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href="#Israeli_Pupils’_Rights_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Israeli Pupils’ Rights Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_Pupils’_Rights_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_approach_to_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_approach_to_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Societal approach to education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_approach_to_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role in economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matriculation_(Bagrut)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matriculation_(Bagrut)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Matriculation (Bagrut)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matriculation_(Bagrut)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Higher education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparisons with other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Arab sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gender statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Status of teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Textbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Israel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="التعليم في إسرائيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في إسرائيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sraild%C9%99_t%C9%99hsil" title="İsraildə təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsraildə təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddannelse_i_Israel" title="Uddannelse i Israel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uddannelse i Israel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_en_Israel" title="Educación en Israel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación en Israel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آموزش در اسرائیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش در اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1" title="이스라엘의 교육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘의 교육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրթությունն Իսրայելում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրթությունն Իսրայելում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="חינוך בישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חינוך בישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്രായേലിലെ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്രായേലിലെ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="イスラエルの教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラエルの教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utdanning_i_Israel" title="Utdanning i Israel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utdanning i Israel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_Israel" title="Educação em Israel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação em Israel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Образование в Израиле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образование в Израиле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Освіта в Ізраїлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Освіта в Ізраїлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%E1%BB%A5c_Israel" title="Giáo dục Israel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo dục Israel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="以色列教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以色列教育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1195588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in Israel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_of_Israel_Ministry_of_Education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/State_of_Israel_Ministry_of_Education.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Education_Ministry_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Ministry (Israel)">Education Ministry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education Minister of Israel</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Kisch" title="Yoav Kisch">Yoav Kisch</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2015)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">45.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli new sheqel">₪</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> & <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">State & Private</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2014<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">97.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">98.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">95.8%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Enrollment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1,445,555</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data">828,732</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">259,139</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">357,685</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Attainment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">85%<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Post-secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">49%<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Education in Israel</b> encompasses consists of three primary tiers: <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> (grades 1–6), <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a> (grades 7–9), and <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> (grades 10–12). <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a> spans from kindergarten through 12th grade.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic year begins on September 1 and ends on June 30 for elementary pupils and June 20 for middle and high school pupils. The <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> Yeshivas adhere to a separate schedule, commencing on 1 Elul. </p><p>The Israeli education system includes various tracks such as state-secular, state-religious, independent religious, and Arab schools. There are also private schools, including <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Schools">Democratic Schools</a> and international schools like the American International School in Israel. The system features also integrated schools that educate Jewish and Arab students together. Higher education in Israel is characterized by a public university system and significant government subsidies. </p><p>The Israeli education is lauded for its high academic standards, particularly in science and technology, and for its role in driving the nation's economic growth. The integration of Jewish and Arab students in some schools is seen as a progressive step towards coexistence. However, there are concerns about disparities in resource allocation between Jewish and Arab schools, and the low participation rate of Haredi students in mainstream education and the workforce. Efforts to integrate Haredi students into higher education and professional fields have seen mixed results. Additionally, recurring strikes by teachers and students over budget cuts and wages, represent ongoing challenges within the system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_tiers_and_tracks">Educational tiers and tracks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Educational tiers and tracks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The education system in Israel consists of three tiers: <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> (grades 1–6, approximately ages 6–12), <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a> (grades 7–9, approximately ages 12–15) and <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> (grades 10–12, approximately ages 15–18). <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a> takes place from kindergarten through 12th grade.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school year begins on September 1 (September 2 if September 1 is on Saturday), ending for elementary school pupils on June 30 (June 29 if June 30 is on Saturday), and for middle school and high school pupils on June 20 (June 19 if June 20 is on Saturday). Haredi <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshivas</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Bein_Hazmanim" title="Bein Hazmanim">an independent schedule</a>, starting on 1 <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg/220px-Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg/330px-Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg/440px-Eshkol_Pais_Ramat-Gan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Payis Eshkol center for arts and science, <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Israeli schools are divided into four different tracks: state-secular (<i>Mamlachti</i>), state-religious (<i><a href="/wiki/Mamlachti_dati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamlachti dati">Mamlachti dati</a></i>), independent religious (חרדי <i><a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a></i> or חינוך עצמאי <i><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Ḥinuch Atzmai</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JP-2008-04-18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-2008-04-18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> which reflect the philosophies of specific groups of parents (Democratic Schools), or that are based on the curriculum of a foreign country (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Walworth_Barbour_American_International_School_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Walworth Barbour American International School in Israel">The American International School in Israel</a>). The majority of Israeli children attend state schools. State-religious schools, catering to youngsters from the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> sector (mainly <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a>), offer intensive Jewish studies programs, and emphasize tradition and observance. The Chinuch Atzmai schools focus almost entirely on <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a> and offer very little in terms of secular subjects. Schools in the Arab sector teach in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and offer a curriculum that emphasizes Arab history, religion, and culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The proportions of pupils attending schools in the Haredi and Arab sectors are increasing; according to a demographic study published in 2009, Haredim and Arabs together will amount to 60% of Israel's elementary school population by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haredim's lack of mainstream education and consequent low participation in the workforce are regarded by many in Israel as a social problem. The Council for Higher Education announced in 2012 that it was investing NIS 180 million over the following five years to establish appropriate frameworks for the education of Haredim, focusing on specific professions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel's Ministry of Education's statistics from 2014 show that only about 22 percent of Haredi students take matriculation exams, since Orthodox yeshivot mostly ignore core subjects. About 8 percent of Haredi students pass the exam. <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Ben-Peretz" title="Miriam Ben-Peretz">Miriam Ben-Peretz</a>, professor emeritus of education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a>, and winner of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a> notes: “More and more Israeli students don't have any foundation of knowledge, any basics — not in math, not in English, not in general...things have to change."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Israelis who have been educated in Haredi <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> have established Leaving for Change (LFC), an organization seeking to sue the government for alleged failure to enforce Israel's law for compulsory education.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, the first integrated schools which had both Jewish and Arab students coexisting in a classroom were built by the residents of <a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_%E2%80%93_W%C4%81%C4%A7at_as-Sal%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve Shalom – Wāħat as-Salām">Neve Shalom – Wāħat as-Salām</a>, a cooperative village founded by Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel. Today, this school receives some support from the state. Two more integrated schools were opened in Jerusalem and Galilee (<a href="/wiki/Galil_Jewish-Arab_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Galil Jewish-Arab School">Galil Jewish-Arab School</a>) in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Hand_in_Hand:_Center_for_Jewish_Arab_Education_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel">Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, there were five integrated schools in Israel, including Neve Shalom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israeli_Pupils’_Rights_Law"><span id="Israeli_Pupils.E2.80.99_Rights_Law"></span>Israeli Pupils’ Rights Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Israeli Pupils’ Rights Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Israeli Pupils’ Rights Law of 2000 prohibits discrimination of students for sectarian reasons in admission to or expulsion from an educational institution, in establishment of separate educational curricula or holding of separate classes in the same educational institution, and addresses rights and obligations of pupils. The law was fully supported by the <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_National_Student_and_Youth_Council" title="Israel's National Student and Youth Council">Israeli Student and Youth Council.</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_approach_to_education">Societal approach to education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Societal approach to education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israeli culture</a> views higher education as the key to higher mobility and socioeconomic status in Israeli society.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For millennia medieval European <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> often forbade the Jews from owning land and farming, which limited their career choices for making a decent living. This forced many Jews to place a much higher premium on education allowing them to seek alternative career options that involved entrepreneurial and <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> professional pursuits such as merchant trading, science, medicine, law, accountancy, and moneylending as these professions required higher levels of verbal, mathematical, and scientific literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis of education within Israeli society has its modern roots at least since the Jewish diaspora from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a> Movement all the way to the roots of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> in the 1880s. Jewish communities in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community, not less than the parents, was responsible for the education of the next generation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With contemporary <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a>'s strong emphasis, promotion of scholarship and learning and the strong propensity to promote cultivation of intellectual pursuits as well as the nation's high university educational attainment rate exemplifies how highly Israeli society values higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel's populace is well educated and Israeli society highly values education.<sup id="cite_ref-Geri_108_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geri_108-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is a core value in Jewish culture and in Israeli society at large with many Israeli parents sacrificing their own personal comforts and financial resources to provide their children with the highest standards of education possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Geri_108_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geri_108-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Israeli Jewish population seek education as a passport to a decent white collar professional job and a middle class paycheck in the country's competitive high-tech economy. Jewish parents take great responsibility to inculcate the value of education in their children at a young age. Striving for high academic achievement and educational success is stressed in many modern Jewish Israeli households as parents make sure that their children are well educated adequately in order to gain the necessary technological skills needed for employment success to compete in Israel's modern high-tech job market. Israelis see competency with in demand job skills such as literacy in math and science as especially necessary for employment success in Israel's competitive 21st-century high-tech economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Geri_108_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geri_108-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel's Jewish population maintains a relatively high level of educational attainment where just under half of all Israeli Jews (46%) hold post-secondary degrees. This figure has remained stable in their already high levels of educational attainment over recent generations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli Jews (among those ages 25 and older) have average of 11.6 years of schooling making them one of the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Arab schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli children from Russian-speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high-school level.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although amongst immigrant children born in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">Former Soviet Union</a>, the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from European FSU states at 62.6%, and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, 61.5% of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_economic_development">Role in economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Israeli economy is largely scientific and technological based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment. In 2012, the country ranked second among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries (tied with Japan and after Canada) for the percentage of 25 to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 46 percent compared with the OECD average of 32 percent. In addition, nearly twice as many Israelis aged 55–64 held a higher education degree compared to other OECD countries, with 47 percent holding an academic degree compared with the OECD average of 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranks fifth among OECD countries for the total expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP. In 2011, the country spent 7.3% of its GDP on all levels of education, comparatively more than the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development average of 6.3% and as a result has fostered an education system that helped transform the country and rapidly grow its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">economy</a> over the past 70 years.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd.org_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd.org-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israeli education system has been praised for major role in spurring Israel's economic development and technological boom.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_Adler_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Adler-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many international business leaders and organizations such as Microsoft founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> and the technology giant <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel's economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matriculation_(Bagrut)"><span id="Matriculation_.28Bagrut.29"></span>Matriculation (Bagrut)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Matriculation (Bagrut)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">Bagrut</a></div> <p>High schools in Israel prepare students for the <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">Israeli matriculation exams</a> (<i>bagrut</i>). These are exams covering various academic disciplines, which are studied in one to five (sometimes up to 10) units (<i>yehidot limud</i>), usually of ascending difficulty. Students with a passing mark on the mandatory matriculation subjects (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">scripture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, civics and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>), who have been tested on at least 21 units, and passed at least one 5-unit exam, receive a full matriculation certificate. In 2006/7, 74.4% of Israeli 12th graders took the bagrut exams while only 46.3% were eligible for a matriculation certificate. In the Arab and Druze sectors, the figures were 35.6% and 43.7% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Bagrut certificate and Bagrut scores often determine acceptance into elite military units, admission to academic institutions, and job prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a table illustrating the percentage of matriculation certificate recipients in Israel's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">cities</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (graduation year of 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adva_Center" title="Adva Center">Adva Center</a>, a social issues <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> in Israel, says that about 15% of the matriculation certificates issued do not qualify the recipient for admission to Israel's universities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>Recipients (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> </td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> </td> <td>60.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> </td> <td>64.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a> </td> <td>59.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> </td> <td>55.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> </td> <td>58.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a> </td> <td>49.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> </td> <td>51.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> </td> <td>55.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a> </td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> </td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a> </td> <td>65.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges in Israel">List of universities and colleges in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Israel" title="Academic ranks in Israel">Academic ranks in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg/250px-Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg/375px-Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg/500px-Technion_Computer_Science_Faculty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> faculty building<br /> in the <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion - Israel Institute of Technology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After secondary education, students are generally conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF), but may request a postponement of the conscription date to study at a pre-service <a href="/wiki/Mechina" title="Mechina">Mechina</a>, undertake a <a href="/wiki/Service_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Service Year">voluntary service year</a>, or study in a college or university. Those who study in a university at this stage generally do so under a program called <i><a href="/wiki/Atuda" title="Atuda">atuda</a></i>, where part of the tuition for their <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> is paid for by the army. They are however obliged to sign a contract with the army extending their service by 2–3 years. </p><p>Universities generally require a certain amount of bagrut matriculation units (as well as a certain grade average) and a good grade in the <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_Entrance_Test" title="Psychometric Entrance Test">Psychometric Entrance Test</a>, which is similar in many respects to the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">American SAT</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_Entrance_Test" title="Psychometric Entrance Test">Psychometric Entrance Test</a> (colloquially known in Hebrew simply as "psychometry" - <i>psixometri</i>, פסיכומטרי) is a <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized test</a> used as a <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> admission exam. The PET covers three areas: quantitative reasoning, <a href="/wiki/Verbal_reasoning" title="Verbal reasoning">verbal reasoning</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. It is administered by the Israeli National Institute for Testing and Evaluation (NITE) and is heavily weighed for <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_admissions" class="mw-redirect" title="University and college admissions">university admissions</a>. The test may be taken in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, or combined Hebrew/English. The <a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_Israel" title="Open University of Israel">Open University of Israel</a> accepts all applicants regardless of their academic history, though it still maintains high academic standards. </p><p>All of Israel's nine public universities (and some of their colleges) are subsidized by the government, and students pay only a small part of the actual cost of tuition. Students who have completed military service are entitled to a 90% discount on their first-year tuition fees. Further financial assistance is provided by student loans, grants, and scholarships approved by the Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the OECD, the median age Israeli students complete their first degree is slightly above 27.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2011 to 2018 there was an increase of 79% in the Arab student population of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2012 to 2022 there was an increase of 133% in the Arab student population of Israeli universities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beinthumi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Beinthumi.JPG/250px-Beinthumi.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Beinthumi.JPG/375px-Beinthumi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Beinthumi.JPG/500px-Beinthumi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary Center">Interdisciplinary Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Webometrics" title="Webometrics">Webometrics</a> ranking, six of Israel's universities place in the top 100 schools of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four universities place in the top 150 in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, and three are in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education-QS_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings">Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings</a> (i.e. amongst the "Top 200 World Universities"). </p><p>In addition, Israeli universities are among 100 of the top world universities in science and engineering-related subjects, according to the QS World University Rankings: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">TAU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a>); <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">TAU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>); <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">TAU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a>); <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">TAU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Ilan University">BIU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-SJTU_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJTU-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> (Technion);<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> (Hebrew University).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, TAU and the Hebrew University rank in the top 100,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these universities are also ranked in the top 100 for <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-SJTU_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJTU-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel is ranked 23rd on <a href="/wiki/RePEc" class="mw-redirect" title="RePEc">RePEc</a>'s Country and State Ranking for economics.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> reached 57th place in the global ranking list published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(TAU)_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tel Aviv University"><img alt="Tel Aviv University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%28TAU%29_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-%28TAU%29_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%28TAU%29_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-%28TAU%29_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%28TAU%29_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-%28TAU%29_Tel_Aviv_University_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tel Aviv University</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rothberg_International_School,_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem"><img alt="Hebrew University of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Rothberg_International_School%2C_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif/lossy-page1-120px-The_Rothberg_International_School%2C_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Rothberg_International_School%2C_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif/lossy-page1-180px-The_Rothberg_International_School%2C_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_Rothberg_International_School%2C_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif/lossy-page1-240px-The_Rothberg_International_School%2C_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Technion"><img alt="Technion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg/120px-Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg/180px-Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg/240px-Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5982" data-file-height="3666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Technion</div> </li> </ul><p>Of note, the prestigious <a href="/wiki/NYU" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU">NYU</a>, which enrolls the largest number of Jewish students of any public or private university in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is ranked in the top 34 globally in all major publications of university rankings, has a campus in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_with_other_countries">Comparisons with other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparisons with other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite strong post-secondary rankings, Israel spends less per student than countries like <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some officials have criticized the claim that the strong test scores prove Israel is a highly educated country, pointing out that scores from standardized tests exclude <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> and special education students, and thus are not an accurate reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli teachers must contend with large classes, low wages and low morale.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite this, Israel ranks second among OECD countries (tied with Japan and just after Canada) for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have achieved tertiary education: 46% compared with an OECD average of 32%.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inequality is a problem reflected in Israel's performance on international tests. In the latest PISA exams, in which half a million students from 65 countries participated, Israel ranked 33 in reading achievement and 40th in mathematics and science. Only Taiwan had larger gaps in the performance between the best and worst students.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_sector">Arab sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arab sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twoteachers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Twoteachers.jpg/250px-Twoteachers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Twoteachers.jpg/375px-Twoteachers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Twoteachers.jpg/500px-Twoteachers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Jewish and Arab teachers at <a href="/wiki/Hand_in_Hand:_Center_for_Jewish_Arab_Education_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel">Hand in Hand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalilSchoolSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/250px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/375px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>A student at the <a href="/wiki/Galil_Jewish-Arab_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Galil Jewish-Arab School">Galil Jewish-Arab School</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Israel operates an Arab education system for the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Arab">Israeli-Arab</a> minority, teaching Arab students, in Arabic, about their history and culture. Israel is a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Discrimination in Education">Convention against Discrimination in Education</a>, and ratified it in 1961. The convention has the status of law in Israeli courts.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have been claims that the Jewish education system gets more resources. According to the Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education, the Israeli government spends an average of $192 per year on each Arab student, and $1,100 per Jewish student. It also notes that drop-out rate for Israeli Arab citizens is twice as high as that of their Jewish counterparts (12 percent versus 6 percent). The same group also noted that in 2005, there was a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Israel_Fund_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Israel_Fund-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2016 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 33% of Jews have a college degree (ranging from 13% for <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> to 45% for <a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a>), compared to 18% for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, in attempt to close the gap between Arab and Jewish education sectors, the Israeli education minister, <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Sarid" title="Yossi Sarid">Yossi Sarid</a>, announced an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> policy, promising that Arabs would be granted 25% of the education budget, more than their proportional share in the population (18%). He also added that the ministry would support the creations of an Arab academic college.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report stated that students in government-run Arab schools received inferior education due to fewer teachers, inadequate school construction, and lack of libraries and recreational space. Jewish schools were found to be better equipped, some offering film editing studios and theater rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Sorel Cahan of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>'s School of Education claimed that the average per-student budget allocation for students with special needs at Arab junior high schools was five times lower.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the Israeli Education Ministry announced a plan to increase funding for schools in Arab communities. According to a ministry official, "At the end of the process, a lot of money will be directed toward schools with students from families with low education and income levels, mainly in the Arab sector."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Education Ministry prepared a five-year plan to close the gaps and raise the number of students eligible for high school matriculation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2009 report showed that obstacles to Arab students participating in higher education resulted in over 5,000 moving to study in nearby Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Civil_Rights_in_Israel" title="Association for Civil Rights in Israel">Association for Civil Rights in Israel</a> and various scholars have criticized wide disparities in education access between Jewish Israelis and Arab Israelis, and underfunding of Arab schools.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Education announced in April 2010 that the suggested curriculum for the coming school year would not include civics, democratic values, or Jewish-Arab coexistence, and focus more on Zionist and Jewish values.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the number of computer science teachers in the Arab sector rose by 50%. The Arab sector also saw a rise of 165% in instructors teaching technology classes and a 171% increase in the number teaching mathematics. The number of physics teachers in Arab schools grew by 25%, those teaching chemistry by 44% and in biology by 81.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 report by the Higher Arab Monitoring Committee, there is a shortage of 6,100 classrooms and 4,000 teachers in Arab communities.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Higher_Education_in_Israel" title="Council for Higher Education in Israel">Council for Higher Education</a> introduced a 5-Year Plan to increase accessibility to higher education among Arab, <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassian</a> students.  The first plan ran through 2015/16, and was subsequently extended through 2021/22. The plan is being implemented in 30 institutions of higher education that receive their budgets from the CHE's Planning and Budgeting Committee, and where the student body includes Arab, Druze, and Circassian students. The program relates holistically to the many stages involved in succeeding in higher education: from providing information and guidance in grades 11 and 12, to offering pre-academic preparatory courses, to financial support while studying, to assistance in transitioning to the labor market.  There are scholarships for excellence in postgraduate studies and academic staff.  Beyond assistance to the individual students, a special effort is made to address the overall organizational culture of the institutions in terms of the degree to which they are culturally inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_statistics">Gender statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gender statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dropout rate in grades 8–12 is higher for males than females. In 2011, the dropout rate declined, but was still higher among males, with 4.5% of male and 1.7% of female students dropping out of school. In addition, the passing rate of high school matriculation exams stood at 62% for females and 51% for males. The rate of women studying in universities and colleges is also higher; in 2011–2012, 56.7% of students at academic institutions were female. In 2012, women were also 59.3% of candidates for <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> programs and 52.4% for <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, 81% of Israeli professors are men. In addition, fields such as engineering, electricity, physics, mathematics, computer science, and natural sciences are overwhelmingly male-dominated, though there are a large number of women in certain fields of engineering, such as biomedical, industrial, and environmental engineering. Women tend to study more in human and social sciences, such as education and occupational therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_teachers">Status of teachers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Status of teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, government budget cuts have taken their toll. Israel was amongst the top-ranked nations in international rankings for science and mathematics performance in the 1960s, but dropped to 33 out of 41 nations in the 2002 survey.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wages for Israeli teachers are low compared to other industrialized countries, especially due to the small amount of frontal teaching hours with respect to other developed countries (the salary per hour is similar to that of the OECD standards), according to a survey of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. The government-appointed <a href="/wiki/Dovrat_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovrat Commission">Dovrat Commission</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Dovrat" title="Shlomo Dovrat">Shlomo Dovrat</a>, concluded in 2004, that the key to improving Israeli education is not more money but better-quality teaching. The recommendations included a reform giving school principals the right to fire teachers of poor quality, and reward better ones with higher pay. These moves have been blocked by Israel's teachers' unions, which have paralyzed schools with a series of long strikes, mostly blocking the proposed reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textbooks">Textbooks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a paper by <a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Nurit Peled-Elhanan</a>, a professor of language and education at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textbooks_in_Israel" title="Textbooks in Israel">textbooks in Israel</a> promote a negative image of Arabs. The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Monitoring_the_Impact_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace">Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace</a>, a schoolbook monitoring organization, disputed this finding, calling her claim heavily politicized and distorted.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report published in 2000, the Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace stated that in textbooks of both the general state-run network and the religious state-run network, there was a genuine effort to remove stereotypes and to build a foundation for coexistence and mutual respect.<sup id="cite_ref-CMIP_rpt2000_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMIP_rpt2000-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2011 report by the Arab Cultural Association, Arabic textbooks provided to third to ninth grade students in Israeli schools were found to contain many mistakes. The report was based on a study of textbooks in all subjects. Dr. George Mansour, who examined the history textbooks, said they ignored the presence of Arab-Palestinians in Israel and minimized Arab culture.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strikes">Strikes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Israeli schools and universities have been subject to repeated strikes over the years by faculty, and, occasionally, by students. The 2007 Israeli student strike started in April 2007 in protest at the government decision to increase tuition fees<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the failure to implement the <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Winograd#University_students_tuition_fees" title="Eliyahu Winograd">2001 Winograd Committee</a> recommendation that they be reduced by 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three weeks, the universities threatened that all students who failed to return to their studies would have to retake the semester.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Student leaders rejected a compromise which would have exempted students from the fee rises.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some students started a hunger strike.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike ended on May 14 after student leaders accepted the implementation of the Shochat reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle and secondary school teachers were on strike for a month and a half. Their demands included an 8.5% pay raise, reducing class sizes to a maximum of 30 students, and increasing the length of the school day.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school year was extended until July 10, 2008 for all schools that participated in the strike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each year, municipalities may receive an award for outstanding education initiatives and accomplishments. The 2012 Education Prize of the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture was awarded to the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (city)">Ariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokneam_Illit" title="Yokneam Illit">Yokneam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27aleh_Adumim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'aleh Adumim">Ma'aleh Adumim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik" title="Kiryat Bialik">Kiryat Bialik</a>. The educational networks of these cities were cited for their unique projects, effectiveness of immigrant absorption, student empowerment, educational leadership, top-quality teaching, encouragement of entrepreneurship and innovation, and promoting excellence in a diverse school population.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Minister of Israel">Education Minister of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges in Israel">List of universities and colleges in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and technology in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Leadership" title="Scientific Leadership">Scientific Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Step_to_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics">First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Israel" title="Academic grading in Israel">Academic grading in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Israel" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Streams_Method_in_the_Israeli_education" class="mw-redirect" title="The Streams Method in the Israeli education">The Streams Method in the Israeli education</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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The Moshe Dayan Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-224-049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-224-049-1"><bdi>978-965-224-049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Contemporary+Survey%3A+Vol.+XXIII+1999&rft.pub=The+Moshe+Dayan+Center&rft.date=2002-05&rft.isbn=978-965-224-049-1&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs57d0logH8C%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/12/05/isrlpa3399.htm">"Israeli Schools Separate, Not Equal"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 4 December 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Israeli+Schools+Separate%2C+Not+Equal&rft.date=2001-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2001%2F12%2F05%2Fisrlpa3399.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz.com-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashti2008" class="citation news cs1">Kashti, Or (2008-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106955.html">"Israel aids its needy Jewish students more than Arab counterparts"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+aids+its+needy+Jewish+students+more+than+Arab+counterparts&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.aulast=Kashti&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1106955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashti2007" class="citation news cs1">Kashti, Or (2007-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israeli-arabs-to-get-greater-school-funding-settlements-less-1.214753">"Israeli Arabs to get greater school funding, settlements less"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israeli+Arabs+to+get+greater+school+funding%2C+settlements+less&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.aulast=Kashti&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fisraeli-arabs-to-get-greater-school-funding-settlements-less-1.214753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3958211,00.html">Israel's education woes</a>, YNet, 09.21.10, by Tomer Velmer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dirasat-aclp.org/arabic/Jordan-Higher_Education.pdf">ظﺎﻫرة دراﺴﺔ اﻟطﻼب اﻟﻌرب ﻤن اﺴراﺌﻴل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎت اﻻردﻨﻴﺔ</a> Dirasat (in Arabic)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912235945/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/israels-arab-students-are-crossing-to-jordan">Israel's Arab students are crossing to Jordan</a> The National Apr 9, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mya Guarnieri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2010/10/2010101391321270946.html">An education in inequality</a>, Al Jazeera (October 13, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or Kashti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.729404">For Jews and Arabs, Israel's School System Remains Separate and Unequal</a>, <i>Haaretz</i> (July 7, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOr_Kashti2011" class="citation news cs1">Or Kashti (2011-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-s-plan-for-next-year-s-school-curriculum-reinforcing-jewish-and-zionist-values-1.355853">"Israel's plan for next year's school curriculum: Reinforcing Jewish and Zionist values"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+plan+for+next+year%27s+school+curriculum%3A+Reinforcing+Jewish+and+Zionist+values&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.au=Or+Kashti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fisrael-s-plan-for-next-year-s-school-curriculum-reinforcing-jewish-and-zionist-values-1.355853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/business/number-of-computer-teachers-at-secular-schools-fell-42-in-decade-1.453704">"Number of Computer Teachers at Secular Schools Fell 42% in Decade"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Number+of+Computer+Teachers+at+Secular+Schools+Fell+42%25+in+Decade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnumber-of-computer-teachers-at-secular-schools-fell-42-in-decade-1.453704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/arab-schools-short-of-teachers-classrooms-committee-finds-1.460134">"Arab Schools Short of Teachers, Classrooms, Committee Finds"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Schools+Short+of+Teachers%2C+Classrooms%2C+Committee+Finds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farab-schools-short-of-teachers-classrooms-committee-finds-1.460134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalia Ben Rabi and Ayala Hendin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brookdale.jdc.org.il/en/publication/national-plan-expanding-access-higher-education-arabs-druze-circassians-preliminary-findings-evaluation/">The National Plan for Expanding Access to Higher Education for Arabs, Druze and Circassians: Preliminary Findings from the Evaluation</a></i>. Jerusalem: Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalia Ben Rabi and Ayala Hendin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brookdale.jdc.org.il/en/publication/national-plan-expanding-access-arab-druze-circassian-students-higher-education-israel-interim-report-support-students-end-2015-16-school-year/">National Plan for Expanding Access of Arab, Druze and Circassian Students to Higher Education in Israel: Interim Report on the Support of Students as of the End of the 2015-16 School Year</a>.</i> Jerusalem: Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute (2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai2013" class="citation news cs1">Chai, Shahar (8 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4353968,00.html">"2012: More women than men in academia; fewer female professors"</a>. <i>ynet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ynet&rft.atitle=2012%3A+More+women+than+men+in+academia%3B+fewer+female+professors&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=Shahar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4353968%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckman2013" class="citation news cs1">Druckman, Yaron (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4353214,00.html">"Israeli women: Safer drivers, better educated"</a>. <i>ynet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ynet&rft.atitle=Israeli+women%3A+Safer+drivers%2C+better+educated&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4353214%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/1.1657232">"נשים הן רוב באקדמיה, אך רק 19% מהפרופסורים"</a>. <i>הארץ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%9F+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94%2C+%D7%90%D7%9A+%D7%A8%D7%A7+19%25+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F1.1657232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BW_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121182119/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_47/b4059074.htm">"The Crisis in Israel's Classrooms"</a>. <i>Businessweek</i>. 2007-11-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_47/b4059074.htm">the original</a> on 2010-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+in+Israel%27s+Classrooms&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F07_47%2Fb4059074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/10909908?story_id=10909908">Miracles and mirages</a>, The Economist. Apr 3 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnon Groiss. Comments on Nurit Peled-Elhanan's paper: "The Presentation of Palestinians in Israeli Schoolbooks of History and Geography 1998-2003". Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace (CMIP-RA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMIP_rpt2000-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMIP_rpt2000_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arabs and Palestinians in Israeli Textbooks, September 2000 Report. by Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, pp. 7–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Khoury2011" class="citation news cs1">Jack Khoury (9 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-s-textbooks-in-arabic-are-full-of-mistakes-study-finds-1.360617">"Israel textbooks in Arabic are full of mistakes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+textbooks+in+Arabic+are+full+of+mistakes&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.au=Jack+Khoury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fisrael-s-textbooks-in-arabic-are-full-of-mistakes-study-finds-1.360617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/122362">Student and Teacher Strikes Continue, No End in Sight</a> Israel National News, 7 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/829640.html">Tamir, students union announce cancellation of university strike</a> Haaretz, 24 February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/855886.html">Students threaten to step up strike, 'seal off' campuses</a> Haaretz, 6 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/856805.html">"Student Leader: Compromise Presented by PMO Is 'Humiliating'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Student+Leader%3A+Compromise+Presented+by+PMO+Is+%27Humiliating%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F856805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/857724.html">"Haaretz - Israel News - Haaretz.com"</a>. <i>haaretz.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Haaretz+-+Israel+News+-+Haaretz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F857724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/862569.html">"Universities to Reopen Today as 41-day Strike Ends"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Universities+to+Reopen+Today+as+41-day+Strike+Ends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F862569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165249/http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=927022&contrassID=2&subContrassID=21">"חדשות, ידיעות מהארץ והעולם - עיתון הארץ"</a>. <i>הארץ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=927022&contrassID=2&subContrassID=21">the original</a> on 2011-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%2C+%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D+-+%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fhasite%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D927022%26contrassID%3D2%26subContrassID%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=305715">"6 cities across country win 2012 education prize"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com</i>. 14 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+-+JPost.com&rft.atitle=6+cities+across+country+win+2012+education+prize&rft.date=2012-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FNationalNews%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D305715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agbaria, Ayman K. "The ‘right’ education in Israel: segregation, religious ethnonationalism, and depoliticized professionalism." <i>Critical Studies in Education</i> 59.1 (2018): 18-34 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ayman_Agbaria/publication/303320501_The_%27right%27_education_in_Israel_segregation_religious_ethnonationalism_and_depoliticized_professionalism/links/58ee43c1a6fdcc61cc12520a/The-right-education-in-Israel-segregation-religious-ethnonationalism-and-depoliticized-professionalism.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Al-Haj, Majid. <i>Education, empowerment, and control: The case of the Arabs in Israel</i> (Albany NY: Suny Press, 2012).</li> <li>Argov, Eyal. "The Development of Education in Israel and its Contribution to Long-Term Growth" (No. 2016.15. Bank of Israel, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boi.org.il/en/Research/Periodicals/Documents/Vol.16%20No.1/ISER1601.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Arar, Khalid. "Israeli education policy since 1948 and the state of Arab education in Israel." <i>Italian Journal of Sociology of Education</i> 4.1 (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijse.padovauniversitypress.it/system/files/papers/2012_1_6.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Feldman, Dar Halevy, and Adib Rifqi Setiawan. "Education in Israel." (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesiscommons.org/62shg/download?format=pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Feniger, Yariv, and Hanna Ayalon. "English as a gatekeeper: Inequality between Jews and Arabs in access to higher education in Israel." <i>International Journal of Educational Research</i> 76 (2016): 104-111 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/hyalon/files/2016/09/english-as-a-gatekeeper-1.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Hakak, Yohai, and Tamar Rapoport. "Excellence or equality in the name of God? The case of ultra-Orthodox enclave education in Israel." <i>Journal of Religion</i> 92.2 (2012): 251-276 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Hakak/publication/259710337_Excellence_or_Equality_in_the_Name_of_God_The_Case_of_Ultra-Orthodox_Enclave_Education_in_Israel/links/57345d6308ae9ace8408c8f2.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Passow, A. Harry et al. <i>The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems.</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalcasestud0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Pinson, Halleli, and Ayman K. Agbaria. "Neo-liberalism and practices of selection in Arab education in Israel: Between control and empowerment." <i>Diaspora, indigenous, and minority education</i> 9.1 (2015): 54-80.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Israel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175540/http://www.cbs.gov.il/webpub/pub/topic_publication_eng.html?topic=6">Publications on Education</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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