanish improved their defenses and plugged the gaps opened in the walls. When the attack was resumed the next morning, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">Saint James</a> Day, Bishop Jeremías remained with the soldiers, encouraging them and confessing those who were mortally wounded along the attacked perimeter. About 1,500 Ottoman soldiers were killed in the bloody assault, while the Spanish suffered only 500 killed; although the number of men who died from their wounds was probably large.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandoval375_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandoval375-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by the successful defense, several Spanish soldiers decided to conduct a surprise <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raid</a> on the Ottoman camp with the approval of Sarmiento.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, one morning, 600 men took the unprepared besiegers by surprise. In some places the assault could not be stopped, and panic spread among the Ottomans. Many troops broke and ran, including some Janissaries who fled throughout their own camp breaking down the <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a>, including that of Barbarossa.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Admiral's personal guard feared for the safety of its lord, and, ignoring his protests, took him to the galleys along with the standard of the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the following days most of the artillery concentrated its fire on a fort in the upper town. Barbarossa thought that it was the key point of Castelnuovo's fortifications and proposed to capture it.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining cannons, meantime, continued firing at the fragile walls of the town. On 4 August, Barbarossa ordered an assault against the ruins of the fort, which was now completely shattered, with its casemates ruined. As a major point of the defense, Sarmiento had reinforced the garrison and removed the wounded in the preceding days. The assault began at dawn and the battle lasted all day. Captain Machín of Munguía distinguished himself in the fight, leading the defenders with great courage.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By nightfall the remnants of the Spanish garrison retreated to the walls of the town with their wounded, leaving the ruined castle in Barbarossa's hands. The day was very costly in lives. Of the Spanish officers defending the castle only Captains Masquefá, Munguía, Haro, and a corporal surnamed Galaz survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder had been killed in the battle. Among the very few survivors that the Ottomans captured, they found three deserters. These were immediately brought to Barbarossa and encouraged the admiral to continue with the assaults, reporting that the Spanish had suffered heavy casualties, lacked gunpowder and shot, and were mostly injured and exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_capture">Ottoman capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg/220px-Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg/330px-Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg/440px-Pierre_Mortier_-_Golfo_di_Cattaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Castelnuovo's view in the early 18th century, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mortier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Mortier">Pierre Mortier</a> (1661–1711), circa 1700</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 August a new attack was launched against the walls. Barbarossa, after the report of the Spanish deserters, was sure that he could soon capture Castelnuevo. All the Janissaries took part in the action, and the cavalry was ordered to dismount to join the general assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Ottoman troops, the Spanish defense was successful, as no more than a tower of the wall fell to the besiegers that day.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento ordered his sappers to prepare a <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">mine</a> to destroy the tower, but the attempt failed when an unexpected burst of the gunpowder killed the soldiers who were working in the mine.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At dawn on the following day a heavy <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">downpour</a> ruined the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlocks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a>, the few remaining pieces of artillery, and the last gunpowder. The fight was therefore sustained only with <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a>, and the wounded Spanish soldiers were forced to take up arms and help defend the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the dying men remained in the hospital. Surprisingly, the few surviving Spanish managed to repel the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last and definitive attack took place the next morning. Francisco de Sarmiento, on horseback, was wounded in the face by three arrows, but he continued to encourage his men.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demolished by heavy gunfire, the ruins of the walls became indefensible. Sarmiento then ordered the 600 Spanish survivors to retreat. His idea consisted of defending a castle in the lower city where the civilian population of Castelnuovo had taken refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the withdrawal was made in perfect order and discipline, Sarmiento and his men found that the doors of the castle were walled at their arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarmiento was offered a rope to raise him to the walls,<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but refused and responded "<i>Never God wants that I was saved and my companions were lost without me</i>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal32-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that he joined Machín de Munguía, Juan Vizcaíno, and Sancho Frias to lead the <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a>. Surrounded by the Ottoman army, the last Spanish soldiers fought back to back until none were able to fight. At the end of day, Castelnuovo was in Ottoman hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal34_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal34-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>Héroes gloriosos, pues el cielo<br /> os dio más parte que os negó la tierra,<br /> bien es que por trofeo de tanta guerra<br /> se muestren vuestros huesos por el suelo.<br /> Si justo es desear, si honesto celo<br /> en valeroso corazón se encierra,<br /> ya me parece ver, o que sea tierra<br /> por vos la Hesperia nuestra, o se alce a vuelo.<br /> No por vengaros, no, que no dejastes<br /> A los vivos gozar de tanta gloria,<br /> Que envuelta en vuestra sangre la llevastes;<br /> Sino para probar que la memoria<br /> De la dichosa muerte que alcanzastes,<br /> Se debe envidiar más que la victoria<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">— Sonnet 217 of <a href="/wiki/Gutierre_de_Cetina" title="Gutierre de Cetina">Gutierre de Cetina</a> (1520–57) entitled: “A los huesos de los españoles muertos en Castelnuovo”.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal34_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal34-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Almost all of the Janissaries and many from the other Ottoman units were killed in the assault. Ottoman losses were no less than 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Spanish troops only 200 survived, most of them wounded. One of the prisoners was the Biscayan Captain Machín de Munguía. Barbarossa, upon learning this, offered Munguía freedom and a place in his army. The admiral greatly admired him for his actions in the battle of Preveza, where the Spaniard had successfully defended a sinking Venetian <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> against several Ottoman warships.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Munguía refused to accept and was therefore beheaded on the spur of the admiral's galley.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half of the prisoners and all the clerics were also slaughtered to satisfy the Ottoman soldiers, who were angry at the great losses which they had suffered in capturing the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few survivors were taken as slaves to Constantinople.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Twenty-five of them managed to escape from prison six years later and sailed to the port of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the failure of Sarmiento to retain the fortress, Castelnuovo's defense was sung by numerous contemporaneous poets and praised all over Christian Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish soldiers who participated in the unequal engagement were compared with <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical history">classical history</a> heroes, being considered immortal due to the magnitude of their feat.<sup id="cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the enemies of Charles V, such as the <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Paduan</a> humanist <a href="/wiki/Sperone_Speroni" title="Sperone Speroni">Sperone Speroni</a>, rejoiced at the annihilation of the Tercio of Castelnuovo.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The siege of Castelnuovo ended the failed campaign of the Holy League against the power of the Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean. Charles V began negotiations with Barbarossa to attract him to the imperial ranks but in vain, and turned all his efforts in a great expedition against Algiers to destroy the Ottoman sea power.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expedition, known as the <a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey of Algiers">Journey of Algiers</a>, ended in a disaster as a storm scattered the fleet and the army had to be reembarked having suffered heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A truce between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent was signed in 1543. Castelnuovo remained in Ottoman hands for almost 150 years. It was recovered in 1687, during the <a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a>, by the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Captain-General_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-General of the Sea">Captain-General of the Sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cornaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Girolamo Cornaro">Girolamo Cornaro</a>, who in alliance with Montenegrins under Vuceta Bogdanovic, won a great victory over the Ottomans near the town and put the fortress under Venetian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Conquest of Tunis (1574)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...Admiral Khair-ed-Din Barbarossa led a costly siege which eventually recovered the port". Jaques, Tony: <i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Vol. I: A-E</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335372" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335372">9780313335372</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pardo Molero states that Barbasossa endured an "extremely hard siege campaign" and later the admiral assured to the imperial agent Pedro Sánchez that "...what happened in Castelnuovo was the greatest feat among all he had seen or heard about". Pardo Molero, Juan Francisco: <i>La defensa del Imperio: Carlos V, Valencia y el Mediterráneo</i>. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788495146687" title="Special:BookSources/9788495146687">9788495146687</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At no time can one say without exaggeration that a stronghold had been defended with more heroism". Preveden, Francis Ralph: <i>A history of the Croatian people from their arrival on the shores of the Adriatic to the present day</i>. New York: Philosophical Library, 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949507306">OCLC 949507306</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When the Turks entered Castelnuovo over the rubble and the Spanish corpses, Barbarossa had to admit that their losses amounted to more than nineteen thousand". Santiago, Vicente: <i>Carlos I de España</i>. Barcelona: Mateu, 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19218641">OCLC 19218641</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Álvarez, p. 583</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Álvarez, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal23-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal23_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laínez-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laínez_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laínez_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laínez_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martínez Laínez, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal33-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal33_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1937" class="citation book cs1">Oman, Charles (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KQOAQAAIAAJ&q=castelnuovo"><i>Charles Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. E.P. Dutton. p. 693. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598497574" title="Special:BookSources/9780598497574"><bdi>9780598497574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Oman%2C+A+History+of+the+Art+of+War+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=693&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=9780598497574&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KQOAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcastelnuovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/cultura/libros/20130908/abci-fracisco-sarmiento-heroe-castelnuvo-201309061359.html">"Francisco de Sarmiento, la furia española en Castelnuovo"</a>. 8 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francisco+de+Sarmiento%2C+la+furia+espa%C3%B1ola+en+Castelnuovo&rft.date=2013-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fcultura%2Flibros%2F20130908%2Fabci-fracisco-sarmiento-heroe-castelnuvo-201309061359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal22-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal22_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal24-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal24_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>6 flags of the Tercio of Florence, 3 of the Tercio of Lombardy, 2 of the Tercio of Naples, one of the Tercio of Nice and three new flags</i>. Fernández Álvarez, <i>Carlos V, el César y el hombre</i>, p. 579</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandoval375-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval375_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval375_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval375_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Sandoval, p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal25-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal25_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal27_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandoval374-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval374_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval374_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandoval374_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Sandoval, p. 374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal26-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal26_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal28-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal28_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal28_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal29-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal29_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal30-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal30_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal32-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal32_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsenal34-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal34_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arsenal34_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenal/Prado, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croce, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martínez Ruiz/Giménez, pp. 145-146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martínez Ruiz/Giménez, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaques, p. 210</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenalPrado,_Fernando2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arsenal, León; Prado, Fernando (2008). <i>Rincones de historia española</i> (in Spanish). EDAF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-414-2050-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-414-2050-2"><bdi>978-84-414-2050-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rincones+de+historia+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pub=EDAF&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-414-2050-2&rft.aulast=Arsenal&rft.aufirst=Le%C3%B3n&rft.au=Prado%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroce2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Croce, Benedetto (2007). <i>España en la vida italiana del Renacimiento</i> (in Spanish). Editorial Renacimiento. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8472-268-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8472-268-7"><bdi>978-84-8472-268-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espa%C3%B1a+en+la+vida+italiana+del+Renacimiento&rft.pub=Editorial+Renacimiento&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-8472-268-7&rft.aulast=Croce&rft.aufirst=Benedetto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Álvarez2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (2001). <i>El Imperio de Carlos V</i> (in Spanish). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89512-90-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-89512-90-0"><bdi>978-84-89512-90-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Imperio+de+Carlos+V&rft.place=Taravilla&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-89512-90-0&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Álvarez1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (1999). <i>Carlos V, el César y el hombre</i> (in Spanish). Espasa-Calpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-239-9752-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-239-9752-9"><bdi>84-239-9752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlos+V%2C+el+C%C3%A9sar+y+el+hombre&rft.pub=Espasa-Calpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-239-9752-9&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Duro1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1895). <i>Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón</i> (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid, Spain: Est. tipográfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armada+Espa%C3%B1ola+desde+la+uni%C3%B3n+de+los+reinos+de+Castilla+y+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Est.+tipogr%C3%A1fico+%22Sucesores+de+Rivadeneyra%22&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Duro&rft.aufirst=Ces%C3%A1reo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Levin2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Levin, Michael (2005). <i>Agents of empire: Spanish ambassadors in sixteenth-century Italy</i>. New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4352-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-4352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agents+of+empire%3A+Spanish+ambassadors+in+sixteenth-century+Italy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4352-7&rft.aulast=Jacob+Levin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century</i>. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A+Guide+to+8%2C500+Battles+from+Antiquity+Through+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33538-9&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_LaínezSánchez_de_Toca_CataláJosé_María2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Laínez, Fernando; Sánchez de Toca Catalá; José María (2006). <i>Tercios de España: la infantería legendaria</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: EDAF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-414-1847-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-414-1847-9"><bdi>978-84-414-1847-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tercios+de+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+la+infanter%C3%ADa+legendaria&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=EDAF&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-84-414-1847-9&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+La%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez+de+Toca+Catal%C3%A1&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_RuizGiménez,_Enrique1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Ruiz, Enrique; Giménez, Enrique (1994). <i>Introducción a la historia moderna</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Ediciones_Akal" title="Ediciones Akal">Ediciones Akal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7090-293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7090-293-2"><bdi>978-84-7090-293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n+a+la+historia+moderna&rft.pub=Ediciones+Akal&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-84-7090-293-2&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft.au=Gim%C3%A9nez%2C+Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Sandoval1634" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Sandoval, Prudencio (1634). <i>Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V</i> (in Spanish). Bartolomé París (Pamplona), Pedro Escuer (Zaragoza).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+vida+y+hechos+del+emperador+Carlos+V&rft.pub=Bartolom%C3%A9+Par%C3%ADs+%28Pamplona%29%2C+Pedro+Escuer+%28Zaragoza%29&rft.date=1634&rft.aulast=De+Sandoval&rft.aufirst=Prudencio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Castelnuovo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This is probably so out-of-date it should only be used as a primary source (August 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Siege_of_Castelnuovo#Dubious" title="Talk:Siege of Castelnuovo">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Major_sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Template:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Template talk:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Major_sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_besieged_by_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of cities besieged by the Ottoman Empire">Major sieges</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> by century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th-14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1285</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kulaca_Hisar" title="Siege of Kulaca Hisar">Kulaca Hisar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1326</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bursa" title="Siege of Bursa">Bursa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1328–1331</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%931331)" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1333–1337</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicomedia" title="Siege of Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1360s</span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1385</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sofia" title="Siege of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1393</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo" title="Siege of Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1394–1402</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">Constantinople</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1411</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1411)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1411)">Constantinople</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1422</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1422)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1422)">Constantinople</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1422–1430</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1428</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac" title="Siege of Golubac">Golubac</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1440</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1440–41</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1440%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–41)">Novo Brdo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1448</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1450</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Krujë</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1453</span> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1455</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1456</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1461</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Trebizond</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1462</span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Lesbos" title="Ottoman conquest of Lesbos">Mytilene</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1463</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce" title="Siege of Jajce">Jajce</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1464</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce_(1464)" title="Siege of Jajce (1464)">Jajce</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1466–67</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">Krujë</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1467</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">Krujë</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1470</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1470)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1470)">Negroponte</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1474</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">Scutari</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1477–78</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Krujë</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1478–79</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Scutari</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1480</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">Rhodes</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1481</span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">Otranto</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1484</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chilia_(1484)" title="Siege of Chilia (1484)">Chilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1500</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Saint_George" title="Siege of the Castle of Saint George">Cephalonia</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1517</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cairo_(1517)" title="Capture of Cairo (1517)">Cairo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1521</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1522</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knin" title="Siege of Knin">Knin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1522</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1529</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Peñón of Algiers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1529</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1531</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">Diu</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1532</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C5%91szeg" title="Siege of Kőszeg">Güns (Kőszeg)</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1532</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maribor_(1532)" title="Siege of Maribor (1532)">Maribor</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1533–34</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Coron</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1534</span> <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1534</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1534)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1534)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1537</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Klis" title="Siege of Klis">Klis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1537</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Corfu</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1538</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Diu</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1539</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1541</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1541)" title="Siege of Buda (1541)">Buda</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1543</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1543</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">Esztergom</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1548</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Aden</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1548</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Van_(1548)" title="Siege of Van (1548)">Van</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1551</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">Muscat</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Hormuz</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Temesv%C3%A1r_(1552)" title="Siege of Temesvár (1552)">Temesvár</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1552)" title="Siege of Eger (1552)">Eger</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1556</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Oran</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1559</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1563</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Oran</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1565</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1566</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Szigetvar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1570–71</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">Famagusta</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1574</span> <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1578</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko" title="Siege of Gvozdansko">Gvozdansko</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1592</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1592)" title="Siege of Bihać (1592)">Bihać</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1593</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Sisak</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1596</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1596)" title="Siege of Eger (1596)">Eger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1601</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nagykanizsa" title="Siege of Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1621</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1638</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1663</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1663)" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1663)">Uyvar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1664</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_(1664)" title="Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)">Novi Zrin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1648–1669</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Candia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1672</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamenets" title="Siege of Kamenets">Kamenets</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1683</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Vienna</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1684</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1684)" title="Siege of Buda (1684)">Buda</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1684</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santa_Maura_(1684)" title="Siege of Santa Maura (1684)">Santa Maura</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1685</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1685)" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1685)">Érsekújvár</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1686</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)" title="Siege of Buda (1686)">Buda</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1686</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="Siege of Pécs">Pécs</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1688</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1688)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1688)">Negroponte</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1688</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1690</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1695</span> <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)#The_first_Azov_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1696</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)#The_first_Azov_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1711</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign#Siege_of_Brăila" title="Pruth River Campaign">Brăila</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1715</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nauplia_(1715)" title="Siege of Nauplia (1715)">Nauplia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1716</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1716)" title="Siege of Corfu (1716)">Corfu</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1716</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Teme%C5%9Fvar_(1716)" title="Siege of Temeşvar (1716)">Temeşvar</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1717</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1733</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1733)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1733)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1734–35</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1734)" title="Siege of Ganja (1734)">Ganja</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1737</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">Ochakov</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1739</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belgrade_(1739)" title="Capture of Belgrade (1739)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1788</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1788)">Ochakov</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1788</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khotin_(1788)" title="Siege of Khotin (1788)">Khotin</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1789</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1789)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1789)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1789–90</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">Izmail</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1799</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_El_Arish" title="Siege of El Arish">El Arish</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1799</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Jaffa</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1799</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Acre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1801</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1806</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1821</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(1821)" title="Siege of Patras (1821)">Patras</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1821–22</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–22)">Acropolis</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1821</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Tripolitsa</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1822</span> <i><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1823</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1825–26</span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1826–27</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1828</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars_(1828)" title="Siege of Kars (1828)">Kars</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1828</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna" title="Siege of Varna">Varna</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1854</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calafat" title="Siege of Calafat">Calafat</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1854</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Silistra">Silistra</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1854–55</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1855</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">Kars</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1877</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1912–13</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–13)">Scutari</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1912–13</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)">Adrianople</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1915</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1915–16</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Kut</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1916–1919</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Medina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ottoman defeats shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&params=42_27_10_N_18_31_52_E_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°27′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°31′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.45278°N 18.53111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.45278; 18.53111</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&oldid=1251759059">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castelnuovo&oldid=1251759059</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1539" title="Category:Conflicts in 1539">Conflicts in 1539</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Spain" title="Category:Battles involving Spain">Battles involving Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_period_in_the_history_of_Montenegro" 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