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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah-ch%C3%A0ng-kak" title="Bah-chàng-kak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bah-chàng-kak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тетрапод (конструкция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тетрапод (конструкция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A0pode_(estructura)" title="Tetràpode (estructura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tetràpode (estructura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapode" title="Tetrapode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tetrapode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapode_(Stein)" title="Tetrapode (Stein) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tetrapode (Stein)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podo_(estructura)" title="Tetrápodo (estructura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tetrápodo (estructura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9trapode_(structure)" title="Tétrapode (structure) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tétrapode (structure)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%A1podo_(estrutura)" title="Tetrápodo (estrutura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tetrápodo (estrutura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C" title="테트라포드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테트라포드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="टेट्रापोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेट्रापोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod_(struktur)" title="Tetrapod (struktur) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tetrapod (struktur)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapode_(struttura)" title="Tetrapode (struttura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetrapode (struttura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93" title="טטרפוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טטרפוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)" title="टेट्रापॉड्स (रचना) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेट्रापॉड्स (रचना)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod_(golfbrekerelement)" title="Tetrapod (golfbrekerelement) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tetrapod (golfbrekerelement)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%B3%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="消波ブロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消波ブロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoodi" title="Tetrapoodi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tetrapoodi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod_(betongkonstruksjon)" title="Tetrapod (betongkonstruksjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tetrapod (betongkonstruksjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiazdoblok" title="Gwiazdoblok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwiazdoblok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilopod" title="Stabilopod – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stabilopod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тетрапод (конструкція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тетрапод (конструкція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%88_(%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="ٹیٹراپوڈ (حفاظتی تعمیر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیٹراپوڈ (حفاظتی تعمیر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%B3%A2%E5%A1%8A" title="消波塊 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concrete breakwater element</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the structure. For four-limbed vertebrates, see <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapod</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg/300px-Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg/450px-Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg/600px-Tetrapods_Graciosa_Island_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Tetrapods on <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Graciosa Island">Graciosa Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg/220px-Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg/330px-Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg/440px-Liepaja_Karosta_falochron_polnocny_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5081" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tetrapods in Latvia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg/220px-Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg/330px-Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg/440px-Tetrapods_protecting_a_marina_on_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Tetrapods protecting a marina on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tetrapod</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Wave-dissipating_concrete_block" title="Wave-dissipating concrete block">wave-dissipating concrete block</a> used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">erosion</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a>, primarily to enforce coastal structures such as <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>. Tetrapods are made of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, and use a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> shape to <a href="/wiki/Dissipate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissipate">dissipate</a> the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against them, and to reduce displacement by <a href="/wiki/Interlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlock">interlocking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invention">Invention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod_(structure)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrapods were originally developed in 1950 by Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac of Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique (now <a href="/wiki/Artelia" title="Artelia">Artelia</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, who received a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for the design.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French invention was named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tétrapode</i></span>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">tetra-</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">four</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">-pode</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> shape. Tetrapods were first used at the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roches_Noires,_Morocco" title="Roches Noires, Morocco">Roches Noires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, to protect the <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> intake.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod_(structure)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetrapods have become popular across the world, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>; it is estimated that nearly 50 percent of Japan's 35,000 kilometers (22,000 mi) coastline has been covered or somehow altered by tetrapods and other forms of concrete. Their proliferation on the island of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>, a popular vacation destination in Japan, has made it difficult for tourists to find unaltered beaches and shoreline, especially in the southern half of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_designs">Similar designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod_(structure)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similar designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wave-dissipating_concrete_block" title="Wave-dissipating concrete block">Wave-dissipating concrete block</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wave-dissipating_concrete_block&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wave-dissipating_concrete_block" title="Wave-dissipating concrete block">wave-dissipating concrete block</a> is a naturally or manually interlocking <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> structure designed and employed to minimize the effects of <a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">wave action</a> upon shores and shoreline structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="Quay">quays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jetties" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetties">jetties</a>. </p> One of the earliest designs is the Tetrapod, invented in 1950. Other proprietary designs include the Modified Cube (United States, 1959), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabit (page does not exist)">Stabit</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, 1961), the <a href="/wiki/Akmon" title="Akmon">Akmon</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, 1962), the <a href="/wiki/Dolos" title="Dolos">Dolos</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, 1963), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilopod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabilopod (page does not exist)">Stabilopod</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilopod" class="extiw" title="ro:Stabilopod">ro</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, 1969),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Seabee (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, 1978), the <a href="/wiki/Accropode" title="Accropode">Accropode</a> (France, 1981), the Hollow Cube (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, 1991), the <a href="/wiki/A-jack" class="mw-redirect" title="A-jack">A-jack</a> (United States, 1998), the <a href="/wiki/Xbloc" title="Xbloc">Xbloc</a> (The Netherlands, 2001) and <a href="/wiki/KOLOS" title="KOLOS">KOLOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 2010) among others.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod_(structure)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a> – Human-made underwater structure that functions as a reef</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">Breakwater (structure)</a> – Coastal defense structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> – Preventing flooding and erosion of shorelines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a> – Displacement of land along the coastline</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">Ocean surface wave</a> – Surface waves generated by wind on open water<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">Riprap</a> – Rock or concrete protective armour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">Seawall</a> – Form of coastal defence</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod_(structure)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighthubengineering.com/geotechnical-engineering/42962-what-are-tetrapods/">"What are Tetrapods? (Tetrapods Resist Wave Impact and Prevent Beach Erosion)"</a>. <i>Brighthub Engineering</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brighthub+Engineering&rft.atitle=What+are+Tetrapods%3F+%28Tetrapods+Resist+Wave+Impact+and+Prevent+Beach+Erosion%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brighthubengineering.com%2Fgeotechnical-engineering%2F42962-what-are-tetrapods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2014" class="citation web cs1">Park, Sang Kil; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/ijnaoe.2014.6.issue-4/ijnaoe-2013-0224/ijnaoe-2013-0224.pdf">"Effects of vertical wall and tetrapod weights on wave overtopping in rubble mound breakwaters under irregular wave conditions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effects+of+vertical+wall+and+tetrapod+weights+on+wave+overtopping+in+rubble+mound+breakwaters+under+irregular+wave+conditions&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sang+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fj%2Fijnaoe.2014.6.issue-4%2Fijnaoe-2013-0224%2Fijnaoe-2013-0224.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac (1963) Improvements in or relating to artificial blocks for building structures exposed to the action of moving water <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=3&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19631231&CC=MY&NR=6300031A&KC=A#">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanel1953" class="citation journal cs1">Danel, Pierre (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/1812">"TETRAPODS"</a>. <i>Coastal Engineering Proceedings</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9753%2Ficce.v4.28">10.9753/icce.v4.28</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-1028">2156-1028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coastal+Engineering+Proceedings&rft.atitle=TETRAPODS&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9753%2Ficce.v4.28&rft.issn=2156-1028&rft.aulast=Danel&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.tdl.org%2Ficce%2Findex.php%2Ficce%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanel1967" class="citation web cs1">Danel, Pierre (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/viewFile/2276/1967">"The Tetrapod"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tetrapod&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Danel&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org%2Ficce%2Findex.php%2Ficce%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F2276%2F1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse2007" class="citation news cs1">Hesse, Stephen (2007-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/07/22/to-be-sorted/tetrapods/">"TETRAPODS"</a>. <i>The Japan Times Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763">0447-5763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=TETRAPODS&rft.date=2007-07-22&rft.issn=0447-5763&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2007%2F07%2F22%2Fto-be-sorted%2Ftetrapods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpătaru1990" class="citation journal cs1">Spătaru, A (1990). "Breakwaters for the Protection of Romanian Beaches". <i>Coastal Engineering</i>. <b>14</b> (2). Elsevier Science Publishers: 129–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-3839%2890%2990014-N">10.1016/0378-3839(90)90014-N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coastal+Engineering&rft.atitle=Breakwaters+for+the+Protection+of+Romanian+Beaches&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-146&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-3839%2890%2990014-N&rft.aulast=Sp%C4%83taru&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod_(structure)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasse2007" class="citation book cs1">Lagasse, P.F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_rwqGK9igEC&q=tetrapod+concrete"><i>Countermeasures to protect bridge piers from scour</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09909-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09909-7"><bdi>978-0-309-09909-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countermeasures+to+protect+bridge+piers+from+scour&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-309-09909-7&rft.aulast=Lagasse&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_rwqGK9igEC%26q%3Dtetrapod%2Bconcrete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse" class="citation web cs1">Hesse, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20070722x1.html">"The Japan Times environment columnist"</a>. <i>Don't You Just Love 'Em ... Tetrapods</i>. The Japan Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don%27t+You+Just+Love+%27Em+...+Tetrapods&rft.atitle=The+Japan+Times+environment+columnist&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffl20070722x1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2005" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Claus, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djHjPj4hmcoC&q=tetrapod+concrete"><i>Environmentally friendly coastal protection : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection Structures, Varna, Bulgaria, 25-27 May 2004</i></a> (Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3299-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-3299-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmentally+friendly+coastal+protection+%3A+proceedings+of+the+NATO+Advanced+Research+Workshop+on+Environmentally+Friendly+Coastal+Protection+Structures%2C+Varna%2C+Bulgaria%2C+25-27+May+2004&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.edition=Online-Ausg.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3299-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjHjPj4hmcoC%26q%3Dtetrapod%2Bconcrete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijers-HasegawaHesse" class="citation web cs1">Wijers-HasegawaHesse, Yumi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20070722x2.html">"Tetrapodistas: Beauty beheld in huge concrete forms"</a>. The Japan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tetrapodistas%3A+Beauty+beheld+in+huge+concrete+forms&rft.pub=The+Japan+Times&rft.aulast=Wijers-HasegawaHesse&rft.aufirst=Yumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffl20070722x2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesse" class="citation web cs1">Hesse, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/-Stephen-Hesse/2481">"Loving and Loathing Japan's Concrete Coasts, Where Tetrapods Reign"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loving+and+Loathing+Japan%27s+Concrete+Coasts%2C+Where+Tetrapods+Reign&rft.pub=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanfocus.org%2F-Stephen-Hesse%2F2481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrapod+%28structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span 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equation">Hudson's equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOLOS" title="KOLOS">KOLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">Riprap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">Seawall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tetrapod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_(civil)" title="Training (civil)">Training wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Meer_formula" title="Van der Meer formula">Van der Meer formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbloc" title="Xbloc">Xbloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soft_engineering" title="Soft engineering">Soft engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">Beach nourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management#Beach_drainage" title="Coastal management">Beach drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_revetment" title="Dynamic revetment">Dynamic revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_shorelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Living shorelines">Living shorelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_dune_stabilization" title="Sand dune stabilization">Sand dune stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_engineering" title="Soft engineering">Soft engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a 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