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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Presidential candidate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Senate_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Senate_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Later Senate career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Senate_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Entertainment industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Senatorial_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fritz Hollings</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B2" title="فریتس هولینقز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریتس هولینقز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fritz Hollings" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="فریتس هولینگز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریتس هولینگز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fritz Hollings" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fritz Hollings" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B2" title="فريتز هوللينجز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريتز هوللينجز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fritz Hollings" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Холлингс, Эрнест Фредерик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холлингс, Эрнест Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fritz Hollings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Ернест Голлінгс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернест Голлінгс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" title="Ernest Hollings – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ernest Hollings" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q596008#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1922–2019)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Fritz Hollings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FritzHollings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FritzHollings.jpg/220px-FritzHollings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FritzHollings.jpg/330px-FritzHollings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FritzHollings.jpg/440px-FritzHollings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 9, 1966 – January 3, 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Donald Russell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">106th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1959 – January 15, 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank_Jr." title="Burnet R. Maybank Jr.">Burnet R. Maybank Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">George Timmerman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Donald Russell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">77th <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina">Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 18, 1955 – January 20, 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">George Timmerman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Timmerman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Burnet Maybank</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">South Carolina House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1949–1954</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ernest Frederick Hollings</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-01-01</span>)</span>January 1, 1922<br /><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 6, 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-04-06)</span> (aged 97)<br /><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Palms,_South_Carolina" title="Isle of Palms, South Carolina">Isle of Palms, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Martha Salley</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1946; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1971)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Rita Liddy</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1971; died 2012)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">The Citadel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina,_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of South Carolina, Columbia">University of South Carolina, Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a><br /><a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fritz Hollings's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg/128px-Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg/192px-Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg/256px-Ernest_F_Hollings_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="72" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/25px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/38px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png/50px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2358" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Captain<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_obituary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Fritz_Hollings_in_Support_of_the_Telephone_Advertising_Consumer_Rights_Act.ogg" title="File:Sen. Fritz Hollings in Support of the Telephone Advertising Consumer Rights Act.ogg">Fritz Hollings's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="97" data-mwtitle="Sen._Fritz_Hollings_in_Support_of_the_Telephone_Advertising_Consumer_Rights_Act.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sen._Fritz_Hollings_in_Support_of_the_Telephone_Advertising_Consumer_Rights_Act.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sen._Fritz_Hollings_in_Support_of_the_Telephone_Advertising_Consumer_Rights_Act.ogg/Sen._Fritz_Hollings_in_Support_of_the_Telephone_Advertising_Consumer_Rights_Act.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Hollings speaks in support of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_Consumer_Protection_Act_of_1991" title="Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991">Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991</a><br />Recorded November 7, 1991</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernest Frederick</b> "<b>Fritz</b>" <b>Hollings</b> (January 1, 1922 – April 6, 2019) was an American politician who served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> from 1966 to 2005. A <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, he was also the 106th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">governor of South Carolina</a>, the 77th <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of lieutenant governors of South Carolina">lieutenant governor of South Carolina</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">South Carolina House of Representatives</a>. He served alongside Democrat-turned-<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> for 36 years, making them the longest-serving duo in U.S. Senate history. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living former U.S. senator and the second-oldest living American governor. As of 2024, he is the last Democrat to hold or win a U.S. Senate seat in South Carolina. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, Hollings graduated from <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">The Citadel</a> in 1942 and joined a law practice in Charleston after attending the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of South Carolina School of Law">University of South Carolina School of Law</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he served as an artillery officer in campaigns in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. After the war, Hollings successively won election to the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">South Carolina House of Representatives</a>, as lieutenant governor, and as governor. He sought election to the Senate in 1962 but was defeated by incumbent <a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Olin D. Johnston</a>. </p><p>Johnston died in 1965, and the following year Hollings won a special election to serve the remainder of Johnston's term. Hollings remained popular and continually won re-election, becoming <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">one of the longest-serving senators</a> in U.S. history. Hollings sought the Democratic nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 presidential election</a> but dropped out of the race after the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>. He declined to seek re-election in 2004 and was succeeded by Republican <a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hollings was born in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, the son of Wilhelmine Dorothea Meyer (1888–1982) and Adolph Gevert Hollings, Sr. (1882–1940).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was of German descent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings was raised at 338 President St. in the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Park_Terrace" title="Hampton Park Terrace">Hampton Park Terrace</a> neighborhood from age 10 until he enrolled in college.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_personal_life">Education and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hollings graduated from <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel_(Military_College)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel (Military College)">The Citadel</a> in 1942, receiving a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree. He achieved an <a href="/wiki/LL.B." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.B.">LL.B.</a> in 1947 after 21 months at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>, and joined a law practice in Charleston.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">Pi Kappa Phi</a> fraternity. He was a member of the German Friendly Society of Charleston from 1976-1991. </p><p>Hollings was married to Rita Liddy "Peatsy" Hollings from August 21, 1971, until her death in October 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-scencyclopedia.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scencyclopedia.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google1591_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1591-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had four children (Michael,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helen,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patricia Salley,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ernest III<sup id="cite_ref-Time_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with his first wife, Martha Patricia Salley Hollings,<sup id="cite_ref-google1591_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1591-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom he married on March 30, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-scencyclopedia.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scencyclopedia.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>. In addition, Fritz and Patricia had two sons who died.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings served as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>'s 353rd and 457th Artillery units from 1942 to 1945, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> for meritorious service in direct support of combat operations from December 13, 1944, to May 1, 1945, in France and Germany. He received the <a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a> with five Bronze Service Stars for participation in the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, Southern France, Rome-Arno, and Central Europe Campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hollings served three terms in the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">South Carolina House of Representatives</a> from 1949 to 1954. In 1950, following the notorious <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle" title="Lynching of Willie Earle">lynching of Willie Earle</a>, Hollings authored a law that mandated the death penalty for lynching. No lynchings occurred in South Carolina after that law was enacted. After only one term, Hollings's colleagues elected him Speaker <i>Pro Tempore</i> in 1951 and 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was subsequently elected <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina">Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina</a> in 1954, and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor</a> in 1958 at the age of 36.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_South_Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor of South Carolina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Hollings_(SC).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fritz_Hollings_%28SC%29.png/140px-Fritz_Hollings_%28SC%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fritz_Hollings_%28SC%29.png/210px-Fritz_Hollings_%28SC%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fritz_Hollings_%28SC%29.png/280px-Fritz_Hollings_%28SC%29.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Hollings as governor.</figcaption></figure> <p>As governor of South Carolina from January 20, 1959, to January 15, 1963, Hollings worked to improve the state's educational system, helping to bring more industry and employment opportunities to the state. His term in office saw the establishment of the state's technical education system and its educational television network. He also called for and achieved significant increases in teachers' salaries, bringing them closer to the regional average. At the 1961 Governor's Conference on Business, Industry, Education and Agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>, he declared, "Today, in our complex society, education is the cornerstone upon which economic development must be built – and prosperity assured."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Hollings's term as governor, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_battle_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate battle flag">Confederate battle flag</a> was flown above the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a> underneath the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">U.S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Carolina" title="Flag of South Carolina">state flags</a>. The battle flag was placed over the dome in 1962 by a concurrent resolution of the state legislature during the commemoration of the Civil War centennial.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution failed to designate a time for its removal. In 2000 the state legislature voted to move the flag from above the state house to a Confederate soldiers' monument in front of the building,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it remained until 2015, when <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> ordered it removed following <a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">the murders of nine black churchgoers</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">Confederate sympathizer</a> in the state earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings did little to either support or oppose the civil rights movement as governor, and instead took pride in the lack of civil rights violence that occurred in the state. In his last address to the General Assembly on January 9, 1963, ahead of the peaceful admission to <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a> of its first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> student, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Gantt" title="Harvey Gantt">Harvey Gantt</a>, Hollings declared: "As we meet, South Carolina is running out of courts<span class="nowrap"> </span>... this General Assembly must make clear South Carolina's choice, a government of laws rather than a government of men<span class="nowrap"> </span>... This should be done with dignity. It should be done with law and order."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings oversaw the last executions in South Carolina before the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>'s decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Furman_v._Georgia" title="Furman v. Georgia">Furman v. Georgia</a></i>, which temporarily banned capital punishment. During his term, eight inmates were put to death by <a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a>. The last was <a href="/wiki/Rapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapist">rapist</a> Douglas Thorne, on April 20, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He sought the Democratic nomination for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> in 1962 but lost to incumbent <a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Olin D. Johnston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Senator">United States Senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Senate_career">Early Senate career</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Senate career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg/190px-Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg/285px-Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg/380px-Ernest_Hollings_91st_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Hollings in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnston died on April 18, 1965. Hollings's successor as governor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Donald S. Russell</a>, resigned in order to accept appointment to the Senate seat. In the summer of 1966, Hollings defeated Russell in the Democratic primary for the remaining two years of the term. He then narrowly won the special election on November 8, 1966, against the Democrat-turned-<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Parker" title="Marshall Parker">Marshall Parker</a>, and was sworn in shortly thereafter. He gained seniority on other newly elected U.S. senators who would have to wait until January 1967 to take the oath of office. In 1967, he was one of eleven senators who voted against the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> to become the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. The following year, Hollings won the Senate seat for his first full term when he again defeated Marshall Parker but in this instance by a much wider margin. </p><p>For over 36 years (from November 9, 1966, until January 3, 2003), he served alongside Democrat-turned-Republican Strom Thurmond, making them the longest-serving state delegation duo in U.S. Senate history to date. Thurmond and Hollings generally had a good relationship despite their sometimes sharp philosophical differences, and frequently collaborated on legislation and projects for South Carolina. Hollings was also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service#U.S._Senate_time" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">thirteenth-longest-serving U.S. Senator</a>. </p><p>In 1970, Hollings authored <i>The Case Against Hunger: A Demand for a National Policy</i>, acknowledging the Reverend <a href="/wiki/I._DeQuincey_Newman" title="I. DeQuincey Newman">I. DeQuincey Newman</a> and Sister Mary Anthony for opening his eyes to the despair caused by hunger and helping him realize that he must do something about it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings made headlines the year before when he toured poverty-stricken areas of South Carolina, often referred to as his "Hunger Tours". He was accused of drawing unwanted attention to South Carolina while other states, both northern and southern, also faced extreme poverty. Hollings knew South Carolina was not alone in its struggle and thought that if any politician was going to investigate hunger in South Carolina, it was going to at least be a South Carolinian. After a tour of an East Charleston slum, he said, "I don't want <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">Romney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a> coming here to look at my slums. As a matter of fact when I get caught up with my work, I think I may go look at the slums of Boston."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his efforts, Hollings was also accused of "scheming for the Negro vote". Hollings, who had seen plenty of white hunger and poverty and slums on his tours, responded, "You just don't make political points on hunger. The poor aren't registered to vote and they won't vote."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1969, however, Hollings testified as to what he had seen on his fact-finding tours in front of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Hunger_and_Human_Needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Committee on Hunger and Human Needs">Senate Select Committee on Hunger and Human Needs</a>. Charleston's <i>News and Courier</i> (now <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a></i>) reported that "Senators, members of the press corps and visitors packed in the hearing room watched and listened in disbelief as Hollings detailed dozens of tragically poignant scenes of human suffering in his state."<sup id="cite_ref-Pyatt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyatt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings recommended to the committee that free <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamps</a> be distributed to the most needy, and just over a day later, Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> announced that free food stamps would be distributed in South Carolina as part of a national pilot program for feeding the hungry.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyatt_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyatt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings and his first wife separated in 1970 and divorced in 1971. Their children lived with their mother, and Hollings never discussed the reason for the divorce. Later that year, he married Rita Liddy "Peatsy" Hollings (born 1935), who was 13 years his junior.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had joined his administrative staff in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was her first and his second marriage. They were married 41 years until her death in 2012. </p><p>In the 1970s, Hollings joined with fellow senators Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conference</a> to oppose President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s request that Congress end <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s price controls on domestic oil, which had helped to cause the gasoline lines during the <a href="/wiki/1973_Oil_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Oil Crisis">1973 Oil Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_321_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_321-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings said he believed ending the price controls (as was eventually done in 1981) would be a "catastrophe" that would cause "economic chaos".<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_321_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_321-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1970, during a session of debate on federal aid to school districts serving children living in public housing units, Hollings asked New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Jacob K. Javits</a> if he would support the anti-busing amendment given that it was based on New York law.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1970, during a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens</a>, Hollings declared that the United States could not afford such "leadership by political bamboozle", calling on Americans to ignore the voices of discord and unite for "meaningful changes" in society. Hollings said President Nixon had led the U.S. down a "clamorous road of drift and division" and criticized the "ranting rhetoric" of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>. Hollings attributed the principal blame for the disunity of the U.S. on special interest groups and "impatient minority blocs" that had shouted "non negotiable demands". Hollings linked former President Johnson and President Nixon with having both "attacked the politics of the problem rather than the problems themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1971, Hollings introduced Ted Kennedy in Charleston, South Carolina, ahead of his remarks calling for an end to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Hollings disclosed that Kennedy had sought his advice on how to answer reporters' questions regarding a possible presidential campaign and that Kennedy believed his visit would spark speculation on the part of reporters about a campaign regardless of what he said.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1971, Hollings announced his opposition to the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Hollings and Republican <a href="/wiki/William_Saxbe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Saxbe">William Saxbe</a> sponsored a resolution bestowing early United States recognition on <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> as the Nixon administration sought a policy of delaying recognition until "there were commensurate diplomatic benefits to the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, Hollings was one of five Democrats to vote against the nomination of <a href="/wiki/F._Ray_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Ray Marshall">F. Ray Marshall</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1979, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> sought permission from a Senate Appropriations subcommittee to transfer $2<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in funds for the American Embassy to the new unofficial American Institute in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Hollings was one of four members of the committee to oppose Vance's request during the latter's appearance before the subcommittee and Hollings later sent a letter to Vance declining the request. Hollings explained that "a smooth transition to unofficial relations may be threatened" in the event of funds not being transferred to the American Institute before the American Embassy in Taiwan ceased its function by its designated date of March 1. Hollings's opposition was considered unusual given that most requests were approved and State Department officials publicly stated their wishes for Hollings and his colleagues to drop their opposition in the face of Taiwan's reluctant agreement to setting up "nongovernmental body in Washington" that would serve as the counterpart to the American Institute in Taipei.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings opposed legislation in 1979 that would admit additional ethnic Chinese refugees amid increased concern regarding moves by the Vietnamese government.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1979, Hollings announced his opposition to the United States-Soviet Union nuclear arms treaty, saying the treaty should be defeated unless amended with a reduction of Soviet military power. His proposal was believed to stir Russian disapproval of the treaty if implemented. Hollings also made an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Budget Committee">Senate Budget Committee</a> to add $2.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion for a recommendation for military spending that would be included in Congress's second concurrent resolution on the budget.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_candidate">Presidential candidate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presidential candidate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hollings unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">the presidential election of 1984</a>. Hollings's wit and experience, as well as his call for a <a href="/wiki/Budget_freeze" title="Budget freeze">budget freeze</a>, won him some positive attention, but his relatively conservative record alienated liberal Democrats, and he was never really noticed in a field dominated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a>. Hollings dropped out two days after losing badly in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire Primary">New Hampshire Primary</a>, and endorsed Hart a week later. His disdain for his competitors sometimes showed. He notably referred to Mondale as a "lapdog" and to former astronaut Glenn as a "<a href="/wiki/Sky_King" title="Sky King">Sky King</a>" who was "confused in his capsule".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Citadel_Archives:_Hollings,_Ernest,_1922_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Citadel_Archives:_Hollings,_Ernest,_1922-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Senate_career">Later Senate career</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later Senate career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Hollings_press_photo,_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fritz_Hollings_press_photo%2C_color.jpg/170px-Fritz_Hollings_press_photo%2C_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fritz_Hollings_press_photo%2C_color.jpg/255px-Fritz_Hollings_press_photo%2C_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fritz_Hollings_press_photo%2C_color.jpg/340px-Fritz_Hollings_press_photo%2C_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>Senator Ernest Hollings</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 24, 1981, Hollings introduced legislation that if passed would restore the military draft with limited deferments and exemptions and stipulating that men aged 18 to 22 years old would be required to spend nine months of active service for basic training that potentially would precede reserve duty. Hollings's proposal granted deferments "to people on active duty, in the reserves or in advanced <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Officers Training Corps">Reserve Officers Training Corps</a> study; surviving sons or brothers of those killed in war or missing in action; conscientious objectors and ministers; doctors and others in vital health professions, and judges of courts of record and elected officials". Hollings stated that recruiting for the armed forces had fallen short of requirements by an estimated 23,000 people in 1979 and that he believed the draft applying to women "should be across the board" due to the issue continuing to be debated between the public and the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Hollings apologized to fellow Democrat <a href="/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum" title="Howard Metzenbaum">Howard Metzenbaum</a> after Hollings referred to him as the "senator from <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>" on the floor. Metzenbaum, who was Jewish, raised a <a href="/wiki/Question_of_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Question of privilege">point of personal privilege</a> and Hollings's remarks were stricken from the record.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1985, the Senate Budget Committee approved a proposal sponsored by Hollings freezing military spending by not allowing any growth above inflation in fiscal year 1986 and bestowing three percent hikes in the following two years, Hollings after the vote saying that a pattern had been set for similar action on other budget items and predicted that the Budget Committee would also go against another Reagan administration supported position by freezing Social Security cost of living increases.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 1, 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation</a> rejected an amendment to a bill reauthorizing the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> prohibiting public television stations from swapping channels with commercial stations, Hollings afterward stating that the vote was "a tragic abdication by Congress of its over 60-year-old responsibility to protect the public's interest in broadcasting".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1985, Hollings and Republicans <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Rudman" title="Warren Rudman">Warren Rudman</a> sponsored an amendment to establish a budget deficit ceiling that would decline to zero by 1991 that was attached to a bill raising the <a href="/wiki/Debt_limit" title="Debt limit">debt limit</a> of the federal government by more than $250<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion. The amendment was approved by a vote of 75 to 24 and was stated as a possible prelude to a balanced budget in five years without a tax increase by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1988 presidential primaries</a>, Hollings endorsed <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1989, Hollings announced from his Washington office that he would request the <a href="/wiki/General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="General Accounting Office">General Accounting Office</a> investigate efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> to provide timely assistance and funds to victims of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a> the previous month. Hollings charged FEMA with "stonewalling, fretting and filling out forms" and called on the federal government to become more active in trying to relieve areas devastated by Hurricane Hugo.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1990, Hollings planned the compiling of the Senate Budget Committee to vote on a cut in <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security tax">Social Security taxes</a>, an idea initially forwarded at the end of the previous year by fellow Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> as a way of making Congress address what he considered to be a serious problem in the management of the Social Security trust funds. Hollings sought a revenue figure which reflected the $36<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion tax cut through a rollback of Social Security payroll taxes increases that were scheduled to take effect January<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 and confirmed he would ask his colleagues on the budget committee to remove the trust funds from the budget deficit calculation and vote on the 1991 budget including a $300<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion deficit. Hollings's plan included a five percent <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> on goods and services in addition to a ten percent oil import fee as well as an increase in the top income tax rate to thirty-three percent among wealthiest taxpayers. The goal was considered an uphill battle where Hollings could be outmaneuvered in committee with parliamentary tactics that would result in the precluding of a straight up-or-down vote on the Social Security tax cut. Acknowledging this, Hollings said, "They may try to block me. But we will find a bill by God to cut Social Security taxes. There will be a vote."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1991, Hollings joined most Democratic senators in voting against a resolution authorizing war against Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Hollings told reporters he attended international summits because, "Everybody likes to go to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. I used to do it for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea conferences</a> and you'd find those potentates from down in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, you know, rather than eating each other, they'd just come up and get a good square meal in Geneva."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings had previously caused controversy when responding to <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Sakurauchi" title="Yoshio Sakurauchi">Yoshio Sakurauchi</a>'s commentary that Americans are lazy and illiterate. Hollings replied, "You should draw a mushroom cloud and put underneath it, 'Made in America by lazy and illiterate Americans and tested in Japan'."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings remained very popular in South Carolina over the years, even as the state became increasingly friendly to Republicans at the national level. In his first three bids for a full term, he never dropped below sixty percent of the vote. In <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1992">the 1992 election</a>, however, he faced an unexpectedly close race against former Congressman <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hartnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Hartnett">Tommy Hartnett</a> in what was otherwise a very good year for Democrats nationally. Hartnett had represented the Charleston area in Congress from 1981 to 1987, thus making him Hollings's congressman. His appeal in the <a href="/wiki/Lowcountry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowcountry">Lowcountry</a> – traditionally a swing region at the state level – enabled him to hold Hollings to only fifty percent of the vote. </p><p>In his last <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1998">Senate race in 1998</a>, Hollings faced <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> congressman <a href="/wiki/Bob_Inglis" title="Bob Inglis">Bob Inglis</a>. One of the more heated moments of the race was a newspaper interview in which Hollings referred to Inglis as a "goddamn skunk". Hollings was re-elected 52%–45%. </p><p>On January 7, 2003, Hollings introduced the controversial Universal National Service Act of 2006, which would require all men and women aged 18–26 (with some exceptions) to perform a year of military service. </p><p>By 2003, Hollings realized that no Democrat could win statewide office in South Carolina's current political climate—not even as entrenched an incumbent as himself. On August 4, 2003, he announced that he would not run for re-election in November 2004. Republican <a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a> succeeded him. </p><p>In his later career, Hollings was moderate politically but was supportive of many <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> bills. He voted for re-authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> in 1982. However, in 1967 he was one of the 11 senators who voted against the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, the first black <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> justice.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings later voted in favor of the unsuccessful nomination of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> and also for the successful nomination of <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. </p><p>On fiscal issues, he was generally conservative, and was one of the primary sponsors of the <a href="/wiki/Gramm-Rudman-Hollings_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act">Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act</a>, an attempt to enforce limits on government spending. </p><p>Hollings and <a href="/wiki/Howell_Heflin" title="Howell Heflin">Howell Heflin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> were the only two Democratic senators to vote against the <a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act_of_1993" title="Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993">Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertainment_industry">Entertainment industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Entertainment industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a senator, Hollings supported legislation in the interests of the established media distribution industry (such as the proposed "<a href="/wiki/Consumer_Broadband_and_Digital_Television_Promotion_Act" title="Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act">Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act</a>"). His hard-line support of various <a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> computer restrictions such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz chip">Fritz chip</a> (Trusted Platform Module, a microchip that enforces such restrictions) to be nicknamed after him. Hollings introduced the <a href="/wiki/Security_Systems_Standards_and_Certification_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Systems Standards and Certification Act">SSSCA</a>, a draft of the later CBDTPA, which would have mandated "manufacturers of all electronic devices and software to embed government approved copy protection technology in their products".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollings also sponsored the Online Personal Privacy Act.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a>, between 1997 and 2002, Hollings received more than $300,000 from the entertainment industry.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings was referred to as the "<b>Senator from Disney</b>" for his lobbying on behalf of the entertainment industry, including industry groups like the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">RIAA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association" title="Motion Picture Association">MPAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_Senatorial_life_and_death">Post Senatorial life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post Senatorial life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston,_SC_IMG_4576.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4576.JPG/200px-Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4576.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4576.JPG/300px-Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4576.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4576.JPG/400px-Hollings_Judicial_Center_in_Charleston%2C_SC_IMG_4576.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/J._Waties_Waring" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Waties Waring">J. Waties Waring</a> Judicial Center at 83 Meeting Street in Downtown <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> was formerly named the Hollings Judicial Center for the former governor and senator.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In retirement, Hollings wrote opinion editorials for newspapers in South Carolina and was a regular contributor to the <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i>. His opinion editorials were also published every week in EconomyInCrisis.org, an independent protectionist news blog. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_South_Carolina_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of South Carolina Press">the University of South Carolina Press</a> published <i>Making Government Work</i>, a book authored by Hollings with Washington, D.C., journalist Kirk Victor, imparting Hollings's view on the changes needed in Washington. Among other things, the book recommended a dramatic decrease in the amount of campaign spending. It also attacked <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> policies as inherently destructive, suggesting that certain protectionist measures built the United States and that only a few parties actually benefited from free trade, such as large manufacturing corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hollings Cancer Center at the <a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_South_Carolina" title="Medical University of South Carolina">Medical University of South Carolina</a>, in Charleston, was established in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hollings started the Hollings Scholarship in 2005. It gave more than a hundred undergraduates from around the country a ten-week internship with the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> and a monetary scholarship for the school year. </p><p>Hollings helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Hollings_Center" title="Hollings Center">Hollings Center for International Dialogue</a>, an organization that promotes dialogue between the United States and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the nations of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southwest Asia, and other countries with predominantly Muslim populations in order to open channels of communication, deepen cross-cultural understanding, expand people-to-people contacts, and generate new thinking on important international issues. </p><p>Hollings was also on the board of advisors as a distinguished visiting professor of Law with the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_School_of_Law" title="Charleston School of Law">Charleston School of Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered the commencement address to the first graduating class there on May 19, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstCommencement_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstCommencement-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a> announced their new library would be named The Ernest F. Hollings Special Collections Library.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The $18-million library was built behind the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Libraries" title="University of South Carolina Libraries">Thomas Cooper Library</a> and is home to The Irvin Department of Rare Books & Special Collections, South Carolina Political Collections, and Digital Collections.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to the Dorothy B. Smith Reading Room. </p><p>On April 6, 2019, Hollings died at the age of 97 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Palms,_South_Carolina" title="Isle of Palms, South Carolina">Isle of Palms, South Carolina</a>, following a period of declining health. Future President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> delivered the eulogy at his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_obituary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fritz_Hollings" title="Special:EditPage/Fritz Hollings">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Special Election 1966 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>223,790 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>51.35 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Parker" title="Marshall Parker">Marshall Parker</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">212,032 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">48.65 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Election 1968 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>404,060 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>61.89 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Parker" title="Marshall Parker">Marshall Parker</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">248,780 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">38.11 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Election 1974 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>356,126 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>69.50 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Gwen Bush </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">146,645 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">28.62 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn">Harold Hough </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">9,626 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.88 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Election 1980 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>612,556 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>70.37 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn">Marshall Mays </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">257,946 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">29.63 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Election 1986 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>463,354 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>63.10 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMaster" title="Henry McMaster">Henry McMaster</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">261,394 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">35.60 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Election 1992 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>591,030 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>50.07 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett" title="Thomas F. Hartnett">Thomas Hartnett</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">554,175 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">46.95 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Mark Johnson </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">22,962 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.95 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>South Carolina U.S. Senate Election 1998 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Fritz Hollings (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>562,791 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>52.68 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Inglis" title="Bob Inglis">Bob Inglis</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">488,132 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">45.69 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Richard T. Quillian </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">16,987 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.59 </td> <td style="color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollings_Manufacturing_Extension_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership">Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership</a> (MEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_obituary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_obituary_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_obituary_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2019" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (April 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/06/obituaries/ernest-hollings-dead.html">"Ernest Hollings, 97, a South Carolina Senator Who Evolved, is Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ernest+Hollings%2C+97%2C+a+South+Carolina+Senator+Who+Evolved%2C+is+Dead&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F06%2Fobituaries%2Fernest-hollings-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084927/http://www.thetimeisnow.us/senators/southcarolina/sc_hollings.htm">"Senator Ernest F. Hollings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimeisnow.us/senators/southcarolina/sc_hollings.htm">the original</a> on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senator+Ernest+F.+Hollings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimeisnow.us%2Fsenators%2Fsouthcarolina%2Fsc_hollings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1979&dat=19820823&id=hpUiAAAAIBAJ&pg=6490,7966513">"Mrs. Hollings Services"</a>. <i>The Sumter Daily Item</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Milestones%2C+Mar.+23%2C+1959&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C892386%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512223211/http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_south_carolina/col2-content/main-content-list/title_hollings_ernest.html">"Ernest Frederick Hollings"</a>. October 4, 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ernest+Frederick+Hollings&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.org%2Fcms%2Fhome%2Fgovernors%2Fpast-governors-bios%2Fpage_south_carolina%2Fcol2-content%2Fmain-content-list%2Ftitle_hollings_ernest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriscilla_Meyer1961" class="citation news cs1">Priscilla Meyer (February 5, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jp5JAAAAIBAJ&pg=2711,574748&dq=patricia+salley+hollings&hl=en">"South Carolina's First Lady"</a>. <i>The News and Courier</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Always A Soldier: Soldiers in the 108th Congress</i>. Arlington, Virginia: Association of the United States Army. 2003. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+A+Soldier%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...+Always+A+Soldier%3A+Soldiers+in+the+108th+Congress&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Association+of+the+United+States+Army&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1953" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Inez, ed. (1953). <i>South Carolina's Legislative Manual (34th ed.)</i>. Columbia, S.C.: General Assembly. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Carolina%27s+Legislative+Manual+%2834th+ed.%29&rft.place=Columbia%2C+S.C.&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=General+Assembly&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_News_&_Media_Limited_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/06/ernest-fritz-hollings-senator-money-cancer-on-body-politic-dies">"Ernest 'Fritz' Hollings, senator who called money 'cancer on body politic', dies at 97"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News & Media Limited. April 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ernest+%27Fritz%27+Hollings%2C+senator+who+called+money+%27cancer+on+body+politic%27%2C+dies+at+97&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2019%2Fapr%2F06%2Fernest-fritz-hollings-senator-money-cancer-on-body-politic-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530222425/http://www.sc.edu/library/scpc/Gubernatorial.pdf">"Finding Aid for the Gubernatorial Papers of the Ernest F. "Fritz" Hollings Collection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. South Carolina Political Collections of the University of South Carolina. Retrieved September 14, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc.edu/library/scpc/Gubernatorial.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Aid+for+the+Gubernatorial+Papers+of+the+Ernest+F.+%22Fritz%22+Hollings+Collection&rft.pub=South+Carolina+Political+Collections+of+the+University+of+South+Carolina.+Retrieved+September+14%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc.edu%2Flibrary%2Fscpc%2FGubernatorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Journal of the House of Representatives of the Second Session of the 94th General Assembly of the State of South Carolina". Confederate Flag Vertical File, South Carolina Political Collections, University of South Carolina.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2000" class="citation web cs1">Brunner, Borgna (June 30, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/confederate4.html">"Confederate Flag Comes Down in South Carolina"</a>. <i>Infoplease</i>. Pearson Education, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infoplease&rft.atitle=Confederate+Flag+Comes+Down+in+South+Carolina&rft.date=2000-06-30&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Borgna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fspot%2Fconfederate4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?327026-1/south-carolina-confederate-flag-removal-bill-signing-ceremony">"South Carolina Confederate Battle Flag Removal Bill Signing Ceremony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. July 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Confederate+Battle+Flag+Removal+Bill+Signing+Ceremony&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F327026-1%2Fsouth-carolina-confederate-flag-removal-bill-signing-ceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/09/421531368/south-carolina-gov-nikki-haley-to-sign-confederate-flag-bill-into-law">"South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley Signs Confederate Flag Bill Into Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. July 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Gov.+Nikki+Haley+Signs+Confederate+Flag+Bill+Into+Law&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F07%2F09%2F421531368%2Fsouth-carolina-gov-nikki-haley-to-sign-confederate-flag-bill-into-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Address by Governor Ernest F. Hollings to the General Assembly of South Carolina, January 9, 1963, p. 8-9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913081058/http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fhow&CISOPTR=291&REC=2">[1]</a>, part of the University of South Carolina's Digital Collection, "Fritz Hollings: In His Own Words".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/SO%20CAROLINA.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016085103/http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/SO%20CAROLINA.htm">Archived</a> October 16, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollings,_Ernest1970" class="citation book cs1">Hollings, Ernest (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_k8q0"><i>The Case Against Hunger: A Demand for a National Policy</i></a>. New York: Cowles Book Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0402126114" title="Special:BookSources/0402126114"><bdi>0402126114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Hunger%3A+A+Demand+for+a+National+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cowles+Book+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0402126114&rft.au=Hollings%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_k8q0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Glenn (January 11, 1968). "Hollings 'Angered' by Tour of Slums". Charleston, S.C.: <i>Evening Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pyatt, "The Beginning of a Renaissance  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] in Dixie?".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyatt-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pyatt_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyatt_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyatt,_Rudolph1969" class="citation news cs1">Pyatt, Rudolph (February 23, 1969). "The Beginning of a Rennaissance  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] in Dixie". <i>News and Courier</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/news/peatsy-hollings-wife-of-former-sen-fritz-hollings-dies-at/article_03100699-9166-58cf-8fda-cb262738cd17.html">the original</a> on September 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Peatsy+Hollings%2C+wife+of+former+Sen.+Fritz+Hollings%2C+dies+at+77&rft.au=Staff+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fnews%2Fpeatsy-hollings-wife-of-former-sen-fritz-hollings-dies-at%2Farticle_03100699-9166-58cf-8fda-cb262738cd17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropf" class="citation news cs1">Kropf, Schuyler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105217/https://www.postandcourier.com/news/peatsy-hollings-was-teacher-mentor/article_102eb58a-b296-5bbc-ad5b-323553d73960.html">"Peatsy Hollings was teacher, mentor"</a>. <i>Post and Courier</i>. 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New York, New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/321">321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/07/archives/senate-bars-cut-in-school-funds-refuses-to-trim-provision-aiding.html">"Senate Bars Cut in School Funds"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=1&vote=00011">"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 103rd Congress - 1st Session"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Votes+103rd+Congress+-+1st+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D103%26session%3D1%26vote%3D00011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpupeno" class="citation web cs1">pupeno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpsr.org/prevsite/essays/2002/leggett.html/">"CPSR - document_view"</a>. <i>cpsr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2015/10/14/courthouse-renamed-civil-rights-hero">the original</a> on December 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+content+Courthouse+Renamed+for+Civil+Rights+Hero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2Fcourthouse-renamed-civil-rights-hero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollings,_Ernest_with_Kirk_Victor2008" class="citation book cs1">Hollings, Ernest with Kirk Victor (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makinggovernment00holl"><i>Making Government Work</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charleston+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=Hollings+to+give+school%27s+first+commencement+address&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlestonlaw.edu%2FGeneral-Info%2FNews%2FArchived-News%2F2007%2F3-20-Hollings-to-give-school-s-first-commencement.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo05.citadel.edu/pao/newsclips/archive20062007/21072.pdf">"Hollings to Address First Graduation Class"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reprint from The Citadel of an article from <a href="/wiki/The_State_(newspaper)" title="The State (newspaper)">The State (newspaper)</a> online. March 25, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824102009/http://photo05.citadel.edu/pao/newsclips/archive20062007/21072.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hollings+to+Address+First+Graduation+Class&rft.pub=Reprint+from+The+Citadel+of+an+article+from+The+State+%28newspaper%29+online&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoto05.citadel.edu%2Fpao%2Fnewsclips%2Farchive20062007%2F21072.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2008" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, Dave (November 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whosonthemove.com/university-of-south-carolina-names-new-library-for-u-s-sen-ernest-f-%E2%80%98fritz%E2%80%99-hollings-194797/">"University of South Carolina names new library for U.S. Sen. Ernest F. 'Fritz' Hollings"</a>. <i>Who's On The Move</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+On+The+Move&rft.atitle=University+of+South+Carolina+names+new+library+for+U.S.+Sen.+Ernest+F.+%27Fritz%27+Hollings&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhosonthemove.com%2Funiversity-of-south-carolina-names-new-library-for-u-s-sen-ernest-f-%25E2%2580%2598fritz%25E2%2580%2599-hollings-194797%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sc.edu/about/offices_and_divisions/university_libraries/about/locations/hollings/">"Hollings Library - University Libraries | University of South Carolina"</a>. <i>sc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sc.edu&rft.atitle=Hollings+Library+-+University+Libraries+%7C+University+of+South+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsc.edu%2Fabout%2Foffices_and_divisions%2Funiversity_libraries%2Fabout%2Flocations%2Fhollings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicksKropf2019" class="citation news cs1">Hicks, Brian; Kropf, Schuyler (April 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/ernest-f-fritz-hollings/article_b8041de2-f44b-11e8-b33f-536d8d509c2c.html">"Former SC Governor, U.S. Senator Ernest F. 'Fritz' Hollings dies at 97"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Former+SC+Governor%2C+U.S.+Senator+Ernest+F.+%27Fritz%27+Hollings+dies+at+97&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Kropf%2C+Schuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fpolitics%2Fernest-f-fritz-hollings%2Farticle_b8041de2-f44b-11e8-b33f-536d8d509c2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ballantyne, David T. <i>New Politics in the Old South: Ernest F. Hollings in the Civil Rights Era</i> (U of South Carolina Press, 2016). 206 pp</li> <li>Minchin, Timothy J., "An Uphill Fight: Ernest F. Hollings and the Struggle to Protect the South Carolina Textile Industry, 1959–2005", <i><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Historical_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Historical Magazine">South Carolina Historical Magazine</a></i>, 109 (July 2008), 187–211.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hollings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Fritz Hollings</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" class="extiw" title="c:Ernest Hollings">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ernest_Hollings" class="extiw" title="q:Ernest Hollings">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000725" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000725">"Fritz Hollings (id: H000725)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Fritz+Hollings+%28id%3A+H000725%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Hollings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214161941/https://sc.edu/about/offices_and_divisions/university_libraries/browse/sc_political_collections/collections/hollings_ernest_f_fritz_b1922.php">Ernest F. Hollings Papers at South Carolina Political Collections at the University of South Carolina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524093154/http://www.sc.edu/library/digital/collections/hollings.html">"Fritz Hollings: In His Own Words", an online collection of documents from the Papers of Fritz Hollings at the University of SC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1730">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/weekinreview/19bigp.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/weekinreview/19bigp.html?_r=1&oref=slogin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020405185332/http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.asp?CID=N00002423&cycle=2002">OpenSecrets figures on Hollings's funding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603162207/http://salon.com/tech/feature/2002/04/26/hollings_spyware/index.html">Salon article on the Online Personal Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020618205613/http://research.yale.edu/lawmeme/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=195">LawMeme article about the Online Personal Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404105541/http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getmailfiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3AArticleToMail&Type=text%2Fhtml&Path=NYS%2F2004%2F05%2F17&ID=Ar01001">"Hollings's Harangue" NY Sun Article about the Howard Metzenbaum incident</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciway.net/hist/governors/hollings.html">SCIway Biography of Ernest Frederick Hollings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185953/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=4809a7983c98a010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD">NGA Biography of Ernest Frederick Hollings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvSzJ7_cags">Funeral of Senator Ernest 'Fritz' Hollings</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Educational_Television" title="South Carolina Educational Television">South Carolina Educational Television</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Bell Timmerman, Jr.">George Timmerman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of lieutenant governors of South Carolina">Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1954_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 South Carolina gubernatorial election">1954</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank_Jr." title="Burnet R. Maybank Jr.">Burnet Maybank</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1958_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 South Carolina gubernatorial election">1958</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Donald Russell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Olin Johnston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1966 United States Senate special election in South Carolina">1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1968 United States Senate election in South Carolina">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1974 United States Senate election in South Carolina">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1980 United States Senate election in South Carolina">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1986 United States Senate election in South Carolina">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1992 United States Senate election in South Carolina">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1998 United States Senate election in South Carolina">1998</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Inez_Tenenbaum" title="Inez Tenenbaum">Inez Tenenbaum</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George Bell Timmerman, Jr.">George Timmerman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of lieutenant governors of South Carolina">Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina</a> </b><br />1955–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank_Jr." title="Burnet R. Maybank Jr.">Burnet Maybank</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</a> </b><br />1959–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Donald Russell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Donald Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">United States Senator (Class 3) from South Carolina</a> </b><br />1966–2005 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> </b><br />1980–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Pete Domenici</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bellmon" title="Henry Bellmon">Henry Bellmon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> </b><br />1981–1983 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Lawton Chiles</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Howard Cannon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce Committee</a> </b><br />1983–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Danforth</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Senate Commerce Committee</a> </b><br />1987–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Larry Pressler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce Committee</a> </b><br />1995–2001, 2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John McCain</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Senate Commerce Committee</a> </b><br />2001, 2001–2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce Committee</a> </b><br />2003–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Oldest living United States senator<br />(Sitting or former) </b><br />December 8, 2016 – April 6, 2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Burdick" title="Jocelyn Burdick">Jocelyn Burdick</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_South_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_South_Carolina" title="Template:Governors of South Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_South_Carolina" title="Template talk:Governors of South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_South_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of governors of South Carolina">Governors of South Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawlins_Lowndes" title="Rawlins Lowndes">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathews_(lawyer)" title="John Mathews (lawyer)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Guerard" title="Benjamin Guerard">Guerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moultrie" title="William Moultrie">Moultrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">T. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">C. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moultrie" title="William Moultrie">Moultrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldus_Vanderhorst" title="Arnoldus Vanderhorst">Vanderhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">C. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">E. Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Drayton" title="John Drayton">Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burchill_Richardson" title="James Burchill Richardson">J. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">P. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">C. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Drayton" title="John Drayton">Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton_(governor)" title="Henry Middleton (governor)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alston" title="Joseph Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rogerson_Williams" title="David Rogerson Williams">D. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pickens_(governor)" title="Andrew Pickens (governor)">A. Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Geddes_(politician)" title="John Geddes (politician)">Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bennett_Jr." title="Thomas Bennett Jr.">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lyde_Wilson" title="John Lyde Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Irvine_Manning_I" title="Richard Irvine Manning I">Manning I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(South_Carolina_governor)" title="John Taylor (South Carolina governor)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Miller" title="Stephen Decatur Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">J. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">McDuffie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Mason_Butler" title="Pierce Mason Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Noble" title="Patrick Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Kelet_Henagan" title="Barnabas Kelet Henagan">Henagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Richardson_II" title="John Peter Richardson II">Richardson II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hammond" title="James H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Aiken_Jr." title="William Aiken Jr.">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Johnson_(governor)" title="David Johnson (governor)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitemarsh_Benjamin_Seabrook" title="Whitemarsh Benjamin Seabrook">Seabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hugh_Means" title="John Hugh Means">Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_Manning" title="John Lawrence Manning">J. Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hopkins_Adams" title="James Hopkins Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Francis_Withers_Allston" title="Robert Francis Withers Allston">Allston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Gist" title="William Henry Gist">Gist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilkinson_Pickens" title="Francis Wilkinson Pickens">F. Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milledge_Luke_Bonham" title="Milledge Luke Bonham">Bonham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_Magrath" title="Andrew Gordon Magrath">Magrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Perry" title="Benjamin Franklin Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kingston_Scott" title="Robert Kingston Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Moses_Jr." title="Franklin J. Moses Jr.">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Chamberlain" title="Daniel Henry Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunlap_Simpson" title="William Dunlap Simpson">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bothwell_Jeter" title="Thomas Bothwell Jeter">Jeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Hagood_(governor)" title="Johnson Hagood (governor)">Hagood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Smith_Thompson" title="Hugh Smith Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calhoun_Sheppard" title="John Calhoun Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Richardson_III" title="John Peter Richardson III">Richardson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gary_Evans" title="John Gary Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Haselden_Ellerbe" title="William Haselden Ellerbe">Ellerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Benjamin_McSweeney" title="Miles Benjamin McSweeney">McSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Clinch_Heyward" title="Duncan Clinch Heyward">Heyward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frederick_Ansel" title="Martin Frederick Ansel">Ansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Aurelius_Smith" title="Charles Aurelius Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Irvine_Manning_III" title="Richard Irvine Manning III">Manning III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Archer_Cooper" title="Robert Archer Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Godfrey_Harvey" title="Wilson Godfrey Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_McLeod" title="Thomas Gordon McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardiner_Richards_Jr." title="John Gardiner Richards Jr.">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibra_Charles_Blackwood" title="Ibra Charles Blackwood">Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">Maybank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Emile_Harley" title="Joseph Emile Harley">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Manning_Jefferies" title="Richard Manning Jefferies">Jefferies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransome_Judson_Williams" title="Ransome Judson Williams">R. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">Timmerman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evander_McNair" title="Robert Evander McNair">McNair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._West" title="John C. West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Beasley" title="David Beasley">Beasley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hodges" title="Jim Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Haley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMaster" title="Henry McMaster">McMaster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_South_Carolina.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_South_Carolina.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_South_Carolina.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="246" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Template:United States senators from South Carolina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Template talk:United States senators from South Carolina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from South Carolina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">United States senators from South Carolina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">P. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="John Hunter (South Carolina politician)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sumter" title="Thomas Sumter">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(South_Carolina_governor)" title="John Taylor (South Carolina governor)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">R. Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliott_Huger" title="Daniel Elliott Huger">Huger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_H._Elmore" title="Franklin H. Elmore">Elmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward_Barnwell" title="Robert Woodward Barnwell">Barnwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnwell_Rhett" title="Robert Barnwell Rhett">Rhett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._De_Saussure" title="William F. De Saussure">De Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_J._Evans" title="Josiah J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Hayne" title="Arthur P. Hayne">A. Hayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chesnut_Jr." title="James Chesnut Jr.">Chesnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Robertson" title="Thomas J. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">M. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Benet" title="Christie Benet">Benet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Pollock" title="William P. Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Dial" title="Nathaniel B. Dial">Dial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_L._Blease" title="Cole L. Blease">Blease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_M._Lumpkin" title="Alva M. Lumpkin">Lumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Peace" title="Roger C. Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank" title="Burnet R. Maybank">Maybank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Daniel" title="Charles E. Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Wofford" title="Thomas A. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Colhoun" title="John E. Colhoun">Colhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">P. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harper_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="William Harper (South Carolina politician)">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Miller" title="Stephen Decatur Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">McDuffie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">A. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hammond" title="James H. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Sawyer" title="Frederick A. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Patterson" title="John J. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._M._Irby" title="John L. M. Irby">Irby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Earle" title="Joseph H. Earle">Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._McLaurin" title="John L. McLaurin">McLaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbury_Latimer" title="Asbury Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Gary" title="Frank B. Gary">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_E._Hall" title="Wilton E. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Russell" title="Donald S. Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">DeMint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">United States Senate Committee on the Budget</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Gregg" title="Judd Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Enzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Commerce_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce and Manufactures<br />(1816–1825)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(senator)" title="William Hunter (senator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Dickerson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce<br />(1825–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_S._Johnston" title="Josiah S. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Goldsborough" title="Robert Henry Goldsborough">Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_W._Huntington" title="Jabez W. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Haywood_Jr." title="William Henry Haywood Jr.">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Claiborne_Clay" title="Clement Claiborne Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Conkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._R._McMillan" title="Samuel J. R. McMillan">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_U._Fletcher" title="Duncan U. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_L._Jones" title="Wesley L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">H. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_D._Stephens" title="Hubert D. Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bailey" title="Josiah Bailey">Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate Commerce<br />(1887–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Clapp" title="Moses E. Clapp">Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands" title="Francis G. Newlands">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Couzens" title="James Couzens">Couzens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dill" title="Clarence Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate and Foreign Commerce/Commerce<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_C._Johnson" title="Edwin C. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Tobey" title="Charles W. Tobey">Tobey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce, Science, and Transportation<br />(1977–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cannon" title="Howard Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Pressler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1984 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1980)_1984_United_States_presidential_election_(1988_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">← 1980</a>) <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Alan Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fritz Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Burns" title="Gene Burns">Gene Burns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Ravenal" title="Earl Ravenal">Earl Ravenal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Helen_Halyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Halyard">Helen Halyard</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Johnson" title="Sonia Johnson">Sonia Johnson</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Walton" title="Richard J. Walton">Richard Walton</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason" title="Melvin T. Mason">Melvin T. Mason</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Matilde Zimmermann</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b>Larry Holmes</b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles Doty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Harmon" title="Larry Harmon">Larry "Bozo" Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li>running mate: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Davis_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Billy Davis (Mississippi politician)">Billy Davis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1984 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1984 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Carolina&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_90th–108th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Carolina&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_90th–108th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>'s delegation(s) to the 90th–108th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers" title="L. Mendel Rivers">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Ashmore" title="Robert T. Ashmore">R. Ashmore</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">A. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers" title="L. Mendel Rivers">L. M. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">A. Watson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="James Mann (South Carolina politician)">J. Mann</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_L._McMillan" title="John L. McMillan">J. McMillan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="James Mann (South Carolina politician)">J. Mann</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">M. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">W. J. B. Dorn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gettys" title="Thomas S. Gettys">T. Gettys</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="James Mann (South Carolina politician)">J. Mann</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">M. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lunn_Young" title="Edward Lunn Young">E. Young</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="James Mann (South Carolina politician)">J. Mann</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">M. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lamar_Holland" title="Kenneth Lamar Holland">K. Holland</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Jenrette" title="John Jenrette">J. Jenrette</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Mann_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="James Mann (South Carolina politician)">J. Mann</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">M. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lamar_Holland" title="Kenneth Lamar Holland">K. Holland</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Jenrette" title="John Jenrette">J. Jenrette</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Jackson_Davis" title="Mendel Jackson Davis">M. Davis</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lamar_Holland" title="Kenneth Lamar Holland">K. Holland</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Jenrette" title="John Jenrette">J. Jenrette</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">C. Campbell</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lamar_Holland" title="Kenneth Lamar Holland">K. Holland</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">C. Campbell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett" title="Thomas F. Hartnett">T. Hartnett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Light_Napier" title="John Light Napier">J. Napier</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/98th_United_States_Congress" title="98th United States Congress">98th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">C. Campbell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett" title="Thomas F. Hartnett">T. Hartnett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tallon" title="Robin Tallon">R. Tallon</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress" title="99th United States Congress">99th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">C. Campbell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett" title="Thomas F. Hartnett">T. Hartnett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tallon" title="Robin Tallon">R. Tallon</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tallon" title="Robin Tallon">R. Tallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Liz_J._Patterson" title="Liz J. Patterson">L. Patterson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr." title="Arthur Ravenel Jr.">A. Ravenel</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tallon" title="Robin Tallon">R. Tallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Liz_J._Patterson" title="Liz J. Patterson">L. Patterson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr." title="Arthur Ravenel Jr.">A. Ravenel</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tallon" title="Robin Tallon">R. Tallon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Liz_J._Patterson" title="Liz J. Patterson">L. Patterson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr." title="Arthur Ravenel Jr.">A. Ravenel</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Butler_Derrick" title="Butler Derrick">B. Derrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr." title="Arthur Ravenel Jr.">A. Ravenel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">J. Clyburn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Inglis" title="Bob Inglis">B. Inglis</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">J. Clyburn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Inglis" title="Bob Inglis">B. Inglis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">L. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">M. Sanford</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">J. Clyburn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bob_Inglis" title="Bob Inglis">B. Inglis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">L. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">M. Sanford</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">F. Spence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">J. Clyburn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">L. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">M. Sanford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">J. DeMint</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">S. Thurmond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence"><i>F. Spence</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">J. Clyburn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">L. Graham</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">J. DeMint</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Brown_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry E. Brown Jr.">H. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(American_politician)" title="Joe Wilson (American politician)"><i>A. G. Wilson</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Hollings</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">L. Graham</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Spratt" title="John Spratt">J. Spratt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">J. Clyburn</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">J. DeMint</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Brown_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry E. Brown Jr.">H. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(American_politician)" title="Joe Wilson (American politician)">A. G. Wilson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Barrett" title="Gresham Barrett">G. Barrett</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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