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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vietnam War, and cover-up of Mỹ Lai Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War,_and_cover-up_of_Mỹ_Lai_Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Mendel Rivers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Mendel Rivers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Mendell_Rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/L_Mendell_Rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 1st congressional district">1st</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1941 – December 28, 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clara_G._McMillan" title="Clara G. McMillan">Clara G. McMillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">Mendel Jackson Davis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <br /><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">South Carolina House of Representatives</a><br /> from <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 9, 1934 – June 6, 1936</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">September 28, 1905<br /><a href="/wiki/Gumville,_South_Carolina" title="Gumville, South Carolina">Gumville, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 28, 1970<span style="display:none">(1970-12-28)</span> (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Middleton Rivers (1938–1970)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="L. Mendel Rivers, Jr.">L. Mendel Rivers, Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lucius Mendel Rivers</b> (September 28, 1905 – December 28, 1970) was a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>-based <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 1st congressional district">1st congressional district</a> for nearly 30 years. As chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a>, Rivers developed a reputation for his unwavering support of American involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. His reputation suffered as the American public at large turned against further escalation in the Vietnam War. In 1968, Rivers condemned American servicemen who attempted to stop the <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a>, labeling them as "traitors".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers served in the House until his death in 1970. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mendel Rivers was born in <a href="/wiki/Gumville,_South_Carolina" title="Gumville, South Carolina">Gumville, South Carolina</a>, to Lucius Hampton Rivers and Henrietta Marion McCay. The family moved to a farm in <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen,_South_Carolina" title="St. Stephen, South Carolina">St. Stephen</a> in 1907 and lived comfortably until 1915. That year the father Lucius died from pneumonia. Mendel's older brother Earle was put in charge of running the farm, but was not interested in agriculture. At the same time, agriculture suffered financial pressures and the family's assets declined. Eventually, they moved to <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a>, where they opened a boarding house on O'Hear Avenue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rivers attended local public schools. He took six years to graduate from Charleston High School in 1926. He attended the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a> for three years and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of South Carolina School of Law">University of South Carolina School of Law</a> for two years, graduating from neither. The law school dean at the University of South Carolina advised Rivers to take up another profession because, although he knew the assignments, he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rivers was determined to become a lawyer so he returned to College of Charleston, took classes to prepare himself for the bar examination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After passing the bar exam in 1932, he was unable to find work in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> law firms during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, so he started his own practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entry into politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rivers first became involved in politics in 1930 when he participated in Ed Pritchard's unsuccessful campaign for the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">state legislature</a> against Russell McGowan. He was an active member of the Charleston Young Democrats club and shortly after passing the bar, Rivers decided to run for one of the twelve <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">state representative</a> spots from <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County</a>. County politics in the 1930s were controlled by the political machine of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Charleston" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Charleston">Charleston mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">Burnet R. Maybank</a>, and gaining his endorsement was crucial to winning an election. Rivers sought the mayor's blessing, but was rejected because he was an unknown candidate from North Charleston. He ran as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrat" title="Independent Democrat">Independent Democrat</a> and was defeated in his bid for election. </p><p>A vacancy on the Charleston County delegation arose in 1933 when Ben Scott Whaley resigned to join the staff of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Byrnes" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Byrnes">James Francis Byrnes</a>. Rivers won the special election by running against Charleston and campaigning on the slogan "Give the Northern End of the County Representation."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, Rivers ran for re-election and received the most votes of any state House candidate on the Charleston County ticket, making him chairman of the county delegation. As a state Representative, Rivers served on the Judiciary and Education committees. He became the state president of the Young Democrats in 1935 and was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 Democratic National Convention</a>. </p><p>The rapid ascendancy of Rivers attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 1st congressional district">1st district</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._McMillan" title="Thomas S. McMillan">Thomas S. McMillan</a> who became worried when Rivers requested papers from the state Democratic secretary in 1936 to run for office. McMillan arranged a meeting with Rivers and offered him a position as a Special Assistant to the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General of the United States</a>. Rivers accepted and worked throughout the South collecting unpaid criminal fines and forfeited bail bonds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940_election">1940 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1940 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 29, 1939, McMillan died and Rivers immediately made plans to run for Congress. He quit his federal job in February 1940 and opened a law practice in Charleston to provide a base for his campaign. His opponent in the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a> was Alfred von Kolnitz, who had the backing of the Charleston political establishment and Thomas McMillan's widow, <a href="/wiki/Clara_G._McMillan" title="Clara G. McMillan">Clara</a>. Rivers knew that he was not going to win the vote in Charleston, so he tried to maximize his vote outside of Charleston by making the theme of his campaign about the chicanery of the city. Furthermore, with <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> raging in Europe, Rivers played up von Kolnitz's German name to make him appear as if a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi sympathizer</a>. He was aided in this effort by the fact that von Kolnitz was outspokenly antisemitic, and was in favor of isolationism (von Kolnitz advocated that the U.S. not help the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the British war effort against the Nazis). On August 27, Rivers won the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Carolina,_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1940">Democratic primary election</a> by running up a huge margin in the counties outside of Charleston, which offset his loss in Charleston County. In those days, victory in the Democratic primary was <a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">tantamount to election</a> in South Carolina, and Rivers took office on January 3, 1941. Making good on his pro-British campaign rhetoric, Rivers voted in favor of the first Lend Lease Act in 1941 to lend material military aid to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, as well as food aid for British soldiers and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then voted to extend the lend lease act in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_career">Congressional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Congressional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_legislation">Domestic legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once in Congress, Rivers sought a seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="United States House Committee on Agriculture">Agriculture committee</a>, but it was full and he was instead placed on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Merchant_Marine_and_Fisheries" title="United States House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries">Merchant Marine and Fisheries</a> committee. In March, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Naval_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Naval Affairs">Naval Affairs</a> committee which was later combined with the Military Affairs committee to form the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a>. His first legislative success was in 1942 when he authored a bill to build an oil pipeline from Mississippi to the Southeast coast to reduce the transportation costs of the product. The bill was passed by Congress and signed by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, but <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> refused to construct the pipeline because of the opposition by <a href="/wiki/Supermajor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermajor">Big Oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rivers's first major success was the repeal of the federal tax on colored <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">oleomargarine</a>. The tax was first implemented because margarine was a much cheaper substitute of butter which threatened the interests of the dairy farmers. When Rivers first introduced the bill in 1944 to repeal the tax, it was vigorously opposed by Midwestern Representatives and the bill died in the agriculture committee. Undeterred, Rivers reintroduced the bill every year and made so many speeches in favor of the repeal of the tax that he was nicknamed "Oleo" Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, he circulated a petition in the House to force the bill out of the agriculture committee and to the full House for a vote. The bill passed the House and then the Senate and was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> in 1950. The manufacturers of margarine were forever grateful to Rivers and sent him complimentary boxes of oleo until the day he died.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_regarding_race">Views regarding race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views regarding race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most South Carolinian Democrats from his era, Rivers was an ardent <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationist</a>. Rivers and the entire South Carolina delegation signed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1956. Rivers voted against the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Acts of 1957</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">1960</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>River attempted to have Charleston federal district court judge <a href="/wiki/Julius_Waties_Waring" title="Julius Waties Waring">J. Waties Waring</a> impeached for having ruled that blacks had to be allowed to vote in the Democratic primary and that segregated schools were unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Carolina in the 1940s the Democratic Party had all-white primary elections, which was contested in the court case <i>Elmore v. Rice</i> where George Elmore was represented by Harold Boulware and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> and the NAACP. Judge Waring ruled in favor of Elmore in 1947, but the ruling was rebuffed by South Carolina outside of Richland County. In a second case <i>Brown v. Baskin</i> (1948), Judge Waring once again ruled that the South Carolina Democratic Party must hold primaries that are "freely open to all parties... without discrimination of race, color or creed."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Waring was eventually forced to leave South Carolina after his dissenting opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliot</a></i> (1951), which challenged segregation in public schools, eventually becoming one of five cases that was seen by the U.S. Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>. Despite Rivers' fundraising campaign against him, Judge Waring was not impeached, but he eventually moved to New York to continue his work as a federal judge where he died in 1968. Judge Waring was buried in Magnolia Cemetery on Meeting Street in Charleston and his funeral was attended by more than 200 blacks and less than a dozen whites.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When President Truman <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">integrated the U.S. Army</a> in 1948, Rivers called him a "dead chicken" and a "bankrupt politician".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers was so incensed by Truman that he supported <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 Presidential election</a>. After Truman's victory, he lost his patronage privileges and was lucky to retain his seat on the Armed Services Committee. </p><p>Rivers attended the <a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 Democratic National Convention</a> and believed that <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> would reverse the policies of Truman by returning to traditional Democratic principles. However, Rivers became disillusioned with Stevenson and he openly supported Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 Presidential election</a> because he said that he would be sensitive to Southern concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._92_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers's long-held distrust of Republicans was reinforced shortly after Eisenhower became president when he ordered the desegregation of all schools on military bases and did not grant Rivers patronage privileges, despite Rivers being the only Democrat to support Eisenhower in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower's continual push for integration infuriated Rivers. When asked if he would back Eisenhower again in 1956, Rivers later claimed to have responded "Hell no! Ain't no education in the second kick of a mule."<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._92_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, Rivers softened his vocal opposition to civil rights legislation. He had risen in the ranks and his power in the House depended upon the continual support of national Democrats. Rivers shifted his approach from defending segregation to the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>. He found a kindred spirit in <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> and he attended one of Wallace's fundraising dinners in 1968. Wallace asked Rivers in July to be his running mate for the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 Presidential election</a>, but Rivers dared not risk losing his chairmanship of the House Armed Services Committee and declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_Armed_Services_Chairman">House Armed Services Chairman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: House Armed Services Chairman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House,_7_March_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House%2C_7_March_1968.jpg/250px-Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House%2C_7_March_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House%2C_7_March_1968.jpg/375px-Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House%2C_7_March_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House%2C_7_March_1968.jpg/500px-Mendel_Rivers_at_White_House%2C_7_March_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>L. Mendel Rivers at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, March 7, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Rivers became the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 1965 following the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Carl Vinson</a>. Upon moving into the <a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn House Office Building</a>, Rivers placed a plaque of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article 1, Section 8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> that specified the role of the legislative process with the military. He felt that the Congress should not delegate its powers to the President nor the Secretary of Defense, and that a vigorous Congress would make the President perform his job better.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers_p._132_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers_p._132-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Rivers inspected the committee room, he became incensed when he discovered there were cloakrooms adjoining the chamber for use by Democratic and Republican Party members to discuss their strategies. Viewing national defense as a non-partisan issue, Rivers had the cloakrooms turned into offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers_p._132_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers_p._132-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Rivers became the chairman, he was well known for being a strong supporter of the American military in general, and of enlisted military service members in particular. In 1963 he established, through the vehicle of the House–Senate Conference Committee, the principle of linking military retired pay to increases in the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Price Index">Consumer Price Index</a> (CPI), similar to the practice for retired federal civil servants. In 1964 he championed the cause of "hospital rights," guaranteeing medical care in military hospitals for military retirees and their dependents. </p><p>After becoming chairman, in 1965 he helped secure the first military pay raise since 1952, despite opposition from the Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a>. Rivers was instrumental in establishing the additional enlisted pay grade of E-9, and he helped secure mobile home allowances and cheap air fares for soldiers returning from Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rivers strongly supported the constant upgrading of US military preparedness, regardless of the cost. He supported making all US Navy ships nuclear powered,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he championed development of the US Air Force's <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5A Galaxy</a> military airlift jet, despite huge cost overruns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last speech to his colleagues in the US House of Representatives on December 7, 1970, delivered just before he departed for Birmingham, Alabama to have heart surgery, he stated, "While we debate the question of maintaining our military capability, the Soviet Union forges ahead. We seem hell-bent on national suicide....We cannot as a nation afford to spend one penny less on national defense than that amount which is required to insure that you and I, and our children, can convince the Soviets they dare not pull the trigger when a Soviet gun is placed against our heads."<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._193_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._193-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In that same speech, he delivered the quote for which he is best remembered: "The final measure of our ability to survive as a nation in a hostile world will not be how well we have managed our domestic resources and domestic programs, but whether or not we have avoided and frustrated the forces of evil which would draw us into the crucible of war with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. If we fail in that endeavor, we will have failed in everything."<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._193_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._193-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War,_and_cover-up_of_Mỹ_Lai_Massacre"><span id="Vietnam_War.2C_and_cover-up_of_M.E1.BB.B9_Lai_Massacre"></span>Vietnam War, and cover-up of Mỹ Lai Massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vietnam War, and cover-up of Mỹ Lai Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rivers was initially skeptical of the administration's escalation of the Vietnam War and its decision to send combat troops to Vietnam, but later became one of the strongest Congressional supporters of the war. He enjoyed referring to himself as "The Granddaddy of the War Hawks."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He urged the President to use nuclear weapons against the North Vietnamese and to invade and occupy Hanoi,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once said that the United States should "flatten Hanoi and tell world opinion to go fly a kite."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a Congressional investigation of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mỹ Lai Massacre">Mỹ Lai Massacre</a>, Rivers criticized Army helicopter pilot <a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">CW2</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a>) <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thompson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thompson, Jr.">Hugh Thompson, Jr.</a> for giving the order to his men to fire upon American soldiers at Mỹ Lai if they continued to shoot unarmed Vietnamese civilians, calling him a traitor and saying he should be prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers was unable to believe that American soldiers would do such a thing and denied that any massacre ever happened. He attempted to protect Army 2nd Lt. <a href="/wiki/William_Calley" title="William Calley">William Calley</a>, later convicted of 22 killings at Mỹ Lai, by quickly holding hearings of his subcommittee on Mỹ Lai. He called every major witness to the event (including Thompson) before the subcommittee, and then refused to release the transcripts of the testimony. This meant that military prosecutors would be prohibited from calling those persons as witnesses at Calley's <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this, Rivers is remembered as a Congressman who tried to cover up a massacre in the Vietnam war and court-martial the man who stopped it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg/220px-Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg/330px-Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg/440px-Mendel_Rivers_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>Mendel Rivers Monument, Charleston, South Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1970, Rivers was elected to his 16th term in Congress. He died of heart failure in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, on December 28, 1970. It was 17 days after he had undergone surgery to replace a leaking <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> at the <a href="/wiki/UAB_Hospital" title="UAB Hospital">University of Alabama Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at St. Stephen Episcopal Church Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen,_South_Carolina" title="St. Stephen, South Carolina">St. Stephen, South Carolina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rivers married Margaret Middleton (called Marguerite by Mendel, but Marwee by family and friends) on September 1, 1938. They had first met in 1930 at <a href="/wiki/Kanuga_Conference_Center" title="Kanuga Conference Center">Camp Kanuga</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_North_Carolina" title="Hendersonville, North Carolina">Hendersonville, North Carolina</a>. Mendel had impressed Marwee by being elected Best Boy Camper, although he was a 24-year-old law student.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three children: Peggy in 1939, Marion in 1943, and <a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="L. Mendel Rivers, Jr.">Mendel Jr.</a> in 1947. </p><p>Rivers belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church</a>. In fraternal societies, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> (Landmark Lodge No. 76, A.F.M.), the <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks" title="Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks">Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Exchange_Club" title="National Exchange Club">Exchange Club</a>. He was an enthusiast of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, and was friends with both <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Gene Tunney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed playing baseball and he batted well over .300 in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Baseball_Game" title="Congressional Baseball Game">Congressional Baseball Games</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalists</a>, Rivers struggled with <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> for much of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was said to be the "<a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binger</a>" variety of alcoholic, one who is generally sober but relapses periodically. Washington syndicated columnist <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a> called him a "security risk" because of this. He devoted eight pages to Rivers in his book <i>The Case Against Congress</i> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1948, a stretch of highway, from the crossing of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_78" title="U.S. Route 78">U.S. Route 78</a> over Meeting Street (known as the Five-Mile Viaduct) to where <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_52" title="U.S. Route 52">U.S. Route 52</a> meets the Berkeley County line, was named as Rivers Avenue. Rivers had been key in getting funds from Congress to pave it as the first four-lane road in North Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._85_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._85-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1964 the town of St. Stephen held a day-long celebration for Rivers, naming as Mendel Rivers Road the secondary road that ran from St. Stephen's Episcopal Church to his childhood home.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1964 a seven-story office building, located across Meeting Street from <a href="/wiki/Marion_Square_(Charleston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion Square (Charleston)">Marion Square</a>, was informally named the L. Mendel Rivers Federal Building. It was later adapted as a hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._85_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._85-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The L. Mendel Rivers Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Altus,_Oklahoma" title="Altus, Oklahoma">Altus, Oklahoma</a> was named for Rivers because he prevented the <a href="/wiki/Altus_Air_Force_Base" title="Altus Air Force Base">Altus Air Force Base</a> from being closed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._165_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._165-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Southern_University" title="Charleston Southern University">Charleston Southern University</a> honored Rivers's support of the institution by naming its college library as the L. Mendel Rivers Library in October 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>US soldiers referred to a road in <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a>, Vietnam as called the Mendel Rivers Parkway.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers,_p._165_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers,_p._165-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers gave Rivers a captured Viet Cong carbine that he prominently displayed in his office. For obtaining reduced air fares for soldiers on furlough, they gave him a cap with six stars and "The Big Boss" inscribed on it, indicating that Rivers outranked all military officials.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After his death, in 1971 the Navy honored him by naming a submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_L._Mendel_Rivers_(SSN-686)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS L. Mendel Rivers (SSN-686)">USS <i>L. Mendel Rivers</i> (SSN-686)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Friends of Rivers raised funds to create a small park in downtown Charleston and commissioned a bust of him to be placed adjacent to the O.T. Wallace County Office Building.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rivers was named as one of the "Magnificent Ten Charlestonians Who Shaped the 20th Century" by <i>Charleston Magazine</i> in December 1999 for his success in expanding the military in his congressional district.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_National_Commissioner" title="NASCAR National Commissioner">NASCAR National Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%9399)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured/helicopter-pilot-stopped-my-lai-massacre.html">"Helicopter Pilot Who Stopped My Lai Massacre Was Called A Traitor In America & Almost Court-Martialed"</a>. <i>warhistoryonline</i>. 2015-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warhistoryonline&rft.atitle=Helicopter+Pilot+Who+Stopped+My+Lai+Massacre+Was+Called+A+Traitor+In+America+%26+Almost+Court-Martialed&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Ffeatured%2Fhelicopter-pilot-stopped-my-lai-massacre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voteview.com/rollcall/RH0770006">"Voteview | Plot Vote: 77th Congress > House > 6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voteview+%7C+Plot+Vote%3A+77th+Congress+%3E+House+%3E+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voteview.com%2Frollcall%2FRH0770006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voteview.com/rollcall/RH0780117">"Voteview | Plot Vote: 78th Congress > House > 117"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voteview+%7C+Plot+Vote%3A+78th+Congress+%3E+House+%3E+117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoteview.com%2Frollcall%2FRH0780117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4-3-1.pdf">"Southern Manifesto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Congressional Record - Senate</i>: 4459–4461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record+-+Senate&rft.atitle=Southern+Manifesto&rft.pages=4459-4461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1956-pt4%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1956-pt4-3-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42">"HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957. -- House Vote #42 -- Jun 18, 1957"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=HR+6127.+CIVIL+RIGHTS+ACT+OF+1957.+--+House+Vote+%2342+--+Jun+18%2C+1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F85-1957%2Fh42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/h106">"HR 8601. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960. APPROVAL BY THE … -- House Vote #106 -- Apr 21, 1960"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=HR+8601.+CIVIL+RIGHTS+ACT+OF+1960.+APPROVAL+BY+THE+%E2%80%A6+--+House+Vote+%23106+--+Apr+21%2C+1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F86-1960%2Fh106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182">"H.R. 7152. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. ADOPTION OF A … -- House Vote #182 -- Jul 2, 1964"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=S.J.+RES.+29.+CONSTITUTIONAL+AMENDMENT+TO+BAN+THE+USE+OF+%E2%80%A6+--+House+Vote+%23193+--+Aug+27%2C+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F87-1962%2Fh193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h107">"TO AGREE TO CONFERENCE REPORT ON S. 1564, THE VOTING … -- House Vote #107 -- Aug 3, 1965"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=TO+AGREE+TO+CONFERENCE+REPORT+ON+S.+1564%2C+THE+VOTING+%E2%80%A6+--+House+Vote+%23107+--+Aug+3%2C+1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F89-1965%2Fh107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.2012" class="citation book cs1">L., Felder, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/788250681"><i>Civil rights in South Carolina : from peaceful protests to groundbreaking rulings</i></a>. History Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-686-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-686-9"><bdi>978-1-60949-686-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788250681">788250681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+rights+in+South+Carolina+%3A+from+peaceful+protests+to+groundbreaking+rulings&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F788250681&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-686-9&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Felder%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F788250681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.2012" class="citation book cs1">L., Felder, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/788250681"><i>Civil rights in South Carolina : from peaceful protests to groundbreaking rulings</i></a>. History Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-686-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-686-9"><bdi>978-1-60949-686-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788250681">788250681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+rights+in+South+Carolina+%3A+from+peaceful+protests+to+groundbreaking+rulings&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F788250681&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-686-9&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Felder%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F788250681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.2012" class="citation book cs1">L., Felder, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/788250681"><i>Civil rights in South Carolina : from peaceful protests to groundbreaking rulings</i></a>. History Press. pp. 44–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-686-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-686-9"><bdi>978-1-60949-686-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788250681">788250681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+rights+in+South+Carolina+%3A+from+peaceful+protests+to+groundbreaking+rulings&rft.pages=44-51&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F788250681&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-686-9&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Felder%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F788250681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers,_p._92-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._92_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._92_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers_p._132-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers_p._132_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers_p._132_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, pp. 137, 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers,_p._193-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._193_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._193_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Perlstein, Rick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/nixonlandriseofp0000perl"><i>Nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of America</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Scribner. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-4302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland+%3A+the+rise+of+a+president+and+the+fracturing+of+America&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Scribner&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonlandriseofp0000perl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColburn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Colburn, Lawrence (January 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2006/1/18/hugh_thompsons_crewmember_remembers_helping_to">"Hugh Thompson's Crewmember Remembers Helping to Stop the Mỹ Lai Massacre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hugh+Thompson%27s+Crewmember+Remembers+Helping+to+Stop+the+M%E1%BB%B9+Lai+Massacre&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.aulast=Colburn&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2006%2F1%2F18%2Fhugh_thompsons_crewmember_remembers_helping_to&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, Michael J. (April 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530163410/http://www.brooklaw.edu/students/journals/bjlp/jlp14i_davidson.pdf">"Congressional Investigations and Their Effect on Subsequent Military Prosecutions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Law and Policy</i>: 300–303. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklaw.edu/students/journals/bjlp/jlp14i_davidson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Law+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Congressional+Investigations+and+Their+Effect+on+Subsequent+Military+Prosecutions&rft.pages=300-303&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklaw.edu%2Fstudents%2Fjournals%2Fbjlp%2Fjlp14i_davidson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19701229&id=9O9RAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427,5702003">"L. Mendel Rivers dies in Alabama"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>. December 29, 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=L.+Mendel+Rivers+dies+in+Alabama&rft.date=1970-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D888%26dat%3D19701229%26id%3D9O9RAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4427%2C5702003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman1988" class="citation news cs1">Waldman, Steven (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018040009/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n12_v19/ai_6306545">"Governing under the influence; Washington alcoholics: their aides protect them, the media shields them"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n12_v19/ai_6306545">the original</a> on 2015-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Governing+under+the+influence%3B+Washington+alcoholics%3A+their+aides+protect+them%2C+the+media+shields+them&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1316%2Fis_n12_v19%2Fai_6306545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers,_p._85-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._85_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._85_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altusschools.k12.ok.us/schools/rivers.htm">L. Mendel Rivers Elementary School Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211004833/http://www.altusschools.k12.ok.us/schools/rivers.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers,_p._165-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._165_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers,_p._165_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csuniv.edu/library">CSU Library Homepage L. Mendel Rivers Library Webpage</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, pp. 203–205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, pp. 163–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenel, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivers, p. 207</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenel1995" class="citation book cs1">Ravenel, Marion Rivers (1995). <i>Rivers Delivers</i>. Wyrick & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941711-24-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-941711-24-2"><bdi>0-941711-24-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+Delivers&rft.pub=Wyrick+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-941711-24-2&rft.aulast=Ravenel&rft.aufirst=Marion+Rivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiversMargaret_M.R._EastmanL._Mendel_Rivers_Jr2007" class="citation book cs1">Rivers, Margaret Middleton; Margaret M.R. Eastman; L. Mendel Rivers Jr (2007). <i>Mendel & Me: Life With Congressman L. Mendel Rivers</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-288-8"><bdi>978-1-59629-288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendel+%26+Me%3A+Life+With+Congressman+L.+Mendel+Rivers&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-288-8&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Middleton&rft.au=Margaret+M.R.+Eastman&rft.au=L.+Mendel+Rivers+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Mendel_Rivers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressR000280" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000280">"L. Mendel Rivers (id: R000280)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=L.+Mendel+Rivers+%28id%3A+R000280%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DR000280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Mendel+Rivers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.citadel.edu/archivesguide/index.php/RIVERS_L._MENDEL,_1905-1970">The Citadel Archives: L. Rivers Mendel Collection</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clara_G._McMillan" title="Clara G. McMillan">Clara G. McMillan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="South Carolina01 !"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="South Carolina's 1st congressional district">South Carolina's 1st congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1941–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">Mendel Jackson Davis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Carl Vinson</a><br />Georgia</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> </b><br />1965–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philip J. Philbin</a><br />Massachusetts</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">United States House Committee on Armed Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Affairs Committee <br /> (1822–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vance_(Ohio_politician)" title="Joseph Vance (Ohio politician)">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drayton" title="William Drayton">Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddy_Thompson_Jr." title="Waddy Thompson Jr.">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crosby_Dawson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Crosby Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanly" title="Edward Stanly">Stanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Haralson" title="Hugh A. Haralson">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Botts" title="John Botts">Botts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Burt" title="Armistead Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bissell" title="William Henry Bissell">Bissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">Quitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanton" title="Benjamin Stanton">B. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Buffington (Fall River, Massachusetts)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coburn_(Indiana_politician)" title="John Coburn (Indiana politician)">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._J._Sparks" title="William A. J. Sparks">Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Bragg" title="Edward S. Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Townshend" title="Richard W. Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Outhwaite" title="Joseph H. Outhwaite">Outhwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._T._Hull" title="John A. T. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hay_(politician)" title="James Hay (politician)">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Hubert_Dent_Jr." title="S. Hubert Dent Jr.">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Kahn_(congressman)" title="Julius Kahn (congressman)">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._McKenzie" title="John C. McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Morin" title="John M. Morin">Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Quin" title="Percy Quin">Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McSwain" title="John J. McSwain">McSwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._May" title="Andrew J. May">May</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval Affairs Committee <br /> (1822–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Storrs" title="Henry R. Storrs">Storrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hoffman_(congressman)" title="Michael Hoffman (congressman)">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(Maine_politician)" title="John Anderson (Maine politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_P._White" title="Campbell P. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jarvis" title="Leonard Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ingham" title="Samuel Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Holmes" title="Isaac E. Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Butler King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Perry Stanton">F. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Benson" title="Samuel P. Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_H._Morse" title="Freeman H. Morse">Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Sedgwick" title="Charles B. Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Pike" title="Frederick A. Pike">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenni_William_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenni William Scofield">Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boutelle" title="Charles A. Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_J._Cummings" title="Amos J. Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Augustus_Geissenhainer" title="Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer">Geissenhainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boutelle" title="Charles A. Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Foss" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edmund Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_P._Padgett" title="Lemuel P. Padgett">Padgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Britten" title="Frederick A. Britten">Britten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed Services Committee* <br /> (from 1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_G._Andrews" title="Walter G. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Jackson_Short" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewey Jackson Short">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Edward_H%C3%A9bert" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Edward Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Dellums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Stump" title="Bob Stump">Stump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Skelton" title="Ike Skelton">Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_McKeon" title="Buck McKeon">McKeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Thornberry" title="Mac Thornberry">Thornberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_(Washington_politician)" title="Adam Smith (Washington politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Alabama_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)">Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>*</sup>Alternately named <b>National Security</b> in 104th and 105th Congresses.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Carolina&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_77th–91st_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Carolina&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_77th–91st_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>'s delegation(s) to the 77th–91st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/77th_United_States_Congress" title="77th United States Congress">77th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">E. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes"><i>J. Byrnes</i></a> (D)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin" title="Alva M. Lumpkin"><i>A. Lumpkin</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Peace" title="Roger C. Peace"><i>R. Peace</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank"><i>B. Maybank</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hampton_P._Fulmer" title="Hampton P. Fulmer">H. Fulmer</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_B._Hare" title="Butler B. Hare">B. Hare</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson">J. Bryson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/78th_United_States_Congress" title="78th United States Congress">78th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith"><i>E. Smith</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">B. Maybank</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Wilton_E._Hall" title="Wilton E. Hall"><i>W. Hall</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hampton_P._Fulmer" title="Hampton P. Fulmer"><i>H. Fulmer</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_B._Hare" title="Butler B. Hare">B. Hare</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson">J. Bryson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Willa_L._Fulmer" title="Willa L. Fulmer"><i>W. Fulmer</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/79th_United_States_Congress" title="79th United States Congress">79th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">B. Maybank</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_B._Hare" title="Butler B. Hare">B. Hare</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson">J. Bryson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">B. Maybank</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson">J. Bryson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">B. Maybank</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson">J. Bryson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hugo_S._Sims_Jr." title="Hugo S. Sims Jr.">H. Sims</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress" title="82nd United States Congress">82nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">B. Maybank</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson">J. Bryson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank"><i>B. Maybank</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Daniel" title="Charles E. Daniel"><i>C. Daniel</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond"><i>S. Thurmond</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Bryson" title="Joseph R. Bryson"><i>J. Bryson</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore"><i>R. Ashmore</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond"><i>S. Thurmond</i></a> (D)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Wofford" title="Thomas A. Wofford"><i>T. Wofford</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">J. Richards</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress" title="85th United States Congress">85th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill" title="Robert W. Hemphill">R. Hemphill</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">86th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley">J. Riley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill" title="Robert W. Hemphill">R. Hemphill</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Riley" title="John J. Riley"><i>J. Riley</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill" title="Robert W. Hemphill">R. Hemphill</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Boyd_Riley" title="Corinne Boyd Riley"><i>C. Riley</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">O. Johnston</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (D/R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hemphill" title="Robert W. Hemphill"><i>R. Hemphill</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">A. Watson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys"><i>T. Gettys</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston"><i>O. Johnston</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell"><i>D. Russell</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">A. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">A. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">A. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="James Mann (South Carolina politician)">J. Mann</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309895#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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