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<span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_business_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_business_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As a business in North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_business_in_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a business in North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_business_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clientele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clientele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clientele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clientele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Typical clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-time_careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-time_careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Full-time careers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-time_careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Critical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortune-telling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waars%C3%AAery" title="Waarsêery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waarsêery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="عرافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal" title="Fal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarivid%C3%A8ncia" title="Clarividència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clarividència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5dom" title="Spådom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spådom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahrsagen" title="Wahrsagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahrsagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_la_fortuna" title="Leer la fortuna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leer la fortuna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADgurado" title="Aŭgurado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭgurado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فال‌بینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فال‌بینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyance" title="Voyance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voyance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%84%B8" title="운세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantica" title="Mantica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mantica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ניבוי עתידות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניבוי עתידות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მკითხავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მკითხავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penilikan_nasib" title="Penilikan nasib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penilikan nasib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarzeggerij" title="Waarzeggerij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waarzeggerij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5domskunst" title="Spådomskunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spådomskunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5dom" title="Spådom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spådom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezicere" title="Prezicere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prezicere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гадания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гадания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%8D%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Билгэлээһин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Билгэлээһин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallxhorja" title="Fallxhorja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fallxhorja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fortune-telling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vede%C5%BEevanje" title="Vedeževanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vedeževanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennustaminen_(taikausko)" title="Ennustaminen (taikausko) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ennustaminen (taikausko)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal" title="Fal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ворожіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ворожіння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falci" title="Falci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Falci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E5%91%BD" title="算命 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="算命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8011595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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For the form of origami, see <a href="/wiki/Paper_fortune_teller" title="Paper fortune teller">Paper fortune teller</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fortune_teller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fortune teller (disambiguation)">Fortune teller (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._(1841)_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._%281841%29_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._%281841%29_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._%281841%29_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._%281841%29_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._%281841%29_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2._%D0%93._%281841%29_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="3283" /></a><figcaption><i>Gypsy Fortune-Teller</i> (1841) by <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fortune telling</b> is the unproven spiritual practice of <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predicting</a> information about a person's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of fortune telling is in principle identical with the practice of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. The difference is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune telling implies a less serious or formal setting, even one of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, where belief in occult workings behind the prediction is less prominent than the concept of <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a>, spiritual or practical <a href="/wiki/Advice_(opinion)" title="Advice (opinion)">advisory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affirmations_(New_Age)" title="Affirmations (New Age)">affirmation</a>. </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> describes use of the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">crystal ball</a> in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> by soothsayers (<i>"crystallum orbis"</i>, later written in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> by scribes as <i>orbuculum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Western images of fortune telling grow out of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folkloristic</a> reception of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a>, specifically associated with <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th and 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_divination" title="Methods of divination">methods of divination</a> from non-Western cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a>, were also adopted as methods of fortune telling in western popular culture. </p><p>An example of divination or fortune telling as purely an item of pop culture, with little or no <a href="/wiki/Vestige" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestige">vestiges</a> of belief in the occult, would be the <i><a href="/wiki/Magic_8-Ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic 8-Ball">Magic 8-Ball</a></i> sold as a toy by <a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Octopus" title="Paul the Octopus">Paul the Octopus</a>, an octopus at the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Life_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Life Centres">Sea Life Aquarium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a> used to predict the outcome of matches played by the <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany national football team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is opposition to fortune telling in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADsm" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼísm">Baháʼísm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> based on scriptural prohibitions against divination. Terms for one who claims to see into the future include <i>fortune teller</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">crystal-gazer</a></i>, <i>spaewife</i>, <i>seer</i>, <i>soothsayer</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">sibyl</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyant</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophet</a></i>; related terms which might include this among other abilities are <i><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augur</a></i>, and <i>visionary</i>. Fortune telling is dismissed by <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical movement">skeptics</a> as being based on <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg/300px-Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg/450px-Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg/600px-Enrique_Simonet_-_La_buenaventura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5323" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fortune Teller</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Simonet" title="Enrique Simonet">Enrique Simonet</a> (1899; canvas; <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_M%C3%A1laga" title="Museo de Málaga">Museo de Málaga</a>), depicting a palm reading</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_of_the_Hand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chart_of_the_Hand.png/220px-Chart_of_the_Hand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chart_of_the_Hand.png/330px-Chart_of_the_Hand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chart_of_the_Hand.png/440px-Chart_of_the_Hand.png 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Chart of the hand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Anon-The_screene_of_fortune_here_behold-Early-Harl5937271-E2_4_240_-p1.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6157" data-file-height="5928" /></a><figcaption><i>The screene of fortune here behold</i>, fortune-telling game, c.1650–1750</figcaption></figure> <p>Common methods used for fortune telling in Europe and the Americas include <a href="/wiki/Astromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Astromancy">astromancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horary_astrology" title="Horary astrology">horary astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> reading, <a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">spirit board</a> reading, <a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">tasseography</a> (reading tea leaves in a cup), <a href="/wiki/Cartomancy" title="Cartomancy">cartomancy</a> (fortune telling with cards), <a href="/wiki/Tarot_card_reading" title="Tarot card reading">tarot card reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystallomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallomancy">crystallomancy</a> (reading of a crystal sphere), and <a href="/wiki/Chiromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiromancy">chiromancy</a> (palmistry, reading of the palms). The last three have traditional associations in the popular mind with the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> people. </p><p>Another form of fortune telling, sometimes called "reading" or "spiritual consultation", does not rely on specific devices or methods, but rather the practitioner gives the client advice and predictions which are said to have come from spirits or in visions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromancy" title="Aeromancy">Aeromancy</a>: by interpreting atmospheric conditions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectromancy">Alectromancy</a>: by observation of a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a> pecking at grain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuromancy" title="Aleuromancy">Aleuromancy</a>: by flour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a>: by the movements of celestial bodies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Astromancy">Astromancy</a>: by the stars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a>: by the flight of birds.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auramancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auramancy (page does not exist)">Auramancy</a> by someone's aura or feelings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Bazi or four pillars</a>: by hour, day, month, and year of birth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomancy" title="Bibliomancy">Bibliomancy</a>: by books; frequently, but not always, religious texts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartomancy" title="Cartomancy">Cartomancy</a>: by playing cards, <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarot</a> cards, or oracle cards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceromancy">Ceromancy</a>: by patterns in melting or dripping wax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiromancy">Chiromancy</a>: by the shape of the hands and lines in the palms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronomancy" title="Chronomancy">Chronomancy</a>: by determination of lucky and unlucky days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a>: by spiritual vision or inner sight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">Cleromancy</a>: by casting of lots, or casting bones or stones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a>: by using visual and aural clues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallomancy">Crystallomancy</a>: by <a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">crystal ball</a> also called <a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">scrying</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extispicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Extispicy">Extispicy</a>: by the entrails of animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">Face reading</a>: by means of variations in face and head shape.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a>: by earthen harmony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism#Origins" title="Ventriloquism">Gastromancy</a>: by stomach-based <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">ventriloquism</a> (historically).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">Geomancy</a>: by markings in the ground, sand, earth, or soil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">Haruspicy</a>: by the livers of sacrificed animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horary_astrology" title="Horary astrology">Horary astrology</a>: the astrology of the time the question was asked.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromancy" title="Hydromancy">Hydromancy</a>: by <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching_divination" title="I Ching divination">I Ching divination</a>: by yarrow stalks or coins and the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kau_cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kau cim">Kau cim</a> by means of numbered bamboo sticks shaken from a tube.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithomancy" title="Lithomancy">Lithomancy</a>: by stones or gems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdomancy" title="Molybdomancy">Molybdomancy</a>: by molten metal after dumped in cold water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naeviology" title="Naeviology">Naeviology</a>: by moles, scars, or other bodily marks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a>: by the dead, or by spirits or souls of the dead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephomancy">Nephomancy</a>: by shapes of clouds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a>: by numbers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiromancy" title="Oneiromancy">Oneiromancy</a>: by <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomancy" title="Onomancy">Onomancy</a>: by names.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomancy" title="Onychomancy">Onychomancy</a>: by a form of palmistry looking at the fingernails.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a>: by lines and mounds on the hand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_astrology" title="Parrot astrology">Parrot astrology</a>: by parakeets picking up fortune cards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_fortune_teller" title="Paper fortune teller">Paper fortune teller</a>: <a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">origami</a> used in fortune-telling games.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">Pendulum</a> reading: by the movements of a suspended object.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromancy" title="Pyromancy">Pyromancy</a>: by gazing into fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomancy" title="Rhabdomancy">Rhabdomancy</a>: divination by rods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Runecasting">Runecasting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Runic_divination" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic divination">Runic divination</a>: by <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a>: by looking at or into reflective objects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Spirit board</a>: by planchette or talking board.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Taromancy">Taromancy</a>: by a form of cartomancy using tarot cards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tasseomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasseomancy">tasseomancy</a>: by tea leaves or coffee grounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png/220px-Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png/330px-Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png/440px-Gipsies_Fortune_telling_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552.png 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> fortune telling. Facsimile of a woodcut in <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_universalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographia universalis">Cosmographia universalis</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Western fortune tellers typically attempt predictions on matters such as future romantic, financial, and childbearing prospects. Many fortune tellers will also give "character readings". These may use <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">graphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">palmistry</a> (if the subject is present), and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, it appears that women consult fortune tellers more than men.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women have maintained long relationships with their personal readers. Telephone consultations with <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychics</a> grew in popularity through the 1990s, and by the 2010s additional contact methods such as email and videoconferencing also became available, but none of these have completely replaced traditional in-person methods of consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_business_in_North_America">As a business in North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a business in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PsychicBoston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PsychicBoston.jpg/170px-PsychicBoston.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PsychicBoston.jpg/255px-PsychicBoston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PsychicBoston.jpg/340px-PsychicBoston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Storefront <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> fortune teller in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Crossing" title="Downtown Crossing">Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Discussing the role of fortune telling in society, Ronald H. Isaacs, an American <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and author, opined, "Since time immemorial humans have longed to learn that which the future holds for them. Thus, in ancient civilization, and even today with fortune telling as a true profession, humankind continues to be curious about its future, both out of sheer curiosity as well as out of desire to better prepare for it."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although 5000 years ago, soothsayers were prized advisers to the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, they lost respect and reverence during the rise of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zane_1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of commercialism, "the sale of occult practices [adapted to survive] in the larger society," according to sociologists <a href="/wiki/Danny_Jorgensen" title="Danny Jorgensen">Danny L.</a> and Lin Jorgensen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Feingold" title="Ken Feingold">Ken Feingold</a>, writer of "Interactive Art as Divination as a Vending Machine," stated that with the invention of money, fortune telling became "a private service, a commodity within the marketplace".<sup id="cite_ref-Feingold_1995_399_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feingold_1995_399-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/John_Peder_Zane" title="John Peder Zane">J. Peder Zane</a> wrote in <i>The New York Times</i> in 1994, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Psychic_Friends_Network" title="Psychic Friends Network">Psychic Friends Network</a>, "Whether it's 3 P.M. or 3 A.M., there's <a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a> and her psychic friends selling advice on love, money and success. In a nation where the power of crystals and the likelihood that angels hover nearby prompt more contemplation than ridicule, it may not be surprising that one million people a year call Ms. Warwick's friends."<sup id="cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zane_1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clientele">Clientele</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clientele"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, the psychic counsellor Rosanna Rogers of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, explained to J. Peder Zane that a wide variety of people consulted her: "<a href="/wiki/Couch_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Couch potatoes">Couch potatoes</a> aren't the only people seeking the counsel of psychics and astrologers. Clairvoyants have a booming business advising Philadelphia bankers, Hollywood lawyers and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>'s of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies... If people knew how many people, especially the very rich and powerful ones, went to psychics, their jaws would drop through the floor."<sup id="cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zane_1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rogers "claims to have 4,000 names in her <a href="/wiki/Rolodex" title="Rolodex">rolodex</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zane_1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Janet_Lee_(Psychic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Lee (Psychic)">Janet Lee</a>, also known as the Greenwich psychic, claims that her clientele often included Wall Street brokers who were looking for any advantage they could get. Her usual fee was around $150 for a session but some clients would pay between $2,000 and $9,000 per month to have her available 24 hours a day to consult.<sup id="cite_ref-wallstreetjournal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallstreetjournal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_clients">Typical clients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Typical clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Jorgensen" title="Danny Jorgensen">Danny Jorgensen</a>, a professor of Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a> offered a spiritual explanation for the popularity of fortune telling. He said that people visit psychics or fortune tellers to gain self-understanding,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and knowledge which will lead to personal power or success in some aspect of life.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1995, Ken Feingold offered a different explanation for why people seek out fortune tellers:<sup id="cite_ref-Feingold_1995_399_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feingold_1995_399-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>We desire to know other people's actions and to resolve our own conflicts regarding decisions to be made and our participation in social groups and economies. ... Divination seems to have emerged from our knowing the inevitability of death. The idea is clear—we know that our time is limited and that we want things in our lives to happen in accord with our wishes. Realizing that our wishes have little power, we have sought technologies for gaining knowledge of the future... gain power over our own [lives].</p></blockquote><p>Ultimately, the reasons a person consults a <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviner</a> or fortune teller depend on cultural and personal expectations. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional fortune tellers vary in methodology, generally using techniques long established in their cultures and thus meeting the cultural expectations of their clientele. </p><p>In the United States and Canada, among clients of European ancestry, <a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">palmistry</a> is popular<sup id="cite_ref-clairvoyant_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clairvoyant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, as with <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and tarot card reading, advice is generally given about specific problems besetting the client. </p><p>Non-religious spiritual guidance may also be offered. An American clairvoyant by the name of Catherine Adams has written, "My philosophy is to teach and practice spiritual freedom, which means you have your own spiritual guidance, which I can help you get in touch with."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the African American community, where many people practice a form of folk magic called <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">hoodoo</a> or rootworking, a fortune-telling session or "reading" for a client may be followed by practical guidance in spell-casting and Christian <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, through a process called "magical coaching".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to sharing and explaining their visions, fortune tellers can also act like counselors by discussing and offering advice about their clients' problems.<sup id="cite_ref-clairvoyant_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clairvoyant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They want their clients to exercise their own willpower.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-time_careers">Full-time careers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Full-time careers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg/220px-7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg/330px-7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg/440px-7.13.08PointPleasantByLuigiNovi14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A fortune-telling storefront on the boardwalk in <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Beach,_New_Jersey" title="Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey">Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some fortune tellers support themselves entirely on their divination business; others hold down one or more jobs, and their second jobs may or may not relate to the occupation of divining. In 1982, Danny L., and Lin Jorgensen found that "while there is considerable variation among [these secondary] occupations, [part-time fortune tellers] are over-represented in human service fields: counseling, social work, teaching, health care."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same authors, making a limited survey of North American diviners, found that the majority of fortune tellers are married with children, and a few claim graduate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "They attend movies, watch television, work at regular jobs, shop at K-Mart, sometimes eat at McDonald's, and go to the hospital when they are seriously ill."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_fortune-telling" title="Legality of fortune-telling">Legality of fortune-telling</a></div> <p>In 1982, the sociologists Danny L., and Lin Jorgensen found that, "when it is reasonable, [fortune tellers] comply with local laws and purchase a business license."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a variety of local and state laws restrict fortune telling, require the licensing or bonding of fortune tellers, or make necessary the use of terminology that avoids the term "fortune teller" in favor of terms such as "spiritual advisor" or "psychic consultant." There are also laws that outright forbid the practice in certain districts. </p><p>For instance, fortune telling is a class B <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Under New York State law, S 165.35: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person is guilty of fortune telling when, for a fee or compensation which he directly or indirectly solicits or receives, he claims or pretends to tell fortunes, or holds himself out as being able, by claimed or pretended use of occult powers, to answer questions or give advice on personal matters or to exercise, influence or affect evil spirits or curses; except that this section does not apply to a person who engages in the aforedescribed conduct as part of a show or exhibition solely for the purpose of entertainment or amusement.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lawmakers who wrote this statute acknowledged that fortune tellers do not restrict themselves to "a show or exhibition solely for the purpose of entertainment or amusement" and that people will continue to seek out fortune tellers even though fortune tellers operate in violation of the law. In the states of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, all forms of fortune-telling are illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, fortune-telling is illegal in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> also bans the practice outright, considering fortune telling to be sorcery and thus contrary to Islamic teaching and <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">jurisprudence</a>. It has been punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg/220px-Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg/330px-Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg/440px-Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller_1837_David_Wilkie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Josephine_and_the_Fortune-Teller" title="Josephine and the Fortune-Teller">Josephine and the Fortune-Teller</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">David Wilkie</a>, 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortune telling is easily dismissed by critics as <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skeptic <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Evans" title="Bergen Evans">Bergen Evans</a> suggested that fortune telling is the result of a "naïve selection of something that have happened from a mass of things that haven't, the clever interpretation of ambiguities, or a brazen announcement of the inevitable."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other skeptics claim that fortune telling is nothing more than <a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">cold reading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large amount of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_telling_fraud" title="Fortune telling fraud">fraud</a> has been proven in the practice of fortune telling.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fortune telling and how it works raises many critical questions. For example, fortune-telling occurs through various methods such as psychic readings and tarot cards. Similarly, these methods are largely based on random phenomena. For example, astrologers believe that the movement of stars in the sky can have implications on one's life.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of tarot cards, people believe that images displayed on the cards have significant meanings on their lives. However, there is a lack of evidence to support why such things, such as the stars, would have any implications on our lives. </p><p>Additionally, fortune-telling readings and predictions made by horoscopes, for example, are often general enough to apply to anyone. In cold reading, for example, readers often begin by stating general descriptions and continuing to make specifics based on the reactions they receive from the person whose life they are predicting.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tendency for people to deem general descriptions as being representative to themselves has been termed the <a href="/wiki/Barnum_effect" title="Barnum effect">Barnum effect</a> and has been studied by psychologists for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, even with a lack of evidence supporting the various methods of fortune-telling and the many frauds that have occurred by psychic readers, amongst others, fortune-telling continues to become popular around the world. There are many reasons for the appealing nature of fortune-telling such as that people often experience stress when there is uncertainty and thus seek to gain deeper insight into their lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fortune_telling" title="Chinese fortune telling">Chinese fortune telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Chinese spiritual world concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination_in_African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Divination in African traditional religion">Divination in African traditional religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flim-Flam!" title="Flim-Flam!">Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and other Delusions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_teller_machine" title="Fortune teller machine">Fortune teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_(goddess)" title="Kumari (goddess)">Kumari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ka-Bala" title="Ka-Bala">Ka-Bala</a></i> board game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini#Debunking_spiritualists" title="Harry Houdini">Houdini's debunking spiritualists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching_divination" title="I Ching divination"><i>I Ching</i> divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Nygaard" title="Bob Nygaard">Bob Nygaard</a> (psychic investigator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Popoff#Investigation_by_James_Randi" title="Peter Popoff">Peter Popoff investigated by James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychic_Blues:_Confessions_of_a_Conflicted_Medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychic Blues: Confessions of a Conflicted Medium">Psychic Blues: Confessions of a Conflicted Medium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a> (American investigator of psychic mediums)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengenjutsu_(fortune_telling)" title="Tengenjutsu (fortune telling)"><i>Tengenjutsu</i> (fortune telling)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Melton_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>. (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena</i>. Visible Ink Press. pp. 115–116. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57859-209-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57859-209-7">1-57859-209-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1831" class="citation book cs1">Pliny the Elder (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNkIAAAAQAAJ&q=%22orbis+crystallum%22"><i>Caii Plinii Secundi Historiæ naturalis libri xxxvii, cum selectis comm. J. Harduini ac recentiorum interpretum novisque adnotationibus</i></a>. p. 579<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caii+Plinii+Secundi+Histori%C3%A6+naturalis+libri+xxxvii%2C+cum+selectis+comm.+J.+Harduini+ac+recentiorum+interpretum+novisque+adnotationibus&rft.pages=579&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNkIAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522orbis%2Bcrystallum%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ggx_QnW1NjU">6 July 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blécourt, Willem de; Usborne, Cornelle. (1999). <i>Women's Medicine, Women's Culture: Abortion and Fortune telling in Early Twentieth-Century Germany and the Netherlands</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medical_History_(journal)" title="Medical History (journal)">Medical History</a></i> 43: 376–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton, Valentina. The Fortune Teller's Guide to Success: Creating a Wonderful Career as a Psychic. 2011; Lucky Mojo Curio Co. (revised) Fourth Edition 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaacs, Ronald H. Divination, Magic, and Healing the Book of Jewish Folklore. Northvale N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1998. pg 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zane_1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zane_1994_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFZane1994">Zane 1994</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 376)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feingold_1995_399-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feingold_1995_399_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feingold_1995_399_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFeingold1995">Feingold 1995</a>, p. 399)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wallstreetjournal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wallstreetjournal_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadet2014" class="citation news cs1">Kadet, Anne (8 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112094221/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-greenwich-where-money-is-no-object-1394241524">"In Greenwich, Where Money Is No Object"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-greenwich-where-money-is-no-object-1394241524">the original</a> on 12 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Greenwich%2C+Where+Money+Is+No+Object&rft.date=2014-03-08&rft.aulast=Kadet&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fin-greenwich-where-money-is-no-object-1394241524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 381)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 375)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clairvoyant-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clairvoyant_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clairvoyant_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2000/10/27/188581.html">Clairvoyant or counsellor? Meet the woman who walks a fine line.</a>" The Northern Echo. 27 October 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litespirit.com/clair.html">"What is Clairvoyance and What Can I Expect in a Session With Catherine?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218212202/http://litespirit.com/clair.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readersandrootworkers.org/wiki/Category:Magical_Coaching_and_Spiritual_Advice">"Magical Coaching and Spiritual Advice are among the ancillary services offered by some diviners and root doctors. These consultation services are usually engaged on an hourly basis." – excerpt from an article on "magical coaching" at the Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers web site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 384)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 377)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 337)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982">Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982</a>, p. 387)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS">Leginfo.state.ny.us</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secularhumanism.org/2003/06/the-first-amendment-is-for-fortune-tellers-too/">"The First Amendment is for Fortune-tellers, Too | Free Inquiry"</a>. 2 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Amendment+is+for+Fortune-tellers%2C+Too+%26%23124%3B+Free+Inquiry&rft.date=2003-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecularhumanism.org%2F2003%2F06%2Fthe-first-amendment-is-for-fortune-tellers-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/did-they-see-it-coming-how-fortune-telling-took-hold-in-australia-with-women-as-clients-and-criminals-130134">"Did they see it coming? How fortune-telling took hold in Australia - with women as clients and criminals"</a>. 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+they+see+it+coming%3F+How+fortune-telling+took+hold+in+Australia+-+with+women+as+clients+and+criminals&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fdid-they-see-it-coming-how-fortune-telling-took-hold-in-australia-with-women-as-clients-and-criminals-130134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattayadailynews.com/en/2010/04/01/fortune-teller-faces-execution-in-saudi-arabia/">Fortune Teller Faces Execution in Saudi Arabia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404123731/http://www.pattayadailynews.com/en/2010/04/01/fortune-teller-faces-execution-in-saudi-arabia/">Archived</a> 4 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattayadailynews.com"><i>pattayadailynews.com</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623144816/http://pattayadailynews.com/">Archived</a> 23 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1 April 2010 retrieved 17 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronko, Nicholas Henry. (1969). <i>Panorama of Psychology</i>. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Gale. (1978). <i>Odd Jobs: The World of Deviant Work</i>. Prentice-Hall. pp. 66–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regal, Brian. (2009). <i>Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood. p. 55. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35507-3">978-0-313-35507-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Evans" title="Bergen Evans">Evans, Bergen</a>. (1955). <i>The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense</i>. Purnell. p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogan, Robert. (1998). <i>Critical Thinking: Step by Step</i>. University Press of America. p. 212. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-1067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-1067-6">0-7618-1067-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Robert A. (1996). <i>Fortunetelling</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 281–290. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-021-5">1-57392-021-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thagard, Paul R. (1978). <i>Why astrology is a pseudoscience</i> in <i>The Philosophy of Science Association</i>, 1978 Volume 1, pp. 223–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton,_D.L._1988_pp._326-332_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutton, D.L. (1988). <i>The Cold Reading Technique</i> in <i>Experientia</i>, Volume 44, pp. 326–332</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortune-telling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeingold1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Feingold" title="Ken Feingold">Feingold, Ken</a> (1995), "OU: Interactivity as Divination as Vending Machine", <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></i>, Third Annual <a href="/wiki/New_York_Digital_Salon" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Digital Salon">New York Digital Salon</a>, <b>28</b> (5): 399–402, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1576224">10.2307/1576224</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1576224">1576224</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61727726">61727726</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=OU%3A+Interactivity+as+Divination+as+Vending+Machine&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=399-402&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61727726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1576224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1576224&rft.aulast=Feingold&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hughes, M., Behanna, R; Signorella, M. (2001). <i>Perceived Accuracy of Fortune Telling and Belief in the Paranormal</i>. Journal of Social Psychology 141: 159–160.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgensenJorgensen1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Jorgensen" title="Danny Jorgensen">Jorgensen, Danny L.</a>; Jorgensen, Lin (1982), "Social Meanings of the Occult", <i>The Sociological Quarterly</i>, <b>23</b> (3): 373–389, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1982.tb01019.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.1982.tb01019.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Social+Meanings+of+the+Occult&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-389&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1982.tb01019.x&rft.aulast=Jorgensen&rft.aufirst=Danny+L.&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZane1994" class="citation cs2">Zane, J. Peder (11 September 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE0DA163BF932A2575AC0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all#">"Soothsayers as Business Advisers; You Are Going to Go on a Long Trip…"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soothsayers+as+Business+Advisers%3B+You+Are+Going+to+Go+on+a+Long+Trip%E2%80%A6&rft.date=1994-09-11&rft.aulast=Zane&rft.aufirst=J.+Peder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A0CE0DA163BF932A2575AC0A962958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortune-telling" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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