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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Process_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Process of education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process_of_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process of education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kindergarten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kindergarten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kindergarten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kindergarten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Primary school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_secondary_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_secondary_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lower secondary school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_secondary_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_secondary_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_secondary_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Higher secondary school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_secondary_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tertiary institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_funding_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_funding_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Public funding of education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_funding_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects_and_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects_and_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Projects and programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Projects_and_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Projects and programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Projects_and_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazarbayev_Intellectual_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazarbayev_Intellectual_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazarbayev_Intellectual_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arystan_Specialized_Lyceum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arystan_Specialized_Lyceum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arystan Specialized Lyceum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arystan_Specialized_Lyceum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolashak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolashak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bolashak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolashak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bologna_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bologna_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> 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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Kazakhstan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="التعليم في كازاخستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1standa_t%C9%99hsil" title="Qazaxıstanda təhsil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazaxıstanda təhsil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Ҡаҙағстанда мәғариф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙағстанда мәғариф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼ਸਤਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼ਸਤਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Образование в Казахстане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образование в Казахстане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsimi_n%C3%AB_Kazakistan" title="Arsimi në Kazakistan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arsimi në Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Казакъстанда мәгариф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казакъстанда мәгариф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan%27da_e%C4%9Fitim" title="Kazakistan'da eğitim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistan'da eğitim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Education+in+Kazakhstan%22">"Education in Kazakhstan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Education+in+Kazakhstan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Education+in+Kazakhstan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Education+in+Kazakhstan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Education+in+Kazakhstan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Education+in+Kazakhstan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a major economic depression cut "public financing" for <b>education in Kazakhstan</b>, "which dropped from 6% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> in 1991 to about 3% in 1994, before rising to 4% in 1999. Elementary- and secondary-school teachers remain badly underpaid; in 1993 more than 30,000 teachers (or about one-seventh of the 1990 teaching staff) left education, many of them to seek more lucrative employment. </p><p>Kazakhstan's 1995 constitution provides mandatory, socialized secondary school education. Citizens compete for socialized institutions of higher learning. Private education is increasing in the country, with about 5% of students enrolled in the private schools that remain largely under arbitrary state control. </p><p>In 2000, the Government of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> joined the governments of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyz Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">the Aga Khan</a> to establish the world’s first internationally chartered institution of higher education, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia" title="University of Central Asia">University of Central Asia</a> (UCA). The UCA will have three campuses of equal size and stature in each of the founding countries. The Kazakh campus is under construction in <a href="/wiki/Tekeli,_Kazakhstan" title="Tekeli, Kazakhstan">Tekeli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> region, 35 minutes east of the regional capital <a href="/wiki/Taldykorgan" title="Taldykorgan">Taldykorgan</a>, and three hours by car from <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>. The UCA will benefit from the resources of the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Development_Network" title="Aga Khan Development Network">Aga Khan Development Network</a> to offer an internationally recognized standard of higher education in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Currently, the University operates a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia#School_of_Professional_and_Continuing_Education" title="University of Central Asia">School of Professional and Continuing Education</a> (SPCE), with a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia#School_of_Undergraduate_Studies" title="University of Central Asia">School of Undergraduate Studies</a> and a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia#Graduate_School_of_Development" title="University of Central Asia">Graduate School of Development</a> in the process of being established. </p><p>In 2002 <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> provided technical assistance to Kazakhstan to identify key issues and priorities in the education sector and to contribute to strengthening the government's education sector development strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> provided 137 <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> members to "work in education and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> development" in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-PEACECORPS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEACECORPS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan has a 99.1% literacy rate for males and 97.7% for females as of 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-LITERACY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LITERACY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> from 12–13 October 2006, she said "The future of any state depends on its level of education. This is my fourth visit to Kazakhstan, I have already been to <a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> and I have been able to see for myself the high level of education of your nation, which is a key to success of any country."<sup id="cite_ref-STANDARDS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STANDARDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Kazakhstan is fulfilling only 81.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Kazakhstan's income level, the nation is achieving only 62.2% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 99.8% for secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_of_education">Process of education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kindergarten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> protects the right to access to <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children typically start <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> at age 5. As of 2004, there were 100 <a href="/wiki/Kindergartens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindergartens">kindergartens</a> in the nation (83 public, 4 directly under the Ministry of Education, and 13 private) and 135 856 children enrolled in kindergartens (or 63% of the 5- and 6-year-olds). All <a href="/wiki/Kindergartens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindergartens">kindergartens</a> are expected to teach Kazakh and Russian, and most emphasize one language over the other. </p><p>One major problem has been the reduction of the number of <a href="/wiki/Kindergartens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindergartens">kindergartens</a>, due to the lack of state funding and virtually non-existence of private sources of money. There are also reported declines in the quality of <a href="/wiki/Kindergartens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindergartens">kindergartens</a> including a lack of hot meal or low quality food served and buildings in poor repair.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_school">Primary school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> typically starts at age 7 (some parents send their children to school, when they turn 6, very rarely - 8) and runs from years 1 – 4. Classes typically run in two sessions, from 8 until 1 and from 2 until 7, with students either going to class in the morning or in the afternoon. All <a href="/wiki/Primary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary schools">primary schools</a> are state-owned and primary and secondary education are constitutionally protected rights. </p><p>The curriculum for both primary and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> is established by the Ministry of Education, with little choice left up to the individual schools. Textbooks are published by independent retailers and must be bought by the students themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> is provided free to all citizens and residents of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and parents typically pay only for extra-curricular activities such as sports programs, music programs, and sometimes lab equipment or other special equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_secondary_school">Lower secondary school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lower secondary school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students continue in lower secondary school from grade 5 to year 9. This roughly corresponds to what is called in the USA, junior high school, or middle school. Typically a student in year 8 is 14–15 years old. The curriculum is a general education curriculum covering subjects like literature, student's first language, Russian or Kazakh language (depending on the language of the school in general), history, physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, foreign language, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_secondary_school">Higher secondary school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Higher secondary school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once leaving lower <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a>, there are three tracks available. Students are free to choose any track of higher secondary education but are required to pursue one. Graduates of all tracks are eligible to enter university. The first track is a general secondary school which covers grades 10-12 and provides general education. In addition, there are two curriculum tracks for vocational education: initial vocational education which is provided by training schools and lycees, and secondary vocational education provided by colleges and trade schools. </p> <ul><li><b>Initial training schools</b> are designed to train students in a skilled profession. The program is usually two or three years, (typically ages 16–18), but for some professional training four-year programs are required. Students who graduate can go on to colleges for advanced vocational training or attend university. The state pays the costs of education.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Lyceums</b> provide basic vocational education to prepare students for skilled professions and includes general academic education. The course of study is three years. The state pays the costs of education.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Colleges</b> give a program that provides both academic general education and advanced vocational education. Colleges, if licensed, can provide initial vocational education. Programs last for three or four years (grades 10–12, 13). Accelerated programs exist for students who have already completed general secondary education and initial vocational training in the same field. Graduates may go on to university or may begin working. As of the 1999 Budget Law, colleges are state-owned and self-financed. In principle, however, all compulsory education (primary and secondary) is provided free of charge.</li></ul> <p>The curriculum for primary and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> is established by the Ministry of Education, with little choice left to the individual schools. Textbooks are sold in bookstores and are purchased by the students themselves. Like <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> is subsidized by the government. Parents only pay for extracurricular activities such as sports programs, music programs, and sometimes lab equipment or other special equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_institutions">Tertiary institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tertiary institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of universities, following the Russian system, focus entirely on teaching and do not engage in research. Students who are accepted to university at any level apply under a specific major, and the curriculum is set by the university (according to State legislation) for each major. For example, economics majors will all study in the same courses in the same order, separate from English majors who have a different curriculum. Some courses are required for a variety of majors and there is a possibility of switching majors but typically classes do not transfer to the new major and the student is expected to reenter in the new major as a first year. </p><p>The government is currently pursuing a program to adopt a credit-system which would allow students to study more easily internationally, and to add the possibility of a curriculum with electives and student-chosen courses. </p><p>There are four levels of tertiary education in Kazakhstan: </p> <ul><li>Bachelor's degree — typically a four-year degree</li> <li>Specialist Degree — typically a five-year degree and more intensive than the Bachelor's</li> <li>Master's degree — typically a two-year degree, roughly corresponding to the Western master's.</li> <li>Doctoral Degree — typically a five-year program</li></ul> <p>Universities are usually headed by a rector, appointed by the President of Kazakhstan, who wields considerable authority over the institution, approving all decisions including those regarding curriculum, personnel, and admission. Thus Kazakhstan universities are more centralized than their Western counterparts. </p><p>The flagship research university in Kazakhstan is <a href="/wiki/Nazarbayev_University" title="Nazarbayev University">Nazarbayev University</a>. Two other prominent universities in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> are <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi_Kazakh_National_University" title="Al-Farabi Kazakh National University">al-Farabi Kazakh National University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._N._Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University">L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>. </p><p>In addition, there are a few international universities such as <a href="/wiki/Kimep" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimep">KIMEP</a>, which is a joint program, 40% owned by the government of Kazakhstan, but education is based on the Western system. The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh-British_Technical_University" title="Kazakh-British Technical University">Kazakh-British Technical University</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh-American_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakh-American University (page does not exist)">Kazakh-American University</a> represent joint projects between <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the UK and the USA, respectively. In all three institutions, the language of instruction is English. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia" title="University of Central Asia">University of Central Asia</a>, founded jointly by the Governments of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">the Aga Khan</a>, is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Development_Network" title="Aga Khan Development Network">Aga Khan Development Network</a>. Its Kazakhstan campus is located in <a href="/wiki/Tekeli,_Kazakhstan" title="Tekeli, Kazakhstan">Tekeli</a>. A number of specialty universities also exist. As of, there were public universities and private universities. </p><p>Private universities, typically for-profit institutions, are subject to the same regulations regarding curriculum but are free to set tuition and salaries as they see fit. Public universities are subject to the same regulations as other government-owned organs, regarding not only fees and salaries, but also administrative structure, contracting and subcontracting, and ownership of property.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State owned universities receive funding if their enrollment reaches 86,000 students or 34%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of universities are financed through a budget line in the Republic budget, such as art academies or international universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_funding_of_education">Public funding of education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public funding of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students who have not received general upper secondary education have the academic portion of their program financed by the state. As for the vocational track, some students pay fees and others are financed through the state order program, where state authorities request a certain number of trained workers and specialists in certain fields. These students are chosen through a merit-based competition based on grades and recommendations from teachers or public officials. </p><p>Education for the nation as a whole made up </p> <ul><li>14.4% of public expenditures in 1999</li> <li>12.1% in 2000</li> <li>11.9% in 2001</li> <li>12.6% in 2002</li></ul> <p>of which the lion's share went to general education: </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><strong>Share (%) of public expenditure on education by level and type, 1999-2003<sup id="cite_ref-report_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></strong></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Level/type of education </th> <th>1999 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>Average </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pre-school education </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>General education </td> <td>68.4 </td> <td>73.7 </td> <td>65.2 </td> <td>68.7 </td> <td>66.2 </td> <td>68.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary vocational education </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary vocational education </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other educational programmes </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>17.1 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>16.4 </td> <td>12.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Higher education </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>9.5 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><strong>Comparative average monthly salaries (KZT), 1999-2003</strong> <sup id="cite_ref-report_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>sector </th> <th>1999 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 (first half) </th></tr> <tr> <td>National </td> <td>11,864 </td> <td>14,374 </td> <td>17,303 </td> <td>20,323 </td> <td>21,991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industry </td> <td>16,370 </td> <td>20,647 </td> <td>23,812 </td> <td>26,280 </td> <td>27,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public administration </td> <td>11,308 </td> <td>11,758 </td> <td>14,970 </td> <td>16,930 </td> <td>17,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Health care and social work </td> <td>6,821 </td> <td>7,267 </td> <td>8,288 </td> <td>10,863 </td> <td>12,089 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education </td> <td>8,149 </td> <td>8,512 </td> <td>9,937 </td> <td>12,863 </td> <td>14,510 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects_and_programs">Projects and programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Projects and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazarbayev_Intellectual_Schools">Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS) was founded in 2008 (as <i>Orken</i>) with a mission "to enhance the intellectual capacity" of Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, the organisation develops, pilots and disseminates programmes for use in the national system of primary and secondary education, through its network of primary and secondary schools, professional development centres (Centres of Excellence), international schools, and associated organisations. The recent curriculum reforms were initiated by the NIS working in partnership with the National Academy of Education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arystan_Specialized_Lyceum">Arystan Specialized Lyceum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arystan Specialized Lyceum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The Arystan Specialized Lyceum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Specialized Lyceum "Arystan" began operating in January 2011, with students from all regions coming to study at the lyceum from the ninth to eleventh grade. It is sponsored by the Nazarbayev Foundation. Heavily entrenched in the army way of life, there are 21 military officers and 5 military specialists who work at the lyceum, which also allows for basic military training and the promotion of discipline. The lyceum has its own flag like a military unit, as well as an emblem, oath of allegiance, and code of honour. In April 2013, President Nazarbayev described the lyceum as "a good example of participation of private capital in expanding access to qualitative education". There have been six graduating classes, of which many have entered military educational institutions of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Kazakhstan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)">Defence Ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazarbayev_University" title="Nazarbayev University">Nazarbayev University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian University">Eurasian University</a>, as well as educational Institutions of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolashak">Bolashak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bolashak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bolashak Scholarship of the President of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, was created in 1993 by the decree of the President: “In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>’s transition toward a market economy and the expansion of international contacts, there is an acute need for a workforce with advanced western education, and so, it is now necessary to send the most qualified youth to study in leading educational institutions in foreign countries”.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scholarship is merit-based and the selection process includes not only academic credentials, but also competence in the language of study, psychological testing and an interview process. Commitment to development of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and patriotism are factors as well. The final decision is made by the Republican Commission, chaired by the State Secretary and composed of the Ministers, members of Parliament, and members of the Office of the President. The Republican Commission also approves the country of study and program of study. </p><p>The Scholarship requires that all recipients return to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> after graduating and work for five years in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. The Scholarship pays for all costs related to education, including tuition and fees, costs of travel, and a living stipend. Scholars are expected to maintain academic excellence. In the US, this translates to a 3.0 GPA. </p><p>There are currently about 1,800 scholarship recipients studying abroad in 24 countries. About 1,700 were awarded the Scholarship in 2005. The most popular countries are the USA (about 700 students chosen in 2005), the UK (about 400 students chosen last year) and Russia (about 300 students chosen in 2005). Australia and Malaysia are two countries represented for the first time in 2005 and host 2 Bolashak Scholars each. Nazarbayev University started his work from 2010, and it covers Bolashak system, therefore, Bolashak program has been closed for bachelors only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bologna_Process">Bologna Process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bologna Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government is in finishing stage of implementing a credit system with Western academic three-levels (Bachelor-Master-PhD) which allows Kazakh students to study internationally without any understanding issues. Kazakh National educational system also allows the possibility of a curriculum with electives and student-chosen courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_and_moral">Spiritual and moral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spiritual and moral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2001, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Nazarbayeva" title="Sara Nazarbayeva">Sara Nazarbayeva</a> initiated the development of the Project of Moral and Spiritual Education (SME) "Self-knowledge". </p><p>On September 1, 2010, the mass introduction of the subject "Self-knowledge" into the system of continuous education of the Republic of Kazakhstan began: kindergarten - school - college - university. In pedagogical universities, the specialty "Social pedagogy and self-knowledge" was introduced, within the framework of which the training of future teachers of self-knowledge began. </p><p>In June 2012, the first graduation of certified teachers of self-knowledge, trained by the Humanitarian College "Self-knowledge" of harmonious human development, was carried out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In connection with a lack of school facilities or a lack of teachers, some primary and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> run three, instead of two sessions, so one group of students attends from 8 to 1pm, a second from 1pm to 6. This results in overworked teachers, students who are kept up late, and overused facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (ADB) published a report on financing of public education in Kazakhstan in 2004, which mentions widely agreed upon criticisms of the public education system reported elsewhere. According to this report, financing of public education is low, and mechanisms to introduce private financing have been unsuccessful. Furthermore, the Budget Code and the law 'On education' fail to clearly delineate responsibilities of local and central government, nor do they include sufficient mechanisms for monitoring budget expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development</a> published a report in 2014 on the education system in Kazakhstan. According to the report, Kazakhstan achieved significant improvements in the quality of education and increased access to primary and secondary education. The report also indicated that Kazakhstan had embarked on profound reforms to improve the quality of the education system and was increasingly looking to international standards and best practices.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of universities in Kazakhstan">List of universities in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_International_School" title="Kazakhstan International School">Kazakhstan International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Almaty" title="List of schools in Almaty">List of schools in Almaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Japanese language education in Kazakhstan">Japanese language education in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Library of Kazakhstan">National Library of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Corners_in_Kazakhstan" title="American Corners in Kazakhstan">American Corners in Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/projects/34460-012/details">34460-012: Education Sector Development Strategy</a> Asian Development Bank</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEACECORPS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PEACECORPS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/35987.htm">U.S. Assistance to Kazakhstan - Fiscal Year 2004</a> U.S. Department of State</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LITERACY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LITERACY_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">Kazakhstan</a> CIA World Factbook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STANDARDS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STANDARDS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazind.com/newsarchives/newsvol44.html">Official visit of US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310222930/http://www.kazind.com/newsarchives/newsvol44.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Republic of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/">"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"</a>. <i>humanrightsmeasurement.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanrightsmeasurement.org&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Measurement+Initiative+%E2%80%93+The+first+global+initiative+to+track+the+human+rights+performance+of+countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrightsmeasurement.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightstracker.org/">"Kazakhstan - HRMI Rights Tracker"</a>. <i>rightstracker.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightstracker.org&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+-+HRMI+Rights+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightstracker.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution">"Официальный сайт Парламента Республики Казахстан"</a>. <i>www.parlam.kz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parlam.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlam.kz%2Fen%2Fconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDP-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412002034/http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/404.html">"404"</a>. <i>UNDP in Kazakhstan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/404.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP+in+Kazakhstan&rft.atitle=404&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fkazakhstan%2Fen%2Fhome%2F404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of President of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Nursultan Nazarbayev of November 9, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercer, Malcom and Elmira Khalikova, ' Education Sector Development Strategy" ADB and the British Council, Astana 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001318/http://www.nis.edu.kz/en/about/">"Назарбаев Интеллектуальные школы"</a>. <i>www.nis.edu.kz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nis.edu.kz/en/about/">the original</a> on 12 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nis.edu.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nis.edu.kz%2Fen%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lyceum-arystan.kz/en/?757928842">"Cпециализированный лицей "Арыстан" - Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9+%22%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%22+-+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyceum-arystan.kz%2Fen%2F%3F757928842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/education/school/OECD%20School%20Resources%20Review_Kazakhstan_FINAL_CRC_with%20cover.pdf">"OECD REVIEWS OF SCHOOL RESOURCES: Kazakhstan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.oecd.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oecd.org&rft.atitle=OECD+REVIEWS+OF+SCHOOL+RESOURCES%3A+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Feducation%2Fschool%2FOECD%2520School%2520Resources%2520Review_Kazakhstan_FINAL_CRC_with%2520cover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>National Authorities</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427030849/http://www.edu.kz/">Official Site of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cip-edu.kz">Center for International Programs, which administrates the Bolashak Program</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <p><b>International organizations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909045331/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D40700%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">UNESCO's page on Kazakhstan education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=KAZ">Information on education in Kazakhstan, OECD</a> - Contains indicators and information about Kazakhstan and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ">Vocational Education in Kazakhstan, UNESCO-UNEVOC(2012)</a> - overview of the vocational education system and the current educational policies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308224745/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/center_view.html?id=3983">2004 UN Human Development Report, “Education for All”</a></li></ul> <p><b>Conferences</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conferences.nis.edu.kz">NIS International Conference</a> - Principal national conference focusing on preschool, primary and secondary education in Central Asia.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kazakhstan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kazakhstan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">White Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans" title="List of Kazakh khans">List of Kazakh khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">Jüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991–present)" title="History of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan" title="Coat of arms of Kazakhstan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon" title="Aktogay Canyon">Aktogay Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altay (Altai) Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Borders of Kazakhstan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tangiri Shyngy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tien (Tian) Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniñ Qazaqstanım">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kaznet <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan" title="Squatting in Kazakhstan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan" title="Television in Kazakhstan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Wedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tribes">Kazakh tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan" title="Outline of Kazakhstan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" title="Category:Kazakhstan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&oldid=1249009731">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Kazakhstan&oldid=1249009731</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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