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<span>Annual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spanish retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Annual</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="معركة أنوال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة أنوال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Annual" title="Batalla d'Annual – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla d'Annual" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_d%27Annual" title="Desastre d'Annual – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Desastre d'Annual" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Annual" title="Emgann Annual – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Annual" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Annual" title="Batalla d'Annual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla d'Annual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="معركة أنوال – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="معركة أنوال" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Annual" title="Schlacht von Annual – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Annual" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_de_Annual" title="Desastre de Annual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desastre de Annual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Annual" title="Batalo de Annual – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Annual" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annualgo_gudua" title="Annualgo gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Annualgo gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Anoual" title="Bataille d'Anoual – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Anoual" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Annual" title="Batalla de Annual – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Annual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Annual" title="Pertempuran Annual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Annual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Annual" title="Battaglia di Annual – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Annual" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Annual" title="Slag om Annual – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Annual" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="アンワールの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンワールの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Annual" title="Slaget ved Annual – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Annual" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Annual" title="Bitwa pod Annual – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Annual" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Annual" title="Batalha de Annual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Annual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Битва при Анвале – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Анвале" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtwi_n_Unwal" title="Amtwi n Unwal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amtwi n Unwal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Annual&params=35.120_N_3.583_W_source:eswiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°07′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°34′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.120°N 3.583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.120; -3.583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1921 Rifian victory against Spain during the Rif War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Annual</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif War (1920)">Rif War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg/300px-Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg/450px-Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg/600px-Carga_del_rio_Igan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span><br /><i>Carga del rio Igan</i>: charge by the <i>Cazadores de Alcántara</i> cavalry regiment at the Igan River, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau" title="Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau">Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 July – 9 August 1921</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Annual,_Morocco" title="Annual, Morocco">Annual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Riffian victory</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Riffians" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffians">Riffian</a> tribes</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Abd el-Krim</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Silvestre</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196897_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196897-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000–23,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-werner1967_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 800 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-ebert_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 13,192 killed<sup id="cite_ref-a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rif_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Rif War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Rif_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Rif War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Rif_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Rif War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rif_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_at_Larache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landing at Larache (page does not exist)">Larache</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Alcazarquivir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Alcazarquivir (page does not exist)">Alcazarquivir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Xauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Xauen (page does not exist)">1st Xauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_El_Biutz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of El Biutz (page does not exist)">El Biutz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfrau_landing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfrau landing (page does not exist)">Alfrau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Dris_landing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Dris landing (page does not exist)">Sidi Dris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desembarco_de_Sidi_Dris" class="extiw" title="es:Desembarco de Sidi Dris">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat_of_Abarr%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat of Abarrán (page does not exist)">Abarrán</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_de_Abarr%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Combate de Abarrán">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Igueriben" title="Siege of Igueriben">Igueriben</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Dar_Drius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Dar Drius (page does not exist)">Dar Drius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit" title="Massacre of Monte Arruit">Monte Arruit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recapture_of_Nador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recapture of Nador (page does not exist)">Nador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recapture_of_Zelu%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recapture of Zeluán (page does not exist)">Zeluán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjurjo%27s_counter-offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjurjo's counter-offensive (page does not exist)">Sanjurjo's counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estella_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estella line (page does not exist)">Estella line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_retreat_from_Chefchaoun" title="1924 retreat from Chefchaoun">2nd Xauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Uarga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Uarga (page does not exist)">Uarga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Uarga" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Uarga">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fez_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fez offensive (page does not exist)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capaz_raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capaz raid (page does not exist)">Capaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Chefchaouen" title="Bombardment of Chefchaouen">Xaouen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Annual</b> was fought on 22 July 1921 at <a href="/wiki/Annual,_Morocco" title="Annual, Morocco">Annual</a>, in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifians" title="Rifians">Rifian Berbers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a>. The Spanish suffered a major military defeat, which is almost always referred to by the Spanish as the <b>Disaster of Annual</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Desastre de Annual</i>) which is widely considered to be the worst defeat suffered by the modern Spanish Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Olmo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It resulted in major political crises, the fall of several governments, a military dictatorship led by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">King Alfonso XIII</a> and a complete reassessment of the Spanish colonial policy toward the Rif as the entire Spanish colonial enterprise was at one point threatened. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1921, Spanish forces commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a> started an offensive into northeastern Morocco from the coastal regions that they already held. The advance took place without extended <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of communication">lines of communication</a> being adequately established or the complete subjugation of the areas occupied. In the course of the Spanish offensive, the Spanish had penetrated almost 130 kilometres (81 mi) into the enemy lines, but during the hasty advances, neither defensible forts nor accessible water supply points had been put in place. The territory newly occupied by the Spanish was garrisoned only by small makeshift <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> (<i>blocaos</i>), each manned by a platoon of soldiers (typically 12–20). The outposts were widely spread, typically located in high places, distant from water sources and lacking good communications with the main positions.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate goal of the campaign was to establish a permanent military presence on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Al_Hoceima" title="Al Hoceima">Al Hoceima</a> bay, a strategic point between the western and the eastern Moroccan coast.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rifian <a href="/wiki/Irregular_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular forces">irregular forces</a> were commanded by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_%27Abd_al-Karim_al-Khattabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi">Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi</a> (usually known as Abd el Krim), a former civil servant and translator in the Spanish Office of Indigenous Affairs in <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and one of the leaders of the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Aith_Ouriaghel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aith Ouriaghel">Aith Ouriaghel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual">Annual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Annual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg/220px-Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg/330px-Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg/440px-Model_of_the_Igueriben_Position_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Diorama showing the Spanish fortified position at Igueriben</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 January 1921 the Spanish forces under Silvestre occupied the small village of Annual in the valley of Beni Ulicheck, and established their main forward base for completing the occupation of eastern Morocco. Silvestre was considered an impetuous and aggressive personality, who was known to be a favourite of King Alfonso XIII. During his year in military command of the Melilla headquarters, Silvestre had doubled the amount of territory held by the Spanish in the central Rif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Annual was situated about 80 miles (130 km) to the south-west of Melilla. Surviving photographs show the Annual encampment itself to have been a sprawling tented encampment spread over several slopes in a starkly empty landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 June 1921, a Spanish outpost set up just hours before on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Abarr%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Abarrán (page does not exist)">Mount Abarrán</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Abarr%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Monte Abarrán">es</a>]</span>, a 525-metre-high (1,722 ft) position east of Annual, was attacked and captured by Rifian guerrillas. The Spanish lost 24 soldiers killed and 59 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 June, Silvestre met General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer_Fust%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Dámaso Berenguer Fusté">Dámaso Berenguer Fusté</a>, Spanish High Commissioner in the protectorate, aboard the Spanish cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/Princesa_de_Asturias-class_cruiser" title="Princesa de Asturias-class cruiser">Princesa de Asturias</a></i> off Sidi Idris. Berenguer rejected Silvestre's request for reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days later, Silvestre decided to establish a new forward position, this time south of Annual, at the heights of Igueriben. The post was besieged by the Rifians on 14 July. The shortage of fresh water and the use of artillery by the Rifians forced the Spanish army to evacuate the position on 21 July, under heavy fire. Only 33 soldiers survived from a garrison of 300.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the eve of battle the Spanish garrison occupying the advanced encampment of Annual numbered 5,000 men. These were mostly Peninsula conscripts from the <i>Ceriñola, Africa, Alcantara</i> and <i>San Fernando Regiments</i>. In addition there were four batteries of artillery and about two thousand indigenous troops (<i><a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a></i>) under Spanish officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 July, after five days of skirmishing, the Spanish force was attacked by 3,000 Rif fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With ammunition low and the support base at Igueriben already overrun, General Silvestre, who had arrived at Annual only the day before, decided upon a withdrawal along the line of the previous Spanish advance. Just before 5 a.m. a last radio message was sent, reporting Silvestre's intention to evacuate Annual later the same morning. At about 10 a.m., the garrison began to march in column from the encampment in the direction of Melilla,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but poor leadership and inadequate preparation meant that any hope of a disciplined withdrawal quickly degenerated into a disorganised rout.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitherto reliable Moroccan <i><a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">regulares</a></i>, native police and tribal allies deserted to the Rifian forces, depriving the Spanish column of flankers and rear guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish conscripts, under heavy fire and exhausted by the intense heat, broke into a confused crowd and were shot down or stabbed by the tribesmen. Only one cavalry unit, the <i>Cazadores de Alcántara</i>, kept in formation and was able to conduct a fighting retreat (see painting above), though suffering heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg/220px-General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg/330px-General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg/440px-General_Silvestre_offers_a_Riffian_child_protection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>General Silvestre and staff 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>The overstretched Spanish military build-up in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Protectorate</a> in Morocco crumbled. After the battle, the Rifians advanced eastward and overran more than 130 Spanish blockhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-sasse1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasse1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish garrisons were destroyed without mounting a coordinated response to the attacks. By the end of August, Spain had lost all the territories that it had gained in the area since 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-sasse1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasse1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Silvestre disappeared and his remains were never found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one report, Spanish sergeant Francisco Basallo Becerra from the Kandoussi garrison, an outpost east of Annual,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified the remains of Silvestre by his general's sash.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Moorish courier from Kaddour 'n Amar said that eight days after the battle, he saw the corpse of the general lying face down on the battlefield and still recognizable by his sash and <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pando_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pando-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_retreat">Spanish retreat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Monte_Arruit" title="Massacre of Monte Arruit">Massacre of Monte Arruit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg/220px-Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg/330px-Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg/440px-Guerra_del_Rif_1922_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Spanish officers inspecting the remains of the garrison at Monte Arruit in January 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>At Afraou, on the coast, Spanish warships evacuated the garrison. At Zoco el Telata de Metalsa, in the south, Spanish troops and civilians retreated to the French Zone. Spanish survivors of the battle retreated some 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the spread-out fortified base of <a href="/wiki/Al_Aaroui" title="Al Aaroui">Monte Arruit</a>, which was built between 1912 and 1916 and located south of Melilla. There, a stand was attempted under the leadership of General Felipe Navarro.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the position was surrounded, and cut off from water and supplies, General Berenguer authorised its surrender on August 9. The Rifians did not respect the conditions of surrender and killed 3,000 Spanish soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vozpopuli-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Navarro was taken prisoner, along with 534 military personnel and 53 civilians;<sup id="cite_ref-Pando_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pando-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were ransomed some years later.<sup id="cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vozpopuli-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melilla was only some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, but the garrison there was in no position to help since the city was almost defenceless and lacked properly-trained troops. The exhausted and demoralised survivors of Annual who reached Melilla were in no condition to reinforce the existing garrison effectively. However, the Rifian forces had largely dispersed following the capture of Monte Arruit, leaving Abd-el-Krim with insufficient men to lay siege to Melilla. In addition, citizens of other European nations lived in Melilla, and he did not wish to risk international intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-sasse2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasse2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd-el-Krim later stated that to have been his greatest mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain quickly assembled about 14,000 reinforcements<sup id="cite_ref-sasse2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasse2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from elite units of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a>, which had been operating south of Tetouan in the Western Zone. They mainly comprised units of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Spanish Legion</a> who had been newly raised in 1920, and Moroccan <i><a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">regulares</a></i>. Transferred to Melilla by sea, the reinforcements enabled the city to be held and Monte Arruit to be retaken by the end of November. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_(1921).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_%281921%29.svg/220px-Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_%281921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_%281921%29.svg/330px-Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_%281921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_%281921%29.svg/440px-Withdrawal_of_the_Spanish_Army_in_Annual_%281921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Retreat of the Spanish troops to Melilla after the battle of Annual</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spaniards may have lost up to 22,000 soldiers at Annual and in the subsequent fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German historian Werner Brockdorff states that only 1,200 of the 20,000 Spanish troops escaped alive,<sup id="cite_ref-werner1967_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner1967-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that estimate of losses is contradicted by the Spanish official inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifian casualties were reportedly only 800.<sup id="cite_ref-ebert_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebert-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final official figures for the Spanish death toll, both at Annual and during the subsequent rout which took Rifian forces to the outskirts of Melilla, were reported to the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> as 13,192 killed, including Moroccan colonial forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Materiel lost by the Spanish, in the summer of 1921 and especially in the Battle of Annual, included 11,000 rifles, 3,000 carbines, 1,000 muskets, 60 machine guns, 2,000 horses, 1,500 mules, 100 cannons, and a large quantity of ammunition. Abd el-Krim remarked later: "In just one night, Spain supplied us with all the equipment which we needed to carry on a big war."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources give the booty seized by the Rifians as 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> rifles, 400 <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss machine gun">Hotchkiss machine guns</a>, and 120 to 150 <a href="/wiki/Schneider-Creusot" title="Schneider-Creusot">Schneider</a> artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political crisis brought about by this disaster led <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> to say in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a>: "We are at the most acute period of the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Spain" title="Decline of Spain">decline of Spain</a>. The campaign in Africa is a total, absolute failure of the Spanish Army, without extenuation." The Minister of War ordered the creation of an investigative commission, led by General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Picasso_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Juan Picasso González">Juan Picasso González</a>, which developed the report known as <i><a href="/wiki/Picasso_file" title="Picasso file">Expediente Picasso</a></i>. The report detailed numerous military mistakes, but the obstructive action of various ministers and judges made it not go so far as to lay political responsibility for the defeat. In all, the defeat is often thought of in Spain as the worst of the Spanish army in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Olmo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disaster damaged morale among the remainder of the Spanish forces in Morocco, with officers starting to distrust their local auxiliaries about whom rumors of armed uprisings started to circulate.<sup id="cite_ref-Villatoro19_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villatoro19-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Spanish people, there was despair and anger with the government over the defeat. Many Spaniards started to demand that Spain completely pull out of its remaining African colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruizll_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruizll-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for the crushing defeat may lie with Silvestre's tactical decisions and the fact that the bulk of the Spanish army was formed by poorly trained conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vozpopuli-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular opinion widely placed the blame for the disaster upon King Alfonso XIII, who, according to several sources, had encouraged Silvestre's irresponsible penetration to positions far from Melilla without having adequate defenses in his rear. Alfonso's apparent indifference to Abd el-Krim's demand for ransom for the prisoners led to a popular backlash against the monarchy. (Vacationing in southern France, he reportedly said "Chicken meat is cheap" when informed of the disaster;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman1968102_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman1968102-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other sources render the quote as "Chicken meat is expensive".<sup id="cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vozpopuli-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The crisis was one of the many that over the course of the next decade undermined the Spanish monarchy and led to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. </p><p>The last Spanish military commander to mount any significant resistance during the battle was the General Felipe Navarro who was forced to surrender and was captured along with 534 military personnel and 53 civilians, all of whom were held by Abd-el-Krim at his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Ajdir" title="Ajdir">Axdir</a>; of these, 326 survived the 18 months of captivity before eventually being released following negotiations undertaken primarily by members of the Indigenous Affairs Delegation, most prominently Gustavo de Sostoa and Luis de la Corte Luján, with the final conditions settled between Abd el-Krim himself and Horacio Echevarrieta. The terms of release included the payment by Spain of 4 million pesetas, a huge amount for the time. Once the ransom was received, the captives were released on 27 January 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Pando_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pando-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the area occupied by the Rifian tribes was taken back by an expedition led by General Damaso Berenguer in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 July 2012, the cavalry regiment <i>Cazadores de Alcántara</i> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Laureate_Cross_of_Saint_Ferdinand" title="Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand">Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a> for its rearguard action in Annual.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasso_file" title="Picasso file">Picasso file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri</a>, a similar battle during the <a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> in which a French colonial force was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayane</a> Berber confederation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine</a>, another Spanish defeat similar to Annual</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196897-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196897_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolman1968">Woolman 1968</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, M. S. <i>Immortal Heroes Of The World</i>, Sarup & Sons, 2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176255904" title="Special:BookSources/8176255904">8176255904</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-werner1967-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-werner1967_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-werner1967_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockdorff, Werner. <i>Geheimkommandos des Zweiten Weltkrieges</i>, Verlag Welsermühl, 1967, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebert-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebert_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebert_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbertJahnelMinisdorferSchuhmacher2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ebert, Johannes; Jahnel, Christian; Minisdorfer, Alexandra; Schuhmacher, Stefanie; Dultz, Michael; Husemann, Dirk; Lückemeier, Kai; Römer, Barbara; Solka, Michael; Herkt, Matthias; Schulz, Martin-Andreas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BL2UHWuvOKYC&pg=PA203">"21. Juli 1921: Marokko – Kabylen gegen Spanier"</a>. In Wieneck-Janz, Detlef; Grunwald, Annette; Schmid, Andreas; Görich, Knut; Körner, Hans-Michael; Leinfelder, Reinhold; Schulze, Winfried; Vollkommer, Rainer; Wirsching, Andreas; Pekowski, Wolfgang (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BL2UHWuvOKYC"><i>Die große Chronik Weltgeschichte: Der Erste Weltkrieg und seine Folgen (1914–1932)</i></a> [<i>The Great World History Chronic: The First World War and its Consequences (1914–1932) – Volume 15</i>]. Große Chronik-Weltgeschichte (in German). Vol. 15. <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Wissen Media Verlag GmbH. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3577090759" title="Special:BookSources/978-3577090759"><bdi>978-3577090759</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21.+Juli+1921%3A+Marokko+%E2%80%93+Kabylen+gegen+Spanier&rft.btitle=Die+gro%C3%9Fe+Chronik+Weltgeschichte%3A+Der+Erste+Weltkrieg+und+seine+Folgen+%281914%E2%80%931932%29&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.series=Gro%C3%9Fe+Chronik-Weltgeschichte&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Wissen+Media+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3577090759&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Jahnel%2C+Christian&rft.au=Minisdorfer%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Schuhmacher%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Dultz%2C+Michael&rft.au=Husemann%2C+Dirk&rft.au=L%C3%BCckemeier%2C+Kai&rft.au=R%C3%B6mer%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Solka%2C+Michael&rft.au=Herkt%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Martin-Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBL2UHWuvOKYC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongBernard_Reich2002" class="citation book cs1">Long, David E.; Bernard Reich (2002). <i>The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa</i>. p. 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=393&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Bernard+Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altisent, Martha Eulali. <i>A Companion to the Twentieth-Century Spanish Novel</i>, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855661748" title="Special:BookSources/1855661748">1855661748</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0JUwSWVlAUC&pg=PA259">p. 259</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olmo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olmo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmo2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olmo, Guillermo D. (19 July 2011). Quirós, Julián (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621114728/https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-desastre-annual-201107150000_noticia.html">"La derrota más amarga del Ejército español"</a>. <i>ABC</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: Diario ABC, S.L. (<a href="/wiki/Vocento" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocento">Vocento</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1136-0143">1136-0143</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-desastre-annual-201107150000_noticia.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=La+derrota+m%C3%A1s+amarga+del+Ej%C3%A9rcito+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.issn=1136-0143&rft.aulast=Olmo&rft.aufirst=Guillermo+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fhistoria%2Fabci-desastre-annual-201107150000_noticia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillatoro2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villatoro, Manuel P. (10 August 2016). Quirós, Julián (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813040734/https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-16-heroes-legion-defendieron-blocao-muerte-contra-cientos-rifenos-201608100146_noticia.html">"Los 16 héroes de la Legión que defendieron el "Blocao de la muerte" contra cientos de rifeños"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">Diario ABC</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: Diario ABC, S.L. (<a href="/wiki/Vocento" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocento">Vocento</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1136-0143">1136-0143</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-16-heroes-legion-defendieron-blocao-muerte-contra-cientos-rifenos-201608100146_noticia.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+ABC&rft.atitle=Los+16+h%C3%A9roes+de+la+Legi%C3%B3n+que+defendieron+el+%22Blocao+de+la+muerte%22+contra+cientos+de+rife%C3%B1os&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft.issn=1136-0143&rft.aulast=Villatoro&rft.aufirst=Manuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fhistoria%2Fabci-16-heroes-legion-defendieron-blocao-muerte-contra-cientos-rifenos-201608100146_noticia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuna2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luna, Joaquín (21 July 2021). Juan, Jordi; Godó, Javier (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721055036/https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20210721/7611118/silvestre-vida-muerte-general-frivolo.html">"Silvestre, vida y muerte del general frívolo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, Spain: Grupo Godó. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1133-4835">1133-4835</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20210721/7611118/silvestre-vida-muerte-general-frivolo.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Silvestre%2C+vida+y+muerte+del+general+fr%C3%ADvolo&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft.issn=1133-4835&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fhistoriayvida%2Fhistoria-contemporanea%2F20210721%2F7611118%2Fsilvestre-vida-muerte-general-frivolo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell2000" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C. R. (2000). <i>Morocco since 1830: A History</i>. London: Hurst. p. 634. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850652731" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850652731"><bdi>978-1850652731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco+since+1830%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=634&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1850652731&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196891_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolman1968">Woolman 1968</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbi2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albi, Julio (2011). <i>El Alcantara 1921. La Caballeria en el desastre de Annual</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: Almena Ediciones. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92714-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-92714-25-4"><bdi>978-84-92714-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Alcantara+1921.+La+Caballeria+en+el+desastre+de+Annual&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Almena+Ediciones&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-92714-25-4&rft.aulast=Albi&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaballero_Poveda1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caballero Poveda, Fernando (1 July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810123240/http://www.bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es/BVMDefensa/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=74653">"Marruecos. La campaña de 1921. Cifras reales"</a>. <i>Revista Ejército: Revista de las armas y servicios</i> (in Spanish). <b>XLIV</b> (522): 81–94. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-2918">0013-2918</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es/BVMDefensa/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=74653">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Ej%C3%A9rcito%3A+Revista+de+las+armas+y+servicios&rft.atitle=Marruecos.+La+campa%C3%B1a+de+1921.+Cifras+reales&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=522&rft.pages=81-94&rft.date=1983-07-01&rft.issn=0013-2918&rft.aulast=Caballero+Poveda&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotecavirtualdefensa.es%2FBVMDefensa%2Fes%2Fcatalogo_imagenes%2Fgrupo.do%3Fpath%3D74653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garcia_de_Gabiola_2022_66_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_de_Gabiola2022" class="citation book cs1">Garcia de Gabiola, Javier (2022). <i>The Rif War Volume 1</i>. Helion. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-914377-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-914377-01-3"><bdi>978-1-914377-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rif+War+Volume+1&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-914377-01-3&rft.aulast=Garcia+de+Gabiola&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBOE2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BOE, Editorial (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwoiEAAAQBAJ&q=Silvestre+retirada+rumbo+Annual&pg=PP8"><i>El Expediente Picasso: edición de su resumen publicado en 1931: Conmemoración del centenario del desastre de Annual (1921–2021)</i></a> (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2704-6"><bdi>978-84-340-2704-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Expediente+Picasso%3A+edici%C3%B3n+de+su+resumen+publicado+en+1931%3A+Conmemoraci%C3%B3n+del+centenario+del+desastre+de+Annual+%281921%E2%80%932021%29&rft.pub=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-84-340-2704-6&rft.aulast=BOE&rft.aufirst=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwoiEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSilvestre%2Bretirada%2Brumbo%2BAnnual%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbi2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albi, Julio (2011). <i>El Alcantara 1921. La Caballeria en el desastre de Annual</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: Almena Ediciones. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92714-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-92714-25-4"><bdi>978-84-92714-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Alcantara+1921.+La+Caballeria+en+el+desastre+de+Annual&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Almena+Ediciones&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-92714-25-4&rft.aulast=Albi&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasse1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sasse1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sasse1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassen2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sassen, Dirk (2014) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2DpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT40">"2. Die Hintergründe [2.4 Das » Desaster von Annual« und seine Folgen]"</a>. In Paravicini, Werner; Vollmer, Veronika (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2DpBQAAQBAJ"><i>Franzosen, Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921–1926: Spekulanten und Sympathisanten, Deserteure und Hasardeure im Dienste Abdelkrims</i></a> [<i>French, British and Germans in the Rif War 1921–1926: Speculators and sympathizers, deserters and gamblers in the service of Abdelkrim</i>]. Pariser Historische Studien (in French). Vol. 74 (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486579833" title="Special:BookSources/978-3486579833"><bdi>978-3486579833</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Die+Hintergr%C3%BCnde+%5B2.4+Das+%C2%BB+Desaster+von+Annual%C2%AB+und+seine+Folgen%5D&rft.btitle=Franzosen%2C+Briten+und+Deutsche+im+Rifkrieg+1921%E2%80%931926%3A+Spekulanten+und+Sympathisanten%2C+Deserteure+und+Hasardeure+im+Dienste+Abdelkrims&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.series=Pariser+Historische+Studien&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3486579833&rft.aulast=Sassen&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2DpBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sgt Becerra was a survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Kebdani" title="Dar El Kebdani">Dar El Kebdani</a> massacre, where 900 Spanish soldiers were reportedly killed in cold blood after they had surrendered</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayordomo2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayordomo, Joaquín (22 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920080133/https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/03/21/actualidad/1458581201_182703.html">"Annual: Horror, masacre y olvido"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-4608">0213-4608</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2016/03/21/actualidad/1458581201_182703.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Annual%3A+Horror%2C+masacre+y+olvido&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.issn=0213-4608&rft.aulast=Mayordomo&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2Factualidad%2F1458581201_182703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pando-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pando_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pando_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pando_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPando_Despierto2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pando Despierto, Juan (2008). <i>Historia secreta de Annual</i>. Memorias de guerra (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, Spain: Ediciones Altaya (<a href="/wiki/Planeta_DeAgostini" title="Planeta DeAgostini">Editorial Planeta DeAgostini, S.A.U.</a>). pp. 335–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8448724696" title="Special:BookSources/978-8448724696"><bdi>978-8448724696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+secreta+de+Annual&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Catalonia%2C+Spain&rft.series=Memorias+de+guerra&rft.pages=335-336&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ediciones+Altaya+%28Editorial+Planeta+DeAgostini%2C+S.A.U.%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8448724696&rft.aulast=Pando+Despierto&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albi, pp. 65–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vozpopuli-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vozpopuli_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasco2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blasco, Pedro (9 October 2016). Cacho, Jesús; Pérez Giménez, Alberto; Tereisa, Manuel; Hernández, Chus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/espana-marruecos-asesinatos_0_942505784.html">"Flores en homenaje a los tres mil españoles pasados a cuchillo por los árabes hoy hace 95 años en Monte Arruit"</a>. <i>Vozpópuli</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: Vozpópuli, S.A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vozp%C3%B3puli&rft.atitle=Flores+en+homenaje+a+los+tres+mil+espa%C3%B1oles+pasados+a+cuchillo+por+los+%C3%A1rabes+hoy+hace+95+a%C3%B1os+en+Monte+Arruit&rft.date=2016-10-09&rft.aulast=Blasco&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vozpopuli.com%2Fespana%2Fespana-marruecos-asesinatos_0_942505784.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasse2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sasse2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sasse2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassen2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sassen, Dirk (2014) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2DpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41">"2. Die Hintergründe [2.4 Das » Desaster von Annual« und seine Folgen]"</a>. In Paravicini, Werner; Vollmer, Veronika (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2DpBQAAQBAJ"><i>Franzosen, Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921–1926: Spekulanten und Sympathisanten, Deserteure und Hasardeure im Dienste Abdelkrims</i></a> [<i>French, British and Germans in the Rif War 1921–1926: Speculators and sympathizers, deserters and gamblers in the service of Abdelkrim</i>]. Pariser Historische Studien (in French). Vol. 74 (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486579833" title="Special:BookSources/978-3486579833"><bdi>978-3486579833</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Die+Hintergr%C3%BCnde+%5B2.4+Das+%C2%BB+Desaster+von+Annual%C2%AB+und+seine+Folgen%5D&rft.btitle=Franzosen%2C+Briten+und+Deutsche+im+Rifkrieg+1921%E2%80%931926%3A+Spekulanten+und+Sympathisanten%2C+Deserteure+und+Hasardeure+im+Dienste+Abdelkrims&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.series=Pariser+Historische+Studien&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3486579833&rft.aulast=Sassen&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2DpBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger-Mathieuel-Krim2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roger-Mathieu, J.; el-Krim, Abd (2012) [1927]. Banon, Gabriel (ed.). <i>Mémoires d'Abd-el-Krim: Recueillis par J. Roger-Mathieu</i> (in French) (15th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: Editions Frontispice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9954440629" title="Special:BookSources/978-9954440629"><bdi>978-9954440629</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929611388">929611388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+d%27Abd-el-Krim%3A+Recueillis+par+J.+Roger-Mathieu&rft.place=Casablanca%2C+Morocco&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Editions+Frontispice&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929611388&rft.isbn=978-9954440629&rft.aulast=Roger-Mathieu&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=el-Krim%2C+Abd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassen2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sassen, Dirk (2014) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2DpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT157">"5. »Beute und Scmuggel« [5.1 Der Nachschub aus der spanischen Zone Marokkos]"</a>. In Paravicini, Werner; Vollmer, Veronika (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2DpBQAAQBAJ"><i>Franzosen, Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921–1926: Spekulanten und Sympathisanten, Deserteure und Hasardeure im Dienste Abdelkrims</i></a> [<i>French, British and Germans in the Rif War 1921–1926: Speculators and sympathizers, deserters and gamblers in the service of Abdelkrim</i>]. Pariser Historische Studien (in French). 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(1998) [1990]. Boahen, A. Adu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3uh_dCXhXIC"><i>Consensus, Conflict, and Change: A Sociological Introduction to African Societies</i></a>. Heinemann Frontline Series. Vol. VII (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>: East African Publishers/<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>/James Currey Limited/<a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966467478" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966467478"><bdi>978-9966467478</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98981437">98981437</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/632679096">632679096</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consensus%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change%3A+A+Sociological+Introduction+to+African+Societies&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.series=Heinemann+Frontline+Series&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=East+African+Publishers%2FUNESCO%2FJames+Currey+Limited%2FUniversity+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F632679096&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98981437&rft.isbn=978-9966467478&rft.aulast=Peil&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Oyeneye%2C+Olatunji+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3uh_dCXhXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindrow1999" class="citation book cs1">Windrow, Martin; et al. 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Men-at-arms. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States of America: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC (Osprey Publishing). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855327610" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855327610"><bdi>978-1855327610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Foreign+Legion+1914%E2%80%9345&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.series=Men-at-arms&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+PLC+%28Osprey+Publishing%29&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1855327610&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage2016" class="citation book cs1">Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqeOMjr9kqYC&pg=PA125">"Chapter 5. The Foreign Legion Between World War I and World War II, 1918–1939"</a>. <i>The French Foreign: An illustrated history</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, United States of America: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786432394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786432394"><bdi>978-0786432394</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+The+Foreign+Legion+Between+World+War+I+and+World+War+II%2C+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.btitle=The+French+Foreign%3A+An+illustrated+history&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0786432394&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Jean-Denis+G.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqeOMjr9kqYC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villatoro19-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Villatoro19_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillatoro2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villatoro, Manuel P. (22 November 2019). Quirós, Julián (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-telegrama-secreto-pudo-evitar-mayor-debacle-militar-espana-annual-201911280205_noticia.html">"El telegrama secreto que pudo evitar la mayor debacle militar de España en Annual"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">Diario ABC</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: Diario ABC, S.L. (<a href="/wiki/Vocento" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocento">Vocento</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1136-0143">1136-0143</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Aulestia, Gorka; de Pablo, Santiago; Arana, Gurutze; Valencia, Inmaculada; Rojo, Gregorio (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/applet/libros/JPG//213169/2010_01_01/213169_2010_01_01.pdf">"Álava ante el Desastre de Annual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sancho el Sabio: Revista de cultura e investigación vasca</i> (in Spanish). <b>20</b> (32). <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="País Vasco">País Vasco</a>, España: Fundación Sancho El Sabio: 146–166. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1131-5350">1131-5350</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Canarias ante el Desastre de Annual: Los isleños participan en el conflicto (1921–1927)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Martínez Milán, D. Jesús (ed.). <i>El Impacto de la Guerra de Marruecos en Canarias (1909–1927)</i>. Departamento de Ciencias Históricas (Doctorado). Disertaciones y tésis. <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islas_Canarias" class="mw-redirect" title="Islas Canarias">Islas Canarias</a>, Spain: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>. pp. 159–212<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=El+Impacto+de+la+Guerra+de+Marruecos+en+Canarias+%281909%E2%80%931927%29&rft.inst=Universidad+de+Las+Palmas+de+Gran+Canaria&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Guerra+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccedacris.ulpgc.es%2Fbitstream%2F10553%2F18398%2F4%2F0727169_00000_0000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman1968102-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman1968102_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolman1968">Woolman 1968</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBOE2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BOE, Editorial (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwoiEAAAQBAJ&q=Berenguer+zona+perdida&pg=PP9"><i>El Expediente Picasso: edición de su resumen publicado en 1931: Conmemoración del centenario del desastre de Annual (1921–2021)</i></a> (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial del Estado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-340-2704-6"><bdi>978-84-340-2704-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Expediente+Picasso%3A+edici%C3%B3n+de+su+resumen+publicado+en+1931%3A+Conmemoraci%C3%B3n+del+centenario+del+desastre+de+Annual+%281921%E2%80%932021%29&rft.pub=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-84-340-2704-6&rft.aulast=BOE&rft.aufirst=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwoiEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DBerenguer%2Bzona%2Bperdida%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Borbón_y_Borbón-Dos_SiciliasMorenés_Eulate2012" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, Juan Carlos</a>; Morenés Eulate, Pedro (2 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2012/06/02/pdfs/BOE-A-2012-7367.pdf">Real Decreto 905/2012, de 1 de junio, por el que se concede la Cruz Laureada de San Fernando, como Laureada Colectiva, al Regimiento de 'Cazadores de Alcántara, 14 de Caballería'</a> [Decree 905/2012, of June 1, by which the Cross of Saint Ferdinand, as a collective award, to the 'Alcántara Hunters, 14th of Cavalry' Regiment] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Royal decree 905/2012, Other dispositions III) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Defence (Spain)">Ministerio de Defensa de España</a>. p. 39749. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X">0212-033X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span> – via Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Real+Decreto+905%2F2012%2C+de+1+de+junio%2C+por+el+que+se+concede+la+Cruz+Laureada+de+San+Fernando%2C+como+Laureada+Colectiva%2C+al+Regimiento+de+%27Cazadores+de+Alc%C3%A1ntara%2C+14+de+Caballer%C3%ADa%27&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=39749&rft.pub=Council+of+Ministers%2FMinisterio+de+Defensa+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.issn=0212-033X&rft.aulast=de+Borb%C3%B3n+y+Borb%C3%B3n-Dos+Sicilias&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Moren%C3%A9s+Eulate%2C+Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F2012%2F06%2F02%2Fpdfs%2FBOE-A-2012-7367.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolman1968" class="citation book cs1">Woolman, David S. (1968). <i>Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804706643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804706643"><bdi>978-0804706643</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745697783">745697783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+in+the+Rif%3A+Abd+El+Krim+and+the+Rif+Rebellion&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745697783&rft.isbn=978-0804706643&rft.aulast=Woolman&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Martínez2007" class="citation book cs1">Gómez Martínez, Juan Antonio (2007). <i>Krim el-Jattaby el-Aydiri el-Urriagly. Según documentos oficiales españoles – Hasta 1914</i>. Ed. Fajardo el Bravo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8493559250" title="Special:BookSources/978-8493559250"><bdi>978-8493559250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krim+el-Jattaby+el-Aydiri+el-Urriagly.+Seg%C3%BAn+documentos+oficiales+espa%C3%B1oles+%E2%80%93+Hasta+1914&rft.pub=Ed.+Fajardo+el+Bravo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8493559250&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Juan+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Annual" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Annual&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Annual" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026213405/http://geocities.com/annual_1921/">The Disaster of Annual</a> (in Spanish).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040906124936/http://www.guardiacivil.org/revista/result.jsp?id=77">"La Guardia Civil en el Desastre de Annual"</a>, an article on this topic from the official site of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a> (in Spanish).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728074547/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/romeo/rif1919.htm">Rif War of 1919–1926</a> on OnWar.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melilla War (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melilla War (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca" title="Bombardment of Casablanca">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">Bloody Days of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Othman" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Othman">Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Ksiba" title="Battle of El Ksiba">Battle of El Ksiba (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri (1914)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Annual (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas Landing (1925)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Moroccans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ameziane" title="Mohammed Ameziane">Mohammed Ameziane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulai_Ahmed_er_Raisuni" title="Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni">Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moha_ou_Said" title="Moha ou Said">Moha ou Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhand_n%27Ifrutant" title="Mhand n'Ifrutant">Mhand n'Ifrutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amhaouch" title="Ali Amhaouch">Ali Amhaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba" title="Ahmed al-Hiba">Sidi Ahmed El Hiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Ma al-'Aynayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assou_Oubasslam" title="Assou Oubasslam">Assou Oubasslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Atta" title="Aït Atta">Aït Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Ouriaghel" title="Ait Ouriaghel">Beni Ouryaghel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys" title="Paul Prosper Henrys">Paul Prosper Henrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poeymirau" title="Joseph-François Poeymirau">Joseph-François Poeymirau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Bournazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Bournazel (page does not exist)">Henry de Bournazel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Thami El Glaoui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_y_Margallo" title="Juan García y Margallo">Juan García y Margallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Marina_Vega" title="José Marina Vega">José Marina Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n-Astray" title="José Millán-Astray">José Millán-Astray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spanish allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Meziane" title="Mohamed Meziane">Mohamed Meziane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fes_(1894)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Fes (1894) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Fes (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Cartagena" title="Pact of Cartagena">Pact of Cartagena (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Congo_Treaty" title="Morocco–Congo Treaty">Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Crises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis (1911)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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