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id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rabbinic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Later interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Interaction with humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theology_(Kalām)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_(Kalām)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Theology (<i>Kalām</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_(Kalām)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_Contemporary_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_Contemporary_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Modern and Contemporary movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_Contemporary_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Baháʼí faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Philosophy of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Esotericism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Esotericism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Esotericism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graeco-Roman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graeco-Roman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Graeco-Roman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graeco-Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermetic_Qabalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermetic_Qabalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Hermetic Qabalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermetic_Qabalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Theosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yazidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yazidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Yazidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yazidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Angel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat" title="Malaikat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Malaikat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD" title="መልአክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መልአክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83" title="ملاك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%9F%DC%90" title="ܡܠܐܟܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܠܐܟܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nxel" title="Ánxel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ánxel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceriw" title="Aceriw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Aceriw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малаик – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Малаик" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99l%C9%99k" title="Mələk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mələk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4" title="দেব-দূত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেব-দূত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Анёл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Анёл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анёл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghel" title="Anghel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Anghel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ангел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ангел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engl_(Religi%C3%B3n)" title="Engl (Religión) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Engl (Religión)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%91eo" title="Anđeo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anđeo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ael" title="Ael – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ael" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ngel" title="Àngel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àngel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C4%9Bl" title="Anděl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anděl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutumwa" title="Mutumwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutumwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" title="Angel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Angel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83" title="ملاك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ملاك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingel" title="Ingel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ingel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άγγελος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγγελος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel" title="Ángel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ángel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%9Delo" title="Anĝelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anĝelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aingeru" title="Aingeru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aingeru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87" title="فرشته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرشته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange" title="Ange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingel" title="Ingel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ingel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aingeal" title="Aingeal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aingeal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxo_(cristianismo)" title="Anxo (cristianismo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anxo (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%82%AC" title="천사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հրեշտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեշտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4" title="देवदूत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देवदूत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%91eo" title="Anđeo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anđeo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelo" title="Anjelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anjelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mm%E1%BB%A5%E1%BB%8D_ozi" title="Mmụọ ozi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmụọ ozi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat" title="Malaikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malaikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo" title="Angelo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angelo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C4%A1ulik" title="Isaġulik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Isaġulik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelosi" title="Ingelosi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingelosi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engill" title="Engill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Engill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo" title="Angelo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angelo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9A" title="מלאך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלאך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala%C3%A9kat" title="Malaékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Malaékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ანგელოზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანგელოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Janiół – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Janiół" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaika" title="Malaika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Malaika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Идӧг – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Идӧг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanzio" title="Wanzio – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Wanzio" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zanj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%C3%AE%C5%9Fte" title="Firîşte – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firîşte" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Периште – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Периште" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Angelus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%86%C4%A3elis" title="Eņģelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eņģelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelas" title="Angelas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Angelas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingel" title="Ingel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ingel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelu" title="Anjelu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Anjelu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjel" title="Anjel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anjel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiol" title="Angiol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Angiol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angyal" title="Angyal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angyal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ангел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ангел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjely" title="Anjely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anjely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96" title="മാലാഖ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാലാഖ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ანგელოზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანგელოზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83" title="ملاك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملاك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat" title="Malaikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Malaikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikaik" title="Malaikaik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Malaikaik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Анголь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Анголь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="परी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="परी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="天使 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天使" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel" title="Engel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Engel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ngel" title="Àngel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Àngel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਿਸ਼ਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਿਸ਼ਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%81" title="فرشتہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرشتہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%8C" title="ទូតសួគ៌ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទូតសួគ៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_(Himmel)" title="Engel (Himmel) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Engel (Himmel)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anio%C5%82" title="Anioł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anioł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjo" title="Anjo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anjo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enger" title="Înger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devabi" title="Devabi – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Devabi" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killki" title="Killki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Killki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ангел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ангел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Аанньал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аанньал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" title="Angel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Angel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engj%C3%ABlli" title="Engjëlli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Engjëlli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ncilu_(sp%C3%ACritu)" title="Àncilu (spìritu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àncilu (spìritu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="දේවදූතයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේවදූතයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" title="Angel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Angel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%AA" title="ملائڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ملائڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjel" title="Anjel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anjel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" title="Angel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malag" title="Malag – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Malag" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95" title="فریشتە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فریشتە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Анђео – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анђео" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%91eo" title="Anđeo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anđeo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala%C3%A9kat" title="Malaékat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Malaékat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkeli" title="Enkeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enkeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ngel" title="Ängel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ängel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghel" title="Anghel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anghel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தேவதூதர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேவதூதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D3%99" title="Фәрештә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәрештә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="ทูตสวรรค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทูตสวรรค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏗᏙᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏗᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melek" title="Melek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Melek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ангел – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ангел" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%81" title="فرشتہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرشتہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_s%E1%BB%A9" title="Thiên sứ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên sứ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andje" title="Andje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Andje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghel" title="Anghel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anghel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="天使 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天使" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9A" title="מלאך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מלאך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="天使 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天使" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniuols" title="Aniuols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aniuols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="天使 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天使" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruan" title="Suruan – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Suruan" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melikat" title="Melikat – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Melikat" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat" title="Malaikat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Malaikat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about the supernatural beings. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Angel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Angel (disambiguation)">Angel (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Angelology" redirects here. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Angelology_(novel)" title="Angelology (novel)"><i>Angelology</i> (novel)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg/220px-Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg/330px-Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg/440px-Angel_of_the_Annunciation_MET_DP167921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the angel of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a><b>,</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430–1440</span>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg/220px-Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg/330px-Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg/440px-Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><i>Schutzengel</i> ("Guardian angel") by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Plockhorst" title="Bernhard Plockhorst">Bernhard Plockhorst</a> depicts a <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">guardian angel</a> watching over two children.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/220px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/330px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/440px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> wears a Roman military cloak and cuirass in this 17th-century depiction by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>angel</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">spiritual</a> (without a physical body), <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavenly</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> being, usually <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bird_wing" title="Bird wing">bird-like wings</a>, often depicted as a messenger or intermediary between <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>) and humanity (the <a href="/wiki/Profane_(religion)" title="Profane (religion)">profane</a>) in various traditions like the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReligFacts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligFacts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other roles include protectors and guides for humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian angels">guardian angels</a> and servants of God.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western belief-systems</a> the term is often used to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">benevolent from malevolent</a> intermediary beings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emphasizing the distance between God and mankind, <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation-based belief-systems</a> require angels to bridge the gap between the earthly and the transcendent realm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels play a lesser role in <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monistic belief-systems</a>, since the gap is non-existent. However, angelic beings might be conceived as aid to achieve a proper relationship with the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Abrahamic religions describe <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">angelic hierarchies</a>, which vary by religion and sect. Some angels have specific names (such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">titles</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a>). <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Malevolent" class="extiw" title="wikt:Malevolent">Malevolent</a> angels are often believed to have been expelled from Heaven and called <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>. In many such religions, the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> (or devils) are identified with such angels.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg/200px-The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg/300px-The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg/400px-The_Wounded_Angel_-_Hugo_Simberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8537" data-file-height="6870" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wounded_Angel" title="The Wounded Angel">The Wounded Angel</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Simberg" title="Hugo Simberg">Hugo Simberg</a>, 1903, voted Finland's "national painting" in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Angels in art</a> are often identified with <a href="/wiki/Bird_wing" title="Bird wing">bird wings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_light" title="Divine light">divine light</a>. They are usually shaped like humans of extraordinary beauty, though this is not always the case—sometimes, they can be portrayed in a frightening, inhuman manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>angel</i> arrives in modern English from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>engel</i> (with a hard <i>g</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>angele</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these derive from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>angelus</i>, which in turn was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Late_Greek" title="Late Greek">Late Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ἄγγελος</span></span> <i>angelos</i> (literally "messenger").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Τhe word's earliest form is <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean language">Mycenaean</a> <i>a-ke-ro</i>, attested in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> syllabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Dutch linguist <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a>, <i>ángelos</i> itself may be "an Oriental loan, like ἄγγαρος (<i>ángaros</i>, 'Persian mounted courier')."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rendering of <i>ángelos</i> is the Septuagint's default translation of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> term <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism#Etymology" title="Angels in Judaism"><i>malʼākh</i></a>, denoting simply "messenger" without connoting its nature. In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a>, this meaning becomes bifurcated: when <i>malʼākh</i> or <i>ángelos</i> is supposed to denote a human messenger, words like <i>nuntius</i> or <i>legatus</i> are applied. If the word refers to some supernatural being, the word <i>angelus</i> appears. Such differentiation has been taken over by later vernacular translations of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, early Christian and Jewish exegetes and eventually modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of angels is historically best to be understood from different ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">concept of God</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">throughout history</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic worldviews</a>, supernatural powers (i.e. deities, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">spirits</a>, daemons, etc.) were assigned to different <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">natural phenomena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">(p102)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a monotheistic framework, these powers were reconsidered to be servants of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">supreme deity</a>, turning autonomous supernatural beings into "angels".<sup id="cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">(p102)</span></sup> </p><p>By that, supernatural powers controlling or influencing humanity's perception of the world, including natural phenomena and humans, are ultimately under control of a supreme God.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">(p102)</span></sup> Prominent angels, such as Michael and Gabriel, reflect a connection to the Chief Semitic deity <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>. Even <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">"bad" angels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> etc., can be understood as an operating force within the nature of humans, as responsible for selfish tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">(p102)</span></sup> </p><p>The idea of angels in early Hebrew scripture as supernatural agents is absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr,_James_1985_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr,_James_1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Hebrew deity</a> intervenes in human affairs, mostly by means of punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in later thought of <a href="/wiki/Post-exilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-exilic">post-exilic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">prophetic writings</a>, the Biblical deity is conceptualized as distant and more merciful, his interventions replaced by the idea of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such angels still carry out the gruesome attributes of God and can be both benevolent and malevolent.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of angels as embodiment of good emerges only under influence of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">the Devil</a> is conceived as the principle of evil, with a hosts of demons, in battle with the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">holy entities</a> (<i>Aməša Spəṇta</i>) created by <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> (principle of good).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr,_James_1985_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr,_James_1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influence of <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualistic tendencies</a> and replacement of divine powers by angels is evident from the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Qumram writings</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Angelic Liturgy</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew term</a> <i>elim</i> (deities, heavenly powers) is used for angelic beings and not for God.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">(p23)</span></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War Scroll</a></i> speaks about angels of light fighting against demonic beings of darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">(p20)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Angel, <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> there are different angel-like figures. They patronize human beings and other creatures, and also manifest God's energy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spentas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amesha Spentas">Amesha Spentas</a>, although rather emanations of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> ("Wise Lord", God) than distinct messengers, have often been compared to angels.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to angels in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a> reveals to <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> the true nature of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally to the Amesha Spentas, the <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a> have often been compared to angels, functioning as a <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">guardian angel</a>, and have been adopted as such by Zoroastrians themselves since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Amesha Spentas, the Fravashi appear as individualized warriors of Ahura Mazda's celestial army, descending from heaven to aid those who summon them against demons.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in Judaism</a></div> <p>In Judaism, angels (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מַלְאָךְ</span>‎</span> <i>mal’āḵ</i>; "messenger"), are understood through interpretation of the Tanakh and in a long tradition as supernatural beings who stand by God in heaven, but are strictly to be distinguished from God (YHWH) and are subordinate to him. Occasionally, they can show selected people God's will and instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Jewish tradition they are also inferior to humans since they have no will of their own and are able to carry out only one divine command.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg/220px-Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg/330px-Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg/440px-Abraham-And-The-Three-Angels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption><i>Three angels hosted by <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a> (c. 1610–1612), Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg/220px-Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg/330px-Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg/440px-Tobias_and_the_Angel_-_Filippino_Lippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5529" data-file-height="7769" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tobias_and_the_Angel_(Filippino_Lippi)" title="Tobias and the Angel (Filippino Lippi)">Tobias and the Angel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a>, created between c. 1472 and c. 1482</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> terms <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלאך אלהים</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mal'āk̠ 'ĕlōhîm</i></span>; "messenger of God"), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלאך יהוה</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mal'āk̠ <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></i></span>; "messenger of the Lord"), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בני אלהים</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">bənē <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">'ĕlōhîm</a></i></span>; "<a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">sons of God</a>") and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הקודשים</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">haqqôd̠əšîm</i></span>; "the holy ones") to refer to beings traditionally interpreted as angels. </p><p>The term <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">'מלאך'</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">'mal'āk̠'</i></span>) is also used in other books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. In the early stages of Hebrew writings, the term refers to human messengers, not to supernatural entities.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A human messenger might be a prophet or priest, such as <a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a>, "my messenger"; the Greek superscription in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation states the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Book of Malachi</a> was written "by the hand of his messenger" <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀγγέλου</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">angélu</i></span>). Examples of a supernatural messenger<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Malak YHWH</a>", who is either a messenger from God,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an aspect of God (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or God himself as the messenger (the "<a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophanic</a> angel.")<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early writings of the Hebrew Bible, both <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְנֵי־הָאֱלֹהִים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Sons of Gods' as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְאָךְ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mal’āḵ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'messenger' are aspects of God.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earliest records, the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> are in heaven. They are depicted as the heavenly court or the pantheon of religious belief-system of their time. They reflect the transcendent aspect of the Divine, but become progressively differentiated from the good aspect of the Divine. The <i>mal’āḵ</i> on the other hand, expresses the Divinties' interaction with the world. As such the <i>mal’āḵ</i> functions as the voice of the Divine, the Divine spirit, or as God himself. In Exodus 3:2-4, it is both <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> as well as a <i>mal’āḵ</i> Moses is addressed by.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusion of the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> with the <i>mal’āḵ</i> is evident in the Book of Hiob. Here, Satan is both one of the <i>Bənē hāʾĔlōhīm</i> in the heavenly court, as well as a <i>mal’āḵ</i> expressing God's interaction with humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael D. Coogan">Michael D. Coogan</a> notes that it is only in the late books that the terms "come to mean the benevolent semi-divine beings familiar from later mythology and art."<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> is the biblical book to refer to individual angels by name,<sup id="cite_ref-angels_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angels-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioning <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> in Daniel 9:21 and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> in Daniel 10:13. These angels are part of Daniel's apocalyptic visions and are an important part of <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a>, Daniel receives a dream-vision from God. [...] As Daniel watches, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> takes his seat on the throne of heaven and sits in judgement in the midst of the heavenly court [...] an [angel] like a <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a> approaches the Ancient One in the clouds of heaven and is given everlasting kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeffrey Burton Russel writes that "the more the banim and the mal'ak were seen as distinct from the God, the more it was possible ti thrust upon the evil elements in the divine character that Yahweh had discarded.".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coogan explains the development of this concept of angels: "In the postexilic period, with the development of explicit monotheism, these divine beings—the 'sons of God' who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Council" title="Divine Council">Divine Council</a>—were in effect demoted to what are now known as 'angels', understood as beings created by God, but immortal and thus superior to humans."<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conception of angels is best understood in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and is often thought to be "influenced by the ancient Persian religious tradition of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, which viewed the world as a battleground between forces of good and forces of evil, between light and darkness."<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these is <i><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">hāššāṭān</a></i>, a figure depicted in (among other places) the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rabbinic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> has been an orthodox form of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> since the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>, after the codification of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>. In post-Biblical <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, certain angels took on particular significance and developed unique personalities and roles. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the angels have no bodies, but are eternally living creatures created out of fire. The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> reads as "The Torah was not given to ministering angels." (לא נתנה תורה למלאכי השרת) usually understood as a concession to human's imperfection, in contrast to the angels.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, they occasionally appear in <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashim</a> as competition with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The angels as heavenly beings, strictly following the laws of God, become jealous of God's affection for man. Humans, by following the Torah, in prayer, by resisting evil instincts (<i><a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">yetzer hara</a></i>) and by <i><a href="/wiki/Teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Teshuva">teshuva</a></i>, are preferred to the flawless angels. As a result, they are also inferior to humans in the Jewish tradition. In the Midrash, the plural of <i><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>) used in Genesis in relation to the creation of human beings is explained by the presence of angels: God therefore consulted with the angels, but made the final decision alone. This story serves as an example, teaching that the powerful should also consult with the weak. God's own final decision highlights God's undisputable omnipotence.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these <a href="/wiki/Archangels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangels">archangels</a> were believed to rank among the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">heavenly host</a>, no systematic hierarchy ever developed. <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> is considered one of the highest of the angels in <a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> mysticism and often serves as a scribe; he is briefly mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and figures prominently in Merkabah mystical texts. Michael, who serves as a warrior<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advocate for Israel (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#10:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 10:13</a>), is looked upon particularly fondly.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#8:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 8:15–17</a>) and briefly in the Talmud,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in many Merkabah <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">mystical texts</a>. There is no evidence in Judaism for the <a href="/wiki/Worship_of_angels" title="Worship of angels">worship of angels</a>, but there is evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> and sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Conjuration_(summoning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjuration (summoning)">conjuration</a> of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-angels_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angels-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> of Alexandria identifies the angel with the <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i> inasmuch as the angel is the immaterial voice of God. The angel is something different from God himself, but is conceived as God's instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Four classes of ministering angels minister and utter praise before the Holy One, blessed be He: the first camp (led by) Michael on His right, the second camp (led by) Gabriel on His left, the third camp (led by) Uriel before Him, and the fourth camp (led by) Raphael behind Him; and the Shekhinah of the Holy One, blessed be He, is in the centre. He is sitting on a throne high and exalted<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_interpretations">Later interpretations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabalah">Kabbalah</a>, there are four worlds and our world is the last world: the world of action (Assiyah). Angels exist in the worlds above as a 'task' of God. They are an extension of God to produce effects in this world. After an angel has completed its task, it ceases to exist. The angel is in effect the task. This is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">book of Genesis</a> when <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> meets with three angels and <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a> meets with two. The task of one of the angels was to inform Sara and Abraham of their coming child. The other two were to save Lot and to destroy <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-angels_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angels-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish philosopher">Jewish philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> explained his view of angels in his <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> II:4 and II </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... This leads <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in turn to the demonstrated fact that God, glory and majesty to Him, does not do things by direct contact. God burns things by means of fire; fire is moved by the motion of the sphere; the sphere is moved by means of a disembodied intellect, these intellects being the 'angels which are near to Him', through whose mediation the spheres move ... thus totally disembodied minds exist which emanate from God and are the intermediaries between God and all the bodies [objects] here in this world.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Guide for the Perplexed</i> II:4, Maimonides</cite></div></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> had a neo-Aristotelian interpretation of the Bible. Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as "angels" are actually allusions to the various laws of nature; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For all forces are angels! How blind, how perniciously blind are the naive?! If you told someone who purports to be a sage of Israel that the Deity sends an angel who enters a woman's womb and there forms an embryo, he would think this a miracle and accept it as a mark of the majesty and power of the Deity, despite the fact that he believes an angel to be a body of fire one third the size of the entire world. All this, he thinks, is possible for God. But if you tell him that God placed in the sperm the power of forming and demarcating these organs, and that <i>this</i> is the angel, or that all forms are produced by the <a href="/wiki/Active_Intellect" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Intellect">Active Intellect</a>; that here is the angel, the "vice-regent of the world" constantly mentioned by the sages, then he will recoil. – <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> II:4</p></blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg/150px-Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg/225px-Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg/300px-Da_Forli_-_Music-Making_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>One of <a href="/wiki/Melozzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Melozzo">Melozzo</a>'s musician (seraphim) angels from the Basilica dei Santi Apostoli, now in the sacristy of St. Peter's Basilica</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg/220px-Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg/330px-Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg/440px-Blake_-_angel_of_revelation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><i>Angel of the Revelation</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, created between c. 1803 and c. 1805</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_Wwa,_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal,_Nowe_Miasto,_2023.04.08,_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_(2)corr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PL_Wwa%2C_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal%2C_Nowe_Miasto%2C_2023.04.08%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%282%29corr.jpg/220px-PL_Wwa%2C_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal%2C_Nowe_Miasto%2C_2023.04.08%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%282%29corr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PL_Wwa%2C_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal%2C_Nowe_Miasto%2C_2023.04.08%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%282%29corr.jpg/330px-PL_Wwa%2C_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal%2C_Nowe_Miasto%2C_2023.04.08%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%282%29corr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PL_Wwa%2C_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal%2C_Nowe_Miasto%2C_2023.04.08%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%282%29corr.jpg/440px-PL_Wwa%2C_kos_Franciszka_-_konfesjonal%2C_Nowe_Miasto%2C_2023.04.08%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%282%29corr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An angel on a <a href="/wiki/Confessional" title="Confessional">confessional</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_confession_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Seal of confession in the Catholic Church">seal of confession</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in Christianity</a></div> <p>Christian Medieval concept of angels derive from Hebrew and Greek scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> angels are anthropomorphized intermediaries between God and humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few angels appear to be impersonal forces of the divine will, while others have individual names and personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the formative stage, the Christian concept of an angel characterized the angel as a 'messenger' of God. The word "angel" can be drawn to the term or role of a "messenger" throughout the Bible in both old and new testaments - (<a href="/wiki/Hebrews_1" title="Hebrews 1">Hebrews 1:14</a>) calls them "ministering [or serving] spirits", sent by God to aid the "heirs of salvation". Later came identification of individual angelic messengers: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker,_Margaret_2004_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker,_Margaret_2004-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in the space of slightly over two centuries (from the 3rd to the 5th) the image of angels took on definite characteristics both in theology and in art.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Muehlberger" title="Ellen Muehlberger">Ellen Muehlberger</a> has argued that in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, angels were conceived of as one type of being among many, whose primary purpose was to guard and to guide Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Muehlberger_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muehlberger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In systematic Christian theology, angels are imagined as incorporeal entities and in opposition to corporeal humans, as in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Angels are represented throughout <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a> as <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">spiritual beings</a> which are intermediate between God and humanity: "For thou hast made him [man] a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#8:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalms 8:4–5</a>). Christians, based on Psalms and Genesis 2:1, believe that angels were the first beings created by God before the creation of Earth (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20148:2–5&version=nrsv">Psalms 148:2–5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:16&version=nrsv">Colossians 1:16</a>). Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible refer to intermediary beings as angels, instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimons</a></i>, thus giving raise to a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and angels.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, both benevolent and fierce angels are mentioned, but never called <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>. The symmetry lies between angels sent by God, and intermediary spirits of foreign deities, not in good and evil deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the existence of angels, just like that of demons, is taken for granted.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can intervene and intercede on behalf of humans. Angels protect the righteous (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%204:6&version=nrsv">Matthew 4:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:11&version=nrsv">Luke 4:11</a>). They dwell in the heavens (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:2&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:51&version=nrsv">John 1:51</a>), act as God's warriors (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:53&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:53</a>) and worship God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:13&version=nrsv">Luke 2:13</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the parable of the <a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a>, angels behave as <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">psychopomps</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> features angels, telling the woman that Jesus is no longer in the tomb, but has risen from the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels don't marry (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22:30&version=nkjv">Matthew 22:30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+12:25&version=nkjv">Mark 12:25</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+20:34–46&version=nkjv">Luke 20:34–46</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> acknowledges good (2 Cor 11:14; Gal 1:8; 4:14) and evil angels in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 1 Corinthians 6:3, angels will be judged by God, implying that angels can be both good and evil. Some scholars suggest that Gal 3:19 means that the Law of Moses was introduced by angels rather than God, combined with his statements in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, implies a negative role.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Collosians 2:18</a>, he criticizes the worship of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interaction with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg/220px-Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg/330px-Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg/440px-Gethsemane_Carl_Bloch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><i>Kristus i Getsemane</i> (1873), an angel comforting Jesus before his arrest in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Gethsemane" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden of Gethsemane">Garden of Gethsemane</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Heinrich Bloch">Carl Heinrich Bloch</a> (1834–1890)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Forget not to show love unto strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels unawares.—<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Hebrews#13:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Hebrews">Hebrews 13:2</a></p></blockquote> <p>Three separate cases of angelic interaction deal with the births of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. In (<a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1:11</a>), an angel appears to <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zechariah</a> to inform him that he will have a child despite his old age, thus proclaiming the birth of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. In Luke 1:26, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> visits <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> to foretell the <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a>. Angels proclaim the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds</a> in Luke 2:10.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Matthew 4:11, after Jesus spent 40 days in the desert, "...the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> left him and, behold, angels came and ministered to him." In Luke 22:43 an angel comforts Jesus during the <a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Matthew 28:5 an angel speaks at the empty tomb, following the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> and the rolling back of the stone by angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1851 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a> based on the 1751 reported <a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">private revelation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">archangel Michael</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite</a> nun Antonia d'Astonac.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a biography of <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a> written by Germanus Ruoppolo, Galgani stated that she had spoken with her <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">guardian angel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg/220px-Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg/330px-Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg/440px-Jacob_Wrestling_with_the_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob Wrestling with the Angel</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> in 1855</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> emphasized the role of angels in Catholic teachings in his 1986 address titled "Angels Participate In History Of Salvation", in which he suggested that modern mentality should come to see the importance of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-jpII_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpII-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Vatican's <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a>, "The practice of assigning names to the Holy Angels should be discouraged, except in the cases of Gabriel, Raphael and Michael whose names are contained in Holy Scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></div> <p>By the late 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> agreed that there were different categories of angels, with appropriate missions and activities assigned to them. There was, however, some disagreement regarding the nature of angels. Some argued that angels had <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/physical" class="extiw" title="wikt:physical">physical</a> bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some maintained that they were entirely spiritual. Some theologians had proposed that angels were not <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> but on the level of immaterial beings subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. The resolution of this Trinitarian dispute included the development of doctrine about angels.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, the term 'angel' refers to "the name of their office, not [...] their nature", as they are pure spirits who act as messengers, clarifying: "If you seek the name of their nature, it is 'spirit'; if you seek the name of their office, it is 'angel': from what they are, 'spirit', from what they do, 'angel'."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> thought that angels were made as "spirits" and "flames of fire", following Hebrews 1, and that they can be identified with the "thrones, dominions, rulers and authorities" of Colossians 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Muehlberger_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muehlberger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Forty Gospel Homilies</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (c. 540 – 12 March 604) noted angels and archangels.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a>'s (1215) <i>Firmiter credimus</i> decree (issued against the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Albigenses</a>) declared that the angels were created beings and that men were created after them. The <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (1869) repeated this declaration in <i><a href="/wiki/Dei_Filius" title="Dei Filius">Dei Filius</a></i>, the "<a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith</a>". </p><p>In the Middle Ages, theologians had to address Augustine's ideas of "angelic knowledge", as set out in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Genesi_ad_litteram" title="De Genesi ad litteram">De Genesi ad litteram</a></i>, which he divided into "morning" knowledge, knowledge of Creation before it is created derived from direct access to the Word of God, and "evening" knowledge, knowledge of Creation derived from perceiving it after it has been created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202211_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202211-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (13th century) related angels to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 8th question of <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_Disputatae_de_Veritate" title="Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202211_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202211-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i>De substantiis separatis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a treatise on angelology. </p><p>Aquinas varied significantly from the Augustinian view in two major respects: angels were not created in an initial state of bliss, and only beatified angels have "morning" knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202212_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202212-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words: angels have an angelic nature, but in their natural states have no access to Divine "morning" knowledge of Creation, which they only gain with supernatural assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202212–13_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202212–13-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was Aquinas' most original contribution to Christian angelology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202212_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202212-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although angels have greater knowledge than men, they are not <a href="/wiki/Omniscient" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniscient">omniscient</a>, as Matthew 24:36 points out.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Summa Theologica</i>, angels were created instantaneously by God in a state of <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> in the Empyrean <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> (LXI. 4) at the same time when he created all the contents of the corporeal world (LXI. 3). They are pure spirits whose life consists in knowledge and love. Being bodiless, their knowledge is intellectual and not through senses (LIV. 5). Differently from humans, their knowledge is not acquired from the exterior world (having acquired all knowledge they would ever receive in the moment of their creation); moreover they attain to the truth of a thing at a single glance without need of reasoning (LV. a; LVIII. 3,4). They know all that passes in the external world (LV. 2) and the totality of creatures, but they don't know human secret thoughts that depends on human free will and thereby are not necessarily linked up with external events (LVII. 4). They don't know also the future unless God reveals it to them (LVII. 3).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Aquinas, angels are the closest creatures to God. Therefore, like God, they are constituted by pure <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">form</a> without <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they do not have a physical composition of matter and form (called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilemorphysm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilemorphysm (page does not exist)">ilemorphysm</a>), they possess the metaphysical composition of act (the <a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">act of being</a><sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_24636655_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_24636655-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and potency (their finite essence, yet without being<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_24636655_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_24636655-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each angel is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> which a unique individual belongs to; angels differ one from another by way of their unique and irrepetible form. In other words, form - and not matter - is their <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_individuation" title="Principle of individuation">principle of individuation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_angel,_persian_miniature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Islamic_angel%2C_persian_miniature.jpg/220px-Islamic_angel%2C_persian_miniature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Islamic_angel%2C_persian_miniature.jpg/330px-Islamic_angel%2C_persian_miniature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Islamic_angel%2C_persian_miniature.jpg/440px-Islamic_angel%2C_persian_miniature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of an angel in a <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> miniature (Iran, 1555)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in Islam</a></div> <p>Belief in angels is fundamental to Islam. The Quranic word for angel (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ملاك</span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Malāk</i></span></i>) derives either from <i>Malaka</i>, meaning "he controlled", due to their power to govern different affairs assigned to them,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from the root either from <i>ʼ-l-k</i>, <i>l-ʼ-k</i> or <i>m-l-k</i> with the broad meaning of a "<a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">messenger</a>", just like its counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> (<i>malʾákh</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<i>angelos</i>). Unlike their Hebrew counterpart, the term is exclusively used for heavenly spirits of the divine world, but not for human messengers. The Quran refers to both angelic and human messengers as "rasul" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran is the principal source for the Islamic concept of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them, such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, are mentioned by name in the Quran, others are only referred to by their function. Most Muslim theologians, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a>, based on a hadith stating that the angels have been created through <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">light</a> (<i>nūr</i>) or fire (<i>nār</i>), depict angels as entities consisting of substance, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">philosophers</a> who argued for angels being disembodied spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, angels are thought to be endowed with reason and be subject to God's tests. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a> (853–944 CE) states that the inhabitants of heaven were tested by adorenments, just as humans and jinn on earth were tested, pointing at Sūrat al-Kahf [Q. 18:7]<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISBN_9789004100237_p54-56_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_9789004100237_p54-56-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When angels fail their tests, they might end up on earth, such as <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a>. If the <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">devils</a> (<i>šayāṭīn</i>) have been angels once or form a separate type of creature from the beginning, is discussed in Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief, angels are never described as agents of revelation in the Quran, although interpretation credits Gabriel with that.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels are not limited to benevolent tasks, but can also carry out grim orders.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not demons, but angels are tasked to guard and punish sinners in hell.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Angels play a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Mi'raj literature</a>, where Muhammad encounters several angels during his journey through the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further angels have often been featured in Islamic eschatology, <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual angels are further evoked in <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcism in Islam">exorcism rites</a>, with their names engraved in talismans or amulets to call upon their powers.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_(Kalām)"><span id="Theology_.28Kal.C4.81m.29"></span>Theology (<i>Kalām</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theology (Kalām)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angels_(mal%C4%81%CA%BEika)_meet_Adam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png/240px-Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png/360px-Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png/480px-Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>The Angels meet Adam, the prototypical human being, before they are being tested to prostrate themselves before Adam. They share, albeit to a lesser degree, the defiant reaction of Iblis, the future devil, who, in contrast to the angels, is depicted with a dark face. Painting from a manuscript of the Manṭiq al-ṭayr (The Conference of the Birds) of Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār. Iran, Shiraz, 899/1494.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuehn2019_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuehn2019-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a> usually distinguishes between three types of invisible creatures: <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> (<i>malāʾikah</i>), <a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">djinn</a>, and devils (<i>šayāṭīn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> (c. 1058 – 1111) divides human nature into four domains, each representing another type of creature: animals, beasts, devils and angels.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconciling the literal meaning (<i>Ẓāhir</i>) with the Avicennan cosmology of <i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">falsafa</a></i> of angels, he identified angels with the "<a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">celestial intellects</a>" or "immaterial souls".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels, made from light (<i>Nūr</i>) and thus associated with <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">reason</a> ('<i>aql</i>), represent the intellectual capacity of a human and the ability to bound the devilish qualities from within.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that, Ghazali does not deny the literal reality of angels, but rejects that they could be perceived directly.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although belief in angels remains one of <a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_Six_Articles_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Faith</a> in Islam, one can not find a dogmatic angelology in Islamic tradition. However, theologians generally distinguish between the angels in heaven (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">karubiyin</i></span>), fully absorbed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">ma'rifa</a></i> (knowledge) of God, and the messengers (<i>rasūl</i>) who carry out divine decrees between heaven and earth.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others add a third group of angels, and categorize angels into <i>İlliyyûn Mukarrebûn</i> (those around God's throne), <i>Mudabbirât</i> (carrying the laws of nature), and <i>Rasūl</i> (messengers).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a> based this divide into two groups on Quranic verses: angels who are self-immersed in knowledge of "the Truth" (al-Haqq), based on "they laud night and day, they never wane" (21:29), they are the "highmost" and "angels brought near" and those who are the executors of commands, based on "they do not disobey Allah in what He commanded them but they do what they are commanded" (66:6), who are the administers of the command of heaven to earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Baydawi-2016_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baydawi-2016-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 509">: 509 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_and_Contemporary_movements">Modern and Contemporary movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern and Contemporary movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">modern scholars</a> have emphasized a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> generally emphasize a literal interpretation of angels against modernistic interpretations, as for example, suggested by <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a>. Simultaneously, many traditional materials regarding angels accepted during the Classical period are often disregarded by Wahhabis and Salafis. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar_Sulaiman_Al-Ashqar" title="Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar">Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar</a> reject much established material during earlier periods, for example, the story of <i>Harut and Marut</i> or calling the Angel of Death <i>Azrail</i>. Sulayman Ashqar not only rejects the traditional material itself, but also disapproves of previous scholars who used such reports.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/220px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/330px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg/440px-Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad advancing on Mecca, with the angels <a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Azrail">Azrail</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i Nebi</a>, 16th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Islam, just like in Judaism and Christianity, angels are often represented in <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic forms</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran describes them as "messengers with wings—two, or three, or four: He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases..."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13th century book <i>Ajā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt</i> <i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAj%C4%81%27ib_al-makhl%C5%ABq%C4%81t_wa_ghar%C4%81%27ib_al-mawj%C5%ABd%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt">(The Wonders of Creation)</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a> describes Islamic angelology, and is often illustrated with many images of angels. The angels are typically depicted with bright, vivid colors, giving them unusual liveliness and other-worldly translucence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some angels are referred to as "Guardians of the Kingdom of God," others are associated with hell. An undated manuscript of <i>The Wonders of Creation</i> from the Bavarian State Library in Munich includes depictions of angels both alone and alongside humans and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angels are also illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> manuscripts, such as <i>The Timurid Book of the Prophet Muhammad's Ascension</i> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mir'ajnama</i></span>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i Nebi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruber,_Christiane_J._2008_p._254_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber,_Christiane_J._2008_p._254-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baháʼí_faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_faith"></span>Baháʼí faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Baháʼí faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, describes angels as people who "have consumed, with the fire of the love of God, all human traits and limitations", and have "clothed themselves" with angelic attributes and have become "endowed with the attributes of the spiritual". <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a> describes angels as the "confirmations of God and His celestial powers" and as "blessed beings who have severed all ties with this nether world" and "been released from the chains of self", and "revealers of God's abounding grace". The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí writings">Baháʼí</a> writings also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Concourse_on_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Concourse on High">Concourse on High</a>, an angelic host, and the <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Maid of Heaven">Maid of Heaven</a> of Baháʼu'lláh's vision.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I raised my hand another time, and bared one of Her breasts that had been hidden beneath Her gown. Then the firmament was illumined by the radiance of its light, contingent beings were made resplendent by its appearance and effulgence, and by its rays, infinite numbers of suns dawned forth, as though they trekked through heavens that were without beginning or end. I became bewildered at the pen of God's handiwork, and at what it had inscribed upon Her temple. It was as though She had appeared with a body of light in the forms of the spirit, as though She moved upon the earth of essence in the substance of manifestation. I noticed that the houris had poked their heads out of their rooms and were suspended in the air above Her. They grew perplexed at Her appearance and Her beauty and were entranced by the raptures of Her song. Praise be to Her creator, fashioner, and maker--to the one Who made Her manifest. </p><p>Then she nearly swooned within herself, and with all her being she sought to inhale My fragrance. She opened Her lips, and the rays of light dawned forth from Her teeth, as though the pearls of the cause had appeared from Her treasures and Her shells. </p><p>She asked, "Who art Thou?" </p><p> I said, "A servant of God and the son of his maidservant."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tablet of the Maiden, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_of_religion">Philosophy of religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophy of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a>, there is no significant distinction made between good and evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Iranian influence, the <a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">sublunary sphere</a> was traced to inspiring angels.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> already identified the Neo-Platonic interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daemons</a> as angels. The daemons were thought to be intermediary between the supernatural and earthly realm, interpreted by Philo as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> term for angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the commentaries of <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a> (4th century) on the <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Proclus uses the terminology of "angelic" (<i>aggelikos</i>) and "angel" (<i>aggelos</i>) in relation to metaphysical beings. According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, just as there is a <a href="/wiki/Primum_movens#Aristotle's_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Primum movens">Prime Mover</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so too, must there be spiritual secondary movers.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, developed an angelological hierarchy of Intellects, which are created by "<a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">the One</a>" (God). Accordingly, the first creation by God is the supreme intellect. From that intellect, intermediary spirits (angels) emanate. From these intellects, the intellect corresponding to the soul finally emerges. It is by the last Intellect that matter is animated and illuminates the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esotericism">Esotericism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Esotericism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graeco-Roman_world">Graeco-Roman world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Graeco-Roman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Magic in the Greco-Roman world</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_magical_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek magical papyri">Greek magical papyri</a>, a set of texts forming into a completed <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a> that date somewhere between 100 BC and 400 AD, also list the names of the angels found in monotheistic religions, but they are presented as <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel, though of Jewish origin, were popular figures in Hellenistic Egyptian paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic cosmologies</a>, angels are generally hostile celestial powers. Numerous references to angels present themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Hammadi Library">Nag Hammadi Library</a>, in which they both appear as malevolent servants of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a> and innocent associates of the <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">aeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The angels are credited with creating the world and also its rulers in constant battle against each other. They are usurpers of spiritual powers to whom the Gnostic must strive against to become free from envy and greed, and eventually obtains salvation in the immaterial realms.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the soul may act as an angel-like messenger who reveals mysteries and awakens knowledge in human consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermetic_Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hermetic Qabalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> as described by the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a> there are ten <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangels</a>, each commanding one of the choirs of angels and corresponding to one of the <a href="/wiki/Sephirot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephirot">Sephirot</a>. It is similar to the Jewish angelic hierarchy. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Choir of Angels </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Archangel </th> <th>Sephirah </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Hayot</a> Ha Kodesh </td> <td>Holy Living Ones </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keter" title="Keter">Keter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a> </td> <td>Wheels </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chokmah" title="Chokmah">Chokmah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Er%27el" class="mw-redirect" title="Er'el">Erelim</a> </td> <td>Brave ones<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzaphqiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaphqiel">Tzaphkiel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Binah_(Kabbalah)" title="Binah (Kabbalah)">Binah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a> </td> <td>Glowing ones, Amber ones<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzadkiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzadkiel">Tzadkiel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a> </td> <td>Burning Ones </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camael_(archangel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camael (archangel)">Khamael</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gevurah" title="Gevurah">Gevurah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Malakim</a> </td> <td>Messengers, angels </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tipheret" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipheret">Tipheret</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a> </td> <td>Godly Beings </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netzach" title="Netzach">Netzach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Bene Elohim</a> </td> <td>Sons of Elohim </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hod_(Kabbalah)" title="Hod (Kabbalah)">Hod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yesod" title="Yesod">Yesod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a> </td> <td>Men (man-like beings, phonetically similar to "fires") </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malkuth" title="Malkuth">Malkuth</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></div> <p>In the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(New_Age)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deva (New Age)">Devas</a></i> are regarded as living either in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> (<i>Planetary Angels</i>) or inside the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (<i>Solar Angels</i>) and they help to guide the operation of the processes of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> such as the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>; their appearance is reputedly like colored flames about the size of a human. It is believed by Theosophists that devas can be observed when the <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a> is activated. Some (but not most) devas originally incarnated as <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human beings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed by Theosophists that <a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">nature spirits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementals" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementals">elementals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undine_(alchemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Undine (alchemy)">undines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylphs">sylphs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salamander_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamander (legendary creature)">salamanders</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> also can be observed when the <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a> is activated.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is maintained by Theosophists that these less evolutionarily developed beings have never been previously incarnated as humans; they are regarded as being on a separate line of spiritual evolution called the "deva evolution"; eventually, as their <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">souls</a> advance as they <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnate</a>, it is believed they will incarnate as devas.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is asserted by Theosophists that all of the above-mentioned beings possess <a href="/wiki/Etheric_body" title="Etheric body">etheric bodies</a> that are composed of <i><a href="/wiki/Etheric_plane" title="Etheric plane">etheric matter</a></i>, a type of matter finer and more pure that is composed of smaller particles than ordinary <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">physical plane matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yazidism">Yazidism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Yazidism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yazidi_holy_figures" title="List of Yazidi holy figures">List of Yazidi holy figures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazidism#Holy_figures" title="Yazidism">Yazidism § Holy figures</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, there are seven Divine Beings (often called 'angels' in the literature) who were created by God prior to the creation of this world. God appointed <a href="/wiki/Taw%C3%BBs%C3%AE_Melek" title="Tawûsî Melek">Tawûsî Melek</a> as their leader and assigned all of the world's affairs to these seven Divine Beings.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Divine Beings are referred to as Tawûsî Melek, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Shems" title="Sheikh Shems">Melek Şemsedîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasird%C3%AEn" title="Nasirdîn">Melek Nasirdîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fexred%C3%AEn" title="Fexredîn">Melek Fexredîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicad%C3%AEn" title="Sicadîn">Melek Sicadîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasan_ibn_Sheikh_Adi_II" title="Sheikh Hasan ibn Sheikh Adi II">Melek Şêxsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Obekr" title="Sheikh Obekr">Melek Şêxûbekir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Angels in art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">Putto</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenz_Entwurf_zu_einem_Engel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lenz_Entwurf_zu_einem_Engel.jpg/149px-Lenz_Entwurf_zu_einem_Engel.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lenz_Entwurf_zu_einem_Engel.jpg/224px-Lenz_Entwurf_zu_einem_Engel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Lenz_Entwurf_zu_einem_Engel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Draft for an Angel by Desiderius Lenz</figcaption></figure> <p>According to mainstream Christian theology, angels are wholly spiritual beings and therefore do not eat, excrete or have sex, and have no gender. Although their different roles, such as warriors for some archangels, may suggest a human gender, Christian artists were careful not to given them specific gender attributes, at least until the 19th century, when some acquire breasts for example.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg/220px-Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg/330px-Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg/440px-Three_Loves_Next_to_a_Cartouche_MET_DP825513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="3599" /></a><figcaption><i>Three Putti Next to a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">Cartouche</a></i>, after <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, 1727–1760, etching and engraving, 26.5 × 21.5 cm, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>In an address during a General Audience of 6 August 1986, entitled "Angels participate in the history of salvation", Pope John Paul II explained that "[T]he angels have no 'body' (even if, in particular circumstances, they reveal themselves under visible forms because of their mission for the good of people)."<sup id="cite_ref-jpII_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpII-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian art perhaps reflects the descriptions in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> 4:6–8 of the <a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Four Living Creatures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τὰ τέσσαρα ζῷα</span>) and the descriptions in the Hebrew Bible of <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraphim</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Chayot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayot">chayot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">Merkabah</a> vision and the Seraphim of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>). However, while cherubim and seraphim have wings in the Bible, no angel is mentioned as having wings.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known Christian image of an angel—in the <i>Cubicolo dell'Annunziazione</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Priscilla" title="Catacomb of Priscilla">Catacomb of Priscilla</a> (mid-3rd century)—is without wings. In that same period, representations of angels on <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>, lamps and <a href="/wiki/Reliquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliquaries">reliquaries</a> also show them without wings,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as for example the angel in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifice of Isaac">Sacrifice of Isaac</a></i> scene in the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus">Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus</a> (although the side view of the Sarcophagus shows winged angelic figures). </p><p>The earliest known representation of angels with wings is on the "Prince's Sarcophagus", attributed to the time of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (379–395), discovered at Sarigüzel, near <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that period on, Christian art has represented angels mostly with wings, as in the cycle of mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a> (432–440).<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four- and six-winged angels, drawn from the higher grades of angels (especially <a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">seraphim</a>) and often showing only their faces and wings, are derived from Persian art and are usually shown only in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heavenly contexts</a>, as opposed to performing tasks on earth. They often appear in the <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a> of church <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-domes</a>. Prior to the Judeo-Christian tradition, in the Greek world the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> and the gods <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a> were also depicted in human-like form with wings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> explained the significance of angels' wings: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They manifest a nature's sublimity. That is why Gabriel is represented with wings. Not that angels have wings, but that you may know that they leave the heights and the most elevated dwelling to approach human nature. Accordingly, the wings attributed to these powers have no other meaning than to indicate the sublimity of their nature.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Angels are typically depicted in Mormon art as having no wings based on a quote from Joseph Smith ("An angel of God never has wings").<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of their clothing, angels, especially the Archangel Michael, were depicted as military-style agents of God and came to be shown wearing <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> military uniform. This uniform could be the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, an armour breastplate and <i><a href="/wiki/Pteruges" title="Pteruges">pteruges</a></i>, but was often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>, with a long tunic and the <i><a href="/wiki/Loros" title="Loros">loros</a></i>, the long gold and jewelled <i><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a></i> restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards. </p><p>The basic military dress was shown in Western art into the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period and beyond (see Reni picture above), and up to the present day in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. Other angels came to be conventionally depicted in long robes, and in the later Middle Ages they often wear the vestments of a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a> over a <a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>. This costume was used especially for <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> scenes—for example the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(van_Eyck,_Washington)" title="Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington)">Annunciation in Washington</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>. </p><p>Some types of angels are described as possessing more unusual or frightening attributes, such as the fiery bodies of the <a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a>, and the wheel-like structures of the <a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern German Baroque angel, by Ignaz Günther, circa 1760–1770, lindenwood with traces of gesso, 26.7 x 18.4 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Southern German Baroque angel, by Ignaz Günther, circa 1760–1770, lindenwood with traces of gesso, 26.7 x 18.4 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg/124px-Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg/186px-Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg/248px-Angel_MET_DP-14477-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern German <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> angel, by <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_G%C3%BCnther" title="Ignaz Günther">Ignaz Günther</a>, circa 1760–1770, lindenwood with traces of gesso, 26.7 x 18.4 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warriorangel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arquebusier Angels, hundreds of colonial paintings depicting these angels, Colonial Bolivia and Peru, 17th century, were part of the Cusco Colonial Painting School"><img alt="Arquebusier Angels, hundreds of colonial paintings depicting these angels, Colonial Bolivia and Peru, 17th century, were part of the Cusco Colonial Painting School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Warriorangel.jpg/118px-Warriorangel.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Warriorangel.jpg/178px-Warriorangel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Warriorangel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_arcabuceros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ángeles arcabuceros">Arquebusier Angels</a>, hundreds of colonial paintings depicting these angels, Colonial Bolivia and Peru, 17th century, were part of the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco Colonial Painting School</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The extraordinary-looking Cherubim (immediately to the right of Ezekiel) and Ophanim (the nested-wheels) appear in the chariot vision of Ezekiel"><img alt="The extraordinary-looking Cherubim (immediately to the right of Ezekiel) and Ophanim (the nested-wheels) appear in the chariot vision of Ezekiel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg/170px-Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg/255px-Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg/340px-Ezekiel-Vision-Merkaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The extraordinary-looking <a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">Cherubim</a> (immediately to the right of Ezekiel) and Ophanim (the nested-wheels) appear in the <a href="/wiki/Merkabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkabah">chariot vision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenhola.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An angel in the former coat of arms of Tenala"><img alt="An angel in the former coat of arms of Tenala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tenhola.vaakuna.svg/158px-Tenhola.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tenhola.vaakuna.svg/237px-Tenhola.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tenhola.vaakuna.svg/316px-Tenhola.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An angel in the former coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Tenala" title="Tenala">Tenala</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arielsopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sopó Archangels, a series of archangels painted around 1650 in colonial Colombia."><img alt="Sopó Archangels, a series of archangels painted around 1650 in colonial Colombia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arielsopo.jpg/104px-Arielsopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arielsopo.jpg/156px-Arielsopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Arielsopo.jpg/209px-Arielsopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sop%C3%B3_Archangels" title="Sopó Archangels">Sopó Archangels</a>, a series of archangels painted around 1650 in colonial Colombia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apparition of Saint Michael, ca. 1686 by Cristóbal de Villalpando. Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral collection. Colonial Mexico."><img alt="Apparition of Saint Michael, ca. 1686 by Cristóbal de Villalpando. Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral collection. Colonial Mexico." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg/170px-La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg/255px-La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg/340px-La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_-_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="623" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Apparition of Saint Michael</i>, ca. 1686 by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando" title="Cristóbal de Villalpando">Cristóbal de Villalpando</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral">Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral</a> collection. Colonial Mexico.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Angel,_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz,_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco,_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra,_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century stone statue depicting the Angel of Portugal, at the Machado de Castro National Museum, in Portugal."><img alt="16th century stone statue depicting the Angel of Portugal, at the Machado de Castro National Museum, in Portugal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heraldic_Angel%2C_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco%2C_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra%2C_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg/106px-Heraldic_Angel%2C_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco%2C_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra%2C_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heraldic_Angel%2C_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco%2C_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra%2C_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg/159px-Heraldic_Angel%2C_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco%2C_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra%2C_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heraldic_Angel%2C_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco%2C_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra%2C_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg/211px-Heraldic_Angel%2C_from_the_Mosteiro_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_by_Diogo_Pires-o-Moco%2C_1500-1525_-_Museu_Nacional_de_Machado_de_Castro_-_Coimbra%2C_Portugal_-DSC09916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3269" data-file-height="5252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century stone statue depicting the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Angel of Portugal</a>, at the Machado de Castro National Museum, in Portugal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forlorn-hope-p20.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An illustration of a dying woman witnessing angels, presumably depicting a deathbed vision, by Frederick William Fairholt for the 1844 short story "A Forlorn Hope"."><img alt="An illustration of a dying woman witnessing angels, presumably depicting a deathbed vision, by Frederick William Fairholt for the 1844 short story "A Forlorn Hope"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Forlorn-hope-p20.png/170px-Forlorn-hope-p20.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Forlorn-hope-p20.png/255px-Forlorn-hope-p20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Forlorn-hope-p20.png/340px-Forlorn-hope-p20.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An illustration of a dying woman witnessing angels, presumably depicting a <a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">deathbed vision</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Fairholt" title="Frederick William Fairholt">Frederick William Fairholt</a> for the 1844 short story "A Forlorn Hope".</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Angels in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clayton_(writer)" title="George Clayton (writer)">George Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">Classification of demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">Demigod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_paradisum" title="In paradisum">In paradisum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">Non-physical entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory#Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Free Dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/angel">"angel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108092531/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/angel">Archived</a> 8 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 1 September 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReligFacts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReligFacts_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406134902/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/beliefs/angels.htm">"Angels in Christianity"</a>. <i>Religion Facts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/beliefs/angels.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Facts&rft.atitle=Angels+in+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fchristianity%2Fbeliefs%2Fangels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm"><i>Enarrationes in Psalmos</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009114455/http://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 103, I, 15<i>, augustinus.it</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion Macmillan Publishing (1986) p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007), pp. 90–95; compare review in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i>, 3795–3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Didron, Vol 2, pp.68–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauKohler" class="citation web cs1">Blau, Ludwig; Kohler, Kaufmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1521-angelology">"Angelology"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520024437/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1521-angelology">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Angelology&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Kaufmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1521-angelology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512181229/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/angel?q=angel">"angel – Definition of angel in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries – English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/angel?q=angel">the original</a> on 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%E2%80%93+English&rft.atitle=angel+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+angel+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fangel%3Fq%3Dangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong" class="citation web cs1">Strong, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/greek/32.htm">"Strong's Greek"</a>. <i>Biblehub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304004547/https://biblehub.com/greek/32.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>Transliteration: aggelos Phonetic Spelling: (ang'-el-os)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Greek&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fgreek%2F32.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=193">palaeolexicon.com, <i>a-ke-ro</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231726/http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=193">Archived</a> 2 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Palaeolexicon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, R. S. P.</a>, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kosior, Wojciech (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4426250">"The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory"</a>. <i>The Polish Journal of Biblical Research</i>. <b>12</b> (1 (23)): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133301/https://www.academia.edu/4426250">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Journal+of+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Angel+in+the+Hebrew+Bible+from+the+Statistic+and+Hermeneutic+Perspectives.+Some+Remarks+on+the+Interpolation+Theory&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1+%2823%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4426250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu-Hamdiyyah, Muhammad. The Qur'an: an introduction. Routledge, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Suyūṭī’s, Jalāl al-Dīn. "“Panangelon”: Angelology and Its Relation to Polytheism." The Intermediate Worlds of Angels: 153-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr,_James_1985-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr,_James_1985_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr,_James_1985_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barr, James. "The question of religious influence: The case of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 53.2 (1985): 201-235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Religion_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre01elia"><i>The Encyclopedia of Religion</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. 1986. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre01elia/page/283">283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909700-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909700-2"><bdi>0-02-909700-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-02-909700-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre01elia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees2012_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees2012_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Valery. From Gabriel to Lucifer: A cultural history of angels. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), <i>Angels A to Z</i>, Entry: <i>Zoroastrianism</i>, pp. 425–427, <a href="/wiki/Visible_Ink_Press" title="Visible Ink Press">Visible Ink Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-0652-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-0652-9">0-7876-0652-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, G. S. (2009). Angels. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204">https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuehn, S., Leder, S., & Pökel, H. P. (2019, December). Introduction: Angels and Their Religious and Cosmological Contexts. In The Intermediate Worlds of Angels. Ergon-Verlag. p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Röttger: Mal'ak jhwh, Bote von Gott. Die Vorstellung von Gottesboten im hebräischen Alten Testament. Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-261-02633-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-261-02633-2">3-261-02633-2</a> (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Regensburg 1977). Johann Michl: Engel (jüd.). In: RAC, Band 5. Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart 1962, p. 60–97. (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Hertz: Kommentar zum Pentateuch, hier zu Gen 19,17 EU. Morascha Verlag Zürich, 1984. Band I, p. 164. (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, David Albert. Angels: a history. Oxford University Press, 2010. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lex-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hebrewenglishlex00browuoft#page/520/mode/2up">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"מַלְאָךְ", Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, eds.: <i>A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament</i>, p. 521"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D7%9E%D6%B7%D7%9C%D6%B0%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%9A%D6%B0%22%2C+Francis+Brown%2C+S.+R.+Driver%2C+and+Charles+A.+Briggs%2C+eds.%3A+A+Hebrew+and+English+Lexicon+of+the+Old+Testament%2C+p.+521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhebrewenglishlex00browuoft%23page%2F520%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01476d.htm">"Angels."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901141613/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01476d.htm">Archived</a> 1 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. accessed 20 October 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Copleston, <i>A History of Philosophy</i>, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/angel-of-the-lord.html">Baker, Louis Goldberg. <i>Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology</i>: Angel of the Lord</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812104425/http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/angel-of-the-lord.html">Archived</a> 12 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The functions of the angel of the Lord in the Old Testament prefigure the reconciling ministry of Jesus. In the New Testament, there is no mention of the angel of the Lord; the Messiah himself is this person."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 201-202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan,_Michael_D._2009_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angels-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-angels_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angels_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-angels_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1521&letter=A&search=angels">"Angelology"</a>. The Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328231641/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1521&letter=A&search=angels">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angelology&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D1521%26letter%3DA%26search%3Dangels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8xWzXiByKgC&pg=PA67"><i>Did the First Christians Worship Jesus?: The New Testament Evidence</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-070-0"><bdi>978-1-61164-070-0</bdi></a>. <q>God sends an angel to communicate with prophets, and an interpreter angel appears regularly in apocalyptic visions and as companion in heavenly journeys. One of the most fascinating features of several ancient stories is the appearance of what can be called <i>theophanic</i> angels; that is, angels who not only bring a message from God, but who represent God in personal terms, or who even may be said to embody God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+the+First+Christians+Worship+Jesus%3F%3A+The+New+Testament+Evidence&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-070-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8xWzXiByKgC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce D.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OK8KP5Z9-ZMC&pg=PA276">"(The) Son of (The) Man, and Jesus"</a>. In Craig A. Evans (ed.). <i>Authenticating the Words of Jesus</i>. BRILL. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04163-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04163-0"><bdi>0-391-04163-0</bdi></a>. <q>As described in the book of Daniel, "one like a son of man" is clearly identified as the messianic and angelic redeemer of Israel, a truly heavenly redeemer known to Israel as the archangel Michael.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28The%29+Son+of+%28The%29+Man%2C+and+Jesus&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Words+of+Jesus&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04163-0&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOK8KP5Z9-ZMC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The devil: Perceptions of evil from antiquity to primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press, 1987. p. 198-199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes, Christine. <i>The Torah was not Given to Ministering Angels: Rabbinic Aspirationalism.</i> Talmudic Transgressions. Brill, 2017. 123–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reinhard_Gregor_Kratz_2006_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard Gregor Kratz, Hermann Spieckermann: Götterbilder, Gottesbilder, Weltbilder: Griechenland und Rom, Judentum, Christentum und Islam. Mohr Siebeck, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148807-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148807-8">978-3-16-148807-8</a> (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanhedrin 38b and Avodah Zerah 3b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksander R. Michalak, Angels as Warriors in Late Second Temple Jewish Literature, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah Darrell D., <i>Michael and Christ: Michael Traditions and Angel Christology in Early Christianity</i>, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Sanhedrin 95b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copleston, Frederick Charles (2003). <i>A history of philosophy, Volume 1</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 460. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6895-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6895-0">0-8264-6895-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedlander, Gerald. <i>Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer</i> Varda Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, P., & Walsham, A. (Eds.). (2006). Angels in the early modern world. Cambridge University Press. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, P., & Walsham, A. (Eds.). (2006). Angels in the early modern world. Cambridge University Press. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, P., & Walsham, A. (Eds.). (2006). Angels in the early modern world. Cambridge University Press. p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker,_Margaret_2004-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker,_Margaret_2004_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Margaret (2004). <i>An Extraordinary Gathering of Angels</i>, M Q Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227004018/http://www.hoepli.it/libro.asp?ib=9788887472691&pc=000021001000000">"LA FIGURA DELL'ANGELO NELLA CIVILTA' PALEOCRISTIANA – PROVERBIO CECILIA – TAU – Libro"</a>. 27 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoepli.it/libro.asp?ib=9788887472691&pc=000021001000000">the original</a> on 27 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LA+FIGURA+DELL%27ANGELO+NELLA+CIVILTA%27+PALEOCRISTIANA+%E2%80%93+PROVERBIO+CECILIA+%E2%80%93+TAU+%E2%80%93+Libro&rft.date=2008-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoepli.it%2Flibro.asp%3Fib%3D9788887472691%26pc%3D000021001000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muehlberger-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muehlberger_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muehlberger_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuehlberger2013" class="citation book cs1">Muehlberger, Ellen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806291246"><i>Angels in late ancient Christianity</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993193-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993193-4"><bdi>978-0-19-993193-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806291246">806291246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+in+late+ancient+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806291246&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993193-4&rft.aulast=Muehlberger&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F806291246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JONES, David Albert. Angels: a history. Oxford University Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HAECKER, Ryan. Origen's Speculative Angelology. 2021. p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Dale Basil (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960">"When Did Angels Become Demons?"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>129</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">657–</span>677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960">25765960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=When+Did+Angels+Become+Demons%3F&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25765960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25765960&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25765960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Dale Basil (2010). "When Did Angels Become Demons?". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>129</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">657–</span>677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960">25765960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=When+Did+Angels+Become+Demons%3F&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25765960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25765960&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_T._StuckenbruckGabriele_Boccaccini2016" class="citation book cs1">Loren T. Stuckenbruck; Gabriele Boccaccini (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeMPDQAAQBAJ&q=angels+in+the+synoptic+gospels&pg=PA105"><i>Enoch and the Synoptic Gospels: Reminiscences, Allusions, Intertextuality</i></a>. SBL Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-118-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+and+the+Synoptic+Gospels%3A+Reminiscences%2C+Allusions%2C+Intertextuality&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-118-1&rft.au=Loren+T.+Stuckenbruck&rft.au=Gabriele+Boccaccini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeMPDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dangels%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsynoptic%2Bgospels%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_T._StuckenbruckGabriele_Boccaccini2016" class="citation book cs1">Loren T. Stuckenbruck; Gabriele Boccaccini (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeMPDQAAQBAJ&q=angels+in+the+synoptic+gospels&pg=PA105"><i>Enoch and the Synoptic Gospels: Reminiscences, Allusions, Intertextuality</i></a>. SBL Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-118-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+and+the+Synoptic+Gospels%3A+Reminiscences%2C+Allusions%2C+Intertextuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-118-1&rft.au=Loren+T.+Stuckenbruck&rft.au=Gabriele+Boccaccini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeMPDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dangels%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsynoptic%2Bgospels%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_T._StuckenbruckGabriele_Boccaccini2016" class="citation book cs1">Loren T. 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SBL Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-118-1"><bdi>978-0-88414-118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+and+the+Synoptic+Gospels%3A+Reminiscences%2C+Allusions%2C+Intertextuality&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-118-1&rft.au=Loren+T.+Stuckenbruck&rft.au=Gabriele+Boccaccini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeMPDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dangels%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsynoptic%2Bgospels%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Jeremiah2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Jeremiah" title="David Jeremiah">David Jeremiah</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVD1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT75">"Created in the Beginning"</a>. <i>Angels Who They Are and How They Help--What the Bible Reveals</i>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307831293" title="Special:BookSources/9780307831293"><bdi>9780307831293</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859530086">859530086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Created+in+the+Beginning&rft.btitle=Angels+Who+They+Are+and+How+They+Help--What+the+Bible+Reveals&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859530086&rft.isbn=9780307831293&rft.au=David+Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVD1AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MARTIN, DALE BASIL. “When Did Angels Become Demons?” Journal of Biblical Literature 129, no. 4 (2010): 674. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/25765960">https://doi.org/10.2307/25765960</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JONES, David Albert. 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Brakke, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_early_christian_studies/v020/20.2.ludlow.pdf">"Demons, Evil, and Liminality in Cappadocian Theology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (2). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 179–211 [183]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2012.0014">10.1353/earl.2012.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F15370">10871/15370</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-6341">1067-6341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145816767">145816767</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Demons%2C+Evil%2C+and+Liminality+in+Cappadocian+Theology&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-211+183&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F15370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145816767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1067-6341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2012.0014&rft.aulast=Ludlow&rft.aufirst=Morwenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_early_christian_studies%2Fv020%2F20.2.ludlow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007), pp. 29–38; cf. summary in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoepli.it/libro.asp?ib=9788887472691&pc=000021001000000">Libreria Hoepli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227004018/http://www.hoepli.it/libro.asp?ib=9788887472691&pc=000021001000000">Archived</a> 27 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and review in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i>, 3795–3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, En. in Ps. 103, 1, 15: PL 37, 1348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Gregory_IDavid_Hurst_(OSB.)1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>; David Hurst (OSB.) (1990). "Homily 34". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acbYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Forty Gospel Homilies</i></a>. Cistercian Publications. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-623-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-623-8"><bdi>978-0-87907-623-8</bdi></a>. <q>You should be aware that the word "angel" denotes a function rather than a nature. Those holy spirits of heaven have indeed always been spirits. They can only be called angels when they deliver some message. Moreover, those who deliver messages of lesser importance are called angels; and those who proclaim messages of supreme importance are called archangels. And so it was that not merely an angel but the archangel Gabriel was sent to the Virgin Mary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homily+34&rft.btitle=Forty+Gospel+Homilies&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-623-8&rft.au=Pope+Gregory+I&rft.au=David+Hurst+%28OSB.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacbYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202211-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202211_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202211_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScribano2022">Scribano 2022</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Aquinas" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Aquinas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303160141/https://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles2.htm#46">"46"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></i>. Vol. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles2.htm#46">the original</a> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=46&rft.btitle=Summa+contra+Gentiles&rft.au=Thomas+Aquinas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhspriory.org%2Fthomas%2FContraGentiles2.htm%2346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Aquinas" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. "Treatise on The Angels (Spirit)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1050.htm"><i>Summa Theologiae: The substance of the angels absolutely considered (Prima Pars, Q. 50)</i></a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101102161638/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1050.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treatise+on+The+Angels+%28Spirit%29&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologiae%3A+The+substance+of+the+angels+absolutely+considered+%28Prima+Pars%2C+Q.+50%29&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.au=Thomas+Aquinas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1050.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212112433/http://www.josephkenny.joyeurs.com/CDtexts/SubstSepar.htm"><i>De substantiis separatis</i></a>. Josephkenny.joyeurs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josephkenny.joyeurs.com/CDtexts/SubstSepar.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+substantiis+separatis&rft.pub=Josephkenny.joyeurs.com&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephkenny.joyeurs.com%2FCDtexts%2FSubstSepar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202212-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202212_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202212_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScribano2022">Scribano 2022</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScribano202212–13-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScribano202212–13_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScribano2022">Scribano 2022</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=matthew%2024:36&version=NASB">"BibleGateway, Matthew 24:36"</a>. Biblegateway.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715054459/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=matthew%2024:36&version=NASB">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BibleGateway%2C+Matthew+24%3A36&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Dmatthew%252024%3A36%26version%3DNASB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegues,_O.P.1922" class="citation book cs1">Pegues, O.P., R.P. Thomas (1922). <i>Cathechism of the "Summa Theologica" of Saint Thomas Aquinas for the Use of the Faithful</i>. Translated by Whitacre, O.P., Aelred. Leipzig: St Athanasius Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7216-9547-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7216-9547-8"><bdi>978-1-7216-9547-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathechism+of+the+%22Summa+Theologica%22+of+Saint+Thomas+Aquinas+for+the+Use+of+the+Faithful&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=St+Athanasius+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-1-7216-9547-8&rft.aulast=Pegues%2C+O.P.&rft.aufirst=R.P.+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Feser2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Bm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35"><i>Aquinas A Beginner's Guide</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-006-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-006-5"><bdi>978-1-78074-006-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404053537/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Bm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>An angel, says Aquinas, is a form without matter, and thus its essence corresponds to its form alone (DEE 4). ... Does this mean that an angel, as a pure form, is also pure actuality, devoid of potency? By no means.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquinas+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-006-5&rft.au=Edward+Feser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Bm9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSTOR_24636655-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_24636655_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_24636655_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"... of essence and actus essendi in angels, and from their consequent caused character to their potency-act composition)" ... As quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Whippel2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Whippel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Whippel (page does not exist)">John F. Whippel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yddDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Metaphysical Themes in Thomas Aquinas III</i></a>. Studies in philosophy and the history of philosophy. Vol. 63. <a href="/wiki/CUA_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="CUA Press">CUA Press</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-3355-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-3355-0"><bdi>978-0-8132-3355-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-6965">0585-6965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysical+Themes+in+Thomas+Aquinas+III&rft.series=Studies+in+philosophy+and+the+history+of+philosophy&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0585-6965&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-3355-0&rft.au=John+F.+Whippel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyddDEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span> and <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24636655">24636655</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ideo est in eo compositio actus et potencie</i>. Cfr. Quodlibet IX, question 4, article 1, corpus, Rome: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonine_edition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonine edition (page does not exist)">Leonine edition</a>, 1996, vol. 25, fasc. 2/1, p. 102 Column B, lines 115-124 and p. 103 column A, lines 125-132). As quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquinasactusessendi.blogspot.com/2015/03/0395-commentary-on-actus-essendi-text.html?m=1">"Commentary on <i>actus essendi</i>"</a>. <i>Actus Essendi</i>. 2 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230515145032/http://aquinasactusessendi.blogspot.com/2015/03/0395-commentary-on-actus-essendi-text.html?m=1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actus+Essendi&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+actus+essendi&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faquinasactusessendi.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F03%2F0395-commentary-on-actus-essendi-text.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span>; also quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_José_Herrera2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Herrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Herrera (page does not exist)">Juan José Herrera</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13121898">"El "actus essendi" en Tomás de Aquino: Distinción, evolución y síntesis personal"</a>. <i>La fascinación de ser metafísico</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+fascinaci%C3%B3n+de+ser+metaf%C3%ADsico&rft.atitle=El+%22actus+essendi%22+en+Tom%C3%A1s+de+Aquino%3A+Distinci%C3%B3n%2C+evoluci%C3%B3n+y+s%C3%ADntesis+personal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Herrera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13121898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdouard_Hugon2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Hugon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Hugon">Edouard Hugon</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJGVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA196"><i>Cosmology Translated, with Notes by Francisco J. Romero Carrasquillo</i></a>. Editiones Scholasticae. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86838-531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86838-531-1"><bdi>978-3-86838-531-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404053535/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJGVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmology+Translated%2C+with+Notes+by+Francisco+J.+Romero+Carrasquillo&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Editiones+Scholasticae&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86838-531-1&rft.au=Edouard+Hugon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJGVEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Another requirement is that there be a principle of individuation. But certain beings, namely angels, lack a principle of individuation, which is signate matter. Hence, the angelic form, even though it is communicable in itself as species, is not in fact communicated, because there are no numerically distinct subjects that can receive it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syed Anwer Ali <i>Qurʼan, the Fundamental Law of Human Life: Surat ul-Faateha to Surat-ul-Baqarah (sections 1–21)</i> Syed Publications 1984 University of Virginia Digitalized 22. Okt. 2010 p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.R. Burge <i>Journal of Qurʼanic Studies The Angels in Sūrat al-Malāʾika: Exegeses of Q. 35:1</i> Sep 2011. vol. 10, No. 1 : pp. 50–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge <i>Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0">978-1-136-50473-0</a> p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saleh, Walid A. "Rereading al-Ṭabarī through al-Māturīdī: New light on the third century hijrī." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 18.2 (2016): 180-209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBN_9789004100237_p54-56-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_9789004100237_p54-56_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Rudolph Al-Māturīdī und Die Sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand Brill, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004100237" title="Special:BookSources/9789004100237">9789004100237</a> pp. 54-56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erdağı, Deniz Özkan. "Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in “Semum”." SN Social Sciences 4.2 (2024): 1-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, A.T., Paret, R. and Pearson, J.D., "al-Ḳurʾān", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 05 May 2022 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0543">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0543</a>> First published online: 2012 First print edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4">978-90-04-16121-4</a>, 1960-2007 section 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazaki, Saeko. "Classes of Beings in Sufism." Sufi Cosmology. Brill, 2022. 68-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange, C. R. "Locating hell in Islamic traditions-conference booklet." International symposium in Islamic Traditions. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge <i>Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0">978-1-136-50473-0</a> p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge <i>Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0">978-1-136-50473-0</a> p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes <i>Dictionary of Islam</i> Asian Educational Services 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0672-2">978-81-206-0672-2</a> page 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuehn2019-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuehn2019_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuehn2019">Kuehn (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egdunas Racius ISLAMIC EXEGESIS ON THE JINN: THEIR ORIGIN, KINDS AND SUBSTANCE AND THEIR RELATION TO OTHER BEINGS pp. 132–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zh. D. Dadebayev, M.T. Kozhakanova, I.K.Azimbayeva Human's Anthropological Appearance in Abai Kunanbayev's Works World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol:6 2012-06-23 p. 1065</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamer, Georges. Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary. Vol. 1. Vol. 94. Brill, 2015. p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira El-Zein (2009). Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn. Syracuse University Press. pp. 34–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sorularlaislamiyet.com/kaynak/meleklere-iman#_Toc201395583">"Meleklere İman » Sorularla İslamiyet"</a>. <i>Sorularla İslamiyet</i> (in Turkish). 24 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sorularla+%C4%B0slamiyet&rft.atitle=Meleklere+%C4%B0man+%C2%BB+Sorularla+%C4%B0slamiyet&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsorularlaislamiyet.com%2Fkaynak%2Fmeleklere-iman%23_Toc201395583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1986). Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9429-1. p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wensinck, A. J. (2013). The Muslim Creed: Its Genesis and Historical Development. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imam Abu Hanifa's Al Fiqh Al Akbar Explained By أبو حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت Abu 'l Muntaha Ahmad Al Maghnisawi Abdur Rahman Ibn Yusuf"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serdar, Murat. "Hıristiyanlık ve İslâm'da Meleklerin Varlık ve Kısımları." Bilimname 2009.2 (2009). p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baydawi-2016-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baydawi-2016_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_ʿUmar_al-Baydawi2016" class="citation book cs1">ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi, ʿAbd Allah (2016). <i>The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation</i>. Translated by Haddad, Gibril Fouad. Beacon Books and Media Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780992633578" title="Special:BookSources/9780992633578"><bdi>9780992633578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lights+Of+Revelation+And+The+Secrets+Of+Interpretation&rft.pub=Beacon+Books+and+Media+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780992633578&rft.aulast=ibn+%CA%BFUmar+al-Baydawi&rft.aufirst=%CA%BFAbd+Allah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuessoum2010" class="citation book cs1">Guessoum, Nidhal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaL3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165"><i>Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-075-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-075-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-075-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Quantum+Question%3A+Reconciling+Muslim+Tradition+and+Modern+Science&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-075-6&rft.aulast=Guessoum&rft.aufirst=Nidhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaL3AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge <i>Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0">978-1-136-50473-0</a> p. 13-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge <i>Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0">978-1-136-50473-0</a> pp. 97–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D35%3Averse%3D1">35:1</a>, <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2002">Esposito (2002</a>, pp. 26–28), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Madelung" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">W. Madelung. "Malā'ika". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mal%C4%81%27ika&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.au=W.+Madelung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGisela_Webb" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gisela Webb. 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Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/38">38–39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=angels&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/bahaullah_lawh_huriyyih">"Tablet of the Maiden"</a>. <i>bahai-library.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606005551/https://bahai-library.com/bahaullah_lawh_huriyyih">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahai-library.com&rft.atitle=Tablet+of+the+Maiden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fbahaullah_lawh_huriyyih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1163_1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woschitz, Karl M., Görg, Manfred, Wischmeyer, Oda, Sparn, Walter, Lohberg, Gabriele, Stubbe, Ellen, Herrmann, Klaus and Schöck, Cornelia, “Angels”, in: Religion Past and Present. Consulted online on 08 February 2024, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337">10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_COM_04337</a>, First published online: 2011, First print edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004146662" title="Special:BookSources/9789004146662">9789004146662</a>, 2006-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=12:section=1072a"><i>Metaphysics</i></a>. 1072a ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics&rft.pages=1072a+ff.&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0051%3Abook%3D12%3Asection%3D1072a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=12:section=1073a"><i>Metaphysics</i></a>. 1073a13 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics&rft.pages=1073a13+ff.&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0051%3Abook%3D12%3Asection%3D1073a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah Saeed <i>Islamic Thought: An Introduction</i> Routledge 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-22565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-22565-1">978-1-134-22565-1</a> p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Verman <i>The Books of Contemplation: Medieval Jewish Mystical Sources</i> SUNY Press 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0719-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0719-6">978-0-7914-0719-6</a> p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz1996" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hCj5u3HNQC"><i>The Greek Magical Papyri In Translation</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04447-7"><bdi>978-0-226-04447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+In+Translation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04447-7&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0hCj5u3HNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span> Entries: "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri" and "PGM III. 1-164/fourth formula".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhuvia" class="citation book cs1">Ahuvia, Mika. <i>On My Right Michael, On My Left Gabriel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+My+Right+Michael%2C+On+My+Left+Gabriel&rft.aulast=Ahuvia&rft.aufirst=Mika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._Robinson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Robinson" title="James M. Robinson">James M. Robinson</a> (1988). <i>The Nag Hammadi Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.au=James+M.+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheNagHammadiLibraryPartial/mode/2up">Read online for free at the Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/691.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 691. אֶרְאֵל (erel) – perhaps a hero"</a>. <i>biblesuite.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217044200/http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/691.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblesuite.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+691.+%D7%90%D6%B6%D7%A8%D6%B0%D7%90%D6%B5%D7%9C+%28erel%29+%E2%80%93+perhaps+a+hero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblesuite.com%2Fhebrew%2F691.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2830.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 2830. חַשְׁמַל (chashmal) – perhaps amber"</a>. <i>biblesuite.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828024514/http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/2830.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblesuite.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+2830.+%D7%97%D6%B7%D7%A9%D6%B0%D7%81%D7%9E%D6%B7%D7%9C+%28chashmal%29+%E2%80%93+perhaps+amber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblesuite.com%2Fhebrew%2F2830.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/3742.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 3742. כְּרוּב (kerub) – probably an order of angelic beings"</a>. <i>biblesuite.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009061146/http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/3742.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblesuite.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+3742.+%D7%9B%D6%B0%D6%BC%D7%A8%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%91+%28kerub%29+%E2%80%93+probably+an+order+of+angelic+beings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblesuite.com%2Fhebrew%2F3742.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodson, Geoffrey, <i>Kingdom of the Gods</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-8134-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-8134-0">0-7661-8134-0</a>—Has color pictures of what Devas supposedly look like when observed by the <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a>—their appearance is reputedly like colored flames about the size of a human. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040820064159/http://www.geocities.com/athens/Olympus/3987/devas2.html">Paintings of some of the devas claimed to have been seen by Hodson from his book <i>Kingdom of the Gods</i>:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021121131124/http://geocities.com/athens/Olympus/3987/devas4.html">"Eskild Tjalve's paintings of devas, nature spirits, elementals and fairies"</a>. 21 November 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/athens/Olympus/3987/devas4.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eskild+Tjalve%27s+paintings+of+devas%2C+nature+spirits%2C+elementals+and+fairies&rft.date=2002-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fathens%2FOlympus%2F3987%2Fdevas4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, A.E. <i>The Solar System</i> London:1930 The Theosophical Publishing House (A Complete Outline of the Theosophical Scheme of Evolution) See "Lifewave" chart (refer to index)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmarkhali2017" class="citation book cs1">Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994778968"><i>The Yezidi religious textual tradition, from oral to written : categories, transmission, scripturalisation, and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts : with samples of oral and written religious texts and with audio and video samples on CD-ROM</i></a>. Wiesbaden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0"><bdi>978-3-447-10856-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994778968">994778968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yezidi+religious+textual+tradition%2C+from+oral+to+written+%3A+categories%2C+transmission%2C+scripturalisation%2C+and+canonisation+of+the+Yezidi+oral+religious+texts+%3A+with+samples+of+oral+and+written+religious+texts+and+with+audio+and+video+samples+on+CD-ROM&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994778968&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10856-0&rft.aulast=Omarkhali&rft.aufirst=Khanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F994778968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Because angels are purely spiritual creatures without bodies, there is no sexual difference between them. There are no male or female angels; they are not distinguished by gender.", p. 10, "Catholic Questions, Wise Answers", Ed. Michael J. Daley, St. Anthony Messenger Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-398-8">978-0-86716-398-8</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/qa/can-angels-be-male-or-female">Catholic Answers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024510/https://www.catholic.com/qa/can-angels-be-male-or-female">Archived</a> 2 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, which gives the standard, unchanged, Catholic position.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Angel", <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> James Orr, editor, 1915 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007), pp. 81–89; cf. review in <a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a>, 3795–3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007) p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007), pp. 90–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007) p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/si/institute/manuals?lang=eng&cid=rdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals">"History of the Church, 3:392"</a>. Institute.lds.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200123160943/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/si/institute/manuals?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church%2C+3%3A392&rft.pub=Institute.lds.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fsi%2Finstitute%2Fmanuals%3Flang%3Deng%26cid%3Drdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (2002). <i>What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515713-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515713-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuehn2019" class="citation book cs1">Kuehn, Sara (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43195695">"The Primordial Cycle Revisited: Adam, Eve, and the Celestial Beings"</a>. <i>The Intermediate Worlds of Angels: Islamic Representations of Celestial Beings in Transcultural Contexts</i>. Germany: Ergon Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95650-623-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95650-623-9"><bdi>978-3-95650-623-9</bdi></a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Primordial+Cycle+Revisited%3A+Adam%2C+Eve%2C+and+the+Celestial+Beings&rft.btitle=The+Intermediate+Worlds+of+Angels%3A+Islamic+Representations+of+Celestial+Beings+in+Transcultural+Contexts&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Ergon+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-95650-623-9&rft.aulast=Kuehn&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43195695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScribano2022" class="citation book cs1">Scribano, Emanuela (2022). "Descartes' Innatisms as Anti-Augistinianism". <i>Descartes in Context: Essays</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197649558" title="Special:BookSources/9780197649558"><bdi>9780197649558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Descartes%27+Innatisms+as+Anti-Augistinianism&rft.btitle=Descartes+in+Context%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780197649558&rft.aulast=Scribano&rft.aufirst=Emanuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jacob_Bamberger" title="Bernard Jacob Bamberger">Bamberger, Bernard Jacob</a>, (15 March 2006). <i>Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm.</i> Jewish Publication Society of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0">0-8276-0797-0</a></li> <li>Barker, Margaret (2004). <i>An Extraordinary Gathering of Angels</i>, M Q Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84072-680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84072-680-0">978-1-84072-680-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Bennett, William Henry (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Angel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Angel">"Angel" </a></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Briggs, Constance Victoria, 1997. <i>The Encyclopedia of Angels : An A-to-Z Guide with Nearly 4,000 Entries.</i> Plume. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-27921-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-27921-6">0-452-27921-6</a>.</li> <li>Bunson, Matthew, (1996). <i>Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host.</i> Three Rivers Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-88537-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-88537-9">0-517-88537-9</a>.</li> <li>Cruz, Joan Carroll, <a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">OCDS</a>, 1999. <i>Angels and Devils.</i> TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89555-638-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89555-638-3">0-89555-638-3</a></li> <li>Cummings, Owen F., 2023. <i>Angels In Scripture and Tradition</i>, Paulist Press, New Jersey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-5633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-5633-7">978-0-8091-5633-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Davidson" title="Andrew B. Davidson">Davidson, A. B.</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/hastings/dictv1/Page_93.html">"Angel"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Hastings%27_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible">A Dictionary of the Bible</a></i>. Vol. I. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angel&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fhastings%2Fdictv1%2FPage_93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davidson, Gustav, (1967). <i>A Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels</i>. Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-907052-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-907052-X">0-02-907052-X</a></li> <li>Driver, Samuel Rolles (Ed.) (1901) <i>The book of Daniel.</i> Cambridge UP.</li> <li>Guiley, Rosemary, 1996. <i>Encyclopedia of Angels.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-2988-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-2988-1">0-8160-2988-1</a></li> <li>Jastrow, Marcus, 1996, <i>A dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic literature compiled by Marcus Jastrow, PhD., Litt.D. with an index of Scriptural quotations</i>, Vol 1 & 2, The Judaica Press, New York</li> <li>Kainz, Howard P., <i>"Active and Passive Potency" in Thomistic Angelology</i> Martinus Nijhoff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-1295-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-1295-5">90-247-1295-5</a></li> <li>Kreeft, Peter J. 1995. <i>Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them?</i> Ignatius Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-550-9">0-89870-550-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeducq,_M._H.1853" class="citation journal cs1">Leducq, M. H. (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3917316;view=1up;seq=52">"On the Origin and Primitive Meaning of the French word Ange"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Philological Society</i>. <b>6</b> (132). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203052319/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3917316;view=1up;seq=52">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+and+Primitive+Meaning+of+the+French+word+Ange&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=132&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Leducq%2C+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3917316%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis, James R. (1995). <i>Angels A to Z.</i> Visible Ink Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-0652-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-0652-9">0-7876-0652-9</a></li> <li>Michalak, Aleksander R. (2012), <i>Angels as Warriors in Late Second Temple Jewish Literature.</i>Mohr Siebeck. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151739-6">978-3-16-151739-6</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Stephen. (2019), <i>The Book of Angels: Seen and Unseen.</i> Cambridge Scholars Pub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-3434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-3434-6">978-1-5275-3434-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-3434-6">https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-3434-6</a></li> <li>Muehlberger, Ellen (2013). <i>Angels in Late Ancient Christianity.</i> Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993193-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993193-4">978-0-19-993193-4</a></li> <li>Oosterzee, Johannes Jacobus van. <i>Christian dogmatics: a text-book for academical instruction and private study.</i> Trans. John Watson Watson and Maurice J. Evans. (1874) New York, Scribner, Armstrong.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProverbio2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Proverbio, Cecilia (2007). <i>La figura dell'angelo nella civiltà paleocristiana</i> (in Italian). Assisi, Italy: Editrice Tau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87472-69-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87472-69-1"><bdi>978-88-87472-69-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+figura+dell%27angelo+nella+civilt%C3%A0+paleocristiana&rft.place=Assisi%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Editrice+Tau&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-87472-69-1&rft.aulast=Proverbio&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ronner, John, 1993. <i>Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More!</i> Mamre Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932945-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-932945-40-6">0-932945-40-6</a>.</li> <li>Smith, George Adam (1898) <i>The book of the twelve prophets, commonly called the minor.</i> London, Hodder and Stoughton.</li> <li>von Heijne, Camilla, 2010. <i>The Messenger of the Lord in Early Jewish Interpretations of Genesis</i>. BZAW 412. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022684-3">978-3-11-022684-3</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Angels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Angels">Angels</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Angels" class="extiw" title="q:Angels">Angels</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://st-takla.org/Lyrics-Spiritual-Songs/Words-of-Coptic-Alhan-Tasbeha-Kodas/Arabic-Coptic-04-Epsalmodia-Tasbeha/Tasbe7a-Coptic-Transliteration-Annual-Psalmody/Praise-Epsalmodya-Tasbeha-155-Doxology-Samaeieen_Shashf-En-Arshi.html">Coptic Doxology of Heavenly Order</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persiandna.com/angels.htm">Zoroastrian angels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1521&letter=A&search=angelology">Jewish Encyclopedia entry on angels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html">Directory on popular piety and the liturgy. Principles and guidelines</a> Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. <i>Directory of Popular Piety and the Liturgy</i>, §§ 212–217, <i>The Holy Angels</i>, Vatican City, December 2001]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9gf">Angels</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Martin Palmer, Valery Rees & John Haldane (<i>In Our Time</i>, Mar. 24, 2005)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angels_in_Christianity63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00bfff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_angelic_hierarchy" title="Template:Christian angelic hierarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_angelic_hierarchy" title="Template talk:Christian angelic hierarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_angelic_hierarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian angelic hierarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Christianity63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00bfff;width:1%">First Sphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/85px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/128px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/170px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3223" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00bfff;width:1%">Second Sphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominions_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominions (angel)">Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtues_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues (angel)">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers (angel)">Powers or Authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00bfff;width:1%">Third Sphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principalities_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities (angel)">Principalities or Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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