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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_Eastern_amulets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_Eastern_amulets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Near Eastern amulets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_Eastern_amulets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China,_Korea,_and_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China,_Korea,_and_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>China, Korea, and Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China,_Korea,_and_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materiality_of_Islamic_amulets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materiality_of_Islamic_amulets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Materiality of Islamic amulets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materiality_of_Islamic_amulets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diminutive_Islamic_amulets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminutive_Islamic_amulets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Diminutive Islamic amulets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminutive_Islamic_amulets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amulet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="تميمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تميمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="তাবিজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাবিজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurundu" title="Kurundu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kurundu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumar" title="Tumar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tumar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="তাবিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাবিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Бетеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бетеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Амулет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амулет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Φυλαχτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλαχτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuleto" title="Amuleto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amuleto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuleto" title="Amuleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amuleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutun_(sineskeria)" title="Kutun (sineskeria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kutun (sineskeria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B0" title="تعویذ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعویذ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulette" title="Amulette – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amulette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="तावज – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तावज" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%AC" title="주구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Հմայագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հմայագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="तावीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तावीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuleto" title="Amuleto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amuleto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimat" title="Jimat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jimat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuleto" title="Amuleto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amuleto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2" title="קמע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="თილისმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თილისმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тұмар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұмар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulets" title="Amulets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amulets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuletas" title="Amuletas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amuletas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Талисман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Талисман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="تميمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تميمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimat" title="Azimat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Azimat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuleto" title="Amuleto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amuleto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet%C4%83" title="Amuletă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amuletă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Амулет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амулет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuleti" title="Amuleti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amuleti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amulet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Амајлија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амајлија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amajlija" title="Amajlija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amajlija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimat" title="Jimat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jimat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuletti" title="Amuletti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amuletti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amulett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="เครื่องราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тӯмор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯмор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muska" title="Muska – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muska" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Амулет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амулет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm_th%E1%BA%AFng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Yếm thắng vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yếm thắng vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%AD%E5%8B%9D%E7%89%A9" title="厭勝物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厭勝物" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Object worn in the belief that it will magically protect the wearer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amulet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amulet (disambiguation)">Amulet (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylactery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phylactery (disambiguation)">Phylactery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheshm-Nazar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cheshm-Nazar.JPG/220px-Cheshm-Nazar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cheshm-Nazar.JPG/330px-Cheshm-Nazar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cheshm-Nazar.JPG/440px-Cheshm-Nazar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">nazar</a>, an amulet to ward off the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>amulet</b>, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Good_luck_charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Good luck charm">good luck charm</a> or phylactery, is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor. The word "amulet" comes from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amuletum</i></span>, which Pliny's <i>Natural History</i> describes as "an object that protects a person from trouble". Anything can function as an amulet; items commonly so used include statues, coins, drawings, plant parts, animal parts, and written words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez-Wippler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwYd-HKmn8jUCpgPA1_1]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez-Wippler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwYd-HKmn8jUCpgPA1_1]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amulets which are said to derive their extraordinary properties and powers from magic or those which impart luck are typically part of <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>, whereas amulets or <a href="/wiki/Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacred objects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">formalised mainstream religion</a> as in Christianity are believed to have no power of their own without faith in Jesus and being <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessed</a> by a clergyman, and they supposedly will also not provide any preternatural benefit to the bearer who does not have an <a href="/wiki/Disposition#Religion" title="Disposition">appropriate disposition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a> and amulets have interchangeable meanings. Amulets refer to any object which has the power to avert evil influences or ill luck. An amulet is an object that is generally worn for protection and made from a durable material (metal or hard-stone). Both amulets and talismans can be applied to paper examples as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Campo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amulets are sometimes confused with <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a>, small aesthetic objects that hang from necklaces. Any given pendant may indeed be an amulet but so may any other object that purportedly protects its holder from danger. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg/300px-Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg/450px-Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg/600px-Egyptian_-_Group_of_16_Amulets_Strung_as_a_Necklace_-_Walters_481685-1699_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadj_amulet" title="Wadj amulet">wadj</a>, and figures of gods; amulets made of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">Egyptian faience</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of amulets (<i>meket</i>) was widespread among both living and dead ancient Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeter,_E._2011_p170_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeter,_E._2011_p170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> They were used for protection and as a means of "...reaffirming the fundamental fairness of the universe".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest amulets found are from the predynastic <a href="/wiki/Badarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Badarian">Badarian</a> Period, and they persisted all the way through to Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pregnant women would wear amulets depicting <a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a>, the goddess of childbirth, to protect against miscarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> The god <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a>, who had the head of a lion and the body of a dwarf, was believed to be the protector of children.<sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> After giving birth, a mother would remove her Taweret amulet and put on a new amulet representing Bes.<sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>Amulets depicted specific symbols, among the most common are the <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a>, which represented the new eye given to <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> by the god <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> as a replacement for his old eye, which had been destroyed during a battle with Horus's uncle Seth.<sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> Amulets were often made to represent gods, animals or hieroglyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeter,_E._2011_p170_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeter,_E._2011_p170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews,_C._1994_p2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews,_C._1994_p2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> For example, the common amulet shape the scarab beetle is the emblem of the god <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeter,_E._2011_p170_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeter,_E._2011_p170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>The most common material for such amulets was a kind of ceramic known as <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">Egyptian faience</a> or <i>tjehenet</i>, but amulets were also made of stone, metal, bone, wood and gold.<sup id="cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews,_C._1994_p2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews,_C._1994_p2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phylactery" class="extiw" title="wikt:phylactery">Phylacteries</a> containing texts were another common form of amulet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the Mesopotamians, the ancient Egyptians had no distinction between the categories magic and medicine. Indeed for them "...religion was a potent and legitimate tool for affecting magical cures".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each treatment was a complementary combination of practical medicine and magical spells. Magical spells against snakebite are the oldest magical remedies known from Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians believed that diseases stemmed from both supernatural and natural causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms of the disease determined which deity the doctor needed to invoke in order to cure it.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctors were extremely expensive, therefore, for most everyday purposes, the average Egyptian would have relied on individuals who were not professional doctors, but who possessed some form of medical training or knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark2017_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these individuals were folk healers and seers, who could set broken bones, aid mothers in giving birth, prescribe herbal remedies for common ailments, and interpret dreams. If a doctor or seer was unavailable, then everyday people would simply cast their spells on their own without assistance. It was likely commonplace for individuals to memorize spells and incantations for later use.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark2017_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg/220px-Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg/330px-Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg/440px-Barnstenen_amulet_korenaren_ValkenvburgZH_101064_RMO_Leiden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Amulet, amber, with ear of wheat, Roman period (69-96 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>Amulets were particularly prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> society, being the inheritor of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> tradition, and inextricably linked to <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> and magic (see <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic in the Graeco-Roman world">magic in the Graeco-Roman world</a>). Amulets are usually outside of the normal sphere of religious experience, though associations between certain gemstones and gods has been suggested. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> is represented on milky <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(mineral)" title="Heliotrope (mineral)">heliotrope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> on red <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a> on green <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amulets are worn to imbue the wearer with the associated powers of the gods rather than for any reasons of piety. The intrinsic power of the amulet is also evident from others bearing inscriptions, such as <i>vterfexix (utere fexix)</i> or "good luck to the user."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amulet boxes could also be used, such as the example from part of the <a href="/wiki/Thetford_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Thetford treasure">Thetford treasure</a>, Norfolk, UK, where a gold box intended for suspension around the neck was found to contain sulphur for its <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> (evil-repelling) qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig1984187_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig1984187-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children wore <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(amulet)" title="Bulla (amulet)">bullas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunula_(amulet)" title="Lunula (amulet)">lunulas</a>, and could be protected by amulet-chains known as <i><a href="/wiki/Crepundia" title="Crepundia">Crepundia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Near_Eastern_amulets">Near Eastern amulets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Near Eastern amulets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metal amulets in the form of flat sheets made of silver, gold, copper, and lead were also popular in Late Antiquity in Palestine and Syria as well as their adjacent countries (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). Usually, they were rolled up and placed in a metal container with loops<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be carried by a necklace. They were incised with a needle with manifold incantation formulars and citations and references to the name of God (<a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them are composed in various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Aramaic">Jewish Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic" title="Samaritan Aramaic">Samaritan Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there exist also sometimes combinations with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China,_Korea,_and_Japan"><span id="China.2C_Korea.2C_and_Japan"></span>China, Korea, and Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: China, Korea, and Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG/220px-%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG/330px-%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG/440px-%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%AD%E6%89%80_%E8%96%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA_%E3%81%8A%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A_1034843.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A selection of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">omamori</a></i></span>, Japanese amulets</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> specialists developed a special style of calligraphy called <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">fulu</a></i></span>, which they say is able to protect against evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Wen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equivalent type of amulet in Japan is called an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">ofuda</a></i></span>. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mamorifuda</i></span> are <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gofu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gofu">gofu</a></i></span> amulets. In Korea, where they are called <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">bujeok</i></span> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">부적</span></span>) even usually in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Taoism">Korean Taoist rituals</a>, they are talismans encased inside in small <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a> bags that are carried on the person.<sup id="cite_ref-Ency._of_Japan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ency._of_Japan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a> believed in the protective and healing power of amulets or blessed objects. Many pagan religions also believe in stone worship. Talismans used by these peoples can be broken down into three main categories: talismans carried or worn on the body, talismans hung upon or above the bed of an infirm person, and medicinal talismans. This third category can be further divided into external and internal talismans. For example, an external amulet can be placed in a bath. </p><p>Jews, Christians, and Muslims have also at times used their <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy book">holy books</a> in a talisman-like manner in grave situations. For example, a bedridden and seriously ill person would have a holy book placed under part of the bed or cushion.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabic_Talismans_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_Talismans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG/182px-Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG/273px-Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG/364px-Ketef_hinom_scrolls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="2475" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Silver Scroll on display at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chai.jpg/128px-Chai.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chai.jpg/192px-Chai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chai.jpg/256px-Chai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chai_(symbol)" title="Chai (symbol)">Chai</a> pendant (modern)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collection_of_khamsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Collection_of_khamsa.jpg/170px-Collection_of_khamsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Collection_of_khamsa.jpg/255px-Collection_of_khamsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Collection_of_khamsa.jpg/340px-Collection_of_khamsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of Hand of Miriam in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Amulets are plentiful in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> tradition, with examples of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>-era amulets existing in many <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the proscription of <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a> and other graven images in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Jewish amulets emphasize text and names. The shape, material, and color of a Jewish amulet makes no difference. Examples of textual amulets include the <a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Silver Scroll</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 630 BCE</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Chai_(symbol)" title="Chai (symbol)">Chai necklace</a> (though this is also worn simply to indicate Jewish identity), and inscriptions of one of the names of the god of Judaism - such as ה (He), יה (YaH), or שדי (<a href="/wiki/Shaddai_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaddai (god)">Shaddai</a>) - on a piece of parchment or metal, usually silver.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counter-examples, however, include the <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a> (an outline of a human hand) and the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg/170px-J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg/255px-J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg/340px-J%C3%BCdisches_Halsgezeig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Protective neckband worn on a boy’s Brit Milah to protect him from demons and the evil eye. 1944, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>’s collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> (and his son <a href="/wiki/Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a>) opposed the use of amulets and derided the "folly of amulet writers."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rabbis, however, approved the use of amulets.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amulet_case.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amulet_case.jpg/220px-Amulet_case.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amulet_case.jpg/330px-Amulet_case.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amulet_case.jpg/440px-Amulet_case.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Silver amulet encasement</figcaption></figure> <p>Regional traditions surrounding the birth of children often included amulets to ward off the devil, the evil eye, or demons such as <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>. So-called miracle rabbi (<a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Ba’al Shem</a>) would be responsible for writing text amulets and conjuring up the names of God and protective angels. <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwives</a> would also create amulets, often filled with herbs, to protect mothers and their young children.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and areas of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, young Jewish boys wore textile neckbands or collars for their <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit Milah</a>. Coins or coral stones on these neckbands were meant to distract the evil eye away from the boys, thus serving as a form of protection. This practice continued until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been interpreted by some to be forms of amulet, but others disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbi and kabbalist <a href="/wiki/Naphtali_Cohen" title="Naphtali Cohen">Naphtali Cohen</a> (1645–1719) was said to be an expert in the magical use of amulets. He was accused of causing a fire that broke out in his house and then destroyed the whole Jewish quarter of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>, and of preventing the extinguishing of the fire by conventional means because he wanted to test the power of his amulets; he was imprisoned and forced to resign his post and leave the city.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">Cross necklace</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendant,_crucifix_(6880366817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pendant%2C_crucifix_%286880366817%29.jpg/133px-Pendant%2C_crucifix_%286880366817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pendant%2C_crucifix_%286880366817%29.jpg/200px-Pendant%2C_crucifix_%286880366817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pendant%2C_crucifix_%286880366817%29.jpg/266px-Pendant%2C_crucifix_%286880366817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A pendant <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, considered in Christian tradition as a defense against demons, as the holy sign of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s victory over every evil</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_benedict_medal-2006_04_24.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/St_benedict_medal-2006_04_24.png/201px-St_benedict_medal-2006_04_24.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/St_benedict_medal-2006_04_24.png/302px-St_benedict_medal-2006_04_24.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/St_benedict_medal-2006_04_24.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Back of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Benedict medal">Saint Benedict medal</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Vade_Retro_Satana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vade Retro Satana">Vade Retro Satana</a></i> abbreviation, used in liturgical <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a> traditions.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, regularly attending church, frequently receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christianity)" title="Bible study (Christianity)">Bible study</a>, and a consistent prayer life are taught as being among the best ways to ward against demonic influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazlas2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazlas2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> denominations of Christianity hold that the use of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacramentals</a> in its proper disposition is encouraged only by a firm faith and devotion to the Triune God, and not by any magical or superstitious belief bestowed on the sacramental. In this regard, <a href="/wiki/Prayer_cloth" title="Prayer cloth">prayer cloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian prayer beads">prayer beads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confraternities_of_the_Cord" title="Confraternities of the Cord">cords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">scapulars</a>, medals, and other devotional religious paraphernalia derive their power, not simply from the symbolism displayed in the object, but rather from the <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessing</a> of the Church in the name of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armentrout2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armentrout2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, and the associated <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a>, is one of the key sacramentals used by Christians to ward off evil since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">Early Church Fathers</a>; as such, many Christians wear a <a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">cross necklace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ELCA2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELCA2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samaan2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaan2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imperial cross of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a> (1024–1039) referred to the power of the cross against evil.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known amulet associated with <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> spirituality present in Christianity of the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions is the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Benedict medal">Saint Benedict medal</a> which includes the <i><a href="/wiki/Vade_Retro_Satana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vade Retro Satana">Vade Retro Satana</a></i> formula to ward off Satan. This medal has been in use at least since the 1700s, and in 1742 it received the approval of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>. It later became part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Christian saints have written about the power of <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> as a force that repels evil; as such in Christianity (especially in the Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican denominations), holy water is used in the dominical sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, as well as for devotional use in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-Reviews2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reviews2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Avila">Teresa of Avila</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> who reported <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">visions of Jesus and Mary</a>, was a strong believer in the power of holy water and wrote that she used it with success to repel evil and temptations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lay Catholics are not permitted to perform solemn <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">exorcisms</a>, but they can use <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>, blessed salt, and other sacramentals, such as the Saint Benedict medal or the <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, for warding off evil.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Catholic sacramentals are believed to defend against evil, by virtue of their association with a specific saint or archangel. The <i><a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_St._Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel">scapular of St. Michael the Archangel</a></i> is a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Devotional_scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional scapular">devotional scapular</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a>, the chief enemy of Satan. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> gave this scapular his blessing, but it was first formally approved under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>. The form of this scapular is somewhat distinct, in that the two segments of cloth that constitute it have the form of a small shield; one is made of blue and the other of black cloth, and one of the bands likewise is blue and the other black. Both portions of the scapular bear the well-known representation of the Archangel St. Michael slaying the dragon and the inscription "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus%3F" title="Quis ut Deus?">Quis ut Deus?</a></i></span></i>" meaning "Who is like God?".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 19th century, devout Spanish soldiers, especially <a href="/wiki/Carlist" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlist">Carlist</a> units, have worn a patch with an image of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> and the inscription <i><a href="/wiki/Detente_bala" title="Detente bala">detente bala</a></i> ("stop, bullet").<sup id="cite_ref-Príncipe_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Príncipe-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Egyptian Christians made textual amulets with scriptural <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipits</a>, especially the opening words of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_91" title="Psalm 91">Psalm 91</a>. These amulets have survived from late antiquity (c. 300–700 C.E.), mostly from Egypt. They were written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> on strips of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> and other materials in order to cure bodily illnesses and/or to protect individuals from demons.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some believers, especially those of the Greek Orthodox tradition, wear the <a href="/wiki/Filakto" title="Filakto">filakto</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> sacramental that is pinned to one's clothing to ward off Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Papastergiadis1998_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papastergiadis1998-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Percentage of Muslims, median of national values in region, 2012 survey.<sup id="cite_ref-world_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Wear amulets </th> <th>Believe evil<br /> eye exists </th> <th>Have objects<br /> against the<br /> evil eye </th></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Europe </td> <td><div style="float:right;">24</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">47</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">35</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Asia </td> <td><div style="float:right;">20</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">49</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">41</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Asia </td> <td><div style="float:right;">3</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">29</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Asia </td> <td><div style="float:right;">26</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">53</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">40</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East/North Africa </td> <td><div style="float:right;">25</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">65</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">18</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-Saharan Africa </td> <td><div style="float:right;">no data</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">36</div> </td> <td><div style="float:right;">no data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg/227px-Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg/341px-Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg/454px-Seven_sleepers_islam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Amulet containing the names of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sleepers of Ephesus">Seven Sleepers</a> and their dog Qitmir, 1600s-1800s.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg/107px-Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg/161px-Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg/214px-Morocco_Hand_of_Fatima_silver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">hamsa</a> or "Hand of Fatima" amulet in silver, Morocco, early 20th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amulet_Kilim_Motif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Amulet_Kilim_Motif.jpg/338px-Amulet_Kilim_Motif.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Amulet_Kilim_Motif.jpg/507px-Amulet_Kilim_Motif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Amulet_Kilim_Motif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="188" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Amulet <a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Kilim motif</a> (3 examples).</div></div></div></div></div> <p>There is a long <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion#Folk_Islam" title="Folk religion">cultural tradition</a> of using amulets in Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-MET_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in many <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority countries</a>, tens of percent of the population use them.<sup id="cite_ref-world_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hadith condemn the wearing of talismans,<sup id="cite_ref-world_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Muslims (notably <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafis</a>) believe that amulets and talismans are forbidden in Islam, and using them is an act of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)"><i>shirk</i></a> (idolatry).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other hadith support the use of talismans with some Muslim denominations considering it 'permissible magic', usually under some conditions (for instance, that the wearer believes that the talisman only helps through God's will).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Muslims do not consider items used against the evil eye to be talismans; these are often kept in the home rather than worn.<sup id="cite_ref-world_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of worn amulets are necklaces, rings, bracelets, coins, armbands and <a href="/wiki/Talismanic_shirt" title="Talismanic shirt">talismanic shirts</a>. In the Islamic context they can also be referred to as <i>hafiz</i> or protector or <i>himala</i> meaning pendant.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amulet is interchangeable with the term talisman. An amulet is an object that is generally worn for protection and most often made from a durable material such as metal or a hard-stone. Amulet can also be applied to paper examples, although talisman is often used to describe these less robust and usually individualized forms. <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Muslim cultures, amulets often include texts, particularly prayers, texts from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> (recorded oral histories of early Islam) and religious narratives, and religious names. The word "Allah" (God) is especially popular, as many believe that touching or seeing it wards off evil. The <a href="/wiki/Ninety-nine_names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-nine names of God">ninety-nine names of God</a>, and the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions, are also used. The names of prophets and religious figures are felt to connect the wearer to the named person, protecting the wearer. The written stories of these people are also considered effective, and are sometimes illustrated with images of the religious figure or omens associated with them. Favoured figures include <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> and his sons Hasan and Husain, and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sleepers of Ephesus">Seven Sleepers of Ephesus</a>. Devotional manuals sometimes also promise that those reading them will be protected from demons and <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">Apotropaic</a> texts may even be incorporated into clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-MET_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weapons might also be inscribed with religious texts thought to confer protective powers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scrolls with Qur'anic quotations, prophetic references and sacred symbols were common during war in the Ottoman Empire with Qur'anic verses such as 'victory is from God and conquest is near' (Qur. 6I:13) found on <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wiz" title="Ta'wiz">ta'wiz</a> worn in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts packaged in <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wiz" title="Ta'wiz">ta'wiz</a> were most often pre-made when used by the public, but literate wearers could change the verse upon their discretion. While criticized by some denominations, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> are permitted to wear ta'wiz as long as it consciously strengthens their bond with Allah and does not come from a belief the <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wiz" title="Ta'wiz">ta'wiz</a> itself cures or protects. </p><p>Astrological symbols were also used,<sup id="cite_ref-MET_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the Medieval period. These included symbols of the Zodiac, derived from Greek representations of <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>, and especially popular in the Middle East in the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Muslim artists also developed personifications of the planets, based on their astrological traits, and of a hypothetical invisible planet named <a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore#Asian_dragons" title="List of dragons in mythology and folklore">Al Tinnin</a> or Jauzahr. It was believed that objects decorated with these astrological signs developed talismanic power to protect.<sup id="cite_ref-astra_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astra-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abstract symbols are also common in Muslim amulets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a> (sword of the aforementioned Ali).<sup id="cite_ref-MET_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular amulet often used to avert the evil gaze is the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">hamsa</a></i> (meaning five) or "Hand of Fatima". The symbol is pre-Islamic, known from Punic times.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Central and West Asia, amulets (often in the form of triangular packages containing a sacred verse) were traditionally attached to the clothing of babies and young children to give them protection from forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erbek_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erbek-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kilim_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilim-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Triangular amulet motifs were often also woven into <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental carpet">oriental carpets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilims</a>. The carpet expert Jon Thompson explains that such an amulet woven into a rug is not a theme: it actually is an amulet, conferring protection by its presence. In his words, "the device in the rug has a materiality, it generates a field of force able to interact with other unseen forces and is not merely an intellectual abstraction."<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Materiality_of_Islamic_amulets">Materiality of Islamic amulets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Materiality of Islamic amulets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnelian_flame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carnelian_flame.jpg/170px-Carnelian_flame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carnelian_flame.jpg/255px-Carnelian_flame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Carnelian_flame.jpg/340px-Carnelian_flame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Carnelian 'flame' <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Islamic world, material composition and graphic content are important in determining the apotropaic forces of the amulets. The preferred materials employed by amulets are precious and semi-precious materials, because the inherent protective values of these materials depend hugely upon their natural rarity, monetary value, and symbolic implications.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the semi-precious materials, carnelian <i>('aqiq)</i> is often favoured because it was considered as the stone of Muhammad, who was said to have worn a carnelian seal set in silver on the little finger of his right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, materials such as jade and jasper are regarded as to possess protective and medicinal properties, including assuring victory in battles, protection from lightning and treating diseases of the internal organs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, amulets combine different materials to achieve multiple protective effects. A combination of jade and carnelian, for instance, connotes fertility and embryogenesis. The reddish, transcalent quality of the cornelian resembles blood, which echoes the clot of congealed blood from which Allah created human (Qur. 96:2). Additionally, recurring apotropaic Qur'anic verses are often inscribed on the amulet, praising Allah as the ultimate bestower of security and power and as the provider of the Qur'an and Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diminutive_Islamic_amulets">Diminutive Islamic amulets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diminutive Islamic amulets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amulet._Sudanese,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amulet._Sudanese%2C_19th_century.jpg/220px-Amulet._Sudanese%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amulet._Sudanese%2C_19th_century.jpg/330px-Amulet._Sudanese%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amulet._Sudanese%2C_19th_century.jpg/440px-Amulet._Sudanese%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8176" data-file-height="6132" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of an amulet includes spells against the 'evil eye'.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diminutive amulets made in the medieval Mediterranean Islamic world include prayers executed with a block print or die (<a href="/wiki/Tarsh" title="Tarsh">tarsh</a>). Through folding, these miniature paper amulets are often even further reduced in size in order to fit into a tiny wearable box or tubular pendant cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, however, these protective objects remain fully loyal to the book format as miniature Qur'ans, protected by illuminated metal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, rests an example of an Egyptian block printed amulet, made during the tenth or eleventh century. Here, one can notice the minuscule ink on paper script of the size of 7.2 x 5.5 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its text's final line is a verse from the Qur'an that proclaims: 'So God will safeguard you from them. He is All-Hearing and All-Knowing' (Qur. 20:46). A tension is therefore created between the idea of Allah as protector and the amulet as a material item that encapsulates and transmits this divine energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amulets and talismanic objects were used by early Muslims to appeal to God in the first instance. In this respect, these early Islamic amulets differ substantially from Byzantine, Roman, early Iranian, and other pre-Islamic magic which addressed demonic forces or spirits of the dead. The main function of amulets was to ward off misfortune, "evil eye", and the jinn. They were meant to promote health, longevity, fertility, and potency. Despite regional variations, what unites these objects is that they are characterized by the use of particular and distinctive vocabulary of writings and symbols. These can appear in a multitude of combinations. The important elements to these amulets are the 'magic'vocabulary used and the heavy implementation of the Qur'an. The regional variations of these amulets each are unique; however, they are tied together through the Quranic inscriptions, images of Muhammad, astrological signs, and religious narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such text amulets were originally housed within a lead case imprinted with surat al-Ikhlas (Qur. n2: 1-4), a verse that instructs the worshipper to proclaim God's sanctity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As seen in a diverse range of block printed amulets, the lead case should include lugs, which allowed the tiny package to be either sewn onto clothing or suspended from the owner's body. These modest containers were, most likely, kept sealed shut, their printed contents therefore invisible to a possessor who perhaps was not wealthy enough to purchase a non-serialised, handwritten amulet.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Amulet" title="Special:EditPage/Amulet">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Tibetan Buddhists have many kinds of talismanic and shamanistic amulets and ritual tools, including the <a href="/wiki/Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorje">dorje</a>, the bell, and many kinds of portable amulets. The Tibetan Buddhists enclose prayers on a parchment scroll within a prayer wheel, which is then spun around, each rotation being one recitation of all of the stanzas within the prayer wheel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_Buddha_amulet" title="Thai Buddha amulet">Thai Buddha amulet</a></div> <p>The people of Thailand, with Buddhist and animist beliefs, also have a vast pantheon of amulets, which are still popular and in common use by most people even in the present day. The belief in magic is impregnated into Thai culture and religious beliefs and folk superstitions, and this is reflected in the fact that we can still see commonplace use of amulets and magical rituals in everyday life. Some of the more commonly known amulets are of course the Buddhist votive tablets, such as the Pra Somdej Buddha image, and guru monk coins. But Thailand has an immensely large number of magical traditions, and thousands of different types of amulet and occult charm can be found in use, ranging from the takrut scroll spell, to the necromantic Ban Neng Chin Aathan, which uses the bones or flesh of the corpse of a 'hoeng prai' ghost (a person who died unnaturally, screaming, or in other strange premature circumstances), to reanimate the spirit of the dead, to dwell within the bone as a spirit, and assist the owner to achieve their goals. The list of Thai Buddhist amulets in existence is a lifetime study in its own right, and indeed, many people devote their lives to the study of them, and collection. Thai amulets are still immensely popular both with Thai folk as well as with foreigners, and in recent years, a massive increase in foreign interest has caused the subject of Thai Buddhist amulets to become a commonly known topic around the world. Amulets can fetch prices ranging from a few dollars right up to millions of dollars for a single amulet. Due to the money that can be made with sorcery services, and with rare collector amulets of the master class, there is also a forgery market in existence, which ensures that the experts of the scene maintain a monopoly on the market. With so many fakes, experts are needed for collectors to trust for obtaining authentic amulets, and not selling them fakes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_cultures">Other cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amulets vary considerably according to their time and place of origin. In many societies, religious objects serve as amulets, e.g. deriving from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, if it has four leaves, symbolizes good luck (not the Irish <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>, which symbolizes the Christian <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, the god <a href="/wiki/Ekeko" title="Ekeko">Ekeko</a> furnishes a standard amulet, to whom one should offer at least one banknote or a <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarette</a> to obtain fortune and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In certain areas of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, it is traditionally believed that the <a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">jackal's horn</a> can grant wishes and reappear to its owner at its own accord when lost. Some Sinhalese believe that the horn can grant the holder invulnerability in any <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Native American movement of the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a> wore <a href="/wiki/Ghost_shirt" title="Ghost shirt">ghost shirts</a> to protect them from bullets. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, amulets are called <a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">agimat</a> or <i>anting-anting</i>. According to folklore, the most powerful <i>anting-anting</i> is the <i>hiyas ng saging</i> (directly translated as pearl or gem of the banana). The hiyas must come from a mature banana and only comes out during midnight. Before the person can fully possess this agimat, he must fight a supernatural creature called <i>kapre</i>. Only then will he be its true owner. During <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, devotees travel to Mount Banahaw to recharge their amulets.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_with_cross,_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cross necklace"><img alt="A cross necklace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Necklace_with_cross%2C_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg/120px-Necklace_with_cross%2C_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Necklace_with_cross%2C_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg/180px-Necklace_with_cross%2C_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Necklace_with_cross%2C_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg/240px-Necklace_with_cross%2C_made_of_stainless_steel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">cross necklace</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escapulariocafe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or "Brown Scapular""><img alt="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or "Brown Scapular"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escapulariocafe.JPG/120px-Escapulariocafe.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escapulariocafe.JPG/180px-Escapulariocafe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Escapulariocafe.JPG/240px-Escapulariocafe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a> of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or "<a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Brown Scapular</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MagicAmuletSquare.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sator Square, an ancient Roman amulet in the form of a palindromic word square"><img alt="Sator Square, an ancient Roman amulet in the form of a palindromic word square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MagicAmuletSquare.svg/120px-MagicAmuletSquare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MagicAmuletSquare.svg/180px-MagicAmuletSquare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MagicAmuletSquare.svg/240px-MagicAmuletSquare.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a>, an ancient Roman amulet in the form of a palindromic word square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amulet from Rajasthan, depicting the goddess Durga"><img alt="Amulet from Rajasthan, depicting the goddess Durga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg/94px-Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg/141px-Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg/188px-Amulette_Rajasthan_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amulet from <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, depicting the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bettelarmband.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charm bracelet"><img alt="Charm bracelet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bettelarmband.JPG/120px-Bettelarmband.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bettelarmband.JPG/180px-Bettelarmband.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bettelarmband.JPG/240px-Bettelarmband.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charm_bracelet" title="Charm bracelet">Charm bracelet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fascinus, an ancient Roman amulet in the form of a phallus that served as a ritual feature of Roman wind chimes, from Pompeii"><img alt="A fascinus, an ancient Roman amulet in the form of a phallus that served as a ritual feature of Roman wind chimes, from Pompeii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg/90px-Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg/135px-Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg/180px-Tintinnabulum_Pompeii_MAN_Napoli_Inv27839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i><a href="/wiki/Fascinus" title="Fascinus">fascinus</a></i>, an ancient Roman amulet in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a> that served as a ritual feature of <a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum_(ancient_Rome)" title="Tintinnabulum (ancient Rome)">Roman wind chimes</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mezuzah"><img alt="A mezuzah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg/66px-Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg/99px-Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg/132px-Macedonian_Mezuzah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Talis02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An amulet from the Black Pullet grimoire"><img alt="An amulet from the Black Pullet grimoire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Talis02.png/120px-Talis02.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Talis02.png/180px-Talis02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Talis02.png/240px-Talis02.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> An amulet from the <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Pullet" title="Black Pullet">Black Pullet</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magical mirror with Zodiac signs"><img alt="Magical mirror with Zodiac signs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg/120px-Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg/180px-Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg/240px-Magical_mirror_Louvre_AA10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magical mirror with Zodiac signs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEPE_Talisman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nez Perce talisman, made of wolf skin, wool, mirrors, feathers, buttons and a brass bell"><img alt="Nez Perce talisman, made of wolf skin, wool, mirrors, feathers, buttons and a brass bell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NEPE_Talisman.jpg/53px-NEPE_Talisman.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NEPE_Talisman.jpg/79px-NEPE_Talisman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NEPE_Talisman.jpg/106px-NEPE_Talisman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a> <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a>, made of wolf skin, wool, mirrors, feathers, buttons and a brass bell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afro-Surinamese Winti amulet"><img alt="Afro-Surinamese Winti amulet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg/120px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg/180px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg/240px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_H-2977_Amulet_van_acht_hangers_gesneden_uit_aw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Afro-Surinamese <a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a> amulet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taweret_amulet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian Taweret amulet, New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c. 1539–1292 BC"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian Taweret amulet, New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c. 1539–1292 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Taweret_amulet.jpg/72px-Taweret_amulet.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Taweret_amulet.jpg/108px-Taweret_amulet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Taweret_amulet.jpg/144px-Taweret_amulet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a> amulet, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Dynasty XVIII</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1539</span>–1292 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omamori_Protection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Omamori amulet from a Shinto shrine in Kumamoto, Japan"><img alt="Omamori amulet from a Shinto shrine in Kumamoto, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Omamori_Protection.jpg/71px-Omamori_Protection.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Omamori_Protection.jpg/107px-Omamori_Protection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Omamori_Protection.jpg/142px-Omamori_Protection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></i></span> amulet from a <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> shrine in <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a>, Japan </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a> - protective magic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Charm</a> - an incantation or spell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_bracelet" title="Charm bracelet">Charm bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmstone" title="Charmstone">Charmstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of good-luck charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a> (or phylacteries) of the Jewish faith</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez-Wippler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwYd-HKmn8jUCpgPA1_1]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez-Wippler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwYd-HKmn8jUCpgPA1_1]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzalez-Wippler1991">Gonzalez-Wippler 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYd-HKmn8jUC&pg=PA1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA40">"amulets and talismans"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Encyclopedia of World Religions: Facts on File Library of Religion and Mythology. Infobase Publishing. pp. 40–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=amulets+and+talismans&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions%3A+Facts+on+File+Library+of+Religion+and+Mythology&rft.pages=40-1&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teeter,_E._2011_p170-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teeter,_E._2011_p170_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teeter,_E._2011_p170_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teeter,_E._2011_p170_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teeter, E., (2011), Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt, Cambridge University Press, p170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BriarHobbs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriarHobbs_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrierHobbs2009" class="citation book cs1">Brier, Bob; Hobbs, Hoyt (2009). <i>Ancient Egypt: Everyday Life in the Land of the Nile</i>. 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Oxbow. pp. 57–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Bells%21+The+Bells%21+Approaching+tintinnabula+in+Roman+Britain+and+beyond&rft.btitle=Material+Approaches+to+Roman+Magic%3A+Occult+Objects+and+Supernatural+Substances&rft.pages=57-68&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Parker%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mar-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mar_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-Kilcher,_S.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Martin-Kilcher" title="Stefanie Martin-Kilcher">Martin-Kilcher, S.</a> (2000). "<i>Mors immatura</i> in the Roman world – a mirror of society and tradition". In Pearce, J.; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Millett" title="Martin Millett">Millet, M.</a>; Struck, M. (eds.). <i>Burials, Society and Context in the Roman World</i>. Oxbow. pp. 63–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mors+immatura+in+the+Roman+world+%E2%80%93+a+mirror+of+society+and+tradition&rft.btitle=Burials%2C+Society+and+Context+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=63-77&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Martin-Kilcher%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlheinz Kessler. 2008. Das wahre Ende Babylons – Die Tradition der Aramäer, Mandäer, Juden und Manichäer. In Joachim Marzahn and Günther Schauerte (eds.). <i>Babylon. Wahrheit: Eine Ausstellung des Vorderasiatischen Museums Staatliche Museen zu Berlin mit Unterstützung der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin.</i> München: Hirmer. Pp. 467–486, fig. 338. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4295-2">978-3-7774-4295-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christa Müller-Kessler, Trence C. Mitchell, Marilyn I. Hockey. 2007. An Inscribed Silver Amulet from Samaria. <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i> 139 pp. 5–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Naveh, Shaul Shaked. 1985. <i>Amulets and Magic Bowls. Aramaic Incantattion of Late Antiquity.</i> Jerusalem: Magness Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-223-531-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-223-531-8">965-223-531-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Naveh, Shaul Shaked. 1993. <i>Magic Spells and Formulae. Aramaic Incantattion of Late Antiquity.</i> Jerusalem: Magness Press. Pp. 43–109, pls. 1–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-223-841-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-223-841-4">965-223-841-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Kotansky, Joseph Naveh, and Shaul Shaked. 1992. A Greek-Aramaic silver amulet from Egypt in the Ashmolean Museum. Le Muséon 105, pp. 5–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Kotansky. 1994. <i>Greek Magical Amulets. The Inscribed Gold, Silver, Copper, and Bronze Lamellae.</i> Part I. <i>Published Texts of Known Provenance</i>. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-09936-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-09936-1">3-531-09936-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wen-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wen_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWen2016" class="citation book cs1">Wen, Benenell (2016). <i>The Tao of Craft: Fu Talismans and Casting Sigils in the Eastern Esoteric Tradition</i>. North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1623170660" title="Special:BookSources/978-1623170660"><bdi>978-1623170660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tao+of+Craft%3A+Fu+Talismans+and+Casting+Sigils+in+the+Eastern+Esoteric+Tradition&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1623170660&rft.aulast=Wen&rft.aufirst=Benenell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ency._of_Japan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ency._of_Japan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=291">"Shinsatsu, Mamorifuda"</a>. Encyclopedia of Shinto<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shinsatsu%2C+Mamorifuda&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Shinto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.kokugakuin.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxwords%2Fentry.php%3FentryID%3D291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabic_Talismans-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_Talismans_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanaan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewfik Canaan">Canaan, Tewfik</a> (2004). "The Decipherment of Arabic Talismans". In <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith" title="Emilie Savage-Smith">Savage-Smith, Emilie</a> (ed.). <i>Magic and Divination in Early Islam</i>. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 42. Ashgate. pp. 125–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-715-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-715-0"><bdi>978-0-86078-715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decipherment+of+Arabic+Talismans&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Divination+in+Early+Islam&rft.series=The+Formation+of+the+Classical+Islamic+World&rft.pages=125-49&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-715-0&rft.aulast=Canaan&rft.aufirst=Tewfik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/amulet"><i>Encyclopedia Judaica</i></a>: Amulet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide to the Perplexed">Guide to the Perplexed</a>, 1:61; <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, Tefillin 5:4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ben_Aderet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo ben Aderet">Shlomo ben Aderet</a> ("Rashba," 1235–1310, Spain) and <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a> ("Ramban," 1194-1270, Spain). <i>Ency. Jud</i>., <i>op. cit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubrich2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lubrich, Naomi, ed. (2022). <i>Birth Culture. Jewish Testimonies from Rural Switzerland and Environs</i> (in German and English). Basel. pp. 27–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3796546075" title="Special:BookSources/978-3796546075"><bdi>978-3796546075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+Culture.+Jewish+Testimonies+from+Rural+Switzerland+and+Environs&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=27-35&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3796546075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kosior, Wojciech (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5644554">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It Will Not Let the Destroying [One] Enter". The Mezuzah as an Apotropaic Device according to Biblical and Rabbinic Sources"</a>. <i>Polish Journal of Arts and Culture</i>: 127–144<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Journal+of+Arts+and+Culture&rft.atitle=%22It+Will+Not+Let+the+Destroying+%5BOne%5D+Enter%22.+The+Mezuzah+as+an+Apotropaic+Device+according+to+Biblical+and+Rabbinic+Sources&rft.pages=127-144&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5644554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Conder">Conder, C.R.</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syrianstoneloreo00conduoft/page/ii/mode/2up"><i>Syrian Stone-lore; or, The Monumental History of Palestine</i></a>. London: Alexander P. Watt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syrianstoneloreo00conduoft/page/201/mode/1up">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751757461">751757461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+Stone-lore%3B+or%2C+The+Monumental+History+of+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Alexander+P.+Watt&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751757461&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyrianstoneloreo00conduoft%2Fpage%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span>, with a correction made for errata on page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syrianstoneloreo00conduoft/page/455/mode/1up">455</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior" class="citation journal cs1">Kosior, Wojciech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12193429">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Name of Yahveh is Called Upon You". Deuteronomy 28:10 and the Apotropaic Qualities of Tefillin in the Early Rabbinic Literature"</a>. <i>Studia Religiologica</i>. <b>2</b> (48/2015): 143–154<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Religiologica&rft.atitle=%22The+Name+of+Yahveh+is+Called+Upon+You%22.+Deuteronomy+28%3A10+and+the+Apotropaic+Qualities+of+Tefillin+in+the+Early+Rabbinic+Literature&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=48%2F2015&rft.pages=143-154&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12193429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsberger1960" class="citation journal cs1">Landsberger, Franz (1960). "The Origin of the Decorated Mezuzah". <i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i>. <b>31</b>: 149–166. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23506541">23506541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Decorated+Mezuzah&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=149-166&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23506541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Landsberger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_10852.html"><i>Ency. Jud</i>.</a>: Katz, Naphtali ben Isaac. See also <a href="/wiki/Naphtali_Cohen#Biography" title="Naphtali Cohen">Naphtali Cohen#Biography</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazlas2022-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kazlas2022_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazlas2015" class="citation web cs1">Kazlas, Laura (1 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acatholic.org/the-best-protection-against-demons-and-evil-spirits-2/">"The Best Protection Against Demons and Evil Spirits"</a>. A Catholic Moment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+Protection+Against+Demons+and+Evil+Spirits&rft.pub=A+Catholic+Moment&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.aulast=Kazlas&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acatholic.org%2Fthe-best-protection-against-demons-and-evil-spirits-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armentrout2000-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armentrout2000_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmentrout2000" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4_P098HhHMC&pg=PT541"><i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-701-8"><bdi>978-0-89869-701-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church%3A+A+User-Friendly+Reference+for+Episcopalians&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-701-8&rft.aulast=Armentrout&rft.aufirst=Don+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4_P098HhHMC%26pg%3DPT541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lang1997_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1997" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Bernhard (1997). <i>Sacred Games: A History of Christian Worship</i>. Yale University Press. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300172263" title="Special:BookSources/9780300172263"><bdi>9780300172263</bdi></a>. <q>If the person who needs to be healed is not present, prayer may be said over a piece of cloth; consecrated through communal prayer (and perhaps the additional touch of a particularly gifted healer), the cloth is believed to carry a healing power. The <i>Foundations of Pentecostal Theology</i> quotes the scriptural basis of the "prayer cloth": "And God wrought special miracles by the hand of Paul: so that from his body were brought unto the sick handkerchiefs or belts, and the diseases departed from them, and the evil spirits went out of them" (Acts 19:11-12).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Games%3A+A+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780300172263&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELCA2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ELCA2013_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/Why_do_Lutherans_make_the_sign_of_the_cross.pdf">"Why do Lutherans make the sign of the cross?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>. 2013. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+Lutherans+make+the+sign+of+the+cross%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.elca.org%2FELCA%2520Resource%2520Repository%2FWhy_do_Lutherans_make_the_sign_of_the_cross.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samaan2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samaan2010_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaan2010" class="citation web cs1">Samaan, Moses (25 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacopts.org/story/wearing-the-cross/">"Who wears the Cross and when?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Los_Angeles,_Southern_California,_and_Hawaii" title="Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii">Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+wears+the+Cross+and+when%3F&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Los+Angeles%2C+Southern+California%2C+and+Hawaii&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft.aulast=Samaan&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacopts.org%2Fstory%2Fwearing-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiz_James2008" class="citation book cs1">Liz James (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hk1dZI5JYzEC&q=wearing+cross+necklace+orthodox&pg=PA84"><i>Supernaturalism in Christianity: Its Growth and Cure</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881460940" title="Special:BookSources/9780881460940"><bdi>9780881460940</bdi></a>. <q>From the fifth century onward, the cross has been widely worn as an amulet, and the novel <i>Dracula</i> treats it as a protection against vampires. Many Christians continue to hang polished miniatures of the cross around their necks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supernaturalism+in+Christianity%3A+Its+Growth+and+Cure&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft.isbn=9780881460940&rft.au=Liz+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhk1dZI5JYzEC%26q%3Dwearing%2Bcross%2Bnecklace%2Borthodox%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschLochmanMbitiPelikan1999" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milič; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/737"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Translator and English language editor: Bromiley, Geoffrey W. Boston: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/737">737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2413-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2413-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2%2Fpage%2F737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lea, Henry Charles (1896). "Chapter 12: Indulged Objects". <i>A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church</i>. Vol. 3: Indulgences. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3RQtAQAAIAAJ/page/n531">520</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162534206">162534206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Indulged+Objects&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Auricular+Confession+and+Indulgences+in+the+Latin+Church&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=520&rft.pub=Lea+Brothers+%26+Co.&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162534206&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Henry+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reviews2013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reviews2013_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertacchini2014" class="citation book cs1">Bertacchini, E. (1 January 2014). <i>A New Perspective on the Production and Evolution of Cultures</i>. Content Publishers. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490272306" title="Special:BookSources/9781490272306"><bdi>9781490272306</bdi></a>. <q>A holy water font is a vessel containing holy water generally placed near the entrance of a church. It is used in Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, as well as some Anglican churches to make the sign of the cross using the holy water upon entrance and exit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Perspective+on+the+Production+and+Evolution+of+Cultures&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Content+Publishers&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=9781490272306&rft.aulast=Bertacchini&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetz2013" class="citation news cs1">Getz, Keith (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505055545/http://www.stjamessumter.org/Newsletters/Newsletter0213.pdf">"Where is the Baptismal Font?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjamessumter.org/Newsletters/Newsletter0213.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>By having the font at the entrance of the church, and using the font every Sunday, we are intentionally and dramatically revealing the importance of Holy Baptism and highlighting it as foundational to our life in Christ. It symbolically reminds us that we enter into the life of the church, into the life of Christ's body, through the birthing waters of the baptismal font, where we are born again from above. Dipping our fingers in the holy water of the font and making the sign of the cross, reinforces who and whose we are. We are reminded that we have been baptized; daily we die to sin and rise to new life in the Spirit. The font is also positioned so that from the font there is a direct and central path leading to the altar, highlighting how these two Holy Sacraments are intimately connected. As we leave the church, we see the baptismal font, reminding us that we have been baptized, named and claimed, to serve others in proclamation and service to others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+Baptismal+Font%3F&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Getz&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjamessumter.org%2FNewsletters%2FNewsletter0213.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresa_of_Ávila2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a> (2007). "Chapter 21: Holy Water". <i>The Book of My Life</i>. Translated by Starr, Mirabai. Boston: Shambhala Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVLtJ-JFVcQC&pg=PA238">238–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2303-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2303-7"><bdi>978-0-8348-2303-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Holy+Water&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+My+Life&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=238-41&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-2303-7&rft.au=Teresa+of+%C3%81vila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2006" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Rosemarie (2006). "Meditation 26: The Weapons of Our Warfare". <i>Clean of Heart</i>. R.A.G.E. Media. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zSG5srzEbEC&pg=PA63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9772234-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9772234-5-9"><bdi>978-0-9772234-5-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meditation+26%3A+The+Weapons+of+Our+Warfare&rft.btitle=Clean+of+Heart&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=R.A.G.E.+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9772234-5-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2003" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Ann (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunday_Visitor" title="Our Sunday Visitor">Our Sunday Visitor</a>. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-910-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-910-2"><bdi>978-0-87973-910-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+Devotions+and+Practices&rft.pages=520&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87973-910-2&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Príncipe-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Príncipe_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Asturias/ril3/Noticias/2018/ril3_2018_10_005.html">"El Regimiento "Príncipe" n.º 3 se presenta a su Patrona"</a>. <i>ejercito.defensa.gob.es</i> (in Spanish). Regimiento de Infantería 'Principe' nº 3. 24 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ejercito.defensa.gob.es&rft.atitle=El+Regimiento+%22Pr%C3%ADncipe%22+n.%C2%BA+3+se+presenta+a+su+Patrona&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejercito.defensa.gob.es%2Funidades%2FAsturias%2Fril3%2FNoticias%2F2018%2Fril3_2018_10_005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanzo2018" class="citation web cs1">Sanzo, Joseph E. (6 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/artifacts-and-the-bible/ancient-amulets-with-incipits/#note01r">"Ancient Amulets with Incipits Early Christian amulets"</a>. <i>biblicalarchaeology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblicalarchaeology.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+Amulets+with+Incipits+Early+Christian+amulets&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.aulast=Sanzo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-artifacts%2Fartifacts-and-the-bible%2Fancient-amulets-with-incipits%2F%23note01r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin2005-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin2005_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2005" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Rosalind (2005). <i>Baby Lore: Superstitions & Old Wives Tales from the World Over Related to Pregnancy, Birth & Babycare</i>. Diggory Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9515655-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9515655-4-4"><bdi>978-0-9515655-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baby+Lore%3A+Superstitions+%26+Old+Wives+Tales+from+the+World+Over+Related+to+Pregnancy%2C+Birth+%26+Babycare&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Diggory+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9515655-4-4&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papastergiadis1998-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Papastergiadis1998_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapastergiadis1998" class="citation book cs1">Papastergiadis, Nikos (1998). <i>Dialogues in the Diasporas: Essays and Conversations on Cultural Identity</i>. Rivers Oram Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85489-094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85489-094-8"><bdi>978-1-85489-094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues+in+the+Diasporas%3A+Essays+and+Conversations+on+Cultural+Identity&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Rivers+Oram+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85489-094-8&rft.aulast=Papastergiadis&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-4-other-beliefs-and-practices/">"Chapter 4: Other Beliefs and Practices"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 2012-08-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811004304/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-4-other-beliefs-and-practices/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-11</span></span>. <q>Islamic tradition also holds that Muslims should rely on God alone to keep them safe from sorcery and malicious spirits rather than resorting to talismans, which are charms or amulets bearing symbols or precious stones believed to have magical powers, or other means of protection. Perhaps reflecting the influence of this Islamic teaching, a large majority of Muslims in most countries say they do not possess talismans or other protective objects. The use of talismans is most widespread in Pakistan (41%) and Albania (39%), while in other countries fewer than three-in-ten Muslims say they wear talismans or precious stones for protection. Although using objects specifically to ward off the evil eye is somewhat more common, only in Azerbaijan (74%) and Kazakhstan (54%) do more than half the Muslims surveyed say they rely on objects for this purpose. ...Although the survey finds that most Muslims do not wear talismans, a substantial number of Muslims appear to make an exception for charms kept at home to ward off the evil eye</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Other+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-4-other-beliefs-and-practices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MET-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MET_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MET_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MET_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MET_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Saleh2010" class="citation web cs1">Al-Saleh, Yasmine (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tali/hd_tali.htm">"Amulets and Talismans from the Islamic World"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Amulets+and+Talismans+from+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Al-Saleh&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ftali%2Fhd_tali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufti_Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani2010" class="citation web cs1">Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (May 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deoband.org/2010/05/hadith/hadith-commentary/on-the-permissibility-of-writing-ta%E2%80%98widhat/">"On the Permissibility of Writing Ta'widhat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Permissibility+of+Writing+Ta%27widhat&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.au=Mufti+Muhammad+Taqi+Usmani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deoband.org%2F2010%2F05%2Fhadith%2Fhadith-commentary%2Fon-the-permissibility-of-writing-ta%25E2%2580%2598widhat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qa.islam.com/s/26193/is_wearing_a_taweez_shirk_or_not">"is wearing a taweez shirk or not ? | Islam.com - The Islamic community news, discussion, and Question & Answer forum"</a>. <i>qa.islam.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qa.islam.com&rft.atitle=is+wearing+a+taweez+shirk+or+not+%3F+%26%23124%3B+Islam.com+-+The+Islamic+community+news%2C+discussion%2C+and+Question+%26+Answer+forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqa.islam.com%2Fs%2F26193%2Fis_wearing_a_taweez_shirk_or_not&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeoni,_Francesca,_1974-2016" class="citation book cs1">Leoni, Francesca, 1974- (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944474907"><i>Power and protection : Islamic art and the supernatural</i></a>. Lory, Pierre, Gruber, Christiane, 1956-, Yahya, Farouk, Porter, Venetia, Ashmolean Museum. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910807-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910807-09-5"><bdi>978-1-910807-09-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944474907">944474907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+protection+%3A+Islamic+art+and+the+supernatural&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944474907&rft.isbn=978-1-910807-09-5&rft.au=Leoni%2C+Francesca%2C+1974-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F944474907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_Said,_Savage-Smith" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Said, Savage-Smith, Venetia, Liana, Emilie. <i>Medieval Islamic Amulets, Talismans, and Magic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Amulets%2C+Talismans%2C+and+Magic&rft.aulast=Porter%2C+Said%2C+Savage-Smith&rft.aufirst=Venetia%2C+Liana%2C+Emilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isaa/hd_isaa.htm">"Islamic Arms and Armor"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. Department of Arms and Armour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Islamic+Arms+and+Armor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fisaa%2Fhd_isaa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astra-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-astra_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardar2011" class="citation web cs1">Sardar, Marika (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/astr/hd_astr.htm">"Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Astronomy+and+Astrology+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.date=2011-08&rft.aulast=Sardar&rft.aufirst=Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fastr%2Fhd_astr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchrati,_Ahmed2003" class="citation journal cs1">Achrati, Ahmed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015514/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Rock%20Art/HAND%20AND%20FOOT%20SYMBOLISMS.pdf">"Hand and Foot Symbolism: From Rock Art to the Qur'an"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arabica</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 463–500 (see p. 477). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005803322616911">10.1163/157005803322616911</a>. 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Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jade-i">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jade-i</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melikian-Chirvani, A.S. (1997). Precious and Semi-Precious Stones in Iranian Culture, Chapter I. Early Iranian Jade. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute 11</i>, pp.123–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeoni2016" class="citation book cs1">Leoni, Francesca (2016). <i>Power and protection : Islamic art and the supernatural</i>. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum. pp. 33–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910807095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910807095"><bdi>978-1910807095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+protection+%3A+Islamic+art+and+the+supernatural&rft.pages=33-52&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Ashmolean+Museum&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1910807095&rft.aulast=Leoni&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeoni2016" class="citation book cs1">Leoni, Francesca (2016). <i>Power and protection : Islamic art and the supernatural</i>. Oxford: Oxford: Ashmolean. pp. 33–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910807095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910807095"><bdi>978-1910807095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+protection+%3A+Islamic+art+and+the+supernatural&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=33-52&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Ashmolean&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1910807095&rft.aulast=Leoni&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_Said,_Savage-Smith" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Said, Savage-Smith, Venetia, Liana, Emilie. <i>Medieval Islamic Amulets, Talisman, and Magic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Amulets%2C+Talisman%2C+and+Magic&rft.aulast=Porter%2C+Said%2C+Savage-Smith&rft.aufirst=Venetia%2C+Liana%2C+Emilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewood2016" class="citation book cs1">Littlewood, Ajarn Spencer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thailand-amulets.net/#!/The-Book-of-Thai-Lanna-Sorcery-Buddha-Magic-6-180-Page-Special-Issue/p/70075380/category=419479"><i>The Book of Thai Lanna Sorcery</i></a> (PDF). Thailand: Buddha Magic Multimedia & Publications. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Thai+Lanna+Sorcery&rft.place=Thailand&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Buddha+Magic+Multimedia+%26+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=Ajarn+Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthailand-amulets.net%2F%23%21%2FThe-Book-of-Thai-Lanna-Sorcery-Buddha-Magic-6-180-Page-Special-Issue%2Fp%2F70075380%2Fcategory%3D419479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleeneLejeune2003" class="citation book cs1">Cleene, Marcel; Lejeune, Marie Claire (2003). <i>Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe</i>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-77135-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-77135-04-4"><bdi>978-90-77135-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Symbolic+and+Ritual+Plants+in+Europe&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-77135-04-4&rft.aulast=Cleene&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft.au=Lejeune%2C+Marie+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanthorpeFanthorpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Fanthorpe, R. Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (2008). <i>Mysteries and Secrets of Voodoo, Santeria, and Obeah</i>. Mysteries and Secrets Series. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundurn Group">Dundurn Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elc5YDyY4eoC&pg=PA183">183–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-784-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-784-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-784-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+and+Secrets+of+Voodoo%2C+Santeria%2C+and+Obeah&rft.series=Mysteries+and+Secrets+Series&rft.pages=183-4&rft.pub=Dundurn+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-784-6&rft.aulast=Fanthorpe&rft.aufirst=R.+Lionel&rft.au=Fanthorpe%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent,_Sir1999" class="citation book cs1">Tennent, Sir, James Emerson (1999) [1861]. <i>Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon with Narratives and Anecdotes Illustrative of the Habits and Instincts of the Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Including a Monograph of the Elephant and a Description of the Modes of Capturing and Training it with Engravings from Original Drawings</i> (reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ad2AicQn_0C&pg=PA37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1246-4"><bdi>978-81-206-1246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+the+Natural+History+of+Ceylon+with+Narratives+and+Anecdotes+Illustrative+of+the+Habits+and+Instincts+of+the+Mammalia%2C+Birds%2C+Reptiles%2C+Fishes%2C+Insects%2C+Including+a+Monograph+of+the+Elephant+and+a+Description+of+the+Modes+of+Capturing+and+Training+it+with+Engravings+from+Original+Drawings&rft.pages=37&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1246-4&rft.aulast=Tennent%2C+Sir&rft.aufirst=James+Emerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924001852/http://www.amuletandtalisman.com/2012/08/the-agimat-and-anting-anting-amulet-and_8.html">"The Agimat and Anting-Anting: Amulet and Talisman of the Philippines"</a>. <i>amuletandtalisman.com</i>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amuletandtalisman.com/2012/08/the-agimat-and-anting-anting-amulet-and_8.html">the original</a> on 2016-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amuletandtalisman.com&rft.atitle=The+Agimat+and+Anting-Anting%3A+Amulet+and+Talisman+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amuletandtalisman.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fthe-agimat-and-anting-anting-amulet-and_8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge1961" class="citation book cs1">Budge, E. A. Wallis (1961). <i>Amulets and Talismans</i>. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amulets+and+Talismans&rft.place=New+Hyde+Park%2C+NY&rft.pub=University+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez-Wippler1991" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez-Wippler, Migene (1991). <i>Complete Book Of Amulets & Talismans</i>. Sourcebook Series. St. Paul, MN: Lewellyn Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-287-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-287-9"><bdi>978-0-87542-287-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Book+Of+Amulets+%26+Talismans&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.series=Sourcebook+Series&rft.pub=Lewellyn+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87542-287-9&rft.aulast=Gonzalez-Wippler&rft.aufirst=Migene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhamagic.net">Buddha Magic Buddha Magic</a> (Thai Occult Practices, Amulets and Talismans)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlinius1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Plinius, S.C.</a> (1964) [c. 77-79]. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.place=London&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Plinius&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmulet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amulet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amulet" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:amulet">amulet</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magaghat.ai/articles/hmayils-armenian-amulets-in-scrolls">Armenian scroll-shaped amulets</a> Armenian prayer scrolls</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amulets_and_talismans" title="Template:Amulets and talismans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amulets_and_talismans" title="Template talk:Amulets and talismans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amulets_and_talismans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amulets and talismans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amulets_and_talismans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amulets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amulets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abracadabra" title="Abracadabra">Abracadabra</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet_MS_5236" title="Amulet MS 5236">Amulet MS 5236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe_of_Perun" title="Axe of Perun">Axe of Perun</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Yumi" title="Azusa Yumi">Azusa Yumi</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brigid's cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_(amulet)" title="Bulla (amulet)">Bulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crepundia" title="Crepundia">Crepundia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_dolly" title="Corn dolly">Corn dolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_husk_doll" title="Corn husk doll">Corn husk doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">Cross necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzi_bead" title="Dzi bead">Dzi bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf-arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf-arrow">Elf-arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinus" title="Fascinus">Fascinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_eye" title="God's eye">God's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_luck_charm" class="mw-redirect" title="Good luck charm">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_craft" title="Hanging craft">Hanging craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules%27_Club_(amulet)" title="Hercules' Club (amulet)">Hercules' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoko_(doll)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoko (doll)">Hoko doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juju" title="Juju">Juju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabura-ya" title="Kabura-ya">Kabura-ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagome_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagome crest">Kagome crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura_suzu" title="Kagura suzu">Kagura suzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan_kroach" title="Koan kroach">Koan kroach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_alectorius" title="Lapis alectorius">Lapis alectorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrake" title="Mandrake">Mandrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_bag" title="Medicine bag">Medicine bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_painted_pebbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish painted pebbles">Pictish painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_string_(Kabbalah)" title="Red string (Kabbalah)">Red string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Rin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27wiz" title="Ta'wiz">Ta'wiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thokcha" title="Thokcha">Thokcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstone_(folklore)" title="Thunderstone (folklore)">Thunderstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintinnabulum (Ancient Rome)">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_piece" title="Touch piece">Touch piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triskelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_bottle" title="Witch bottle">Witch bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Talismans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_(magic)" title="Lamen (magic)">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0152" title="Uncial 0152">Uncial 0152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">Curse tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Religious fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_scribes_(soferim)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sofer" title="Template:Sofer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sofer" title="Template talk:Sofer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sofer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sofer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_scribes_(soferim)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">soferim</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of scribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sofers" title="List of sofers">List of sofers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/64px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/96px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/128px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Stam" title="Ktav Stam">Ktav Stam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchsustus" title="Duchsustus">Duchsustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevil" title="Gevil">Gevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaf" title="Klaf">Klaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ktav Ashuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubot <span style="font-size:85%;">(marriage contracts)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Gittin <span style="font-size:85%;">(divorce documents)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzot <span style="font-size:85%;">(doorposts)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin <span style="font-size:85%;">(amulets)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(book)#Tikkun_soferim" title="Tikkun (book)">Tiqqun <span style="font-size:85%;">(guide text)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soferim_(Talmud)" title="Soferim (Talmud)">Soferim (Talmud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Tagin <span style="font-size:85%;">(serifs)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiqqun_soferim" title="Tiqqun soferim">Tiqqunei soferim <span style="font-size:85%;">(scribal corrections)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll_(Yemenite)" title="Torah scroll (Yemenite)">Torah scroll (Yemenite)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_scribes_(soferim)" title="Category:Jewish scribes (soferim)">Category:Jewish scribes (soferim)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superstition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superstition" title="Template:Superstition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superstition" title="Template talk:Superstition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superstition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talismans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superstitions" title="List of superstitions">List of superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of lucky symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">List of bad luck signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_superstitions" title="Sailors' superstitions">Sailors' superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Ethiopia" title="Superstition in Ethiopia">Superstition in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_(folklore)" title="Buda (folklore)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_child" title="Sleeping child">Sleeping child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascalapha_odorata" title="Ascalapha odorata">Ascalapha odorata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carranca" title="Carranca">Carranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooties" title="Cooties">Cooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">Fortune cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_love_curse" title="Oscar love curse">Oscar love curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">Susto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstition in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Pakistan" title="Superstition in Pakistan">Superstition in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_the_Philippines" title="Superstition in the Philippines">Superstition in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_superstitions" title="Japanese superstitions">Japanese superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Korea" title="Superstition in Korea">Superstition in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)"><i>Bhoot</i> (ghost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churel" title="Churel">Churel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuai_Kuai_culture" title="Kuai Kuai culture">Kuai Kuai culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta">Muhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_battu" title="Nazar battu">Nazar battu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichal_Peri" title="Pichal Peri">Pichal Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_pregnancy_syndrome" title="Puppy pregnancy syndrome">Puppy pregnancy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">Akabeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneki-neko" title="Maneki-neko">Maneki-neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiagari-koboshi" title="Okiagari-koboshi">Okiagari-koboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_death" title="Fan death">Fan death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albularyo" title="Albularyo">Albularyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Barang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulam">Kulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihi" title="Lihi">Lihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagtatawas" title="Pagtatawas">Pagtatawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasma" title="Pasma">Pasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usog" title="Usog">Usog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_Thong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuman Thong">Kuman Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nang_Kwak" title="Nang Kwak">Nang Kwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chan" title="Jin Chan">Jin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">Numbers in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_curse" title="August curse">August curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern-luck" title="Bayern-luck">Bayern-luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_Stone" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodman%27s_Croft" title="The Goodman's Croft">The Goodman's Croft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himmelsbrief" title="Himmelsbrief">Himmelsbrief</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_magical_staves" title="Icelandic magical staves">Icelandic magical staves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_bocca_al_lupo" title="In bocca al lupo">In bocca al lupo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncalf" title="Mooncalf">Mooncalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Need-fire" title="Need-fire">Need-fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_painted_pebbles" title="Scottish painted pebbles">Painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_of_sympathy" title="Powder of sympathy">Powder of sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_rabbit_rabbit" title="Rabbit rabbit rabbit">Rabbit rabbit rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">Ravens of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstition in Britain">Superstition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Serbia" title="Superstition in Serbia">Superstition in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_water_for_luck" title="Spilling water for luck">Spilling water for luck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_days" title="Tycho Brahe days">Tycho Brahe days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_post" title="Witch post">Witch post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfssegen" title="Wolfssegen">Wolfssegen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ace_of_spades" title="Ace of spades">Ace of spades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Three_on_a_match" title="Three on a match">Three on a match</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">Four-leaf clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraphobia" title="Tetraphobia">tetraphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">Seventh son of a seventh son</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11:11_(numerology)" title="11:11 (numerology)">11:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_(number)#Luck" title="13 (number)">13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday the 13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteen_Club" title="The Thirteen Club">The Thirteen Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth floor">thirteenth floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_(number)#In_other_fields" title="17 (number)">17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heptadecaphobia" title="Heptadecaphobia">Heptadecaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_(number)" title="27 (number)">27</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_(number)" title="39 (number)">39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curse_of_39" title="Curse of 39">Curse of 39</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a> (<a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_wedding_dates" title="Auspicious wedding dates">Auspicious wedding dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_superstition" title="Baseball superstition">Baseball superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginner%27s_luck" title="Beginner's luck">Beginner's luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_(superstition)" title="Bread and butter (superstition)">Bread and butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_a_leg" title="Break a leg">Break a leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter">Chain letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp-ring" title="Cramp-ring">Cramp-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones' Locker">Davy Jones' Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-the-day_betting_effect" title="End-of-the-day betting effect">End-of-the-day betting effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_frogs" title="Fear of frogs">Fear of frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">Fertility rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">First-foot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_eleven_forty-four" title="Four eleven forty-four">Four eleven forty-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_conceit" title="Gambler's conceit">Gambler's conceit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocking_on_wood" title="Knocking on wood">Knocking on wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_contagion" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literomancy" title="Literomancy">Literomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_of_hair" title="Lock of hair">Lock of hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_impression" title="Maternal impression">Maternal impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(cricket)" title="Nelson (cricket)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerophobia" title="Numerophobia">Numerophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_sponsor" title="Ship sponsor">Ship sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoes_on_a_table" title="Shoes on a table">Shoes on a table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">Sign of the horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_old" title="Something old">Something old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_salt" title="Spilling salt">Spilling salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_rubbing" title="Statue rubbing">Statue rubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(door)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threshold (door)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_toi_toi" title="Toi toi toi">Toi toi toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well" title="Wishing well">Wishing well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_science" title="Astrology and science">Astrology and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">Coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Superstition in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131557#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4142310-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004685">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022700">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amulettes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119752184">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amulettes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119752184">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562529">Japan</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="魔除"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01190282">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="amulety"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118407&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amuletos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527853">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294865205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44024">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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