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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pre-Conquest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-Conquest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pre-Conquest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genoese_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genoese_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genoese phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genoese_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cerda_lordship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cerda_lordship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cerda lordship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cerda_lordship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majorcan-Catalan_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majorcan-Catalan_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Majorcan-Catalan phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majorcan-Catalan_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Portuguese phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castilian_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castilian_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Castilian phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castilian_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocryphal_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocryphal_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Apocryphal expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocryphal_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Norman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Norman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Norman conquest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Norman_conquest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Norman conquest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Norman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_conquest_of_Lanzarote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_conquest_of_Lanzarote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The conquest of Lanzarote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_conquest_of_Lanzarote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_conquest_of_Fuerteventura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_conquest_of_Fuerteventura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The conquest of Fuerteventura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_conquest_of_Fuerteventura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_El_Hierro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_El_Hierro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conquest of El Hierro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_El_Hierro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Castilian_seigneurial_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Castilian_seigneurial_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Castilian seigneurial conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Castilian_seigneurial_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_royal_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_royal_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The royal conquest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_royal_conquest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The royal conquest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_royal_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Gran_Canaria_(1478–1483)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Gran_Canaria_(1478–1483)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Conquest of Gran Canaria (1478–1483)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Gran_Canaria_(1478–1483)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_La_Palma_(1492–93)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_La_Palma_(1492–93)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Conquest of La Palma (1492–93)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_La_Palma_(1492–93)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Tenerife_(1494–96)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Tenerife_(1494–96)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Conquest of Tenerife (1494–96)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Tenerife_(1494–96)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_of_the_indigenous_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_of_the_indigenous_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Survival of the indigenous population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_of_the_indigenous_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Academic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="غزو جزر الكناري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غزو جزر الكناري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_de_les_islles_Canaries" title="Conquista de les islles Canaries – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conquista de les islles Canaries" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquesta_de_les_Illes_Can%C3%A0ries" title="Conquesta de les Illes Canàries – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conquesta de les Illes Canàries" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_de_las_islas_Canarias" title="Conquista de las islas Canarias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conquista de las islas Canarias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanariar_Uharteetako_konkista" title="Kanariar Uharteetako konkista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanariar Uharteetako konkista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تسخیر جزایر قناری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تسخیر جزایر قناری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_des_%C3%AEles_Canaries" title="Conquête des îles Canaries – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conquête des îles Canaries" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_das_Illas_Canarias" title="Conquista das Illas Canarias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conquista das Illas Canarias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_delle_Isole_Canarie" title="Conquista delle Isole Canarie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conquista delle Isole Canarie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Завоевание Канарских островов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Завоевание Канарских островов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Завоювання Канарських островів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Завоювання Канарських островів" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Conquest of the Canary Islands</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islas_Canarias_(real_location)_in_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Canary Islands"><img alt="Location of the Canary Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Islas_Canarias_%28real_location%29_in_Spain.svg/275px-Islas_Canarias_%28real_location%29_in_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Islas_Canarias_%28real_location%29_in_Spain.svg/413px-Islas_Canarias_%28real_location%29_in_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, 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Pequeña">Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1497)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1497)">Algeria (1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla"> Melilla (1497)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1505)" title="Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)">Algeria (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1507)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507)">Algeria (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_(1508)" title="Conquest of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508)">Morocco (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">Algeria (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1510)">Algeria (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli" title="Spanish conquest of Tripoli">Tripoli (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1510)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1510)">Tunisia (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ta%C3%ADno_War_of_San_Juan%E2%80%93Borik%C3%A9n" title="Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén">Puerto Rico (1511–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">Algeria (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Algeria (1517–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexico (1519–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Mexico (1519–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">Algeria (1519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1520)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1520)">Tunisia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas (1523–1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala (1524–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1525)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1525)">Morocco (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán (1527–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Algeria (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Algeria (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Peru (1532–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunisia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War"> Brazil (1534-36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Tlemcen_(1535)" title="Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)">Algeria (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunisia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia (1537–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algeria (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">Algeria (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Halmahera (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Chile (1546–1662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">Algeria (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Tunisia (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Libya (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Algeria (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Algeria (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Algeria (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Tunisia (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Wars" title="Calchaquí Wars">Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Algeria (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">Morocco (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Florida (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippines (1567–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Tunisia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunisia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Brunei (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1582)" title="Ternate expedition (1582)">Insulindia (1582)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1585)" title="Ternate expedition (1585)">Insulindia (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia (1593–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Puerto Rico (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_expedition" title="Mindanao expedition">Philippines (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Cuba (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Puerto Rico (1598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Visayas_(1599-1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of Visayas (1599-1600)">Philippines (1599-1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1602)" title="Jolo expedition (1602)">Philippines (1602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1603)" title="Ternate expedition (1603)">Insulindia (1603)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Tunisia (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Moluccas (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco#Spanish_occupation_(1614–81)" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Morocco (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén (1618–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Taiwan (1626)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Kitts_(1629)" title="Battle of St. Kitts (1629)">St. Kitts <b>·</b> Nevis (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1630)" title="Jolo expedition (1630)">Philippines (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Jolo_(1638)" title="Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638)">Philippines (1638-46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chiloé <b>·</b> Valdivia (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Tortuga (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1655)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)">Hispaniola (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">Jamaica (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocho_Rios" title="Battle of Ocho Rios">Jamaica (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo" title="Battle of Rio Nuevo">Jamaica (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Porto_Bello" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello">Porto Bello (1668)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo (1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">Panama (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">New Mexico (1680–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Morocco (1689)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">North America (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1712" title="Huilliche uprising of 1712">Chiloé (1712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau_(1720)" title="Raid on Nassau (1720)">Bahamas (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">Chile (1723–1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Oran (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Caribbean and North America (1739–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Cuba (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Nicaragua (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Philippines (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">Chile (1766–1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Algiers (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–1777)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">North America (1779–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Peru (1780–82)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">New Granada (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Algiers (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Algiers (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1792" title="Huilliche uprising of 1792">Chile (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Caribbean (1796–1802)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish America (1808–33)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivia (1809–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Argentina (1810–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida_Controversy" title="West Florida Controversy">Florida (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_campaign" title="Paraguay campaign">Paraguay (1810–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico (1810–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peru (1811–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">El Salvador (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Piedras_(1811)" title="Battle of Las Piedras (1811)">Uruguay (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuela (1811–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chile (1812–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Colombia (1815–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Colombia (1819–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuador (1820–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Mexico (1821–29)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Morocco (1859–1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Republic (1863–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Peru and Chile (1864–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Puerto Rico (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuba (1868–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Cuba (1879–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba (1895–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines (1896–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rico (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam (1898)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Morocco (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Morocco (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_insurgency" title="Sahrawi insurgency">Western Sahara (1973–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Western Sahara (1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Genocide<br />of indigenous peoples</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#BCBCBC;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Indigenous_genocide" title="Historiography of Indigenous genocide">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_response_to_colonialism" title="Indigenous response to colonialism">Indigenous response</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama<wbr /> genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">Ikiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Americas (<a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><span style="color:black">history</span></a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Enslavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Fall of Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization<wbr /> in Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami humanitarian crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">Pacific Northwest<wbr /> smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago genocide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza#Subsequent_government_killings" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Massacre of Salsipuedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Putumayo genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_case" title="Spiral case">Spiral case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">Boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">Great Plains<wbr /> smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East, South, Southeast Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Bandanese massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts<wbr /> conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule#History" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Cultural genocide in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Japanese_annexation_of_Hokkaido" title="Ainu people">Japanese annexation<wbr /> of Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lamey Island Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Disposition" title="Ryukyu Disposition">Ryukyu Disposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_War_(1471)" title="Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)">Vietnamese conquest<wbr /> of Champa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Europe and North Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest<wbr /> of Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi" title="Norwegianization of the Sámi">Norwegianization of the Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification#Swedification_of_Sámi_and_Finns" title="Swedification">Swedification of Sámi and Finns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">Vergonha</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Oceania</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">West Asia / North Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest of the<wbr /> Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide<wbr /> accusation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography of genocide studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Template:Genocide of Indigenous peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Template talk:Genocide of Indigenous peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide of Indigenous peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>conquest of the Canary Islands</b> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> took place between 1402 and 1496 in two periods: the <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista señorial</i></span></b>, carried out by Castilian nobility in exchange for a covenant of allegiance to the crown, and the <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista realenga</i></span></b>, carried out by the Spanish crown itself during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>. It has been described as the first instance of European <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ties between the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canaries</a> and the Mediterranean world which had existed since antiquity<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were interrupted by the decline and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. Although these linkages were weakened, they were not totally severed, and the Canaries' isolation was not total. During the Middle Ages, the first reports on the Canaries come from Arabic sources, which refer to some Atlantic islands which may have been the Canaries. What does seem clear is that this knowledge of the islands did not signify the end of the cultural isolation of the native inhabitants. </p><p>Visits to the archipelago began to increase after the end of the 13th century for reasons including: </p> <ul><li>The economic expansion of some European states, such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>. These states were already engaging in maritime trade along the Moroccan coast.</li> <li>Development of new navigation techniques (<a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stern_rudder" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern rudder">stern rudder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">cog</a>-<a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>) and the development of cartography: a portulan map by <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, from 1339, is the first to show some of the Canary Islands, and this date might in fact coincide with the effective rediscovery of the islands by the Genoese seaman Lanzarotto Malocello. The first expedition to visit all the islands of the archipelago took place two years later, in 1341, under the command of fellow Genoese seaman and explorer Niccoloso da Recco, at the service and on behalf of Portuguese king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso IV">Afonso IV</a>.</li> <li>Ideological and political motives: the monarchies of Southern Europe entered an expansive phase. In the case of the Iberian monarchies, their territorial expansion was spurred by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a></i></span> ("reconquest") of Moorish southern Spain (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>). For this reason, territorial expansion represented a reinforcement of royal power, imbued with crusader and missionary spirit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Conquest">Pre-Conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands in pre-colonial times</a></div> <p>In the 14th century, a variety of forces competed for control of the Canaries: Genoese, Majorcan, Portuguese and Castilian. In the following century, Castile and Portugal were the primary contenders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genoese_phase">Genoese phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genoese phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first visit by a European to the Canary Islands since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Lanceloto_Malocello" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceloto Malocello">Lanceloto Malocello</a> traditionally dated 1312 (but probably a little later, between 1318–1325).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197725Meliá200045_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197725Meliá200045-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malocello's motives were unclear – it is believed he might have been searching for traces of the <a href="/wiki/Vandino_and_Ugolino_Vivaldi" title="Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi">Vivaldi brothers</a> who had disappeared off Morocco, around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Non" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Non">Cape Non</a> back in 1291.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malocello made landfall (possibly shipwrecked) on <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> island, and remained there for nearly twenty years. Malocello may have attempted to erect himself as a ruler among the aboriginal peoples and been eventually expelled by them. </p><p>According to some sources, shortly after his return to Europe, in 1336, Malocello led a return expedition to the Canaries, sponsored by the Portuguese crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerlinden1958_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerlinden1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the existence of this expedition has been dismissed by most modern historians, as being based on later forged documents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg/280px-Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg/420px-Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg/560px-Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Portolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portolan">Portolan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> (1339) showing <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> island</figcaption></figure><p>Evidently drawing from the information provided by Malocello, in 1339 appeared the portolan map by <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a> showing the Canary island of <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> (named <i>Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus</i> and marked by a Genoese shield), as well as the island of <i>Forte Vetura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>) and <i>Vegi Mari</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lobos_Island" title="Lobos Island">Lobos</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although earlier maps had shown fantastical depictions of the "<a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortunate Islands">Fortunate Islands</a>" (on the basis of their mention in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>), this is the first European map where the actual Canary islands make a solid appearance (although Dulcert also includes some fantastic islands himself, notably <a href="/wiki/Saint_Brendan%27s_Island" title="Saint Brendan's Island">Saint Brendan's Island</a>, and three islands he names <i>Primaria</i>, <i>Capraria</i> and <i>Canaria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1341, a three-ship expedition sponsored by King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV of Portugal</a>, set out from Lisbon, commanded by Florentine captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiolino_del_Tegghia_de_Corbizzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiolino del Tegghia de Corbizzi (page does not exist)">Angiolino del Tegghia de Corbizzi</a> and Genoese captain <a href="/wiki/Nicoloso_da_Recco" title="Nicoloso da Recco">Nicoloso da Recco</a>, and employing a mixed crew of Italians, Portuguese and Castilians. Cruising the archipelago for five months, the expedition mapped thirteen islands (seven major, six minor) and surveyed the indigenous inhabitants, the '<a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>', bringing back four natives to Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This expedition would become the basis of later Portuguese claims of priority on the islands.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cerda_lordship">Cerda lordship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cerda lordship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European interest in the Canaries picked up quickly after the 1341 mapping expedition. The descriptions of the primeval Guanches, in particular, drew the attention of European merchants, who immediately saw the prospect of new and easy <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a>-raiding grounds. In 1342, at least two <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorcan</a> expeditions, one under Francesc Duvalers, another under Domenech Gual, assembled by private merchant consortia with a commission from Roger de Robenach (representative of <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca" title="James III of Majorca">James III of Majorca</a>) set out for the Canary islands. Some speculate as many as four or five expeditions were commissioned in Majorca in 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of these expeditions are uncertain. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was also drawn by the news. In 1344, the Castilian-French noble <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Cerda" title="Luis de la Cerda">Luis de la Cerda</a> (Count of Clermont and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_France" title="Admiral of France">Admiral of France</a>), then serving as a French ambassador to the papal court in <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a>, submitted a proposal to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a>, offering the Church the more palatable vision of conquering the islands and converting the native Canarians to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen290_268]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen290_268]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1344, Pope Clement VI issued the bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tuae devotionis sinceritas</i></span> granting the Canary islands in perpetuity to Luis de la Cerda and bestowing upon him the title of sovereign "Prince of Fortuna". The pope followed this up with another bull, in January 1345, giving the projected Cerda-led conquest and conversion of the islands the character of a <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>, granting <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a> to its participants, and papal letters were dispatched to the Iberian monarchs urging them to provide material assistance to Cerda's expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a> immediately lodged a protest, claiming priority of discovery, but conceded to the authority of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a> also protested, claiming that, by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic</a> dioceses and prior <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a> treaties, the islands fell within the Castilian jurisdiction and 'sphere of conquest', but nonetheless recognized Cerda's title.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preparations for the Cerda expedition were stalled by the opposition of the Iberian monarchs – despite their formal concessions to Cerda's title, they did not facilitate the organization of his expedition. As a result, no expedition to the Canary islands was mounted before Luis de la Cerda's death on 5 July 1348. By the terms of the 1344 contract, the lordship of Fortuna was set to expire after five years without an expedition (although Cerda's heirs, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Medinaceli" title="Duke of Medinaceli">Counts of Medinacelli</a> would later revive their claim). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majorcan-Catalan_phase">Majorcan-Catalan phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Majorcan-Catalan phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Cerda out of the picture, former parties resumed their adventures. However, records over the next generation are few and far-between. There are notices of three further expeditions by Majorcans (now annexed by <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> since 1344) to the area – the famed expedition of <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Ferrer" title="Jaume Ferrer">Jaume Ferrer</a> in 1346 (aiming to reach the "River of Gold", i.e. <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a>, on the African coast, but may have touched the Canaries on the way), the expedition of Arnau Roger to Gran Canaria in 1352, and a royal-sponsored patrol expedition by Joan Mora in 1366. There were doubtless many unrecorded expeditions, not only by Majorcans, but also likely by merchants of Seville and Lisbon. These would have been almost wholly of commercial character, many with the purpose of capturing native islanders to sell as <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> in European markets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But there was also some peaceful trade with the locals, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Orchil" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchil">orchil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_blood" title="Dragon's blood">dragon's blood</a>, which grew wildly on the islands and were much valued as <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a> by the European cloth industry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg/170px-St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg/255px-St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg/340px-St_Brendan%27s_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4450" data-file-height="6082" /></a><figcaption>Canary islands in <a href="/wiki/Pizzigani_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizzigani brothers">Pizzigani brothers</a> chart (1367)</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the failure of the Cerda project, the pope did not give up on his hope of converting the natives. In 1351, Pope Clement VI endorsed an expedition by Majorcan captains Joan Doria and Jaume Segarra, with the object of bringing <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries, including twelve converted Canarian natives (apparently seized by previous Majorcan expeditions), to the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this expedition ever set out is uncertain, although it was most probably enveloped in Arnau Roger's expedition of 1352. Apocryphal legend relates the Majorcan missionaries succeeded in establishing an evangelizing center at <a href="/wiki/Telde" title="Telde">Telde</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>), until they were massacred by the natives in 1354. </p><p>To encourage the missionaries at Telde the pope had erected the 'Diocese of Fortuna' in 1351, but this seems to have remained a paper appointment. Papal interest in the Canaries waned following the death of Pope Clement VI in late 1352. For the next generation, there is practically no information about the Canary islands. It is probable Majorcan-Catalan kept up their commercial interest, focused on Gran Canaria, but records are scant. </p><p>The next we hear of the Canary islands is in 1366, when King <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a> commissioned the captain Joan Mora to patrol the Canary islands to assert Catalan sovereignty and patrol for interlopers. Although there was still no project of conquest, interest in missionary establishments seemed to pick up again. The Avignon <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Pope Urban V</a> issued a bull in July 1369 erecting the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Canarias" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias">Diocese of Fortuna</a> and appointing Fr. Bonnant Tari as bishop, and followed it up with bull of September 1369 instructing the bishops of Barcelona and Tortosa to dispatch 10 secular and 20 regular clergy to preach to the Canarians in their native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But whether this actually set out or just remained a paper project is also uncertain. We have a more reliable record of a Majorcan expedition in 1386 carried out by 'Pauperes Heremite', sponsored by Peter IV Aragon and Pope Urban VI. Although their exact fate is unknown, there is a later report that thirteen "Christian friars" who had been preaching in the Canaries "for seven years" were massacred in an uprising during 1391.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least five missionary expeditions would be sent (or at least planned) between 1352 and 1386.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007158_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007158-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg/280px-El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg/420px-El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg/560px-El_mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo_en_el_Atlas_catal%C3%A1n_de_Cresques_Abraham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12956" data-file-height="8637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (1375)</figcaption></figure> <p>Geographic knowledge of the Canary islands coalesced with these expeditions. Eight of the Canary islands, including La Gomera and El Hierro, are depicted in the 1367 portolan chart of the brothers <a href="/wiki/Domenico_and_Francesco_Pizzigano" title="Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano">Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano</a>. A few years later, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> of 1375 shows the Canaries almost completely and accurately mapped (only <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> is missing). The eleven islands are named in the Catalan Atlas (from east to west) as <i>Graciosa</i> (<a href="/wiki/La_Graciosa" class="mw-redirect" title="La Graciosa">La Graciosa</a>), <i>laregranza</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alegranza" title="Alegranza">Alegranza</a>), <i>rocho</i> (<a href="/wiki/Roque_del_Este" title="Roque del Este">Roque</a>), <i>Insula de lanzaroto maloxelo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>), <i>insula de li vegi marin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lobos_Island" title="Lobos Island">Lobos</a>), <i>forteventura</i> (Fuerteventura), <i>Insula de Canaria</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>), <i>Insula del infernio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>), <i>insula de gomera</i> (<a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a>), <i>insula de lo fero</i> (<a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007161_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007161-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name 'tenerefiz' is first given alongside 'Infierno' in the 1385 <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Libro_del_Conoscimiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Libro del Conoscimiento">Libro del Conoscimiento</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_phase">Portuguese phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Portuguese phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1370s, when Portugal and Castile were engaged in the dynastic <a href="/wiki/Fernandine_Wars" title="Fernandine Wars">Fernandine Wars</a> that followed the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Castile">Peter I of Castile</a>, Portuguese and Castilian privateers were dispatched against each other, several of which made detours to the Canary islands for shelter or slave-raiding jaunts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the first indication of a conquest project since 1344, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I of Portugal</a> granted in 1370 the islands of <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> to the adventurer 'Lançarote da Franquia' (believed by some to be none other than the impossibly-aged <a href="/wiki/Lanceloto_Malocello" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceloto Malocello">Lanceloto Malocello</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lançarote da Franquia made an attempt to seize the islands and is reported to have engaged in fighting with "Guanches and Castilians" there by 1376, but it seems the effort at establishing a Portuguese foothold faltered after Lançarote's death in 1385.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castilian_phase">Castilian phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Castilian phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest in the Canary islands seems to have been principally the province of the Majorcan-Aragonese in the 1340s–60s (focused on Gran Canaria), and the Portuguese in 1370s–80s (focused on Lanzarote). There are faint references to Castilian adventurers before, but it is only really after 1390 that interest picked up and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> finally brought its weight to bear. </p><p>In 1390, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Peraza_Martel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo Peraza Martel (page does not exist)">Gonzalo Peraza Martel</a>, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Almonaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonaster">Almonaster</a>, a notable of Seville, requested permission from King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a> to conquer the Canary Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Castilian grandee <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_1st_Count_of_Niebla" title="Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Count of Niebla">Juan Alonso de Guzmán, Count of Niebla</a>, joined his name to the effort. </p><p>Five ships were prepared, crewed by Andalusians from Seville and Basque adventurers from Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa, and set off from Cadiz in 1393. The Almonaster expedition sailed through the Canary islands, examining the coasts of Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Hierro, Gomera and Tenerife, before finally deciding to land and raid Lanzarote. The Almonaster raid on Lanzarote took some 170 native inhabitants captive, including the local Guanche king and his queen, along with plenty of skins, wax and dyewood, which they sold in Seville for a small fortune. Upon their return to Castile, Almonaster and Niebla presented their captives and goods before Henry III, and reported that the Canary islands were easy to conquer and very profitable. This whet the appetites of other adventurers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apocryphal_expeditions">Apocryphal expeditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Apocryphal expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG/220px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG/330px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG/440px-Pueblo_Chico_Guanchen1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption> Reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> council</figcaption></figure> <p>There were several other reputed expeditions to the Canary Islands during the 14th Century, first reported by Fr. Juan de Abreu Galindo (1632), some of them in Viera y Clavijo (1772), drawing primarily from local Canarian legends, that have since been determined to be apocryphal or confounded with other expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those deemed purely legendary are: </p> <ol><li>A 1360 Majorcan expedition of two ships, captain unknown (alleged in legend to be the same Aragonese galleys prepared for Cerda back in 1344). Upon making landfall at La Gomera or Gran Canaria, the Europeans were defeated and taken prisoner by the native Canarians. After a certain period of time living among the Canarians (possibly a few years), the native chieftains secretly decided to kill all the prisoners. The entire crew, including the clerics (two Franciscan friars according to Abreu de Galindo, five says Viera y Clavijo), were swiftly rounded up and massacred by the Canarians (probably confused with 1351 Majorcan expedition).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1372 expedition by 'Fernando de Castro' (Galician, not his <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Castro" title="Fernando de Castro">Portuguese namesake</a>), who also made landing at La Gomera. After engaging in hostilities, Castro was defeated by the natives, but (unlike the 1360 expedition), the surviving Europeans were magnanimously spared and allowed to embark back to Iberia. Tradition claims that at the behest of the local king Amalahuige, Castro (or Ormel later) left behind his chaplain to convert his people to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The famous tale of the Biscayan privateer Martín Ruiz de Avendaño, who took shelter on Lanzarote in 1377, and, during his stay, slept with the queen Fayna, wife of native king Zonzamas. This liaison produced a daughter Ico, who went on to marry the next king Guanarame and produce a son, Guadarfia. After Guanarame's death, Guadarfia's ascension to the throne was blocked by suspicions that his mother Ico (Avendaño's daughter) was not of noble lineage, until she was put through a <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a> (being smoked in hut, and survived).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1382 ship from Seville, commanded by Francisco Lopez, wrecked off Guinigada (<a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>), with 13 survivors; they went on to live among the Canarian natives, until their deaths <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1394</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An expedition in 1385 by Hernan Peraza, a Sevillan with a permit from Henry III of Castile, that raided Lanzarote (probable confusion with Almonaster raid of 1393).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo163224_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo163224-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1386 expedition of two ships, under the command of Fernando de Ormel, of Galician origin, but noble in Castile and naval officer of <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I of Castile</a>. While patrolling the Andalusian coast, was caught up in a storm and ended up emerging at La Gomera (possibly the same as the 1372 expedition of Castro).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772277_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772277-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1399 expedition of Gonzalo Peraza Martel, Lord of Almonastor that raided Lanzarote (probable confusion with Almonaster raid of 1393).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772279_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772279-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Other legendary traditions include the apparition of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candelaria</a> in 1392–1393, encountered by two <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> goatherds on the beaches of Tenerife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen303_281]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen303_281]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_conquest">The conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg/170px-Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg/255px-Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg/340px-Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt" title="Jean de Béthencourt">Jean de Béthencourt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The conquest took place between 1402 and 1496. It was not an easy task, militarily, given the resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> aboriginals in some islands. Nor was it easy politically, given the conflicting interests of the nobility (bent on fortifying their economic and political power) and the state, particularly <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, with an interest in reinforcing its own power in competition with the nobles. </p><p>Historians identify three distinguishable periods in the conquest of the Canaries: </p> <ul><li><b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista señorial</i></span></b>, so called because the conquest was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> for their own ends and without the direct participation of the Crown. Under a pact of vassalage the Crown granted the rights to the conquest and in exchange the noblemen swore allegiance to the Crown. We can distinguish within this period two phases. The first is known as the <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista Betancuriana o Normanda</i></span></b> (the Bethencourt or Norman Conquest) was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Bethencourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Bethencourt">Jean de Bethencourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadifer_de_la_Salle" title="Gadifer de la Salle">Gadifer de la Salle</a> between 1402 and 1405 and involved the subjugation of <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second phase is known as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista Señorial castellana</i></span> and was carried out by Castilian nobles whose appropriation of the land was mediated through purchase, cession and marriage. This phase included the land conquered in the first phase and also the island of <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> and lasted until 1450. A prominent force in this phase was the <a href="/wiki/Peraza_family" title="Peraza family">Peraza family</a>, which had managed to consolidate the Canary Islands under a single unified <a href="/wiki/Territorial_lordship" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial lordship">lordship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seigneury" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigneury">seigneury</a> for the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Peraza_the_Elder" title="Hernan Peraza the Elder">Hernán Peraza the Elder</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his daughter <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Peraza" title="Inés Peraza">Inés Peraza</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this did not hold.</li> <li><b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista realenga</i></span></b>. This term defines the conquest carried out directly by the Kingdom of Castile during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs who armed and part financed the conquest of the islands not yet subjugated: <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>. This conquest ended in 1496 with the defeat of Tenerife and the integration of the Canaries Archipelago into the Kingdom of Castile. The <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Conquista realenga</i></span> took place between 1478 and 1496.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Norman_conquest">The Norman conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Norman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Canarien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Le_Canarien.jpg/170px-Le_Canarien.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Le_Canarien.jpg/255px-Le_Canarien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Le_Canarien.jpg/340px-Le_Canarien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated page from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Canarien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Canarien (page does not exist)">Le Canarien</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Canarien" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Canarien">fr</a>]</span> (1490)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first period (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Conquista Betancuriana o Normanda</i>) of the conquest of the Canaries was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> nobles <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Bethencourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Bethencourt">Jean de Bethencourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadifer_de_la_Salle" title="Gadifer de la Salle">Gadifer de la Salle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their motives were basically economic: Bethencourt possessed textile factories and dye works and the Canaries offered a source of dyes such as the <a href="/wiki/Orchil" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchil">orchil</a> lichen. </p><p>Bethencourt received important political support in the court of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a>. His uncle, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Bracquemont" title="Robert de Bracquemont">Robert de Bracquemont</a>, gained the king's permission for the conquest of the Canary Islands on behalf of the Norman noble. In exchange for these rights Bethencourt became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Castilian King. Robert de Bracquemont invested a significant amount in the venture. The story of the Bethencourt Conquest was recorded in the chronicle known as the Canarian, compiled by two clerics Pierre Bontier and Jean Le Verrier. The original was adapted in two later versions, one by <a href="/wiki/Gadifer_de_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadifer de La Salle">Gadifer de La Salle</a> (which appears the more reliable of the two) and the other by the nephew of Bethencourt, Maciot de Bethencourt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_conquest_of_Lanzarote">The conquest of Lanzarote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The conquest of Lanzarote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norman expedition set off from <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> and stopped off in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> before arriving in <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> in the summer of 1402. The island's aborigines and their chief Guadarfia were unable to resist the invading forces and surrendered. The Normans established themselves on the south of the island where they constructed a fortress and founded the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Canarias" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias">Bishopric of Rubicon</a>. From this location they attempted an assault on <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_conquest_of_Fuerteventura">The conquest of Fuerteventura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The conquest of Fuerteventura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This campaign lasted between 1402 and 1405. The extended duration was not due so much to the resistance of the islanders as to the difficulties and internal divisions between the two captains leading the invaders. Hunger and a lack of resources forced the expedition to retreat to Lanzarote. Jean de Bethencourt then travelled to Castile to drum up further support. There King Enrique III supplied the necessary measures and the confirmation of Bethencourt's exclusive rights to conquer the island, thereby marginalising Gadifer. </p><p>During Bethencourt's absence Gadifer had to confront a double rebellion, one by a section of his men led by Bertín de Berneval, who had restarted the capture of <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, and the other by the Lanzarote Guanches who resisted this practice. Pacifying the island took until 1404 and the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a> recommenced at the end of that year. However, the two commanders acted separately, each one fortifying his own domain (the castles of Rico Roque and Valtarajal). The conquest of the island was completed in 1405 with the surrender of the native kings of the island. On an unknown date Gadifer abandoned the island and returned to France to defend his rights, but he would never return to the islands. </p><p>After the victory Bethencourt, absolute owner of the islands, returned to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in search of settlers and new resources in order to continue the conquest of the rest of the islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_El_Hierro">Conquest of El Hierro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conquest of El Hierro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conquest of <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a> took place in 1405. There was no resistance offered by the scattered Guanche population who were largely sold as slaves. The island was then repopulated with Norman and Castilian settlers. </p><p>Bethencourt remained on the islands until 1412 when he returned permanently to his lands in Normandy, leaving Maciot de Bethencourt in charge of his possessions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Castilian_seigneurial_conquest">The Castilian seigneurial conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Castilian seigneurial conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second period (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Conquista Señoral Castellana</i>) began when the Bethencourt era ended in 1418<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when Maciot sold his holdings and the rights to subjugate the remaining islands to <a href="/wiki/Enrique_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_2nd_Count_de_Niebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla">Enrique Pérez de Guzmán</a>. From this point on the intervention of the King of Castile increased. Between 1418 and 1445 dominion over the islands changed hands on a number of occasions. Finally, control over the conquered islands and the right to further conquests fell to <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Peraza_the_Elder" title="Hernan Peraza the Elder">Hernán Peraza the Elder</a> and his children Guillén Peraza and <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Peraza" title="Inés Peraza">Inés Peraza</a>. The death of Guillén Peraza in the attack on La Palma has been immortalized in a moving lament<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. After the death of her brother Inés and her husband Diego García de Herrera became the sole rulers of the islands until 1477 when they ceded La Gomera to their son Hernán Peraza the Younger and the rights to the conquest of La Palma, Gran Canaria and Tenerife to the King of Castile. </p><p>The island of La Gomera was not taken in battle but was incorporated into the Peraza-Herrera fiefdom through an agreement between Hernán Peraza the Elder and some of the insular aboriginal groups who accepted the rule of the Castilian. However, there were a number of uprisings by the Guanches due to outrages committed by the rulers on the native Gomeros. The last one, in 1488 caused the death of the islands ruler, Hernán Peraza The Younger, whose widow, <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_de_Bobadilla_y_Ossorio" title="Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio">Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio</a>, succeeded him in rule and sought the assistance of Pedro de Vera, conqueror of Gran Canaria, in order to snuff out the rebellion. The subsequent repression caused the death of two hundred rebels and many others were sold into slavery in the Spanish markets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_royal_conquest">The royal conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The royal conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_of_Aragon,_Isabella_of_Castile_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>: Ferdinand and Isabel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/280px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG/420px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a> presenting the captured <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand and Isabella">Ferdinand and Isabella</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The third period (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Conquista Realenga</i>) of the Spanish conquest of the Canaries was different from the first in a number of ways: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> commanded and armed the invading forces.</li> <li>The funding for the enterprise was the responsibility of the Crown and individuals interested in the economic exploitation of the island's resources.</li> <li>The islands involved, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, had larger populations and offered the best economic rewards.</li> <li>The Guanches of the three islands, but particularly those of Gran Canaria and Tenerife, offered a clear and prolonged resistance to the conquest.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Gran_Canaria_(1478–1483)"><span id="Conquest_of_Gran_Canaria_.281478.E2.80.931483.29"></span>Conquest of Gran Canaria (1478–1483)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conquest of Gran Canaria (1478–1483)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanartemato_de_Galdar.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guanartemato_de_Galdar.GIF/220px-Guanartemato_de_Galdar.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guanartemato_de_Galdar.GIF/330px-Guanartemato_de_Galdar.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Guanartemato_de_Galdar.GIF 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>The division of Gran Canaria at the time of the conquest (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanartemato_de_G%C3%A1ldar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanartemato de Gáldar (page does not exist)">Guanartemato de Gáldar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanartemato_de_G%C3%A1ldar" class="extiw" title="es:Guanartemato de Gáldar">es</a>]</span> – dark green, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanartemato_de_Telde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanartemato de Telde (page does not exist)">Guanartemato de Telde</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanartemato_de_Telde" class="extiw" title="es:Guanartemato de Telde">es</a>]</span> – light green)</figcaption></figure> <p>There were three stages in the conquest of Gran Canaria: </p><p>a) <b>Initial stage, June – December 1478</b>. The first expeditionary force disembarked on La Isleta on 24 June 1478. The force was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rej%C3%B3n" title="Juan Rejón">Juan Rejón</a> and Dean Bermúdez, as representative of the Bishop of San Marcial del Rubicón, Juan de Frías, who was a co-financier of the expedition. They founded Real de La Palmas near to Barranco de Guiniguada on the site of the present day <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>. A few days later the first battle of the campaign took place near to Real when the islanders were defeated. This initial victory gave the Castilians control of the northeast corner of the island. </p><p>b) <b>Guanche resistance and Castilian divisions from the close of 1478 until 1481</b>. This period is defined by aboriginal resistance in the mountainous interior, the lack of men and materials and internal disputes between the invaders. During this stage Juan Rejón was dismissed on the orders of the Catholic Monarchs. His place was taken by Pedro Fernández de Algaba who was subsequently executed by order of the deposed Rejón. The naming of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Vera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Vera (page does not exist)">Pedro de Vera</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Vera" class="extiw" title="ca:Pedro de Vera">ca</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Vera" class="extiw" title="de:Pedro de Vera">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Vera" class="extiw" title="es:Pedro de Vera">es</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Vera" class="extiw" title="fr:Pedro de Vera">fr</a>; <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Vera" class="extiw" title="ro:Pedro de Vera">ro</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Вера, Педро де">ru</a>]</span> as the new governor of the island and the arrest of Juan Rejón put an end to the in-fighting that had continued until 1481. </p><p>c) <b>Suppression of the Guanche resistance and conquest of the island, 1481–83</b>. Pedro de Vera, now undisputed commander of the Castilian forces, resumed the conquest of the island's interior and the Guanche fiefdom of Gáldar. He was able to do this because a large contingent of reinforcements had been sent from Gomero by Diego García de Herrera. The Guanche leader <a href="/wiki/Doramas" title="Doramas">Doramas</a> was subsequently killed in the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Arucas,_Las_Palmas" title="Arucas, Las Palmas">Arucas</a>. The capture of Tenesor Semidán, king of Gáldar, by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a> was a decisive factor in the victory of the invaders. Tenesor Semidán was sent to Castile where he was baptized with the name <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Guanarteme" title="Fernando Guanarteme">Fernando Guanarteme</a> and after signing the <a href="/wiki/Calatayud" title="Calatayud">Calatayud</a> Pact with <a href="/wiki/Fernando_the_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando the Catholic">Fernando the Catholic</a> he became a loyal and valuable ally of the Castilians. His actions have been interpreted in a number of ways throughout history: some think he was a traitor to the aboriginal cause; while others feel he was an able negotiator who saved many lives. On 29 April 1483 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guayarmina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guayarmina (page does not exist)">Guayarmina Semidán</a>, considered to be queen of Gran Canaria, surrendered at Ansite Fortress. On the same day Chief Bentejuí and his shaman-advisor Faycán committed suicide by jumping <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigaiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigaiga (page does not exist)">off a cliff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigaiga" class="extiw" title="es:Tigaiga">es</a>]</span> while shouting <i>Atis Tirma</i> (for my land).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo1632_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo1632-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_La_Palma_(1492–93)"><span id="Conquest_of_La_Palma_.281492.E2.80.9393.29"></span>Conquest of La Palma (1492–93)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conquest of La Palma (1492–93)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapalma_cantones_prehispanica2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lapalma_cantones_prehispanica2.jpg/220px-Lapalma_cantones_prehispanica2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Lapalma_cantones_prehispanica2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>The division of La Palma at the time of the conquest</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a>, who played an important role in the conquest of Gran Canaria was granted the rights of conquest for La Palma and Tenerife by the Catholic Monarchs. The agreement with the Crown included a fifth of the captives and 700,000 <a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">maravedís</a> if the conquest was completed within a year. </p><p>In order to finance the enterprise Alonso Fernández de Lugo entered into association with Juanoto Berardi and Francisco de Riberol. Each partner contributed a third of the costs and would receive the same proportion of the benefits. </p><p>The campaign was relatively easy, commencing on 29 September 1492 when the Castilians landed in <a href="/wiki/Tazacorte" title="Tazacorte">Tazacorte</a>. Alonso Fernández de Lugo made use of agreements and pacts with the Guanches which respected the rights of the chieftains giving full equality with the Castilians in order to attract them to his cause. Resistance was generally minimal, with the exception of an incident in Tigalate. However, there was more concerted resistance in the canton of Aceró (Caldera de Taburiente) where the chief, Tanausú, was easily able to hold out as the only two access points to the area were readily defendable against the advance of the invading forces. </p><p>Seeing that the year would soon be up and fearing that he would lose the bonus of 700,000 maravedíes Fernández de Lugo proposed a meeting with Tanausú which was to take place in <a href="/wiki/Los_Llanos_de_Aridane" title="Los Llanos de Aridane">Los Llanos de Aridane</a>. The Castilians ambushed and captured Tanausú when he left the Caldera. He was then sent to Castile as a prisoner; however, he starved to death on the journey. The official date for the end of the conquest is given as 3 May 1493. Following this part of the population of Aceró and other cantons which had signed peace treaties were sold as slaves although the majority were integrated into the new society formed after the conquest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Tenerife_(1494–96)"><span id="Conquest_of_Tenerife_.281494.E2.80.9396.29"></span>Conquest of Tenerife (1494–96)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conquest of Tenerife (1494–96)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menceyatos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Menceyatos.svg/280px-Menceyatos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Menceyatos.svg/420px-Menceyatos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Menceyatos.svg/560px-Menceyatos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>The division of Tenerife at the time of the conquest</figcaption></figure> <p>Tenerife was the last island to be conquered and the one that took the longest time to submit to the Castilian troops. Although the traditional dates of conquest of Tenerife are established between 1494 (landing of Alonso Fernández de Lugo) and 1496 (conquest of the island), it must be taken into account that the attempts to annex the island of Tenerife to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> date back at least to 1464.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonio_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, 32 years passed between the first attempt in 1464, until the island's final conquest in 1496. </p><p>In 1464, takes place in the <i>barranco del Bufadero</i> taking symbolic possession of the island by the Lord of the Canary Islas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Garcia_de_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Garcia de Herrera (page does not exist)">Diego Garcia de Herrera</a>. This signing a peace treaty with menceyes, allowing shortly after mencey Anaga build a tower on their land, where Guanches and Europeans had treatment until it is demolished around 1472 by the same Guanches.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonio_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonio-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1492 the governor of Gran Canaria Francisco Maldonado organized a raid ending in disaster for Europe, as they are defeated by the Guanches of Anaga. </p><p>In December 1493 Alonso Fernández de Lugo obtained the Catholic Monarchs confirmation of his right of conquest over the island of Tenerife and in exchange for renouncing the bonus promised for the conquest of La Palma he claimed governorship of the island, although he would not receive revenue from the <a href="/wiki/Quinto_real" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinto real">quinto real</a> tax. </p><p>The finance for the conquest was achieved by the sale of his <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> plantations in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Agaete" title="Agaete">Agaete</a>, obtained after the conquest of Gran Canaria, and by forming an association with Italian merchants who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. </p><p>At the time of the conquest Tenerife was divided into nine <a href="/wiki/Menceyato" class="mw-redirect" title="Menceyato">Menceyatos</a> or kingdoms which can be divided into two camps, one largely in favour of the Castilians and the other opposed to them. The former which became known in Spanish as "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">el bando de paz</i></span>", comprised the peoples of the south and east of the island (from the "menceyatos" of Anaga, Güímar, Abone and Adeje) who had previous contact with Castilians through the activities of the missionary Candelaria. The opposing "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bando de guerra</i></span>" was based in the "menceyatos" of the north: Tegueste, Tacoronte, Taoro, Icoden and Daute and maintained a fierce resistance to the invasion. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AcentejoBattle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AcentejoBattle.JPG/280px-AcentejoBattle.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AcentejoBattle.JPG/420px-AcentejoBattle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AcentejoBattle.JPG/560px-AcentejoBattle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a>, Tenerife</figcaption></figure> <p>The invading force set sail from Gran Canaria in April 1494 and landed on the coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>. The force comprised 2,000-foot soldiers and 200 cavalry made up of peninsular Castilians as well as soldiers from the other Canary Islands (mainly from Gomera and Gran Canary). After building a fortress they advanced towards the interior of the island. They tried to negotiate with Bencomo, the most important king in the "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bando de guerra</i></span>", and offered peace if he accepted Christianity and submitted to the authority of the Catholic Monarchs. Bencomo rejected the conditions attached to the offer making confrontation inevitable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG/220px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG/330px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG/440px-AlonsoFernandezdeLugo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The native kings of Tenerife surrender to <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a>, 25 July 1496</figcaption></figure> <p>The first armed encounter between the two sides was the celebrated <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a> that took place in a ravine called the Barranco de Acentejo or Barranco de San Antonio in the present day municipality of <a href="/wiki/La_Matanza_de_Acentejo" title="La Matanza de Acentejo">La Matanza de Acentejo</a>. A force of more than 2,000 men advanced towards the north of the island through the valley of Taoro. The objective was to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> in the centre of their heartland. The Guanches ambushed the invaders who suffered a grave defeat, losing eighty percent of their forces in the battle. Alonso Fernández de Lugo managed to escape to Gran Canaria where he organized a new force with better trained troops and greater financial resources supported by Genoese merchants and Castilian nobles. After the battle the Guanches destroyed the fortress built by the Castilians. </p><p>Alonso Fernández de Lugo requested and received extensive further aid and supplies from neighboring territorial lord <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Peraza" title="Inés Peraza">Inés Peraza</a> totalling 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">maravedí</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and returned to Tenerife with a better trained and armed force. After rebuilding the fortress at Añazo he advanced towards the plains of Aguere (<a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna" title="San Cristóbal de La Laguna">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a>) where in November he defeated Bencomo in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Battle of Aguere</a> as the gaunche leader committed the error of engaging the Castillian forces in battle in open ground. The use of cavalry and reinforcements provided by Fernando Guanarteme were the deciding factors in the Castillian victory. The Guanches lost 1,700 men including Bencomo and his brother (or possibly stepbrother) Tinguaro. It is claimed that an epidemic had infected the population before the battle, decimating the island's population and leaving the survivors weak or ill, this is known as the "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">gran modorra</i></span>" or the great drowsiness. However, the exact size of the epidemic and its importance in the outcome of the battle remains disputed by some historians. </p><p>In December 1495, after a long period of guerrilla warfare, pillaging and war fatigue the Castilians again advanced on the interior in the direction of Taoro, this time from the north. A force of several thousand Guanches awaited them in a ravine near to the present day municipality of <a href="/wiki/La_Victoria_de_Acentejo" title="La Victoria de Acentejo">La Victoria de Acentejo</a>, not far from the site of the First Battle of Acentejo. The Castilian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Second Battle of Acentejo</a> brought about the collapse of aboriginal resistance and access to the Taoro Valley remained open. The battle marked the conquest of the island of Tenerife and the end of the conquest of the Canary Islands. </p><p>It was in the <a href="/wiki/Orotava_Valley" title="Orotava Valley">Orotava Valley</a> the conquest of Tenerife ended on July 25, 1496, with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Los_Realejos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Los Realejos (page does not exist)">Treaty of Los Realejos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz_de_Los_Realejos" class="extiw" title="es:Paz de Los Realejos">es</a>]</span> between the Taoro <a href="/wiki/Mencey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mencey">mencey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a>. It was in honor of the cessation of hostilities that the first Christian church, <a href="/wiki/Parroquia_Matriz_del_Ap%C3%B3stol_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Parroquia Matriz del Apóstol Santiago">Parroquia Matriz del Apóstol Santiago</a>, in honor of the patron saint of Spain, was built.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival_of_the_indigenous_population">Survival of the indigenous population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Survival of the indigenous population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the intensity of the colonisation and the relatively low native population of the archipelago, the conquest ended abruptly with no further wars or major losses due to epidemics and violence, and a significant part of modern Canarians descend from the Guanches.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_analysis">Academic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Academic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians have labelled the conquest genocidal in nature<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conversi_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the brutal treatment of the Islands' indigenous <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> which contributed to their extinction as a distinct group. </p><p>Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Morales_Padr%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Morales Padrón (page does not exist)">Francisco Morales Padrón</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Padr%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Morales Padrón">es</a>]</span> wrote in 1978 that the conquest of the islands constituted a genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETostado2023600_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETostado2023600-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Conversi" title="Daniele Conversi">Daniele Conversi</a> locates the conquest of the Canary Islands within the history of colonial and imperial genocides.<sup id="cite_ref-Conversi_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Mark Levene</a> has stated that while there was not the intent by the Castilian crown to commit genocide, the result of their conquest was the same as if they had intended to commit genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETostado2023600_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETostado2023600-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian and specialist in genocide studies <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Mohamed Adhikari</a> published an article in 2017 analysing the settler colonial history of the Canary Islands as a case of genocide,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari201720–23_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari201720–23-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that the Canary Islands were the scene of "Europe's first overseas settler colonial genocide," and that the mass killing and enslavement of natives, along with forced deportation, sexual violence and confiscation of land and children constituted an attempt to "destroy in whole" the Guanche people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20171_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20171-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETostado2023600_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETostado2023600-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tactics used in the Canary Islands in the 15th century served as a model for the Iberian colonisation of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172–3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172–3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conversi_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conversi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blench_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Kingdom of the Canary Islands">Kingdom of the Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Battle of Aguere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Second Battle of Acentejo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 60em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is believed that the Canary island of <a href="/wiki/Alegranza" title="Alegranza">Alegranza</a> was named after <i>Allegrancia</i>, one of the two galleys of the Vivaldi brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1341 expedition is related by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> "De Canaria et insula reliquis, ultra Ispaniam, in occeano noviter repertis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA389_202-06]DiffieWinius197727Meliá200045Fernández-Armesto2007155_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA389_202-06]DiffieWinius197727Meliá200045Fernández-Armesto2007155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Clement VI's bull <i>Dum diligenter</i> (15 May 1351) granting indulgences to Doria and Segarra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA461_237]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA461_237]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Urban V's bull <i>Intercaetera</i> erecting the bishopric was issued 2 July 1369; the bull <i>Ad Hoc Semper</i> instructing Barcelona & Tortosa was issued 30 September 1369.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197742Meliá200046_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197742Meliá200046-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reported by Gadifer de la Salle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772276DiffieWinius197742_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772276DiffieWinius197742-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferdinand I's grant of <i>Nossa Senhora a Franca</i> (Lanzarote) and <i>Gomeira</i> (La Gomera) (June 1370).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA475_244]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA475_244]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis that 'Lançarote da Franquia' was the elderly <a href="/wiki/Lanceloto_Malocello" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceloto Malocello">Lanceloto Malocello</a> is principally due to <a href="#CITEREFVerlinden1958">Verlinden (1958)</a>. But this would make Malocello at least a nonagenarian! To reconcile the age, Verlinden disputes the authenticity of the 1312 expedition, claiming that Malocello was never marooned on Lanzarote 'for two decades', that Malocello's first trip to the Canaries was in fact the leading the murky Portuguese expedition of 1336. Another hypothesized identity for Lancerote de Framqua is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C3%A7arote_Pessanha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lançarote Pessanha (page does not exist)">Lançarote Pessanha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_Portugal" title="Admiral of Portugal">admiral of Portugal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The attempt is recorded in Ferdinand I's letter of 1376.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA487_250]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA487_250]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later letter dated 1385<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA511_262]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA511_262]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that 'Lançarote da Franquia' died in the Canaries and his titles were inherited by his son 'Lopo Affonso da Franquia', suggesting the Portuguese claimant might have succeeded in establishing some sort of presence there. Jean de Bethencourt, in <i>Le Canarien</i> refers to finding "an old castle, which was said to have been built by Lancelot Maloisel" (Ch. 32 in 1872 Hakluyt edition, ch.28 in 1886 Margry edition), which some historians have taken to be probably the remnants of the recent Portuguese fortress of Lançarote da Franquia, that got confused with the much older Genoese adventurer Lanceloto Malocello.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632">Abreu Galindo (1632)</a>, p. 60 identifies the 1390 petitioner as "Hernan Peraza" who is also alleged to have undertaken an apocryphal visit to Lanzarote in 1385. There is speculation that Hernan may have been a relative of Gonzalo. However, modern historians<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonnet_Reverón1946_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnet_Reverón1946-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have discounted this as an error, and that the 1390 petitioner was Gonzalo Peraza, but that his name was confused with his more famous son, <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Peraza_the_Elder" title="Hernan Peraza the Elder">Hernan Peraza</a>, future lord of the Canary islands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is some confusion on dates. Castilian royal chronicler Pedro <a href="/wiki/Lopez_de_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopez de Ayala">Lopez de Ayala</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>: <i>Cron del rey don Enrique III</i>, Ano.3, ch.20) and Spanish Indies chronicler <a href="/wiki/Lopez_de_Gomara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopez de Gomara">Lopez de Gomara</a> (1552: ch.222) identifies the date of this expedition as 1393 (but don't name the captain). <a href="#CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632">Abreu Galindo (1632)</a>, p. 24 and <a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. 191 agree there was a 1393 raid by "Sevillans and Biscayans" (with no named captain). But Galindo (p.24) asserts there was an earlier raid in 1385 by "Hernan Peraza" with the same result, while Viera y Clavijo (p.279) asserts there was a later raid by "Sevillans and Biscayans" under Almonaster in 1399, also with the same features. Modern historians have discounted these expeditions of 1385 and 1399 as apocryphal and confused re-tellings of the same expedition, and asserted that historically there was only one expedition of "Sevillans and Biscayans", that led by Almonaster in 1393 (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFJiménez_de_la_Romera1868">Jiménez de la Romera (1868)</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFBonnet_Reverón1946">Bonnet Reverón (1946)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 42n, <a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007">Fernández-Armesto (2007)</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The determination of their veracity has been exhaustively reviewed by <a href="#CITEREFBonnet_Reverón1946">Bonnet Reverón (1946)</a>. See <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 42n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally reported in <a href="#CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632">Abreu Galindo (1632)</a>, p. 22 and <a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelahis00conggoog/page/n296">274</a>; see also <a href="#CITEREFJiménez_de_la_Romera1868">Jiménez de la Romera (1868)</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only reported in <a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, pp. 277–278, who insinuates it is possibly the same as the 1386 expedition of Ormel. <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 42 suggests this could be just a misdated and mangled re-telling of the expedition of Galician-Portuguese captain <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Castro" title="Fernando de Castro">Fernando de Castro</a> to conquer Gran Canaria in 1424, which had a similar outcome.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Story originally from <a href="#CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632">Abreu Galindo (1632)</a>, p. 34. Also reported in <a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelahis00conggoog/page/n213">191-92</a>. Abreu Galindo asserts the heir of Zonzamas was Tiguafaya, who was in turn succeeded by his brother Guanarame, and that Ico was their sister (and wife of Guanarame). Abreu Galindo asserts that Tiguafaya and his queen were taken captive during the "1385" [<i>sic</i>] raid on Lanzarote by Hernan Peraza [<i>sic</i>], leaving Guanarame to succeed, and upon Guanarame's death, Ico's son Guadarfia was the heir. Viera y Clavigo (1772) confusingly says king Tinguafaya was taken captive <i>twice</i> – in 1393 (p. 191) and again in 1399 (p. 280). Besides the contradictions on dates and names, the original Avendaño story is suspect principally on account of age – king Guadarfia of Lanzarote was an adult when he met Jean de Bethencourt in 1403, making it unlikely he could have been a grandson stemming from Avendaño's visit in 1377. The trial by ordeal (told in Viera Y Clavigo, pp. 192–193) involved an element of human sacrifice (frequently reported in Guanche culture): Ico was placed in a sealed hut with three common village women, and fires were set and the smoke pumped into it; the determination that she was of noble blood was assessed by the fact that the three commoners suffocated to death, whereas Ico survived. Her survival is credited to an old woman who secretly gave her a wet sponge to place over her mouth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. 276. First reported in manuscript of Pedro de Castillo. The dead Spaniards leave a document which was later given by a native Canarian to conqueror Gadifer de la Salle, as a "testament of Christian brothers, thirteen in number, whom they killed twelve years ago" (<i>Le Canarien</i>, ch.40). Probably confused with the 1386 Majorcan expedition of 'Pauperes Heremite'.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikari2017">Adhikari (2017)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ing.iac.es/PR/lapalma/pliny.html">"Extract"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. Translated by Rackham, H. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> – via Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extract&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ing.iac.es%2FPR%2Flapalma%2Fpliny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197725Meliá200045-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197725Meliá200045_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFMeliá2000">Meliá (2000)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmat_di_S._Filippo1888" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Amat_di_San_Filippo" title="Pietro Amat di San Filippo">Amat di S. Filippo, P.</a> (1888). "Recenti Ritrovimenti di Carte Natucihe in Parigi in Londra ed in Firenze" [Recent discoveries of nautical charts in Paris, London and Florence]. <i>Bollettino della Società geografica italiana</i> (in Italian): 268–278 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHJIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271">&#91, 271&#93, </a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bollettino+della+Societ%C3%A0+geografica+italiana&rft.atitle=Recenti+Ritrovimenti+di+Carte+Natucihe+in+Parigi+in+Londra+ed+in+Firenze&rft.pages=268-278+https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHJIAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA271+%26%2391%2C+271%26%2393%2C+&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Amat+di+S.+Filippo&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerlinden1958-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerlinden1958_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerlinden1958">Verlinden 1958</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeilink-Roelofsz1979" class="citation journal cs1">Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P. (July 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300018672">"Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1977 (Europe and the world in the Age of Expansion, vol. 1) ISBN 0 19 690419 6. Price: Am. Dollars 25.00"</a>. <i>Itinerario</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 107–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0165115300018672">10.1017/s0165115300018672</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-1153">0165-1153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162596608">162596608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itinerario&rft.atitle=Bailey+W.+Diffie+and+George+D.+Winius%2C+Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1415%E2%80%931580%2C+University+of+Minnesota+Press%2C+Minneapolis%2C+1977+%28Europe+and+the+world+in+the+Age+of+Expansion%2C+vol.+1%29+ISBN+0+19+690419+6.+Price%3A+Am.+Dollars+25.00.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-109&rft.date=1979-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162596608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0165-1153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0165115300018672&rft.aulast=Meilink-Roelofsz&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0165115300018672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeliá200045_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeliá2000">Meliá (2000)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA389_202-06]DiffieWinius197727Meliá200045Fernández-Armesto2007155-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA389_202-06]DiffieWinius197727Meliá200045Fernández-Armesto2007155_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA389">202-06</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFMeliá2000">Meliá (2000)</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007">Fernández-Armesto (2007)</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007">Fernández-Armesto (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen290_268]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen290_268]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelahis00conggoog/page/n290">268</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a>'s bull <i>Tuae devotionis sinceritas</i> (Nov 1344) granting the Canaries to Luis de la Cerda: <a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA401">207</a>. The bull <i>Prouenit ex tue</i> of indulgences (Jan 1345): <a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA443">228</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfonso IV's protest (Feb 1345): <a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA447">231</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfonso XI's reply (Mar 1345): <a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA455">234</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMeliá2000">Meliá (2000)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA461_237]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA461_237]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA461">237</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197742Meliá200046-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius197742Meliá200046_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFMeliá2000">Meliá (2000)</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772276DiffieWinius197742-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772276DiffieWinius197742_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. 276; <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius (1977)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007158-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007158_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007">Fernández-Armesto (2007)</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007161-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández-Armesto2007161_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007">Fernández-Armesto (2007)</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA475_244]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA475_244]_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA475">244</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA487_250]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA487_250]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA487">250</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA511_262]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJL_IU1hpmsICpgPA511_262]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1">Monumenta Henricina, Vol. 1</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA511">262</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnet_Reverón1946-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonnet_Reverón1946_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonnet_Reverón1946">Bonnet Reverón (1946)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo163224-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo163224_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632">Abreu Galindo (1632)</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772277-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772277_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772279-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772279_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen303_281]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViera_Clavijo1772[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnoticiasdelahis00conggoogpagen303_281]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772">Viera Clavijo (1772)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelahis00conggoog/page/n303">281</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari2019_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikari2019">Adhikari 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeraza_de_Ayala1952" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peraza de Ayala, José (July 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061729/https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/revhistoria/id/1195">"La sucesión 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/revhistoria/id/1195">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span> – via Memoria Digital de Canarias.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+historia&rft.atitle=La+sucesi%C3%B3n+del+se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo+de+Canarias+a+partir+de+Alfonso+de+las+Casas&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=1952-07&rft.aulast=Peraza+de+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdc.ulpgc.es%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Frevhistoria%2Fid%2F1195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anuariosatlanticos.casadecolon.com/index.php/aea/article/view/748">"Misiones y transculturación en las islas Canarias durante los siglos XIV y XV"</a> [Missions and transculturation in the Canary Islands during the 14th and 15th centuries]. <i>Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos</i> (in Spanish). <b>1</b> (44): 583–610. January 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+de+Estudios+Atl%C3%A1nticos&rft.atitle=Misiones+y+transculturaci%C3%B3n+en+las+islas+Canarias+durante+los+siglos+XIV+y+XV&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=583-610&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanuariosatlanticos.casadecolon.com%2Findex.php%2Faea%2Farticle%2Fview%2F748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeraza_de_Ayala1957" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peraza de Ayala, José (July 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022171743/https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/revhiscan/id/292">"Juan de las Casas y el señorío de Canarias"</a> [Juan de las Casas and the dominion of the Canary Islands]. <i>Revista de historia canaria</i> (in Spanish): 65–82. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/revhiscan/id/292">the original</a> on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+historia+canaria&rft.atitle=Juan+de+las+Casas+y+el+se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo+de+Canarias&rft.pages=65-82&rft.date=1957-07&rft.aulast=Peraza+de+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdc.ulpgc.es%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Frevhiscan%2Fid%2F292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160738/https://proyectotarha.org/en_GB/2016/05/04/la-muerte-de-guillen-peraza/">"La muerte de Guillén Peraza"</a> [The death of Guillén Peraza] (in Spanish). 4 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proyectotarha.org/en_GB/2016/05/04/la-muerte-de-guillen-peraza/">the original</a> on 6 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+muerte+de+Guill%C3%A9n+Peraza&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproyectotarha.org%2Fen_GB%2F2016%2F05%2F04%2Fla-muerte-de-guillen-peraza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo1632-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbreu_Galindo1632_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632">Abreu Galindo (1632)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonio-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antonio_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antonio_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumeu_de_Armas1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rumeu de Armas, Antonio (1975). "VI-XIII-XV". <i>La Conquista de Tenerife (1494-1496)</i> [<i>The Conquest of Tenerife (1494-1496)</i>] (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Aula de Cultura de Tenerife. pp. 155–171, 291–294, 350–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-500-7108-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-500-7108-9"><bdi>84-500-7108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI-XIII-XV&rft.btitle=La+Conquista+de+Tenerife+%281494-1496%29&rft.pages=155-171%2C+291-294%2C+350-354&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Aula+de+Cultura+de+Tenerife&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=84-500-7108-9&rft.aulast=Rumeu+de+Armas&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumeu_de_Armas1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rumeu de Armas, Antonio (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225233512/https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/aea/id/1786">"El señorío de Fuerteventura en el Siglo XVI"</a> [The lordship of Fuerteventura in the 16th century]. <i>Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/aea/id/1786">the original</a> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+de+Estudios+Atl%C3%A1nticos&rft.atitle=El+se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo+de+Fuerteventura+en+el+Siglo+XVI&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Rumeu+de+Armas&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdc.ulpgc.es%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Faea%2Fid%2F1786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández, María Jesús (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102184212/https://www.laprovincia.es/sociedad/2016/01/14/existe-supervivencia-adn-aborigenes-canarios-9981175.html">"Existe una supervivencia del ADN de los aborígenes en los canarios actuales"</a> [There is a survival of the DNA of the aboriginal population in the current Canaries]. <i>La Provincia - Diario de Las Palmas</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laprovincia.es/sociedad/2016/01/14/existe-supervivencia-adn-aborigenes-canarios-9981175.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Provincia+-+Diario+de+Las+Palmas&rft.atitle=Existe+una+supervivencia+del+ADN+de+los+abor%C3%ADgenes+en+los+canarios+actuales&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprovincia.es%2Fsociedad%2F2016%2F01%2F14%2Fexiste-supervivencia-adn-aborigenes-canarios-9981175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ"><i>Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples</i></a>. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1647920548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1647920548"><bdi>978-1647920548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destroying+to+Replace%3A+Settler+Genocides+of+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=1-32&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.isbn=978-1647920548&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht9dEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conversi-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conversi_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversi_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversi_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConversi2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Conversi" title="Daniele Conversi">Conversi, Daniele</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-139">"Cultural Homogenization, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocide"</a>. <i>International Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.139">10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084662-6"><bdi>978-0-19-084662-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultural+Homogenization%2C+Ethnic+Cleansing%2C+and+Genocide&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.139&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084662-6&rft.aulast=Conversi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Finternationalstudies%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190846626-e-139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETostado2023600-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETostado2023600_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETostado2023600_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETostado2023600_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTostado2023">Tostado (2023)</a>, p. 600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari201720–23-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari201720–23_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikari2017">Adhikari (2017)</a>, pp. 20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20171-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20171_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikari2017">Adhikari (2017)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172–3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdhikari20172–3_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdhikari2017">Adhikari (2017)</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blench_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a> (2021). "The peopling of the Canaries by the Berbers: new data and new hypotheses". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tudes_et_Documents_Berb%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Études et Documents Berbères (page does not exist)">Études et Documents Berbères</a></i>. 45–46: 149–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+et+Documents+Berb%C3%A8res&rft.atitle=The+peopling+of+the+Canaries+by+the+Berbers%3A+new+data+and+new+hypotheses&rft.volume=45%E2%80%9346&rft.pages=149-173&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbreu_Galindo1632" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Abr%C3%A9u_Galindo" class="extiw" title="es:Juan de Abréu Galindo">Abreu Galindo, Juan de</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1632). <i>Historia de la Conquista de las Siete Islas Canarias</i> [<i>History of the Conquest of the Seven Canary Islands</i>] (in Spanish). 1848 edition, Santa Cruz de Tenerife; see also 1977 edition, introduction, notes and index by Alejandro Cioranescu. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Goya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-400-3645-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-400-3645-0"><bdi>84-400-3645-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Conquista+de+las+Siete+Islas+Canarias&rft.place=Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife&rft.pub=Goya&rft.date=1632&rft.isbn=84-400-3645-0&rft.aulast=Abreu+Galindo&rft.aufirst=Juan+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (7 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863">"Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders"</a>. <i>African Historical Review</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1336863">10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165086773">165086773</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+First+Settler+Colonial+Incursion+into+Africa%3A+The+Genocide+of+Aboriginal+Canary+Islanders&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1336863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165086773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17532523.2017.1336863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (2019). "Raiders, Slavers, Conquistadors, Settlers: Civilian-driven Violence in the Extermination of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". In <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003015550-2/raiders-slavers-conquistadors-settlers-civilian-driven-violence-extermination-aboriginal-canary-islanders-mohamed-adhikari"><i>Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003015550-2">10.4324/9781003015550-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003015550" title="Special:BookSources/9781003015550"><bdi>9781003015550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raiders%2C+Slavers%2C+Conquistadors%2C+Settlers%3A+Civilian-driven+Violence+in+the+Extermination+of+Aboriginal+Canary+Islanders&rft.btitle=Civilian-Driven+Violence+and+the+Genocide+of+Indigenous+Peoples+in+Settler+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003015550-2&rft.isbn=9781003015550&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781003015550-2%2Fraiders-slavers-conquistadors-settlers-civilian-driven-violence-extermination-aboriginal-canary-islanders-mohamed-adhikari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonumenta_Henricina,_Vol._1" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lopes_de_Almeida" class="extiw" title="pt:Manuel Lopes de Almeida">Almeida, Manuel Lopes de</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Portuguese]</span>; <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalino_Ferreira_da_Costa_Brochado" class="extiw" title="pt:Idalino Ferreira da Costa Brochado">Costa Brochado, Idalino Ferreira da</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Portuguese]</span>; Dinis, Antonio Joaquim Dias, eds. (1960–1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC"><i>Monumenta Henricina</i></a>. Coimbra: UC Biblioteca Geral 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumenta+Henricina&rft.place=Coimbra&rft.pub=UC+Biblioteca+Geral+1&rft.date=1960%2F1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJL_IU1hpmsIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC">Vol. 1 (1143–1411)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL_IU1hpmsIC&pg=PA1008">Vol. 2 (1411–1421)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeqIevJ5kxMC&pg=PA391">Vol. 3 (1421–1431)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm57OK2359kC">Vol. 4 (1431–1434)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07U8AAAAMAAJ">Vol. 5 (1435–1436)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWXZEQK4NyYC">Vol. 6 (1437–10 Sep 1439)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt7SF6yubNAC">Vol. 7 (11 Sep 1439-1443)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EoiJHdxVkgC">Vol. 8 (1443–45)</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet_Reverón1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonnet Reverón, B. (1946). <i>Las expediciones a las Canarias en el siglo XIV</i> [<i>The expeditions to the Canary Islands in the fourteenth century</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+expediciones+a+las+Canarias+en+el+siglo+XIV&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Bonnet+Rever%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Las expediciones a las Canarias en el siglo XIV" [Expeditions to the Canary Islands in the 14th century]. <i>Revista de Indias, Vol. 6</i>. 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Las+expediciones+a+las+Canarias+en+el+siglo+XIV&rft.btitle=Revista+de+Indias%2C+Vol.+6&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffieWinius1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bailey_W._Diffie" title="Bailey W. Diffie">Diffie, Bailey W.</a>; Winius, George D. (1977). <i>Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580</i>. Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+empire%2C+1415-1580&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+W.&rft.au=Winius%2C+George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Fernández-Armesto, F.</a> (2007). <i>Before Columbus: exploration and colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229-1492</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Columbus%3A+exploration+and+colonisation+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Atlantic+1229-1492&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez_de_la_Romera1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Gim%C3%A9nez_Romera" class="extiw" title="es:Waldo Giménez Romera">Jiménez de la Romera, W.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdc.ulpgc.es/utils/getfile/collection/MDC/id/18789/filename/19633.pdf"><i>Crónica de las Islas Canarias</i></a> [<i>Chronicle of the Canary Islands</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Madrid: Rubio, Grily y Vitturi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+de+las+Islas+Canarias&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Rubio%2C+Grily+y+Vitturi&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez+de+la+Romera&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdc.ulpgc.es%2Futils%2Fgetfile%2Fcollection%2FMDC%2Fid%2F18789%2Ffilename%2F19633.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeliá2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meliá, Juan Tous (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoZlW0ECUp0C&pg=PA7"><i>Guía histórica del Museo Militar Regional de Canarias</i></a> (in Spanish). Tenerife: Museo Militar Regional del Centro de Historia y Cultura Militar de Canarias. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788478237524" title="Special:BookSources/9788478237524"><bdi>9788478237524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+hist%C3%B3rica+del+Museo+Militar+Regional+de+Canarias&rft.place=Tenerife&rft.pub=Museo+Militar+Regional+del+Centro+de+Historia+y+Cultura+Militar+de+Canarias&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788478237524&rft.aulast=Meli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Juan+Tous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoZlW0ECUp0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTostado2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tostado, Igor Pérez (2023). "The Spanish Destruction of the Canary Islands: A Template for the Caribbean Genocide". In <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Lemos, Tracy Maria; Taylor, Tristan S. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge World History of Genocide</i>. Vol. 1: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 594–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108655989.026">10.1017/9781108655989.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49353-6"><bdi>978-1-108-49353-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Destruction+of+the+Canary+Islands%3A+A+Template+for+the+Caribbean+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.pages=594-621&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108655989.026&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49353-6&rft.aulast=Tostado&rft.aufirst=Igor+P%C3%A9rez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerlinden1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Verlinden" title="Charles Verlinden">Verlinden, C.</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdc.ulpgc.es/u?/MDC,181326">"Lanzarotto Malocello et la découverte portugaise des Canaries"</a> [Lanzarotto Malocello and the Portuguese discovery of the Canaries]. <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_Belge_de_Philologie_et_d%27Histoire" title="Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire">Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</a></i> (in French). <b>36</b> (4): 1173–1209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.1958.2242">10.3406/rbph.1958.2242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Lanzarotto+Malocello+et+la+d%C3%A9couverte+portugaise+des+Canaries&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1173-1209&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.1958.2242&rft.aulast=Verlinden&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdc.ulpgc.es%2Fu%3F%2FMDC%2C181326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViera_Clavijo1772" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Viera_y_Clavijo" title="José de Viera y Clavijo">Viera Clavijo, José de</a> (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075835/https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/160441"><i>Noticias de la Historia General de las Islas Canarias</i></a> [<i>News of the General History of the Canary Islands</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Blas Román. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/160441">the original</a> on 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noticias+de+la+Historia+General+de+las+Islas+Canarias&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Blas+Rom%C3%A1n&rft.date=1772&rft.aulast=Viera+Clavijo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmdc.ulpgc.es%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FMDC%2Fid%2F160441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> 4 volumes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelahis00conggoog/page/n755">Vol. 1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelot1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Berthelot" title="Sabin Berthelot">Berthelot, Sabino</a> (1978). <i>Etnografía y Anales de la Conquista de Las Islas Canarias</i> [<i>Ethnography and Annals of the Conquest of the Canary Islands</i>] (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Goya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85437-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-85437-00-4"><bdi>84-85437-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etnograf%C3%ADa+y+Anales+de+la+Conquista+de+Las+Islas+Canarias&rft.place=Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife&rft.pub=Goya&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=84-85437-00-4&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Sabino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blanco, Joaquín (1983). <i>Breve Noticia Histórica de las Islas Canarias</i> [<i>Brief Historical News of the Canary Islands</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Rueda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7207-029-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-7207-029-8"><bdi>84-7207-029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Noticia+Hist%C3%B3rica+de+las+Islas+Canarias&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Rueda&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-7207-029-8&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadrón1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Padr%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Morales Padrón">Padrón, Francisco Morales</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1991). <i>Historia de Canarias</i> [<i>History of the Canaries</i>] (in Spanish). Vol. I. Valencia: Prensa Ibérica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87657-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-87657-10-9"><bdi>84-87657-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Canarias&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Prensa+Ib%C3%A9rica&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=84-87657-10-9&rft.aulast=Padr%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Morales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2000" class="citation book cs1">Russell, P. E. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princehenrythena00russ_0"><i>Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life</i></a></span>. New Haven, CN: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300082333" title="Special:BookSources/9780300082333"><bdi>9780300082333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Henry+%27the+Navigator%27%3A+a+life&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CN&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780300082333&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincehenrythena00russ_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantanaMonzonSantana2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santana, J.; Monzon, M.; Santana, G. (2003). <i>Historia Concisa de Canarias</i> [<i>Concise History of the Canaries</i>] (in Spanish). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Benchomo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95657-84-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-95657-84-8"><bdi>84-95657-84-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Concisa+de+Canarias&rft.place=Las+Palmas+de+Gran+Canaria&rft.pub=Benchomo&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-95657-84-8&rft.aulast=Santana&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Monzon%2C+M.&rft.au=Santana%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago_Casañas2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santiago Casañas, J. G. (2013). <i>Cronología y Síntesis de la Conquista de Gran Canaria</i> [<i>Chronology and Synthesis of the Conquest of Gran Canaria</i>] (in Spanish). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Bilenio Publicaciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-942140-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-942140-0-4"><bdi>978-84-942140-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cronolog%C3%ADa+y+S%C3%ADntesis+de+la+Conquista+de+Gran+Canaria&rft.place=Las+Palmas+de+Gran+Canaria&rft.pub=Bilenio+Publicaciones&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-942140-0-4&rft.aulast=Santiago+Casa%C3%B1as&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarezRodriguezQuintero1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suarez, J.; Rodriguez, F.; Quintero, C. (1988). <i>Conquista y Colonización</i> [<i>Conquest and Colonisation</i>] (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-404-1251-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-404-1251-7"><bdi>84-404-1251-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquista+y+Colonizaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife&rft.pub=Centro+de+la+Cultura+Popular+Canaria&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=84-404-1251-7&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+F.&rft.au=Quintero%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorriani1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torriani" class="extiw" title="es:Leonardo Torriani">Torriani, Leonardo</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1978). <i>Descripción de las Islas Canarias</i> [<i>Description of the Canary Islands</i>] (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Goya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7181-336-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7181-336-X"><bdi>84-7181-336-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descripci%C3%B3n+de+las+Islas+Canarias&rft.place=Santa+Cruz+de+Tenerife&rft.pub=Goya&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=84-7181-336-X&rft.aulast=Torriani&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquest+of+the+Canary+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Spanish_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_diaspora" title="Template:Spanish diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_diaspora" title="Template talk:Spanish diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Spanish_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_diaspora_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Spanish diaspora in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniards in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniards in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanjaarden_in_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Spanjaarden in Nederland">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Spaniards" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Spaniards">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Costa_Rican" title="Spanish Costa Rican">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración española en la República Dominicana">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guatemalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_migration_to_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish migration to Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_of_Spanish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaicans of Spanish descent">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_en_Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración española en Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_panyols" title="Cocoa panyols">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleños in Louisiana">in Louisiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_New_Zealanders" title="Spanish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li>US areas of Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Spanish immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Argentines" title="Spanish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Brazilians" title="Spanish Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Peru" title="Spanish immigration to Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Uruguayans" title="Spanish Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Spanish immigration to Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest of the Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleño</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_domain_of_the_Canary_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Template:Culture of the Canary Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Template talk:Culture of the Canary Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Canary Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_domain_of_the_Canary_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Cultural domain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Category:Culture of the Canary Islands">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of the Canary Islands">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimbache" title="Bimbache">Bimbache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Pre-colonial times</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas" title="Treaty of Alcáçovas">Treaty of Alcáçovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="First Battle of Acentejo">First Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Kingdom of the Canary Islands">Kingdom of the Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aguere" title="Battle of Aguere">Battle of Aguere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Acentejo" title="Second Battle of Acentejo">Second Battle of Acentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1657)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarian Parliament">Canarian Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Canarias.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="G-clef"><img alt="G-clef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Canarias.svg/105px-Escudo_de_Canarias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Canarias.svg/158px-Escudo_de_Canarias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Canarias.svg/210px-Escudo_de_Canarias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>G-clef</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanche_language" title="Guanche language">Guanche</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silbo Gomero language">Gomeran Whistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garajonay_National_Park#Gara_and_Jonay" title="Garajonay National Park">Gara and Jonay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acham%C3%A1n" title="Achamán">Achamán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achuguayo" title="Achuguayo">Achuguayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achuhucanac" title="Achuhucanac">Achuhucanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaxiraxi" title="Chaxiraxi">Chaxiraxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chijoraji" title="Chijoraji">Chijoraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayota" title="Guayota">Guayota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magec" title="Magec">Magec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxios" title="Maxios">Maxios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibicena" title="Tibicena">Tibicena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bienes_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_the_Province_of_Las_Palmas" title="List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Las Palmas">Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bienes_de_Inter%C3%A9s_Cultural_in_the_Province_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Castillo de San José">Castillo de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Valeron" title="Caves of Valeron">Caves of Valeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Doors_cave_site,_Telde" title="Four Doors cave site, Telde">Four Doors cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayadeque_ravine" title="Guayadeque ravine">Guayadeque ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_Cathedral" title="Las Palmas Cathedral">Las Palmas Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Maip%C3%A9s_Necropolis" title="El Maipés Necropolis">El Maipés Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Canario" title="Museo Canario">Museo Canario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Cave,_Galdar" title="Painted Cave, Galdar">Painted Cave, Galdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Juan_Bautista_(Arucas)" title="Church of San Juan Bautista (Arucas)">Church of San Juan Bautista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums<br />and galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Puerto_de_la_Cruz" title="Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz">Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Center_of_Modern_Art" title="Atlantic Center of Modern Art">Atlantic Center of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife)" title="Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)">Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Fotograf%C3%ADa_Isla_de_Tenerife" title="Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife">Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Castillo de San José">Castillo de San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Elder Museum of Science and Technology">Elder Museum of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Canario" title="Museo Canario">Museo Canario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Tenerife" title="Museum of the History of Tenerife">Museum of the History of Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naturaleza_y_Arqueolog%C3%ADa" title="Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología">Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Municipal_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_the_Cosmos" title="Museum of Science and the Cosmos">Museum of Science and the Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife_Espacio_de_las_Artes" title="Tenerife Espacio de las Artes">Tenerife Espacio de las Artes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almogrote" title="Almogrote">Almogrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">Canarian arepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_wrinkly_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarian wrinkly potatoes">Canarian wrinkly potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofio" title="Gofio">Gofio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorero" title="Majorero">Majorero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">Miel de palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(sauce)" title="Mojo (sauce)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">Pasteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa_vieja" title="Ropa vieja">Ropa vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancocho" title="Sancocho">Sancocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_beer#Canarias_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical beer">Tropical beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1caras" title="Chácaras">Chácaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timple" title="Timple">Timple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Las_Palmas" title="Carnival of Las Palmas">Carnival of Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajada_(festival)" title="Bajada (festival)">Bajada (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Spain" title="Holy Week in Spain">Holy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristo_de_La_Laguna" title="Cristo de La Laguna">Cristo de La Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre_(witchcraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akelarre (witchcraft)">Akelarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tenerife#Bola_canaria" title="Sport in Tenerife">Bola canaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_wrestling" title="Canarian wrestling">Canarian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juego_del_Palo" class="mw-redirect" title="Juego del Palo">Juego del Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salto_del_pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Salto del pastor">Salto del pastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Isla_de_Lanzarote" title="Open Isla de Lanzarote">Open Lanzarote Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Costa_Adeje_%E2%80%93_Isla_de_Tenerife" title="Open Costa Adeje – Isla de Tenerife">Open Costa Adeje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols places of<br />the Canary Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_de_Tenerife" title="Auditorio de Tenerife">Auditorio de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garajonay_National_Park" title="Garajonay National Park">Garajonay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldera_de_Taburiente" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera de Taburiente">Caldera de Taburiente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/32px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&oldid=1259626096">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands&oldid=1259626096</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" 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