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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Central Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.8</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.9</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatican_City_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_City_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.11</span> <span>Vatican City State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_City_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Honduras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-partisanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-partisanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-partisanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-partisanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Private interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wise_counsel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wise_counsel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wise counsel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wise_counsel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_termism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_termism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Long termism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_termism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Civil war reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Liberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_desire_for_hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_desire_for_hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Natural desire for hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_desire_for_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Political accountability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Notable works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Support for monarchy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_for_monarchy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Support for monarchy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Support_for_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_monarchies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_monarchies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Current monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_monarchies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_monarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_monarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Former monarchies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_monarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_monarchists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_monarchists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Notable monarchists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_monarchists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchist_movements_and_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchist_movements_and_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Monarchist movements and parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchist_movements_and_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ملكيانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملكيانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Манархізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манархізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhizam" title="Monarhizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Monarhizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchismus" title="Monarchismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monarchismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkisme" title="Monarkisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monarkisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchismus" title="Monarchismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monarchismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhism" title="Monarhism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monarhism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μοναρχισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναρχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquismo" title="Monarquismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monarquismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiismo" title="Monarkiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monarkiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erregezaletasun" title="Erregezaletasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erregezaletasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی‌خواهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی‌خواهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchisme" title="Monarchisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monarchisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcachd" title="Monarcachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Monarcachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="군주주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միապետականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միապետականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhizam" title="Monarhizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Monarhizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkisme" title="Monarkisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monarkisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchismo" title="Monarchismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monarchismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מלוכנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלוכנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მონარქიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონარქიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhisms" title="Monarhisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Monarhisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchizmas" title="Monarchizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Monarchizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcisme" title="Monarcisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Monarcisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/noltrusi%27o" title="noltrusi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="noltrusi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monarchism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Монархизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монархизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkisme" title="Monarkisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monarkisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchisme" title="Monarchisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monarchisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="राजतन्त्रवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजतन्त्रवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="君主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkisme" title="Monarkisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monarkisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkisme" title="Monarkisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monarkisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchizm" title="Monarchizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monarchizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhism" title="Monarhism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monarhism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монархизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монархизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkizmi" title="Monarkizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Monarkizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchizmus_(hnutie)" title="Monarchizmus (hnutie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monarchizmus (hnutie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Монархизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монархизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhizam" title="Monarhizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Monarhizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkismi" title="Monarkismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monarkismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkism" title="Monarkism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monarkism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monar%C5%9Fizm" title="Monarşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monarşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монархізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монархізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_qu%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7" title="Chủ nghĩa quân chủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa quân chủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monorchism" title="Monorchism">Monorchism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Monarchies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_Monarchies.svg/400px-World_Monarchies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_Monarchies.svg/600px-World_Monarchies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_Monarchies.svg/800px-World_Monarchies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA0000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D45500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#285F27; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Parliamentary monarchies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> (parliamentary monarchies in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies#Subnational_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">Subnational monarchies</a></div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Monarchism</b> is the advocacy of the system of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> or monarchical rule.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b>monarchist</b> is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a>. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a>, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similar form of societal hierarchy known as <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tribal_kingship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal kingship">tribal kingship</a> is prehistoric. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the world, chiefdoms became monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-BoahenAjayi1986_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoahenAjayi1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monarchs have generally ceded power in the modern era, having substantially diminished since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This process can be traced back to the 18th century, when <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and others encouraged "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutism</a>", which was embraced by the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in new anti-monarchist ideas<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> upheld by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>. 1848 ushered in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">a wave of revolutions</a> against the continental European monarchies. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a> dynasty, the German <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> dynasty, including all other German monarchies, and the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> dynasty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> by the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%9344)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–44)">Kingdom of Albania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, were all <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolished</a> and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republics">socialist republics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> was overthrown at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Jean-Bédel Bokassa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sylvestre_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état">Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état</a>. He established the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a> in 1976 and ruled as Emperor Bokassa I until 1979, when he was subsequently deposed during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Caban" title="Operation Caban">Operation Caban</a> and Central Africa returned to republican rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, one of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> with the fall of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a></div> <p>For most of its history, China was organized into various <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic states</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchs</a>. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070 BC</span>, and ending with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">abdication</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Xuantong Emperor</a> in AD 1912, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a> came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Pre-Xia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pre-Xia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Post-Qing_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-Qing-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides those established by the dominant <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> ethnic group or its spiritual <a href="/wiki/Huaxia" title="Huaxia">Huaxia</a> predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-EthnicOrigin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EthnicOrigin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, monarchies recorded history of thousands of years before the country was declared a republic in 1950. King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> had previously been the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> until August 1947, when the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> dissolved. <a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a> served as the last prince regent of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> until November 1952.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg/250px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg/375px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg/500px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_at_the_Enthronement_Ceremony_of_Emperor_Naruhito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Enthronement ceremony of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></div> <p>The emperor of Japan or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tennō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天皇</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tennoꜜː]</a></span>)</span>, literally "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">ruler from heaven</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Sovereign" title="Heavenly Sovereign">heavenly sovereign</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law" title="Imperial Household Law">Imperial Household Law</a> governs the line of <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Japanese_throne" title="Succession to the Japanese throne">imperial succession</a>. The emperor is personally <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">immune</a> from prosecution<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also recognized as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion, which holds the emperor to be the direct descendant of the sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>. According to tradition, the office of emperor was created in the 7th century BC, but modern scholars believe that the first emperors did not appear until the 5th or 6th centuries <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> from 1185 to 1333, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">shōguns</a></i> were the <i>de facto</i> rulers of Japan, with the emperor and the imperial court acting as <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figureheads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum4592_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum4592-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, shogun <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a> stepped down, <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">restoring</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> to power.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> was adopted In 1889, after which the emperor became an active ruler with considerable political power that was shared with the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">1947 Constitution of Japan</a> was enacted, defining the emperor as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor has exercised a purely ceremonial role ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Israeli/Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias" class="mw-redirect" title="Josias">Josias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante" title="Manuel Senante">Senante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">El liberalismo es pecado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclicals">Papal documents</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirari Vos">Mirari Vos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Cura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanta Cura">Quanta Cura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immortale_Dei" title="Immortale Dei">Immortale Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi Dominici Gregis">Pascendi Dominici Gregis</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">O que é o Integralismo</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Federalist Party (Argentina)">Federales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King" title="Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_vult" title="Deus vult">Deus vult</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguelism">Miguelism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatólicos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodalitium_Pianum" title="Sodalitium Pianum">Sodalitium Pianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuara">Tacuara</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_(organization)" title="El Yunque (organization)">El Yunque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last separate monarchy to take root in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> began its recognised modern existence as a <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">principality</a> (1914) and became <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">a kingdom</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">republican interlude</a> in 1925–1928. Since 1945 the country has operated as an independent republic. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Democratic_Monarchist_Movement_Party" title="Albanian Democratic Monarchist Movement Party">Albanian Democratic Monarchist Movement Party</a> (founded in 2004) and the <a href="/wiki/Legality_Movement_Party" title="Legality Movement Party">Legality Movement Party</a> (founded in 1924) advocate restoration of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zogu" title="House of Zogu">House of Zogu</a> as monarchs—the concept has gained little electoral support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism in German-speaking countries</a></div> <p>Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Law" title="Habsburg Law">Habsburg Law</a>, which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hungary, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, to represent the monarchy until the throne could be re-occupied. Horthy ruled as regent from 1920 to 1944. During his regency, attempts were made by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Karl von Habsburg</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1916–1918</span>) to return to the Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death in 1922, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> (1912–2011), although no further attempts were made to take the Hungarian throne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg/250px-Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg/375px-Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg/500px-Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> being sworn in as King</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> from the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_West_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of West Francia">Kingdom of West Francia</a> in 843 until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> in 1870, with several interruptions. </p><p>Classical French <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> usually regards <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">king of the Franks</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 507–511</span>), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>, during the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in the 800s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism in German-speaking countries</a></div> <p>In 1920s Germany, a number of monarchists gathered around the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (founded in 1918), which demanded the return of the <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> monarchy and an end to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in the 1930s, as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> staunchly opposed monarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> saw the return of monarchist/republican rivalry in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">referendum</a> was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.<sup id="cite_ref-gu134_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gu134-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism in German-speaking countries</a></div> <p>There have been 16 monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a> since 1608. The current Prince of Liechtenstein, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Adam II">Hans-Adam II</a>, has reigned since 1989. In 2003, during a <a href="/wiki/2003_Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum" title="2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum">referendum</a>, 64.3% of the population voted to increase the power of the prince.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a> has existed continuously since the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">unification of Norway</a> in 872. Following the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">union with Sweden</a> and the abdication of King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a> of Sweden as King of Norway, the <a href="/wiki/1905_Norwegian_monarchy_referendum" title="1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum">1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum</a> saw 78.94% of Norway's voters approving the government's proposition to invite Prince Carl of Denmark to become their new king. Following the vote, the prince then accepted the offer, becoming King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2022, the Norwegian parliament held a vote on abolishing the monarchy and replacing it with a republic. The proposal failed, with a 134–35 result in favor of retaining the monarchy. The idea was highly controversial in Norway, as the vote was spearheaded by the sitting <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Culture_and_Equality" title="Minister of Culture and Equality">Minister of Culture and Equality</a>, who had sworn an oath of loyalty to King <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V of Norway</a> the previous year. Additionally, when polls were conducted, it was found that 84% of the Norwegian public supported the monarchy, with only 16% unsure or against the monarchy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> collapsed in March 1917, following the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">abdication</a> of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>, and in particular <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">émigrés</a> and their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Monarchical_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Monarchical Council (page does not exist)">Supreme Monarchical Council</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Высший монархический совет">ru</a>]</span> (founded in 1921 and now based in Canada) continued to advocate for monarchy as "the sole path to the rebirth of Russia". In the modern era, a minority of Russians, including <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a> (1946–2022), have openly advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">restoration of the Russian monarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna</a> is widely considered the valid heir to the throne, in the event that a restoration occurs. <a href="/wiki/Russian_pretenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian pretenders">Other pretenders</a> and their supporters dispute her claim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1868, Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II of Spain</a> was deposed during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Spanish Glorious Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Duke of Aosta</a>, an Italian prince, was invited to rule and replace Isabella. He did so for a three-year period, reigning as Amadeo I before abdicating in 1873, resulting in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>. The republic lasted less than two years, and was overthrown during a coup by General <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos" title="Arsenio Martínez Campos">Arsenio Martínez Campos</a>. Campos restored the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Bourbons">Bourbon monarchy</a> under Isabella II's more popular son, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">1931 Spanish local elections</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> voluntarily left Spain and republicans proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">assassination of opposition leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a> in 1936, right-wing forces banded together to overthrow the Republic. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936 to 1939, General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> established the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish State</a> (1939–1975). In 1938, the autocratic government of Franco claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy <i>in absentia</i> (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos">Juan Carlos</a>). </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> became King of Spain and began the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>. He abdicated in 2014, and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_(52122023724).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_%2852122023724%29.jpg/175px-The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_%2852122023724%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_%2852122023724%29.jpg/263px-The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_%2852122023724%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_%2852122023724%29.jpg/350px-The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Birthday_Parade_4_%2852122023724%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Crowd attending the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In England, royalty ceded power to other groups in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> to sign <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, which guaranteed the English barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> was executed in 1649, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> was established as a republic. Highly unpopular, the republic was ended in 1660, and the monarchy was restored under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. In 1687–88, the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> and the overthrow of King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> established the principles of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, which would later be worked out by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> and other thinkers. However, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, justified by <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. </p><p>Following the Glorious Revolution, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> were established as constitutional monarchs, with less power than their predecessor James II. Since then, royal power has become more ceremonial, with powers such as <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">refusal to assent</a> last exercised in 1708 by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>. Once part of the United Kingdom (1801–1922), southern Ireland rejected monarchy and became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> in 1949. Support for a ceremonial monarchy remains high in Britain: Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1952–2022</span>), possessed wide support from the U.K.'s population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vatican_City_State">Vatican City State</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vatican City State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vatican City State is considered to be Europe's last absolute monarchy. The microstate is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, who doubles as its monarch according to the Vatican constitution. The nation was formed under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> in 1929, following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>. It was the successor state to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, which collapsed under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1870. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (in office from 2013) serves as the nation's absolute monarch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada possesses one of the world's oldest continuous monarchies, having been established in the 16th century. Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> had served as its sovereign since her ascension to the throne in 1952 until her death in 2022. Her son, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, now sits on the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The struggle between monarchists and republicans led to the Costa Rican civil war of 1823. Costa Rican monarchists include <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Oreamuno" title="Joaquín de Oreamuno">Joaquín de Oreamuno</a> y Muñoz de la Trinidad, José Santos Lombardo y Alvarado and José Rafael Gallegos Alvarado. Costa Rica stands out for being one of the few countries with foreign monarchism, that is, where the monarchists did not intend to establish an indigenous monarchy. Costa Rican monarchists were loyal to Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_(Colonial).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_%28Colonial%29.svg/173px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_%28Colonial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_%28Colonial%29.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_%28Colonial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_%28Colonial%29.svg/346px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras_%28Colonial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Old colonial coat of arms of Honduras with monarchical elements</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honduras">Honduras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honduras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">general captaincy of Guatemala</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish empire</a>, she joined the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> for a brief period, this unleashed the division of the Honduran elites. These were divided between the annexationists, made up mostly of illustrious Spanish-descendant families and members of the conservative party who supported the idea of being part of an empire, and the liberals who wanted Central America to be a separate nation under a republican system. </p><p>The greatest example of this separation was in the two most important cities of the province, on the one hand <a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a>, which firmly supported the legitimacy of Iturbide I as emperor and remained a pro-monarchist bastion in Honduras, and on the other hand <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a> who supported the idea of forming a federation of Central American states under a republican system. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png/170px-Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png/255px-Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png/340px-Agustin_de_Iturbide_Oleo_Primitivo_Miranda.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Iturbide of México</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After obtaining independence from Spain, the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> was established under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín I</a>. His reign lasted less than one year, and he was forcefully deposed. In 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> was formed under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a>. Maximilian's government enjoyed French aid, but opposition from America, and collapsed after three years. Much like Agustín I, Maximilian I was deposed and later executed by his republican enemies. Since 1867, Mexico has not possessed a monarchy. </p><p>Today, some Mexican monarchist organizations advocate for <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_G%C3%B6tzen-Iturbide" title="Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide">Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Felipe_de_Habsburgo" title="Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo">Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo</a> to be instated as the Emperor of Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">miskito</a> ethnic group inhabits part of the Atlantic coast of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, by the beginning of the 17th century the said ethnic group was reorganized under a single chief known as Ta Uplika, for the reign of his grandson King <a href="/wiki/Oldman_(king)" title="Oldman (king)">Oldman I</a> this group had a very close relationship With the English, they managed to turn the Mosquitia coast into an English protectorate that would decline in the 19th century until it completely disappeared in 1894 with the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Clarence" title="Robert Henry Clarence">Robert II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, the Miskitos who are shot between the two countries have denounced the neglect of their communities and abuses committed by the authorities. As a result of this, in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> several Miskito people began a movement of separatism from present-day Nicaragua and a re-institution of the monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism in the United States</a></div> <p>English settlers first established the colony of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in 1607, taking its name after King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>. For 169 years, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> were ruled by the authority of the British crown. The Thirteen American Colonies possessed a total of 10 monarchs, ending with <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776. Despite erroneous popular belief, the Revolutionary war was in fact fought over independence, not anti-monarchism as is commonly believed. In fact, many American colonists who fought in the war against George III were monarchists themselves, who opposed George, but desired to possess a different king. Additionally, the American colonists received the financial support of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> during the war. </p><p>After the U.S. declared its independence, the form of government by which it would operate still remained unsettled. At least two of America's <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a>, believed that America should be an independent monarchy. Various proposals to create an American monarchy were considered, including the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_scheme" title="Prussian scheme">Prussian scheme</a> which would have made <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1726%E2%80%931802)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)">Prince Henry of Prussia</a> king of the United States. Hamilton proposed that the leader of America should be an elected monarch, while Gorham pushed for a hereditary monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. military officer <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Nicola" title="Lewis Nicola">Lewis Nicola</a> also desired for America to be a monarchy, suggesting <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> accept the crown of America, which he declined. All attempts ultimately failed, and America was founded a Republic. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, a return to monarchy was considered as a way to solve the crisis, though it never came to fruition. Since then, the idea has possessed low support, but has been advocated by some public figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram" title="Ralph Adams Cram">Ralph Adams Cram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solange_Hertz" title="Solange Hertz">Solange Hertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leland_B._Yeager" title="Leland B. Yeager">Leland B. Yeager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Auslin" title="Michael Auslin">Michael Auslin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coulombe" title="Charles A. Coulombe">Charles A. Coulombe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div> <p>From gaining its independence in 1822 until 1889, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> was governed as a constitutional monarchy with a branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Portuguese Royal Family</a> serving as monarchs. Prior to this period, Brazil had been a royal colony which had also served briefly as the seat of government for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> following the occupation of that country by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. The history of the Empire of Brazil was marked by brief periods of political instability, several wars that Brazil won, and a marked increase in immigration which saw the arrival of both Jews and Protestants who were attracted by Brazil's reputation for religious tolerance. The final decades of the Empire under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> saw a remarkable period of relative peace both at home and internationally, coupled with dramatic economic expansion, the extension of basic civil rights to most people and the gradual restriction of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slavery</a>, culminating in its final abolition in 1888. It is also remembered for its thriving culture and arts. However, Pedro II had little interest in preserving the monarchy and passively accepted its overthrow by a military coup d'état in 1889 resulting in the establishment of a dictatorship known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsa_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsa-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_monarchies">Current monarchies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Current monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current monarchs of sovereign states</a></div> <p>The majority of current monarchies are <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>. In a constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch is restricted by either a written or unwritten constitution, this should not be confused with a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial monarchy">ceremonial monarchy</a>, in which the monarch holds only symbolic power and plays very little to no part in government or politics. In some constitutional monarchies the monarch does play a more active role in political affairs than in others. In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, for instance, King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>, who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> wields significant, but not absolute power. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> is a democratic <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years. </p><p>There remain a handful of countries in which the monarchy is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarchy</a>. The majority of these countries are oil-producing <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. Other strong monarchies include <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Sovereign </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_i_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Joan Enric Vives i Sicília">Joan Enric Vives i Sicília</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="15"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">King Hamad bin Isa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">King Jigme Khesar Namgyel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihamoni" title="Norodom Sihamoni">King Norodom Sihamoni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">King Frederik X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">King Mswati III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Emperor Naruhito</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Letsie_III" title="Letsie III">King Letsie III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince Hans-Adam II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke Henri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor">Sultan Ibrahim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Sovereign Prince Albert II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">King Mohammed VI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">King Willem-Alexander</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">King Harald V</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Sultan Haitham bin Tariq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">King Felipe VI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">King Vajiralongkorn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tupou_VI" title="Tupou VI">King Tupou VI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">anarchism</a> and, additionally since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>; <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary succession">hereditary succession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediation</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a> is warranted if suitability is problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-partisanship">Non-partisanship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-partisanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British political scientist <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a> justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, separate from the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>, but all people.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanor_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play a helpful unifying role in a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a>, noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Fleming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>" and that the <a href="/wiki/British_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="British sovereign">British sovereign</a> can belong to all of the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">constituent countries</a> (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanor_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_interest">Private interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Private interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> wrote that the private interest of the monarchy is the same with the public. The riches, power, and humour of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subjects. An elected <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a> is incentivised to increase his own wealth for leaving office after a few years whereas a monarch has no reason to corrupt because he would be cheating himself.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wise_counsel">Wise counsel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Wise counsel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> wrote that a monarch can receive wise counsel with secrecy while an assembly cannot. Advisors to the assembly tend to be well-versed more in the acquisition of their own wealth than of knowledge; are likely to give their advices in long discourses which often excite men into action but do not govern them in it, moved by the flame of passion instead of enlightenment. Their multitude is a weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_termism">Long termism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Long termism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> wrote that the resolutions of a monarch are subject to no inconsistency save for human nature; in assemblies, inconsistencies arise from the number. For in an assembly, as little as the absence of a few or the diligent appearance of a few of the contrary opinion, "undoes today all that was done yesterday".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war_reduction">Civil war reduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Civil war reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> wrote that a monarch cannot disagree with himself, out of envy or interest, but an assembly may and to such a height that may produce a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty">Liberty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a>, founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians. </p><p> British-American <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> writer Matthew Feeney argues that European constitutional monarchies "have managed for the most part to avoid extreme politics"—specifically fascism, communism, and military dictatorship—"in part because monarchies provide a check on the wills of populist politicians" by representing entrenched customs and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeney_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeney-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeny notes that </p><blockquote><p>European monarchies—such as the Danish, Belgian, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, and British—have ruled over countries that are among the most stable, prosperous, and free in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeney_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeney-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Socialist writer <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> argued a similar point, that constitutional monarchy is effective at preventing the development of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. </p> <blockquote><p>"The function of the King in promoting stability and acting as a sort of keystone in a non-democratic society is, of course, obvious. But he also has, or can have, the function of acting as an escape-valve for dangerous emotions. A French journalist said to me once that the monarchy was one of the things that have saved Britain from Fascism...It is at any rate possible that while this division of function exists a Hitler or a Stalin cannot come to power. On the whole the European countries which have most successfully avoided Fascism have been constitutional monarchies... I have often advocated that a Labour government, i.e. one that meant business, would abolish titles while retaining the Royal Family.’<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a> took a different approach, arguing that liberty and equality are contradictions. As such, he argued that attempts to establish greater social equality through the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolishment of monarchy</a>, ultimately results in a greater loss of liberty for citizens. He believed that equality can only be accomplished through the suppression of liberty, as humans are naturally unequal and hierarchical. Kuehnelt-Leddihn also believed that people are on average freer under monarchies than they are under democratic republics, as the latter tends to more easily become tyrannical through <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">ochlocracy</a>. In <i>Liberty or Equality</i>, he writes: </p> <blockquote><p>There is little doubt that the American Congress or the French Chambers have a power over their nations which would rouse the envy of a <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> or a <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, were they alive today. Not only <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a>, but also the income tax declaration, <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">selective service</a>, obligatory schooling, the fingerprinting of blameless citizens, premarital blood tests—none of these totalitarian measures would even the royal absolutism of the seventeenth century have dared to introduce.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a> also argues that monarchy helps to preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_desire_for_hierarchy">Natural desire for hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Natural desire for hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In a 1943 essay in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>, "Equality", British author <a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a> criticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing, </p><blockquote><p>A man's reaction to Monarchy is a kind of test. Monarchy can easily be 'debunked'; but watch the faces, mark well the accents, of the debunkers. These are the men whose tap-root in Eden has been cut: whom no rumour of the polyphony, the dance, can reach—men to whom pebbles laid in a row are more beautiful than an arch...Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_accountability">Political accountability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Political accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxford political scientists Petra Schleiter and Edward Morgan-Jones wrote that in monarchies, it is more common to hold elections than non-electoral replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable works arguing in favor of monarchy include </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott, Tony</a> (1995). <i>The Minimal Monarchy: And Why It Still Makes Sense For Australia</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Alighieri, Dante</a> (c. 1312). <i><a href="/wiki/De_Monarchia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Monarchia">De Monarchia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a> (1267). <i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno, to the King of Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Auslin" title="Michael Auslin">Auslin, Michael</a> (2014). <i>America Needs a King</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes, Jaime</a> (1850). <i>European Civilization: Protestantism and Catholicity Compared in their Effects on the Civilization of Europe</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1588). <i>De Romano Pontifice, On the Roman Pontiff</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin, Jean</a> (1576). <i>The Six Books of the Republic</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor, Vernon</a> (1997). <i>The Monarchy and the Constitution</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne</a> (1709). <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_Drawn_from_the_Very_Words_of_Holy_Scripture" title="Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture">Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> (1649). <i><a href="/wiki/Eikon_Basilike" title="Eikon Basilike">Eikon Basilike</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coulombe" title="Charles A. Coulombe">Coulombe, Charles A.</a> (2016). <i>Star-Spangled Crown: A Simple Guide to the American Monarchy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand, François-René de</a> (1814). <i>Of Buonaparte, and the Bourbons, and of the Necessity of Rallying Round Our Legitimate Princes</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram" title="Ralph Adams Cram">Cram, Ralph Adams</a> (1936). <i>Invitation to Monarchy</i></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer, Robert</a> (1680). <i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes, Thomas</a> (1651). <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hermann-Hoppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hermann-Hoppe">Hermann-Hoppe, Hans</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i></li> <li>— (2014). <i>From Aristocracy to Monarchy to Democracy: A Tale of Moral and Economic Folly and Decay</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> (1598). <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Law_of_Free_Monarchies" title="The True Law of Free Monarchies">The True Law of Free Monarchies</a></i></li> <li>— (1599). <i><a href="/wiki/Basilikon_Doron" title="Basilikon Doron">Basilikon Doron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Jean, Count of Paris</a> (2009). <i>Un Prince Français</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik von</a> (1952). <i>Liberty or Equality: The Challenge of Our Times</i></li> <li>— (2000). <i>Monarchy and War</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre, Joseph de</a> (1797). <i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a> (1793). <i>Pourquoi Notre Voix</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (1991). <i>A Focus of Loyalty Higher Than the State</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gaston_Adrien_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Louis Gaston Adrien de Ségur">Ségur, Louis Gaston Adrien de</a> (1871). <i>Vive le Roi!</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whittle_(politician)" title="Peter Whittle (politician)">Whittle, Peter</a> (2011). <i>Monarchy Matters</i></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_monarchy">Support for monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Support for monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_monarchies_2">Current monarchies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Current monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Monarchism">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Polling firm/source</th> <th>Sample size</th> <th>Percentage of supporters</th> <th>Date conducted</th> <th class="unsortable">Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td>Lord Ashcroft Polls </td> <td>510 </td> <td>45% </td> <td>February and March 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Lord_Ashcroft_Polls_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_Ashcroft_Polls-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>Essential </td> <td>1,125 </td> <td>48% </td> <td>April 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>IVOX </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>58% </td> <td>September 2017 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>Nanos Research </td> <td>1,001 </td> <td>48% </td> <td>June 2022 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>Gallup </td> <td> </td> <td>82% </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>Lord Ashcroft Polls </td> <td>510 </td> <td>40% </td> <td>February and March 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Lord_Ashcroft_Polls_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_Ashcroft_Polls-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>74% </td> <td>April 2019 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrobarometer" title="Afrobarometer">Afrobarometer</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>75% </td> <td>June 2018 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> </td> <td>1,108 </td> <td>91% </td> <td>March 2009 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EenVandaag" title="EenVandaag">EenVandaag</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>56% </td> <td>April 2024 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>Lord Ashcroft Polls </td> <td>2,012 </td> <td>44% </td> <td>February and March 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nettavisen" title="Nettavisen">Nettavisen</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>84% </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Vincentian_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum">Government constitutional referendum</a> </td> <td>52,262 </td> <td>56.3% </td> <td>November 2009 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td> </td> <td>65.7% </td> <td>January 2024 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>Novus </td> <td> </td> <td>71% </td> <td>January 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>Suan Dusit Rajabhat University </td> <td>5,700 </td> <td>75% </td> <td>October 2020 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum" title="2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum">Government constitutional referendum</a> </td> <td>1,939 </td> <td>64.9% </td> <td>April 2008 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>Ipsos </td> <td>2,166 </td> <td>81% </td> <td>May 2024 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_monarchies">Former monarchies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Former monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>. The reason given is: Some information in this section is more than 10 years old.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></div><p>The following is a list of former monarchies and their percentage of public support for monarchism. </p><table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Claimant or most recent royal house</th> <th>Polling firm/source</th> <th>Sample size</th> <th>Percentage of supporters</th> <th>Date conducted</th> <th class="unsortable">Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Austria_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Austria_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>20%<sup id="cite_ref-Austria_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Austria_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> </td> <td>500 </td> <td>12% </td> <td>November 2021 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">Orléans-Braganza</a> </td> <td>Círculo Monárquico Brasileiro </td> <td>188 </td> <td>32% </td> <td>September 2019 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-ah_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Consilium Regium Croaticum </td> <td>1,759 </td> <td>41% </td> <td>2019 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-ah_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>SC&C Market Research </td> <td> </td> <td>13% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a>/<a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">Orléans</a>/<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a> </td> <td>BVA Group </td> <td>953 </td> <td>17% </td> <td>March 2007 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi</a> </td> <td>Doctrina </td> <td>560 </td> <td>78.9% </td> <td>July 2015 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> </td> <td>IamExpat </td> <td>1,041 </td> <td>15%<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a> </td> <td>Kappa Research </td> <td>2,040 </td> <td>18% </td> <td>April 2007 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-ah_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Azonnali </td> <td>3,541 </td> <td>46% </td> <td>May 2021 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gmaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gmaan (page does not exist)">Gmaan</a> </td> <td>16,850 </td> <td>22% </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> </td> <td>Piepoli institute </td> <td> </td> <td>15% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Iturbide" title="House of Iturbide">Iturbide</a>/<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a> </td> <td>Parametría </td> <td> </td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>July 2014 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Gorkha</a> </td> <td>Interdisciplinary Analysts </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>49% </td> <td>January 2008 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Braganza-Coburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Portugal" title="Catholic University of Portugal">Catholic University of Portugal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_de_Not%C3%ADcias" title="Diário de Notícias">Diário de Notícias</a> </td> <td>1,148 </td> <td>11% </td> <td>March 2010 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_royal_family" title="Romanian royal family">Romania</a> </td> <td><i>Stiri pe surse</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>37% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">Russian Public Opinion Research Center</a> </td> <td>~1,800 </td> <td>28%<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>March 2017 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="House of Karađorđević">Karađorđević</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blic" title="Blic">Blic</a> </td> <td>1,615 </td> <td>49.8% </td> <td>July 2015 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Yi" title="House of Yi">Yi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naver_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Naver News">Naver News</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>40.4% </td> <td>2010 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Osman</a> </td> <td>MetroPOLL </td> <td>1,691 </td> <td>3% </td> <td>October 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>12% </td> <td>May 2023 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_monarchists">Notable monarchists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable monarchists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchists" title="List of monarchists">List of monarchists</a></div> <p>Several notable public figures who advocated for monarchy or are monarchists include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, French novelist & playwright<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, Russian novelist & essayist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Pedro Muñoz Seca</a>, Spanish playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> British theologian and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a> British theologian and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> British writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>, American-British poet & writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, Spanish artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a>, Belgian cartoonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer" title="Éric Rohmer">Éric Rohmer</a>, French filmmaker<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a>, Japanese author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Collins" title="Joan Collins">Joan Collins</a>, English actress & author<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, English actor & author<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clergy">Clergy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, Italian Catholic priest & theologian<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> & theologian<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a>, French Bishop & theologian<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Jules Mazarin</a>, Italian Cardinal & minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Hercule_de_Fleury" title="André-Hercule de Fleury">André-Hercule de Fleury</a>, French Cardinal & minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> & ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Fabrizio Ruffo</a>, Italian Cardinal & treasurer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Ercole Consalvi</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagio_Antonio_de_Labastida_y_D%C3%A1valos" title="Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos">Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos</a>, Mexican Archbishop & Regent of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gaston_Adrien_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Louis Gaston Adrien de Ségur">Louis Gaston Adrien de Ségur</a>, French Bishop & writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a>, French priest & theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> & sovereign of Vatican City<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a>, Hungarian Cardinal & <a href="/wiki/Prince-primate" title="Prince-primate">Prince-primate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, Italian poet & philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>, French political philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a>, English political theorist<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, English philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, Savoyard philosopher & writer<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortés</a>, Spanish politician & political theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, Danish philosopher & theologian<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, French author & philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a>, Chinese political thinker & reformer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram" title="Ralph Adams Cram">Ralph Adams Cram</a>, American architect & writer<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, Austrian political scientist & philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a>, British political scientist & historian<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, English philosopher & writer<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hermann-Hoppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hermann-Hoppe">Hans Hermann-Hoppe</a>, German-American political theorist<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coulombe" title="Charles A. Coulombe">Charles A. Coulombe</a>, American historian & author</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, French historian & <a href="/wiki/Pious_Establishments_of_France" title="Pious Establishments of France">Ambassador</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Belgrano" title="Manuel Belgrano">Manuel Belgrano</a>, Argentinian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a>, Austrian <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_under_Austrian_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government under Austrian Emperors">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a>, Mexican <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> & military general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Juan Vázquez de Mella</a>, Spanish politician & political theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris" title="Panagis Tsaldaris">Panagis Tsaldaris</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu</a>, Romanian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a>, Georgian <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a>, Australian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbMir_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbMir-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Zambelli" title="Carla Zambelli">Carla Zambelli</a>, Brazilian politician<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchist_movements_and_parties">Monarchist movements and parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Monarchist movements and parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Monarchist_League" title="Australian Monarchist League">Australian Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy" title="Australians for Constitutional Monarchy">Australians for Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-Yellow_Alliance" title="Black-Yellow Alliance">Black-Yellow Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative-Monarchist_Club" title="Conservative-Monarchist Club">Conservative-Monarchist Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantian_Society" title="Constantian Society">Constantian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Party_of_Iran" title="Constitutionalist Party of Iran">Constitutionalist Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk_Phuensum_Tshogpa" title="Druk Phuensum Tshogpa">Druk Phuensum Tshogpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovpartiet" title="Hovpartiet">Hovpartiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koruna_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1_(party)" title="Koruna Česká (party)">Koruna Česká (party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_Movement" title="Legality Movement">Legality Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist (American Revolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_Party_of_Russia" title="Monarchist Party of Russia">Monarchist Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy New Zealand">Monarchy New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia">Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society" title="Royal Stuart Society">Royal Stuart Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Renewal_Movement" title="Serbian Renewal Movement">Serbian Renewal Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion" title="Traditionalist Communion">Traditionalist Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalist</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></div> <p>Criticism of monarchy can be targeted against the general <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>—<a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>—or more specifically, to <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">particular monarchical governments</a> as controlled by hereditary <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal families</a>. In some cases, this criticism can be curtailed by legal restrictions and be considered <a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">criminal speech</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a>. Monarchies in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and their underlying concepts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">Divine Right of Kings</a>, were often criticized during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, which notably paved the way to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_abolition_of_the_monarchy" title="Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy">proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Earlier, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> had seen the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> suppress the <a href="/wiki/Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalists">Loyalists</a> and expel all royal officials. In this century, monarchies are present in the world in many forms with different degrees of royal power and involvement in civil affairs: </p> <ul><li>Absolute monarchies in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>;</li> <li>Constitutional monarchies in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and its sovereign's <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Realms">Commonwealth Realms</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and others.</li></ul> <p>The twentieth century, beginning with the 1917 <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and accelerated by two <a href="/wiki/World_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World wars">world wars</a>, saw many European countries replace their <a href="/wiki/Monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchies">monarchies</a> with <a href="/wiki/Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics">republics</a>, while others replaced their <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarchies">absolute monarchies</a> with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchies">constitutional monarchies</a>. Reverse movements have also occurred, with brief returns of the monarchy in France under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>, the Stuarts after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the Bourbons in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco dictatorship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dynasties" title="List of dynasties">List of dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapters LVIII-LXIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austria-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austria_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austria_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austria_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austria_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported by <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some activists within the sovereignty movement advocate for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy, while others push for an independent Hawaiian Republic.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pre-Xia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pre-Xia_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> is typically considered to be the first orthodox Chinese dynasty, numerous sources including the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i> mention two other dynasties that preceded the Xia: the "Tang" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%94%90%E6%B0%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:陶唐氏">唐</a></span></span>) and the "<a href="/wiki/Youyu-shi" title="Youyu-shi">Yu</a>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">虞</span></span>) dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-TangYu1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TangYu1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TangYu2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TangYu2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TangYu3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TangYu3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TangYu4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TangYu4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is sometimes called the "Ancient Tang" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">古唐</span></span>) to distinguish it from other dynasties named "Tang".<sup id="cite_ref-TangYu5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TangYu5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should the historicity of these earlier dynasties be attested, <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a> would not have been the initiator of dynastic rule in China.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post-Qing-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Post-Qing_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China following the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of the <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Xuantong Emperor</a> in AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">Chinese monarchy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In English, the use of the term <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mikado</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">帝／御門</span></span>)</span> for the emperor was once common but is now considered obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-Asakawa1903_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asakawa1903-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leviathan, 19.4, pp.124-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leviathan, 19.5, p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leviathan, 19.6, p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leviathan, 19.7, p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ah-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ah_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">as part of Austria-Hungary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whilst the percentage of people who supported the return of monarchy was 8%. However, 14 percent were in favour, and among “right-wing voters”, 15 percent supported the idea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in their capacity as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchs of Great Britain</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989 edition, p. 924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBohn1849" class="citation book cs1">Bohn, H. G. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22A+republic%2C+according+to+the+modern+usage+of+the+word%2C+signifies+a+political+community+which+is+not+under+monarchical+government%22&pg=PA640"><i>The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge</i></a>. p. 640. <q>A <i>republic</i>, according to the modern usage of the word, signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government ... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Library+Cyclopedia+of+Political%2C+Constitutional%2C+Statistical+and+Forensic+Knowledge&rft.pages=640&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTkBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522A%2Brepublic%252C%2Baccording%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bmodern%2Busage%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bword%252C%2Bsignifies%2Ba%2Bpolitical%2Bcommunity%2Bwhich%2Bis%2Bnot%2Bunder%2Bmonarchical%2Bgovernment%2522%26pg%3DPA640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Definition of Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>. <q>a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/republic">"The definition of republic"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>. <q>a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110222343/http://gizidda.altervista.org/ebooks/Sumerian-King-List-chronology.pdf">"Sumerian King List"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gizidda.altervista.org/ebooks/Sumerian-King-List-chronology.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumerian+King+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgizidda.altervista.org%2Febooks%2FSumerian-King-List-chronology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kottak1991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kottak1991_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_Phillip_Kottak1991" class="citation book cs1">Conrad Phillip Kottak (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NLtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cultural Anthropology</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035615-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035615-3"><bdi>978-0-07-035615-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-07-035615-3&rft.au=Conrad+Phillip+Kottak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NLtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoahenAjayi1986-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoahenAjayi1986_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Adu_BoahenJ._F._Ade_AjayiMichael_Tidy1986" class="citation book cs1">A. Adu Boahen; J. F. Ade Ajayi; Michael Tidy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLoKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Topics in West African History</i></a>. Longman Group. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-58504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-58504-1"><bdi>978-0-582-58504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+West+African+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Longman+Group&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-582-58504-1&rft.au=A.+Adu+Boahen&rft.au=J.+F.+Ade+Ajayi&rft.au=Michael+Tidy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLoKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/enlightenment">"Enlightenment"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 21 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Enlightenment&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fbritish-history%2Fenlightenment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/rococo-neoclassicism/rococo/a/a-beginners-guide-to-the-age-of-enlightenment">"A beginner's guide to the Age of Enlightenment (article)"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=A+beginner%27s+guide+to+the+Age+of+Enlightenment+%28article%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Frenaissance-reformation%2Frococo-neoclassicism%2Frococo%2Fa%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-the-age-of-enlightenment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TangYu1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TangYu1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2012" class="citation book cs1">Nadeau, Randall (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC&q=tang+yu+xia+shang+zhou&pg=PA31"><i>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444361971" title="Special:BookSources/9781444361971"><bdi>9781444361971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Companion+to+Chinese+Religions&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781444361971&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmnKSfAS4PcC%26q%3Dtang%2Byu%2Bxia%2Bshang%2Bzhou%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TangYu2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TangYu2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeo2008" class="citation book cs1">Yeo, Khiok-Khng (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tDYDwAAQBAJ&q=yu+xia+shang+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA24"><i>Musing with Confucius and Paul: Toward a Chinese Christian Theology</i></a>. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227903308" title="Special:BookSources/9780227903308"><bdi>9780227903308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musing+with+Confucius+and+Paul%3A+Toward+a+Chinese+Christian+Theology&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780227903308&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=Khiok-Khng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_tDYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyu%2Bxia%2Bshang%2Bzhou%2Bdynasty%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TangYu3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TangYu3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao2009" class="citation book cs1">Chao, Yuan-ling (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiGkWyynvAMC&q=tang+yu+xia+shang+zhou+dynasty&pg=PA73"><i>Medicine and Society in Late Imperial China: A Study of Physicians in Suzhou, 1600–1850</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433103810" title="Special:BookSources/9781433103810"><bdi>9781433103810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Society+in+Late+Imperial+China%3A+A+Study+of+Physicians+in+Suzhou%2C+1600%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781433103810&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuan-ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoiGkWyynvAMC%26q%3Dtang%2Byu%2Bxia%2Bshang%2Bzhou%2Bdynasty%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TangYu4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TangYu4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Shumin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ixueshu.com/document/13b7db55e198eae3318947a18e7f9386.html">"夏、商、周之前还有个虞朝"</a>. <i>Hebei Academic Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 146–147<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebei+Academic+Journal&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%8F%E3%80%81%E5%95%86%E3%80%81%E5%91%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%AA%E8%99%9E%E6%9C%9D&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146-147&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Shumin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ixueshu.com%2Fdocument%2F13b7db55e198eae3318947a18e7f9386.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TangYu5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TangYu5_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://k.sina.cn/article_7062118287_1a4ef5f8f00100ky0y.html">"远古时期的"古唐朝"？比夏朝还早1600年，如被证实历史或将改写"</a>. 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%9C%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%22%E5%8F%A4%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%22%EF%BC%9F%E6%AF%94%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D%E8%BF%98%E6%97%A91600%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E8%A2%AB%E8%AF%81%E5%AE%9E%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%88%96%E5%B0%86%E6%94%B9%E5%86%99&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fk.sina.cn%2Farticle_7062118287_1a4ef5f8f00100ky0y.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EthnicOrigin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EthnicOrigin_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&q=chinese+dynasty+han+and+non-han&pg=PA287"><i>Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135193881" title="Special:BookSources/9781135193881"><bdi>9781135193881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135193881&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXYKAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Bdynasty%2Bhan%2Band%2Bnon-han%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tenno">"Tennō"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Tenn%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftenno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asakawa1903-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asakawa1903_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kanʼichi Asakawa. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K1MuAAAAYAAJ/page/n36">The early institutional life of Japan: a study in the reform of 645 A.D.</a></i>. Tokyo: Shueisha (1903), p. 25. "We purposely avoid, in spite of its wide usage in foreign literature, the misleading term <i>Mikado</i>. If it be not for the natural curiosity of the races, which always seeks something novel and loves to call foreign things by foreign names, it is hard to understand why this obsolete and ambiguous word should so sedulously be retained. It originally meant not only the Sovereign, but also his house, the court, and even the State, and its use in historical writings causes many difficulties which it is unnecessary to discuss here in detail. The native Japanese employ the term neither in speech nor in writing. It might as well be dismissed with great advantage from sober literature as it has been for the official documents."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_jp/detail2?id=52451">"最高裁判所判例集事件番号平成1(行ツ)126"</a>. <i>Supreme Court of Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+Japan&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E9%9B%86+%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B7+%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%901%28%E8%A1%8C%E3%83%84%29126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.go.jp%2Fapp%2Fhanrei_jp%2Fdetail2%3Fid%3D52451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoye, Timothy. (1999). <i>Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds,</i> p. 78; "According to legend, the first Japanese emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 emperors, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Jimmu</a> is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kinmei" title="Emperor Kinmei">Kinmei</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshall2013" class="citation book cs1">Henshall, Kenneth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7872-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7872-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7872-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Japan+to+1945&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7872-3&rft.aulast=Henshall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmYYAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nussbaum4592-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum4592_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Frédéric">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric</a>. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA459">"<i>Kamakura-jidai</i>"</a> in <i>Japan Encyclopedia</i>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotman1966" class="citation journal cs1">Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>26</b>: 102–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718461">10.2307/2718461</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718461">2718461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Political+Succession+in+The+Tokugawa+Bakufu%3A+Abe+Masahiro%27s+Rise+to+Power%2C+1843%E2%80%931845&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=102-124&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718461%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Totman&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meiji-Constitution">"Meiji Constitution | 1889, Japan"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Meiji+Constitution+%7C+1889%2C+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMeiji-Constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html">"The Constitution of Japan"</a>. <i>Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199232185.001.1">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923218-5"><bdi>978-0-19-923218-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Law&rft.btitle=Japanese+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199232185.001.1&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923218-5&rft.aulast=Oda&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199232185.001.1%2Facprof-9780199232185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wasserman, Janek (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43280409">"Österreichische Aktion: Monarchism, Authoritarianism, and the Unity of the Austrian Conservative Ideological Field during the First Republic"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 76–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938914000636">10.1017/S0008938914000636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43280409">43280409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145335762">145335762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Aktion%3A+Monarchism%2C+Authoritarianism%2C+and+the+Unity+of+the+Austrian+Conservative+Ideological+Field+during+the+First+Republic&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-104&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145335762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43280409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938914000636&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Janek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43280409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyotjeannin1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guyotjeannin, Olivier, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk7ts3LH6bMC&pg=PA241"><i>Clovis chez les historiens</i></a> (in French). Librairie Droz. pp. 241ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600055925" title="Special:BookSources/9782600055925"><bdi>9782600055925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clovis+chez+les+historiens&rft.pages=241ff&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9782600055925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk7ts3LH6bMC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewell1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Missing_Sewell" title="Elizabeth Missing Sewell">Sewell, Elizabeth Missing</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pZJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Popular History of France</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+History+of+France&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Sewell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Missing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pZJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmuss2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asmuss, Burkhard (27 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/dnvp.html">"Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP)"</a> [German National People's Party (DNVP)]. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Die+Deutschnationale+Volkspartei+%28DNVP%29&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft.aulast=Asmuss&rft.aufirst=Burkhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fweimarer-republik%2Finnenpolitik%2Fdnvp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gu134-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gu134_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/do/gazzetta/downloadPdf?dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=19460620&numeroGazzetta=134&tipoSerie=FO&tipoSupplemento=GU&numeroSupplemento=0&estensione=pdf&edizione=90">Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 134 del 20 giugno 1946</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova" title="Julián Casanova">Casanova, Julián</a> (29 July 2010) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsRNmT9GzY0C"><i>The Spanish Republic and Civil War</i></a>. Translated by Douch, Martin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2010). p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139490573" title="Special:BookSources/9781139490573"><bdi>9781139490573</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>[...] the local elections of 12 April [...] turned into a plebiscite between Monarchy and republicanism. It was soon clear that the republicans had won in most of the provincial capitals. [...] Alfonso XIII abdicated, and a good many cities and towns proclaimed the Republic on 14 April 1931.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Republic+and+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.isbn=9781139490573&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsRNmT9GzY0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2009/08/090811_miskitos_nicaragua_mj">"BBC Mundo - América Latina - los miskitos luchan por su independencia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Mundo+-+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+-+los+miskitos+luchan+por+su+independencia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Famerica_latina%2F2009%2F08%2F090811_miskitos_nicaragua_mj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Alexander (1962). The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Volume 9. New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08903-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08903-1">0-231-08903-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauel1911" class="citation journal cs1">Krauel, Richard (October 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/17/1/44/23731">"Prince Henry of Prussia and the Regency of the United States, 1786"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 44–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F17.1.44">10.1086/ahr/17.1.44</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Prince+Henry+of+Prussia+and+the+Regency+of+the+United+States%2C+1786&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-51&rft.date=1911-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F17.1.44&rft.aulast=Krauel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle-abstract%2F17%2F1%2F44%2F23731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsa-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barsa_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>Enciclopédia Barsa</i>. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclop%C3%A9dia+Barsa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+do+Brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220645/http://home1.gte.net/eskandar/ottohabsburg.html">"Untitled Document"</a>. <i>home1.gte.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home1.gte.net/eskandar/ottohabsburg.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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("Excerpted from The Conservative Tradition in European Thought, Copyright 1970 by Educational Resources Corporation.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanor-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanor_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanor_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanor2000" class="citation web cs1">Bogdanor, Vernon (6 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.comment8">"The Guardian has got it wrong"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+has+got+it+wrong&rft.date=2000-12-06&rft.aulast=Bogdanor&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2000%2Fdec%2F06%2Fmonarchy.comment8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feeney-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feeney_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feeney_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2013" class="citation web cs1">Feeney, Matthew (July 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2013/07/25/the-benefits-of-monarchy">"The Benefits of Monarchy"</a>. <i>Reason magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Monarchy&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2013%2F07%2F25%2Fthe-benefits-of-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orwell, George. <i>Spring 1944 Partisan Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Liberty or Equality: The Challenge of Our Time</i>. The Mises Institute. 2014. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+or+Equality%3A+The+Challenge+of+Our+Time&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">David Gordon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=199">Review of Hans-Hermann Hoppe, <i>Democracy: The God that Failed</i></a>, "The Mises Review" of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2002; Volume 8, Number 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.S._Lewis1943" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. 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Telegraph Media Group Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/10293028/Ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-Tony-Abbott.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Nov</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ten+things+you+didn%27t+know+about+Tony+Abbott&rft.date=2013-09-07&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10293028%2FTen-things-you-didnt-know-about-Tony-Abbott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbMir-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbMir_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonWannaLee2015" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Carol; Wanna, John; Lee, Hsu-Ann (2015). <i>Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election</i>. ANU Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9250-2209-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9250-2209-4"><bdi>978-1-9250-2209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abbott%27s+Gambit%3A+The+2013+Australian+Federal+Election&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-9250-2209-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Wanna%2C+John&rft.au=Lee%2C+Hsu-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViegas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Viegas, Nonato (November 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epoca.globo.com/politica/expresso/noticia/2017/11/lider-de-movimento-que-pediu-impeachment-de-dilma-agora-e-monarquista.html">"Líder de movimento que pediu impeachment de Dilma agora é monarquista"</a>. <i>ÉPOCA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89POCA&rft.atitle=L%C3%ADder+de+movimento+que+pediu+impeachment+de+Dilma+agora+%C3%A9+monarquista&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Viegas&rft.aufirst=Nonato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepoca.globo.com%2Fpolitica%2Fexpresso%2Fnoticia%2F2017%2F11%2Flider-de-movimento-que-pediu-impeachment-de-dilma-agora-e-monarquista.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchyinternational.net/">The Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internationale.monarchiste.com/">IMC</a>, official site of the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_Monarchiste_Internationale" class="extiw" title="fr:Conférence Monarchiste Internationale">International Monarchist Conference</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylm.info/">SYLM</a>, Support Your Local Monarch, the independent monarchist community.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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