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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Символизъм при светците – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Символизъм при светците" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconografia_dels_sants" title="Iconografia dels sants – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iconografia dels sants" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikonografisches_Heiligenattribut" title="Ikonografisches Heiligenattribut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ikonografisches Heiligenattribut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atributos_de_los_santos" title="Atributos de los santos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atributos de los santos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="نمادشناسی قدیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمادشناسی قدیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributs_des_saints" title="Attributs des saints – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attributs des saints" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Attribute identifying a saint in artworks</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saints_withtheiremblems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saints_withtheiremblems.jpg/220px-Saints_withtheiremblems.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saints_withtheiremblems.jpg/330px-Saints_withtheiremblems.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Saints_withtheiremblems.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Book of Prayers from the mid-fifteenth century showing a group of five saints, with their emblems: <a href="/wiki/Saint_James_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James the Great">Saint James the Great</a> (wearing a pilgrim's hat); <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ghislain" title="Saint Ghislain">Saint Ghislain</a> (holding a church); <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eligius" title="Saint Eligius">Saint Eligius</a> (bishop with a crosier, holding a hammer); <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hermes" title="Saint Hermes">Saint Hermes</a> (with the armor and the sword)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a> of Christian <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> has been used from the very beginnings of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each saint is said to have led an exemplary life and symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Christian <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> are traditionally represented by a symbol or <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">iconic motif</a> associated with their life, termed an attribute or <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblem</a>, in order to identify them. The study of these forms part of <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> in <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-icon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene, and to give each of the Saints something of a personality in art.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often carried in the hand by the Saint. </p><p>Attributes often vary with either time or geography, especially between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> and the West. Orthodox images more often contained inscriptions with the names of saints, so the Eastern repertoire of attributes is generally smaller than the Western.<sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFc">[c]</a></sup> Many of the most prominent saints, like <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> and Saint <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> can also be recognised by a distinctive facial type. Some attributes are general, such as the <a href="/wiki/Martyr%27s_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr's palm">martyr's palm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martyr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martyr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a symbol in a work of art depicting a Saint reminds people who is being shown and of their story. The following is a list of some of these attributes. </p> <div class="noprint"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents</span></div> <div style="margin:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="#Four_Evangelists">Four Evangelists </a></li> <li><a href="#The_Twelve_Apostles">The Twelve Apostles </a></li> <li><a href="#Mary,_mother_of_Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus </a></li> <li><a href="#Saints_listed_by_name">Saints listed by name </a> <br /></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li> <li><a href="#External_links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four_Evangelists">Four Evangelists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Four Evangelists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg/220px-KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg/330px-KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg/440px-KellsFol027v4Evang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">four Evangelists</a> are here depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a>. The winged man, lion, eagle and bull symbolize, clockwise from top left, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew the Evangelist">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em;">Saint </th> <th scope="col">Symbol<sup id="cite_ref-JeromeJerome2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeromeJerome2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a> </td> <td>winged <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">winged lion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a> </td> <td>winged <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Apostles">The Apostles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Apostles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274399246">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="title"><div>Depictions of The Apostles</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="max-width: 306px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_(early_14th_c.,_Pushkin_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles. Russian, 14th century, Moscow Museum."><img alt="The Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles. Russian, 14th century, Moscow Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_%28early_14th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/110px-Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_%28early_14th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_%28early_14th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/165px-Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_%28early_14th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_%28early_14th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/220px-Synaxis_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_by_Constantinople_master_%28early_14th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Synaxis" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the Twelve Apostles. Russian, 14th century, Moscow Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The key as symbol of St. Peter"><img alt="The key as symbol of St. Peter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg/110px-Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg/165px-Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg/220px-Muenster-100725-15996-%C3%9Cberwasserkirche-Schl%C3%BCssel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Key_(lock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Key (lock)">key</a> as symbol of St. Peter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife,_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass window showing flaying knife, symbol of St. Bartholomew"><img alt="Stained glass window ca. 1900 showing flaying knife, symbol of St. Bartholomew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife%2C_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg/110px-Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife%2C_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife%2C_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg/165px-Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife%2C_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife%2C_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg/220px-Stained_glass_window_ca._1900_showing_flaying_knife%2C_symbol_of_St._Bartholomew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass window showing flaying knife, symbol of St. Bartholomew</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scallop Shells, St. James the Great"><img alt="Scallop Shells, St. James the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/110px-Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/165px-Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/220px-Shield_with_symbol_of_St._James_the_Great%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scallop Shells, St. James the Great</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 10em;">Apostle </th> <th scope="col">Symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">St. Andrew's cross</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup>, discalced, with fish or a rope </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew the Apostle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>, bears his own skin in hand<sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James, son of Zebedee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_staff" title="Pilgrim's staff">pilgrim's staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_(lock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Key (lock)">key</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat" title="Pilgrim's hat">pilgrim's hat</a>, astride a white charger, <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_James" title="Cross of Saint James">Cross of Saint James</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpentry_square" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpentry square">square rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">saw</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelistary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelistary">evangelistary</a>, a serpent in a chalice, cauldron, eagle<sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpentry_square" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpentry square">square rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver" title="Thirty pieces of silver">thirty pieces of silver</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>, evangelistary<sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a>, pallium, papal vestments; crucified head downwards on an <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St Peter">inverted cross</a>, holding a book or scroll, with a bushy beard and hair.<sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a> </td> <td>column; holding a basket of loaves and a <a href="/wiki/Tau_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau Cross">Tau Cross</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a> </td> <td>boat; cross and <a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">saw</a>; fish (or two fishes); lance; being sawn in two longitudinally; <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oar</a><sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a> </td> <td>placing his finger in the side of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, carpentry tools <sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"><span id="Mary.2C_mother_of_Jesus"></span>Mary, mother of Jesus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mary, mother of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1274399246"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="title"><div>Depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="max-width: 153px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelico,_madonna_col_bambino,_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional depiction of Mary by Fra Angelico wearing a blue mantle"><img alt="A traditional depiction of Mary by Fra Angelico wearing a blue mantle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg/110px-Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg/165px-Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg/220px-Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional depiction of Mary by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> wearing a blue mantle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Perpetual Help"><img alt="A traditional depiction of Maryby Fra Angelico wearing a blue mantle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg/110px-Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg/165px-Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg/220px-Nossa_Senhora_do_Perpetuo_Socorro_HD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Our Lady of Perpetual Help</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon,_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin of Mercy"><img alt="Icon of the Virgin of Mercy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon%2C_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg/110px-Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon%2C_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon%2C_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg/165px-Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon%2C_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon%2C_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg/220px-Virgin_of_Mercy_ikon%2C_Ukraine_17_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Candelaria"><img alt="Image of the Virgin of Candelaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg/110px-Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg/165px-Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg/220px-Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Candelaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Candelaria">Our Lady of Candelaria</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Mary is often portrayed wearing <a href="/wiki/Marian_blue" title="Marian blue">blue</a>. Her attributes include amongst many others a mantle (often in blue or very large to cover the faithful), <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_stars" title="Circle of stars">crown of 12 stars</a>, serpent, sun and/or moon, heart pierced by sword, <a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">Madonna lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose (symbolism)">roses</a>, and rosary beads.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugeares_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugeares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 10em;">Title </th> <th scope="col">Symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a> form, <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a>, fleur-de-lis robes, slashes on right cheek<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></td> <td>Burning bloodied heart, pierced with a sword, banded with roses, and lily flowers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Our Lady of Perpetual Help</a></td> <td>Hodegetria with saints Michael and Gabriel holding instruments of the passion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" title="Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a></td> <td>In traditional form of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Candelaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Candelaria">Our Lady of Candelaria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> with candle in one hand, and Infant Jesus in the other hand. Jesus carries a small bird in his hands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Our Lady of Charity">Our Lady of Charity</a></td> <td>Carrying the Christ child and holding a crucifix atop an inverted crescent moon, with triple cherubs, encrusted with jewels and golden crown and aureole halo, embroidered gold mantle with the Cuban flag<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_the_Garden_Enclosed" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady the Garden Enclosed">Our Lady the Garden Enclosed</a></td> <td>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a> holding a white handkerchief, gold crown and jewelry, richly embroidered mantle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgen_de_Copacabana" title="Virgen de Copacabana">Our Lady of Copacabana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, Inca dress and crown, <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a>, straw basket, pigeons, baton, gold Quechua jewelry<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgen_de_Cotoca" title="Virgen de Cotoca">Our Lady of Cotoca</a></td> <td>white embroidered mantle, gold crown and jewelry, scapuler<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></td> <td>dressed in white, giving out rays of clear and intense light<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></td> <td>with the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Infant Jesus</a>, in their touching halo appear the words <i>SS. Mater Boni consilii, ora pro nobis Jesum filium tuum</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></td> <td>eyes downcast, hands clasped in prayer, clothed in a pink tunic robe covered by a cerulean mantle with a black sash, emblazoned with eight-point stars; eclipsing a blazing sun while standing atop a darkened crescent moon, a cherubic angel carrying her train </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Humility" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Humility">Our Lady of Humility</a></td> <td>Mary seated low to the ground, usually holding the baby Jesus<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Itat%C3%AD" title="Our Lady of Itatí">Our Lady of Itatí</a></td> <td>in prayer, with blue embroidered mantle, solar crown, veil<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> with outstretched hands, bronze crown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></td> <td>dressed in a flowing white robe, with a blue sash around her waist<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Our Lady of Luján">Our Lady of Luján</a></td> <td>in prayer, with a golden crown, embroidered blue mantle over white robe, sliver of moon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></td> <td>held by angels, with mantle, jewelry, crown, halo of stars; the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a> is holding an anchor <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Peace" title="Our Lady of Peace">Our Lady of Peace</a></td> <td>Virgin MaryInfant Jesus; she holds an olive branch and dove<sup id="cite_ref-hch_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Peace_and_Good_Voyage" title="Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage">Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage</a></td> <td>dark complexion, enlarged iris, unbound hair<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Pe%C3%B1afrancia" title="Our Lady of Peñafrancia">Our Lady of Peñafrancia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> with <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_stars" title="Circle of stars">Circle of 12 stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Child">Holy Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantum</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Piat" title="Our Lady of Piat">Our Lady of Piat</a></td> <td>dark complexion, the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, crown, flowers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_San_Juan_de_los_Lagos" title="Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos">Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos</a></td> <td>in prayer, with golden crown, white gown, blue mantle, silver banner held by angels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></td> <td>in mournful state, tears, bleeding heart pierced by seven swords <sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFb">[b]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Most_Holy_Rosary,_Queen_of_the_Caracol" title="Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary, Queen of the Caracol">Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary, Queen of the Caracol</a></td> <td>with the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Infant Jesus</a> in a royal regalia, <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baton_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton (symbol)">baton</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Chiquinquir%C3%A1" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá">Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá</a></td> <td>standing on a crescent moon, blue cloak, white veil, holding the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Infant Jesus</a>. With bird, <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, scepter, accompanied by Saints <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew" title="Andrew">Andrew</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of the Rosary</a></td> <td>with the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a>, crown, <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Visitation_of_Guibang" title="Our Lady of the Visitation of Guibang">Our Lady of the Visitation of Guibang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory statue</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Our Lady of Vendôme">Our Lady of Vendôme</a></td> <td>with the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Mother_of_Sheshan" title="Our Mother of Sheshan">Our Mother of Sheshan</a></td> <td>standing on top a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a> in cruciform gesture<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Mystica" title="Rosa Mystica">Rosa Mystica</a></td> <td>with a rose<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></td> <td>with a crown of stars, flowers<sup class="nowrap"><a href="#CITEREFa">[a]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgen_de_los_Remedios_de_Pampanga" title="Virgen de los Remedios de Pampanga">Virgen de los Remedios de Pampanga</a></td> <td>The Blessed Virgin Mary encrusted with jewels, golden crown, aureole and moon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgen_del_Valle" title="Virgen del Valle">Virgen del Valle</a></td> <td>Mary in a white dress<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></td> <td>sheltering people under her mantle<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Miracles" title="Virgin of Miracles">Virgin of Miracles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> alabaster carving of Mary with a baby<sup id="cite_ref-portico_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portico-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Montserrat" title="Virgin of Montserrat">Virgin of Montserrat</a></td> <td>Madonna and child seated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Wisdom">Throne of Wisdom</a></i> pose<sup id="cite_ref-Roccosalvo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roccosalvo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Thirty-Three" title="Virgin of the Thirty-Three">Virgin of the Thirty-Three</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">assumpted into heaven</a>, white robe, blue cloak, golden bejeweled crown, sliver of moon held by cherubs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></td> <td>dressed in the colors of the Carmelite habit, wearing the mantle of the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite habit">Carmelite habit</a>, holding a <a href="/wiki/Brown_scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown scapular">brown scapular</a>, sometimes handing it to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stock" title="Simon Stock">Saint Simon Stock</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saints_listed_by_name">Saints listed by name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Saints listed by name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Saints (A–H)</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism:_Saints_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="Saint symbolism: Saints (A–H)">Saint symbolism: Saints (A–H)</a></div> <p><b>Saints (I–P)</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism:_Saints_(I%E2%80%93P)" title="Saint symbolism: Saints (I–P)">Saint symbolism: Saints (I–P)</a></div> <p><b>Saints (Q–Z)</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism:_Saints_(Q%E2%80%93Z)" title="Saint symbolism: Saints (Q–Z)">Saint symbolism: Saints (Q–Z)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Christian_art" title="Animals in Christian art">Animals in Christian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Christian_iconography" title="Plants in Christian iconography">Plants in Christian iconography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><ol class="references"><li><div class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFa"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/stindex.php">"List of saints"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>. Your Catholic Voice Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=List+of+saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fstindex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></div></li><li><div class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFb"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStracke2015" class="citation web cs1">Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianiconography.info/about.html">"Iconography"</a>. <i>Christian Iconography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Iconography&rft.atitle=Iconography&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Stracke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianiconography.info%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></div></li><li><div class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabenstein1999" class="citation web cs1">Rabenstein, Katherine (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420054908/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/saint_a.shtml">"Saint of the Day Master Index"</a>. <i>St. Patrick Catholic Church</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/saint_a.shtml">the original</a> on April 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Patrick+Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=Saint+of+the+Day+Master+Index&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Rabenstein&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintpatrickdc.org%2Fss%2Fsaint_a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></div></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-catholic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catholic_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Symbolism" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Symbolism">Symbolism</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbolism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayernik2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mayernik, David T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/a_vast_immeasurable_sanctuary_iconography_for_churches">"A Vast, Immeasurable Sanctuary: Iconography for Churches"</a>. <i>Sacred Architecture Journal</i>. <b>5</b>: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Architecture+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Vast%2C+Immeasurable+Sanctuary%3A+Iconography+for+Churches&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mayernik&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredarchitecture.org%2Farticles%2Fa_vast_immeasurable_sanctuary_iconography_for_churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikonograph.com/teaching-about-icons">"Eastern Orthodox and Catholic teaching about Icons"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodox+and+Catholic+teaching+about+Icons.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikonograph.com%2Fteaching-about-icons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martyr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martyr_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassett,_M.1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hassett, M. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11432a.htm">"Palm in Christian Symbolism"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palm+in+Christian+Symbolism&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Hassett%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11432a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JeromeJerome2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JeromeJerome2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_JeromeSt._Jerome2008" class="citation book cs1">Saint Jerome; St. Jerome (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j0UmWBivNJgC&pg=PA55"><i>Commentary on Matthew (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 117)</i></a>. CUA Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0117-7"><bdi>978-0-8132-0117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+%28The+Fathers+of+the+Church%2C+Volume+117%29&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0117-7&rft.au=Saint+Jerome&rft.au=St.+Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0UmWBivNJgC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugeares-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kugeares_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugeares1991" class="citation book cs1">Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian (1991). <i>Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13th, 14th And 15th Century</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+Of+The+Annunciation+Of+The+Virgin+Mary+Of+The+13th%2C+14th+And+15th+Century&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kugeares&rft.aufirst=Sophia+Manoulian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuricy2008" class="citation web cs1">Duricy, Michael P (March 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012031018/https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/c/czestochowa-black-madonna.php/">"Black Madonnas: Our Lady of Czestochowa"</a>. The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio - <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/c/czestochowa-black-madonna.php">the original</a> on October 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Madonnas%3A+Our+Lady+of+Czestochowa&rft.pub=The+Marian+Library%2FInternational+Marian+Research+Institute%2C+Dayton%2C+Ohio+-+University+of+Dayton&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft.aulast=Duricy&rft.aufirst=Michael+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fc%2Fczestochowa-black-madonna.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaginer1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maginer, John (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Our Lady of Perpetual Succour"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Succour">"Our Lady of Perpetual Succour" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Our+Lady+of+Perpetual+Succour&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Maginer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-23-1931-ocr.pdf">"Beata Virgo Maria Immaculata Sub Titulo Apparecida – Principalis Patrona Brasiliae Constituitur", <i>Acta Apostolica Sedis</i>, 1931, p. 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcement2017" class="citation news cs1">Arcement, Katherine (October 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/10/13/our-lady-of-fatima-the-virgin-mary-promised-three-kids-a-miracle-that-70000-gathered-to-see/">"Our Lady of Fatima: The Virgin Mary promised three kids a miracle that 70,000 gathered to see"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Our+Lady+of+Fatima%3A+The+Virgin+Mary+promised+three+kids+a+miracle+that+70%2C000+gathered+to+see&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft.aulast=Arcement&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2017%2F10%2F13%2Four-lady-of-fatima-the-virgin-mary-promised-three-kids-a-miracle-that-70000-gathered-to-see%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earls, Irene. <i>Renaissance art: a topical dictionary</i>, 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0">0-313-24658-0</a> p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ruth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06UWAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-71-399186-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-71-399186-0"><bdi>0-71-399186-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lourdes%3A+Body+and+Spirit+in+the+Secular+Age&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-71-399186-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06UWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hch-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hch_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hawaiicatholicherald.com/2014/07/04/the-saga-of-our-lady-of-peace/,%20https://www.hawaiicatholicherald.com/2014/07/04/the-saga-of-our-lady-of-peace/">"The Saga of Our Lady of Peace"</a>. <i>Hawaii Catholic Herald</i>. July 4, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141846/https://hawaiicatholicherald.com/2014/07/04/the-saga-of-our-lady-of-peace/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaii+Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Our+Lady+of+Peace&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhawaiicatholicherald.com%2F2014%2F07%2F04%2Fthe-saga-of-our-lady-of-peace%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiicatholicherald.com%2F2014%2F07%2F04%2Fthe-saga-of-our-lady-of-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, James, 1983. <i>A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art</i>, John Murray, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-3971-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-3971-4">0-7195-3971-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portico-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-portico_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia1998" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Sebastián (1998). <i>"La Rábida, pórtico del nuevo mundo." Síntesis histórico-artística</i>. Comunidad Franciscana del Convento de Santa María de la Rábida. pp. Chapter VII., <i>La imagen de Santa María de la Rábida</i>. Págs. 147–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-604-1032-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-604-1032-3"><bdi>84-604-1032-3</bdi></a>. ().</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22La+R%C3%A1bida%2C+p%C3%B3rtico+del+nuevo+mundo.%22+S%C3%ADntesis+hist%C3%B3rico-art%C3%ADstica.&rft.pages=Chapter+VII.%2C+%27%27La+imagen+de+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+de+la+R%C3%A1bida%27%27.+P%C3%A1gs.+147-171&rft.pub=Comunidad+Franciscana+del+Convento+de+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+de+la+R%C3%A1bida.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=84-604-1032-3&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roccosalvo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roccosalvo_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoccosalvo_C.S.J.2012" class="citation web cs1">Roccosalvo C.S.J., Joan L. (Spring 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/elegance_personified">"Elegance Personified: The Black Madonna of Montserrat"</a>. <i>Sacred Architecture Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Architecture+Journal&rft.atitle=Elegance+Personified%3A+The+Black+Madonna+of+Montserrat&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Roccosalvo+C.S.J.&rft.aufirst=Joan+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredarchitecture.org%2Farticles%2Felegance_personified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney1980" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, John P. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsain00dela"><i>Dictionary of Saints</i></a></span> (Second ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-13594-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-13594-7"><bdi>0-385-13594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-385-13594-7&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofsain00dela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1909" class="citation book cs1">Greene, E. A. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintstheirsymbo00greeuoft"><i>Saints and their symbols : a companion in the churches and picture galleries of Europe</i></a>. London : Whittaker & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+their+symbols+%3A+a+companion+in+the+churches+and+picture+galleries+of+Europe&rft.pub=London+%3A+Whittaker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintstheirsymbo00greeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1909" class="citation book cs1">Greene, E. A. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintstheirsymbo00greeuoft"><i>Saints and their symbols : a companion in the churches and picture galleries of Europe</i></a>. London : Whittaker & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+their+symbols+%3A+a+companion+in+the+churches+and+picture+galleries+of+Europe&rft.pub=London+%3A+Whittaker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintstheirsymbo00greeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanziLanzi2004" class="citation book cs1">Lanzi, Fernando; Lanzi, Gioia (September 1, 2004). <i>Saints and their Symbols: Recognizing Saints in Art and in Popular Images</i>. Translated by O'Connell, Matthew J. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814629703" title="Special:BookSources/9780814629703"><bdi>9780814629703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+their+Symbols%3A+Recognizing+Saints+in+Art+and+in+Popular+Images&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.isbn=9780814629703&rft.aulast=Lanzi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Lanzi%2C+Gioia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost1975" class="citation book cs1">Post, W. Ellwood (1975). <i>Saints, Signs and Symbols</i> (2 ed.). SPCK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281028948" title="Special:BookSources/9780281028948"><bdi>9780281028948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Signs+and+Symbols&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=SPCK+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780281028948&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=W.+Ellwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schiller" title="Gertrud Schiller">Schiller, Gertrud</a> (1971). <i>Iconography of Christian Art</i>. Vol. 1. Arnoldo Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821203651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821203651"><bdi>978-0821203651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Christian+Art&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0821203651&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Gertrud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Michael (2007). <i>A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West</i>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3186-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3186-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-3186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Saints%3A+East+and+West&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-3186-7&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittemore1980" class="citation book cs1">Whittemore, Carroll E. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolsofchurch0000whit"><i>Symbols of the Church</i></a></span>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0687183014" title="Special:BookSources/0687183014"><bdi>0687183014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0687183014&rft.aulast=Whittemore&rft.aufirst=Carroll+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolsofchurch0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabenstein1999" class="citation web cs1">Rabenstein, Katherine (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410021056/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/reference.shtml">"Bibliography on Saints and Sainthood"</a>. <i>St. Patrick Catholic Church</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/reference.shtml">the original</a> on April 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Patrick+Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=Bibliography+on+Saints+and+Sainthood&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Rabenstein&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintpatrickdc.org%2Fss%2Freference.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbolism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Saint symbolism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_symbology" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Saint symbology">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Christian_Iconography" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Christian Iconography">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204231" class="extiw" title="d:Q204231">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318151517/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/">"Christian Iconography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Augusta_State_University" title="Augusta State University">Augusta State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/">the original</a> on March 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Iconography&rft.pub=Augusta+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aug.edu%2Faugusta%2Ficonography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oca.org/FSlives.asp?SID=4">"Hagiographies, hymnography, and icons for many Orthodox saints"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hagiographies%2C+hymnography%2C+and+icons+for+many+Orthodox+saints&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2FFSlives.asp%3FSID%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/me4/saints/index.html">"Saints' Badges or Shields"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saints%27+Badges+or+Shields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fme4%2Fsaints%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+symbolism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_about_Saints132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saints" title="Template:Saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saints" title="Template talk:Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_about_Saints132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics about <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">Equal-to-apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">Relic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_saints" title="Catacomb saints">Catacomb saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">Translation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_saints" title="Lists of saints">Lists of saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_saints" title="List of child saints">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Titles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbology of the Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Protestantism">Saints in Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_of_saints" title="Levitation of saints">Levitation of saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">Communion of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">Prayer for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confessors" title="List of Confessors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_martyrs" title="Lists of martyrs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_martyred_during_the_reign_of_Diocletian" title="List of Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_bearer" title="Passion bearer">Passion bearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_for_sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates for sainthood">Candidates for sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Servants_of_God" title="List of Servants of God">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_Catholics" title="List of venerated Catholics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beatified_people" title="List of beatified people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_canonization" title="Equivalent canonization">Equivalent canonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle" 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