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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problems_with_the_term_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_with_the_term_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Problems with the term folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_with_the_term_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indigenous Philippine folk religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Folk Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Folk Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Folk Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Folk Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Folk religion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="دين شعبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دين شعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relixosid%C3%A1_popular" title="Relixosidá popular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Relixosidá popular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="লোকধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোকধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiositat_popular" title="Religiositat popular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Religiositat popular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Lidové náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidové náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketro" title="Folketro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folketro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvausund" title="Rahvausund – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvausund" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosidad_popular" title="Religiosidad popular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religiosidad popular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popola_religio" title="Popola religio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popola religio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri-erlijio" title="Herri-erlijio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herri-erlijio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="دین عامیانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین عامیانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1tr%C3%BAgv" title="Pátrúgv – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pátrúgv" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_populaire" title="Religion populaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion populaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relixiosidade_popular" title="Relixiosidade popular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relixiosidade popular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%84%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%99" title="민간신앙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민간신앙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ժողովրդական կրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովրդական կրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%8Dke_religije" title="Pučke religije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pučke religije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepercayaan_tradisional" title="Kepercayaan tradisional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepercayaan tradisional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0tr%C3%BA" title="Þjóðtrú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðtrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דת עממית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דת עממית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleksglawen" title="Volleksglawen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Volleksglawen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaudies_religija" title="Liaudies religija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liaudies religija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivavaham-bahoaka" title="Fivavaham-bahoaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fivavaham-bahoaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_rakyat" title="Agama rakyat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama rakyat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="民間信仰 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民間信仰" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketro" title="Folketro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folketro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketru" title="Folketru – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folketru" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਲੋਕ ਮੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕ ਮੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="لوک مذہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک مذہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_ludowa" title="Religia ludowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosidade_popular" title="Religiosidade popular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religiosidade popular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Народная религия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народная религия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="لوک مذہب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لوک مذہب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_popullore" title="Feja popullore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja popullore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Folk religion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosidad_popular" title="Religiosidad popular – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Religiosidad popular" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_religija" title="Narodna religija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Narodna religija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansanusko" title="Kansanusko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansanusko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நாட்டுப்புற மதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாட்டுப்புற மதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halk_inan%C3%A7lar%C4%B1" title="Halk inançları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halk inançları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Народна релігія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народна релігія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="لوک مذہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوک مذہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADn_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_d%C3%A2n_gian" title="Tín ngưỡng dân gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tín ngưỡng dân gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="民間信仰 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For religions sometimes described as "folk religions" or "ethnic religions", see <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khamsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Khamsa.jpg/220px-Khamsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Khamsa.jpg/330px-Khamsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Khamsa.jpg/440px-Khamsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A hanging <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">hamsa</a> in Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloristics</a>, <b>folk religion</b>, <b>traditional religion</b>, or <b>vernacular religion</b> comprises various forms and expressions of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> that are distinct from the official doctrines and practices of <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>. The precise definition of folk religion varies among scholars. Sometimes also termed <a href="/wiki/Popular_belief" title="Popular belief">popular belief</a>, it consists of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> or regional <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> customs under the umbrella of a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>; but outside official <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "folk religion" is generally held to encompass two related but separate subjects. The first is the religious dimension of <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a>, or the folk-cultural dimensions of religion. The second refers to the study of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between two cultures with different stages of formal expression, such as the melange of African folk beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> that led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodun">Vodun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, and similar mixtures of formal religions with folk cultures. In China, folk Protestantism had its origins with the Taiping Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_2014_p._117_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_2014_p._117-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, folk <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, folk <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and folk <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> are examples of folk religion associated with <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">major religions</a>. The term is also used, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> of the faiths involved, to describe the desire of people who otherwise infrequently attend religious <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>, do not belong to a <a href="/wiki/Church_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Church body">church</a> or similar religious society, and who have not made a formal profession of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in a particular <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>, to have religious weddings or funerals, or (among Christians) to have their children <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg/220px-%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg/330px-%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg/440px-%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%9E%E7%A5%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of Bixia at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)" title="John Bowker (theologian)">John Bowker</a> characterized "folk religion" as either "religion which occurs in small, local communities which does not adhere to the norms of large systems" or "the appropriation of religious beliefs and practices at a popular level."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Don_Yoder" title="Don Yoder">Don Yoder</a> argued that there were five separate ways of defining folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197412-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was a perspective rooted in a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolutionary</a> framework which understood folk religion as representing the survivals of older forms of religion; in this, it would constitute "the survivals, in an official religious context, of beliefs and behaviour inherited from earlier stages of the culture's development".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197412-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition would view folk religion in Catholic Europe as the survivals of pre-Christian religion and the folk religion in Protestant Europe as the survivals of Medieval Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197412-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second definition identified by Yoder was the view that folk religion represented the mixture of an official religion with forms of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>; this was employed to explain the place of folk religion in the syncretic belief systems of the Americas, where Christianity had blended with the religions of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous African">African</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412–13_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197412–13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yoder's third definition was that often employed within folkloristics, which held that folk religion was "the interaction of belief, ritual, custom, and mythology in traditional societies", representing that which was often pejoratively characterised as <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197413_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197413-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth definition provided by Yoder stated that folk religion represented the "folk interpretation and expression of religion". Noting that this definition would not encompass beliefs that were largely unconnected from organised religion, such as in <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, he therefore altered this definition by including the concept of "folk <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>", thereby defining folk religion as "the deposit in culture of folk religiosity, the full range of folk attitudes to religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197413–14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197413–14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His fifth and final definition represented a "practical working definition" that combined elements from these various other definitions. Thus, he summarized folk religion as "the totality of all those views and practices of religion that exist among the people apart from and alongside the strictly theological and liturgical forms of the official religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197414_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197414-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yoder described "folk religion" as existing "in a complex society in relation to and in tension with the organized religion(s) of that society. Its relatively unorganized character differentiates it from organized religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197411_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197411-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternately, the sociologist of religion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Zic_Varul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Zic Varul (page does not exist)">Matthias Zic Varul</a> defined "folk religion" as "the relatively un-reflected aspect of ordinary practices and beliefs that are oriented towards, or productive of, something beyond the immediate here-and-now: everyday transcendence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarul2015449_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarul2015449-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, folk religion is often contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">elite religion</a>. Folk religion is defined as the beliefs, practices, rituals and symbols originating from sources other than the religion's leadership. Folk religion in many instances is tolerated by the religion's leadership, although they may consider it an error.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar concept is <a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">lived religion</a>, the study of religion as practiced by believers. </p><p>The term folk religion came to be increasingly rejected in the 1990s and 2000s by scholars seeking more precise terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapaló20134_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapaló20134-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_with_the_term_folk_religion">Problems with the term folk religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Problems with the term folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg/220px-Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg/330px-Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg/440px-Gauchito_Gil_and_San_La_Muerte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gauchito_Gil" title="Gauchito Gil">Gauchito Gil</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/San_La_Muerte" title="San La Muerte">San La Muerte</a> (right), two examples of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> folk saints</figcaption></figure> <p>Yoder noted that one problem with the use of the term folk religion was that it did not fit into the work of those scholars who used the term "religion" in reference solely to <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197410-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He highlighted the example of the prominent sociologist of religion <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, who insisted that religion was organized in order to contrast it with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197410-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoder noted that scholars adopting these perspectives often preferred the term "<a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">folk belief</a>" over "folk religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197410-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second problem with the use of the term folk religion that Yoder highlighted was that some scholars, particularly those operating in the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>, used the term as a synonym for ethnic religion (which is alternately known as national religion or tribal religion), meaning a religion closely tied to a particular ethnic or national group and is thus contrasted with a "universal religion" which cuts across ethnic and national boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410–11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197410–11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the scholars to have adopted this use of terminology are E. Wilbur Bock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBock1966204_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBock1966204-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The folklorist Leonard Norman Primiano argued that the use of the term folk religion, as well as related terms like "popular religion" and "unofficial religion", by scholars, does an extreme disservice to the forms of religiosity that scholars are examining, because – in his opinion – such terms are "residualistic, [and] derogatory".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199538_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199538-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that using such terminology implies that there is "a pure element" to religion "which is in some way transformed, even contaminated, by its exposure to human communities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199539_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199539-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a corrective, he suggested that scholars use "vernacular religion" as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199541–42_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199541–42-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defining this term, Primiano stated that "vernacular religion" is, "by definition, religion as it is lived: as human beings encounter, understand, interpret, and practice it. Since religion inherently involves interpretation, it is impossible for the religion of an individual not to be vernacular".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199544_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199544-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kapaló was critical of this approach, deeming it mistaken and arguing that switching from "folk religion" to "vernacular religion" results in the scholar "picking up a different selection of things from the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapaló20139_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapaló20139-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cautioned that both terms carried an "ideological and semantic load" and warned scholars to pay attention to the associations that each word had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapaló201315–16_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapaló201315–16-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_study">Historical study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg/220px-Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg/330px-Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg/440px-Simple_Filipino_Catholic_home_altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>A Filipino Catholic home altar in <a href="/wiki/Morden,_Manitoba" title="Morden, Manitoba">Morden, Manitoba</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe the study of "folk religion" emerged from the study of <i>religiöse Volkskunde</i>, a German term which was used in reference to "the religious dimension of folk-culture, or the folk-cultural dimension of religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19742_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19742-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was first employed by a German <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> preacher, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Drews" title="Paul Drews">Paul Drews</a>, in a 1901 article that he published which was titled "<i>Religiöse Volkskunde, eine Aufgabe der praktischen Theologie</i>". This article was designed to be read by young Lutheran preachers leaving the seminary, to equip them for the popular variants of Lutheranism that they would encounter among their congregations and which would differ from the official, doctrinal Lutheranism that they had been accustomed to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19742–3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19742–3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although developing within a religious environment, the term came to be adopted by German academics in the field of <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloristics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s and 1930s, theoretical studies of <i>religiöse Volkskunde</i> had been produced by the folklorists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Weigert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Weigert (page does not exist)">Josef Weigert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Boette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Boette (page does not exist)">Werner Boette</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Rumpf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Rumpf (page does not exist)">Max Rumpf</a>, all of whom had focused on religiosity within German peasant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the coming decades, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Schreiber" title="Georg Schreiber">Georg Schreiber</a> established an Institut für religiöse Volkskund in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> while a similar department was established in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Koren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanns Koren (page does not exist)">Hanns Koren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent academics involved in the study of the phenomenon were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schauert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schauert (page does not exist)">Heinrich Schauert</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kriss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Kriss (page does not exist)">Rudolf Kriss</a>, the latter of whom collected one of the largest collections of folk-religious art and material culture in Europe, later housed in Munich's <a href="/wiki/Bayerisches_Nationalmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayerisches Nationalmuseum">Bayerisches Nationalmuseum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 20th century, many studies were made of folk religion in Europe, paying particular attention to such subjects as <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines">shrines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Americas, the study of folk religion developed among <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologists</a> studying the syncretistic cultures of the Caribbean and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pioneer in this field was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redfield" title="Robert Redfield">Robert Redfield</a>, whose 1930 book <i>Tepoztlán: A Mexican Village</i> contrasted and examined the relationship between "folk religion" and "official religion" in a peasant community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoder later noted that although the earliest known usage of the term "folk religion" in the English language was unknown, it probably developed as a translation of the German <i>Volksreligion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest prominent usages of the term was in the title of <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Trachtenberg" title="Joshua Trachtenberg">Joshua Trachtenberg</a>'s 1939 work <i>Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also gained increasing usage within the academic field of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>, appearing in the titles of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichiro_Hori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichiro Hori (page does not exist)">Ichiro Hori</a>'s <i>Folk Religion in Japan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Nilsson" title="Martin Nilsson">Martin Nilsson</a>'s <i>Greek Folk Religion</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Miller_Leslie" title="Charles Miller Leslie">Charles Leslie</a>'s reader, the <i>Anthropology of Folk Religion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courses on the study of folk religion came to be taught at various universities in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="John Messenger">John Messenger</a>'s at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Yoder" title="Don Yoder">Don Yoder</a>'s at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the subject of folk religion fell within the remit of scholars operating in both folkloristics and religious studies, by 1974 Yoder noted that U.S.-based academics in the latter continued to largely ignore it, instead focusing on the study of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and institutionalised religion; he contrasted this with the situation in Europe, where historians of religion had devoted much time to studying folk religiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19746_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19746-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also lamented that many U.S.-based folklorists also neglected the subject of religion because it did not fit within the standard genre-based system for cataloguing folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19749_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19749-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_folk_religion">Chinese folk religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinese folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancestor_worship004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ancestor_worship004.jpg/220px-Ancestor_worship004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ancestor_worship004.jpg/330px-Ancestor_worship004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ancestor_worship004.jpg/440px-Ancestor_worship004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>This picture was taken at a Malaysian Chinese home. This altar is dedicated to the three Pure Land sages, Avalokitesvara, and Sathya Sai Baba. On the left of the altar is a glass filled with rice. Joss sticks are stuck into it after the ancestors are invited to partake in the offering of food specially prepared for them on the Hungry Ghost festival prayers.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> is one of the labels used to describe the collection of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religious</a> traditions which have historically comprised the predominant belief system in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> ethnic groups up to the present day. The devotion includes the veneration of forces of nature and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestor worship">ancestors</a>, exorcism of demonic forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature, balance in the universe and reality that can be influenced by human beings and their rulers, as well as spirits and gods. Worship is devoted to a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">hierarchy of gods and immortals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">神</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shén</span></i>), who can be <a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">deities</a> of phenomena, of human behaviour, or <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitors</a> of lineages. <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Stories</a> regarding some of these gods are collected into the body of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>. By the 11th century (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song period</a>), these practices had been blended with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> (one's own doing) and rebirth, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> teachings about hierarchies of deities, to form the popular religious system which has lasted in many ways until the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese folk religion is sometimes categorized with <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, since over the centuries institutional Taoism has been attempting to assimilate or administer local religions. More accurately, Taoism emerged from and overlaps with folk religion and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>. Chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of Chinese traditional religion, but more often, the two are regarded as synonymous. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese folk religion is one of the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">major religious traditions in the world</a>. In the People's Republic of China, more than 30% of the population follows <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese popular religion</a> or Taoism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being heavily suppressed during the last two centuries, from the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, it is currently experiencing a modern revival in both <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various forms have received support by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Government of the People's Republic of China</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazuism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern China</a> (officially about 160 million <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> are worshippers of <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Huangdi</a> worship,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon#Dragon_worship" title="Chinese dragon">Black Dragon</a> worship in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cai_Shen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cai Shen">Cai Shen</a> worship.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Shenism</i> was first published by AJA Elliot in 1955 to describe <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia">Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indigenous Philippine folk religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></div> <p>Indigenous Philippine folk religions are the distinct native religions of various <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups in the Philippines</a>, where most follow belief systems in line with <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. Generally, these indigenous folk religions are referred to as <i>Anitism</i> or <i>Bathalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Almocera2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almocera2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these beliefs stem from pre-Christian religions that were especially influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and were regarded by the Spanish as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize legitimate precolonial beliefs by forcefully replacing those native beliefs with colonial Catholic Christian myths and superstitions. Today, some of these precolonial beliefs are still held by Filipinos, especially in the provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_Islam">Folk Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Folk Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folk Islam is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> used to collectively describe forms of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> that incorporate native folk beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk Islam has been described as the Islam of the "urban poor, country people, and tribes",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> or "high" Islam (Gellner, 1992).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> concepts, which are found in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">orthodox Islam</a> as well, and <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">perennialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretism</a> are often integrated into Folk Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_Christianity">Folk Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Folk Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk Orthodoxy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Botanica.jpg/220px-Botanica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Botanica.jpg/330px-Botanica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Botanica.jpg/440px-Botanica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bot%C3%A1nica" title="Botánica">Botánicas</a> such as this one in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts">Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts</a>, sell Christian religious goods along with <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amulets" class="mw-redirect" title="Amulets">amulets</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Folk Christianity is defined differently by various scholars. Christianity as most people live it – a term used to "overcome the division of beliefs into <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christian">mainstream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity as impacted by superstition as practiced by certain geographical Christian groups,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christianity defined "in cultural terms without reference to the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">histories</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_Judaism">Folk Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Folk Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one of the first major academic works on the subject, titled <i>Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Trachtenberg" title="Joshua Trachtenberg">Joshua Trachtenberg</a> provided a definition of Jewish folk religion as consisting of ideas and practices that, whilst not meeting with the approval of religious leaders, enjoyed wide popularity such that they must be included in what he termed the field of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included unorthodox beliefs about demons and angels, and magical practices. </p><p>Later studies have emphasized the significance of the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> to the many Jewish folk customs linked to mourning and in particular to the belief in <i>hibbut ha-qever</i> (torture of the grave) a belief that the dead are tortured in their grave for three days after burial by demons until they remember their names. This idea began with early eschatological <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a> and was then further developed by the kabbalists.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Raphael Patai</a> has been acknowledged as one of the first to utilize anthropology to study Jewish folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular he has drawn attention to the important role of the female divine element,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he sees in the goddess <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matronit" class="mw-redirect" title="Matronit">Matronit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer Stephen Sharot has stated that Jewish popular religion in common with other forms of folk religion, has a focus on the <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">thaumaturgical</a>, i.e. it is used to assist in protecting the individual from sickness, and misfortune. He emphasizes that while Rabbinical Judaism dealt with orthodox Jewish ritual, and <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, magicians claimed to use unorthodox magical rituals to help people in everyday life. He points to the example of a relatively professionalised type of magician being the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem</a> of Poland, who beginning in the 16th century thrived with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah" title="Practical Kabbalah">practical Kabbalah</a> in the 18th century. These ba'alei shem promised to use their knowledge of the names of god, and the angels, along with exorcism, chiromancy, and <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a> to bring harm to enemies, and success in areas of social life such as marriage, and childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Charles Liebman</a> has written that the essence of the folk religion of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> is their social ties to one another, illustrated by the finding that religious practices that would prevent <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a> – such as a strict interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">dietary laws</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> – have been abandoned, whilst the practices that are followed – such as the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a>, social rites of passage, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a> – are ones that strengthen Jewish family and community integration.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebman described the rituals and beliefs of contemporary Jewish folk religion in his works, <i>The Ambivalent American Jew</i> (1973) and <i>American Jewry: Identity and Affiliation</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_Hinduism">Folk Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Folk Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>June McDaniel (2007) classifies <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> into six major kinds and numerous minor kinds, in order to understand the expression of emotions among the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-junemcdaniel6_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junemcdaniel6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McDaniel, one of the major kinds is Folk Hinduism, based on local ethnic traditions and cults of local <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> and is the oldest, non-literate system of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-junemcdaniel6_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junemcdaniel6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folk Hinduism involves worship of deities which are not found in Hindu scriptures. It involves worship of <a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevata</a> (village deity), <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevata</a> (household deity) and local deities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a folk religion, <a href="/wiki/Polytheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheist">polytheist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> belief based on locality. These religions have their own priests, who worship regional deities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, scholars had divided Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a>. Brahmanism was referred to as an intellectual, classical tradition based on <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scriptures, while Hinduism was associated with superstitious folk tradition. The folk tradition refers to the aspects of the Hindu tradition that exist in tension with the Sanskritic tradition based on textual authority.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">M. N. Srinivas</a> (1976), folk Hinduism is relevant in the urban context, but it is neglected in ethnographic studies due to its negative connotations with folk (rural masses, illiterate).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Fuller_(academic)" title="Chris Fuller (academic)">Chris Fuller</a> (1994), popular Hinduism is not degenerate textual Hinduism in light of ethnographic evidence, although the category of folk Hinduism remains tenuous.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> (1998), the folk religion is the religion of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> speaking and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> speaking lower caste while the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Hinduism</a> which comprises <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> is the religion of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> speaking upper caste. According to <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a> (2015), the folk village Hinduism is surviving from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism#Pre-Vedic_religions_(until_c._1750_BCE)" title="History of Hinduism">pre-rig vedic</a> Indo-Aryan times and <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley civilization">Indus valley</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a> – Curse brought by a malevolent glare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a> – Ethnic group whose members are also unified by a common religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a> – Spirit unofficially recognized by a group of people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavari" title="Gavari">Gavari</a> – 40-day long festival held in the Mewar region of Rajasthan, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a> – Expressions of folk Catholicism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions" title="Pre-Christian Alpine traditions">Pre-Christian Alpine traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a> – Religion before written records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoreligion" title="Pseudoreligion">Pseudoreligion</a> – Non-mainstream philosophical movements which function like religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a> – Blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani folklore</a> – Folktales, myths, oral traditions, and legends of the Romani people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a> – Indigenous religion of the Meitei people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> – Religious practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregoneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Stregoneria">Stregoneria</a> – Italian-American neopagan tradition<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> – Religion of the Turko-Mongolic steppe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a> – Cultural or religious practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a> – Practices believed to use supernatural powers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a> – Type of healer in many traditional medicine systems</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bowman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowman2004" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Marion (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BU2BSj4dcHMC&q=%22folk+religion%22&pg=PA3">"Chapter 1: Phenomenology, Fieldwork, and Folk Religion"</a>. In Sutcliffe, Steven (ed.). <i>Religion: empirical studies</i>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4158-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-4158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Phenomenology%2C+Fieldwork%2C+and+Folk+Religion&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+empirical+studies&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4158-2&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBU2BSj4dcHMC%26q%3D%2522folk%2Breligion%2522%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_2014_p._117-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_2014_p._117_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2015" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SA15CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China</i></a>. Religion in Chinese Societies. Brill. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29725-8"><bdi>978-90-04-29725-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034801/https://books.google.com/books?id=SA15CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning+from+the+East%3A+Heterodoxy+and+Christianity+in+Contemporary+China&rft.series=Religion+in+Chinese+Societies&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29725-8&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSA15CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowker2003">Bowker 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197412-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197412–13-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197412–13_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197413-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197413_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197413–14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197413–14_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197414-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197414_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197411-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197411_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarul2015449-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarul2015449_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarul2015">Varul 2015</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leibman, Charles. "The Religion of the American Jew". <i>The Ambivalent American Jew</i>. Jewish Publication Society. 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapaló20134-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapaló20134_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapaló2013">Kapaló 2013</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197410-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder197410–11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder197410–11_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBock1966204-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBock1966204_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBock1966">Bock 1966</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199538-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199538_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrimiano1995">Primiano 1995</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199539-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199539_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrimiano1995">Primiano 1995</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199541–42-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199541–42_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrimiano1995">Primiano 1995</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199544-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimiano199544_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrimiano1995">Primiano 1995</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapaló20139-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapaló20139_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapaló2013">Kapaló 2013</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapaló201315–16-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapaló201315–16_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapaló2013">Kapaló 2013</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19742-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19742_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19742–3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19742–3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19743–4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19745-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19745_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19746-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19746_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoder19749-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoder19749_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoder1974">Yoder 1974</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvermyer,_Daniel_L.1986" class="citation book cs1">Overmyer, Daniel L. (1986). <i>Religions of China: The World as a Living System</i>. 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Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804767651" title="Special:BookSources/9780804767651"><bdi>9780804767651</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510085708/https://books.google.com/books?id=KSpDTsSkuVoC&q=%22black+dragon%22+temple+shaanxi&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Axel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA22"><i>Hinduism: Past and Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691089523" title="Special:BookSources/0691089523"><bdi>0691089523</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112202117/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135012694" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135012694"><bdi>978-1135012694</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120649/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Heritage+and+the+Sustainable+City%3A+Hinduism+and+urbanisation+in+Jaipur&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1135012694&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Yamini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfrDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubinDavisKrishnan2010" class="citation book cs1">Lubin, Timothy; Davis, Donald R. Jr.; Krishnan, Jayanth K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA209"><i>Hinduism and Law: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139493581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139493581"><bdi>978-1139493581</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120655/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA209">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1139493581&rft.aulast=Lubin&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Davis%2C+Donald+R.+Jr.&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Jayanth+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtuhClbfL7EC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2018" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Eric D. (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326357016">"The Aryan Controversy Decided? Ancient India between the Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (Review Essay on Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism)"</a>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aryan+Controversy+Decided%3F+Ancient+India+between+the+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization+%28Review+Essay+on+Asko+Parpola%27s+The+Roots+of+Hinduism%29&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2018-06&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326357016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1966" class="citation journal cs1">Bock, E. Wilbur (1966). "Symbols in Conflict: Official versus Folk Religion". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 204–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1384846">10.2307/1384846</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384846">1384846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Symbols+in+Conflict%3A+Official+versus+Folk+Religion&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-212&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1384846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1384846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=E.+Wilbur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bowker, John (2003) [2000]. "Folk religion". <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727221" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727221"><bdi>9780191727221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folk+religion&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191727221&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapaló2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kapaló, James A. (2013). "Folk Religion in Discourse and Practice". <i>Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 3–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnology+and+Folkloristics&rft.atitle=Folk+Religion+in+Discourse+and+Practice&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kapal%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimiano1995" class="citation journal cs1">Primiano, Leonard Norman (1995). "Vernacular Religion and the Search for Method in Religious Folklife". <i>Western Folklore</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 37–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1499910">10.2307/1499910</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1499910">1499910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Folklore&rft.atitle=Vernacular+Religion+and+the+Search+for+Method+in+Religious+Folklife&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-56&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1499910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1499910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Primiano&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarul2015" class="citation journal cs1">Varul, Matthias Zick (2015). "Consumerism as Folk Religion: Transcendence, Probation and Dissatisfaction with Capitalism". <i>Studies in Christian Ethics</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 447–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0953946814565984">10.1177/0953946814565984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148255400">148255400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Christian+Ethics&rft.atitle=Consumerism+as+Folk+Religion%3A+Transcendence%2C+Probation+and+Dissatisfaction+with+Capitalism&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-460&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0953946814565984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148255400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Varul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+Zick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder1974" class="citation journal cs1">Yoder, Don (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/fe/issue/68154/1016755">"Toward a Definition of Folk Religion"</a>. <i>Western Folklore</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1498248">10.2307/1498248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1498248">1498248</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429174146/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/fe/issue/68154/1016755">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Folklore&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Definition+of+Folk+Religion&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1498248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1498248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Ffe%2Fissue%2F68154%2F1016755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Allen, Catherine. <i>The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community.</i> Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989; second edition, 2002.</li> <li>Badone, Ellen, ed. <i>Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.</li> <li>Bastide, Roger. <i>The African Religions of Brazil: Toward a Sociology of the Interpenetration of Civilizations.</i> Trans. by Helen Sebba. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.</li> <li>Blackburn, Stuart H. <i>Death and Deification: Folk Cults in Hinduism</i>, History of Religions (1985).</li> <li>Brintnal, Douglas. <i>Revolt against the Dead: The Modernization of a Mayan Community in the Highlands of Guatemala.</i> New York: Gordon and Breach, 1979.</li> <li>Christian, William A., Jr. <i>Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.</li> <li>Gellner, David N. <i>Hinduism. None, one or many?</i>, Social Anthropology (2004), 12: 367–371 Cambridge University* Johnson, Paul Christopher. <i>Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Gorshunova, Olga V. (2008). <i>Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora…</i>, (<i> Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia</i>) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, No. 1, pp. 71–82. ISSN 0869-5415. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2018.1446242">Kononenko, Natalie "Vernacular religion on the prairies: negotiating a place for the unquiet dead,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420023242/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2018.1446242">Archived</a> 2021-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no. 1-2 (2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepstad1996" class="citation book cs1">Nepstad, Sharon Erickson (1996). "Popular Religion, Protest, and Revolt: The Emergence of Political Insurgency in the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran Churches of the 1960s–80s". In Smith, Christian (ed.). <i>Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 105–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91405-5"><bdi>978-0-415-91405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Popular+Religion%2C+Protest%2C+and+Revolt%3A+The+Emergence+of+Political+Insurgency+in+the+Nicaraguan+and+Salvadoran+Churches+of+the+1960s%E2%80%9380s&rft.btitle=Disruptive+Religion%3A+The+Force+of+Faith+in+Social+Movement+Activism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105-124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91405-5&rft.aulast=Nepstad&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Erickson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1996" class="citation book cs1">Nash, June (1996). "Religious Rituals of Resistance and Class Consciousness in Bolivian Tin-Mining Communities". In Smith, Christian (ed.). <i>Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 87–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91405-5"><bdi>978-0-415-91405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Rituals+of+Resistance+and+Class+Consciousness+in+Bolivian+Tin-Mining+Communities&rft.btitle=Disruptive+Religion%3A+The+Force+of+Faith+in+Social+Movement+Activism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87-104&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91405-5&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nutini, Hugo. <i>Ritual Kinship: Ideological and Structural Integration of the Compadrazgo System in Rural Tlaxcala.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.</li> <li>Nutini, Hugo. <i>Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala: A Syncretic, Expressive, and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.</li> <li>Panchenko, Aleksandr. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8684508/Popular_Orthodoxy_and_identity_in_Soviet_and_post-Soviet_Russia_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Identities._Ed._by_Mark_Bassin_and_Catriona_Kelly._Cambridge_2012._P._321–340">‘Popular Orthodoxy’ and identity in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418052353/https://www.academia.edu/8684508/Popular_Orthodoxy_and_identity_in_Soviet_and_post-Soviet_Russia_Soviet_and_Post-Soviet_Identities._Ed._by_Mark_Bassin_and_Catriona_Kelly._Cambridge_2012._P._321%E2%80%93340">Archived</a> 2023-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</i> Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities. Ed. by Mark Bassin and Catriona Kelly. Cambridge, 2012, pp. 321–340</li> <li>Sinha, Vineeta. <i>Problematizing Received Categories: Revisiting ‘Folk Hinduism’ and ‘Sanskritization’</i>, Current Sociology, Vol. 54, No. 1, 98–111 (2006)</li> <li>Sinha, Vineeta. <i>Persistence of ‘Folk Hinduism’ in Malaysia and Singapore</i>, Australian Religion Studies Review Vol. 18 No. 2 (Nov 2005):211–234</li> <li>Stuart H. Blackburn, <i>Inside the Drama-House: Rama Stories and Shadow Puppets in South India</i>, UCP (1996), ch. 3: " Ambivalent Accommodations: Bhakti and Folk Hinduism".</li> <li>Taylor, Lawrence J. <i>Occasions of Faith: An Anthropology of Irish Catholics.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1971" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Keith (1971). <i>Religion and the Decline of Magic. Studies in popular beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth century England</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00220-8"><bdi>978-0-297-00220-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Decline+of+Magic.+Studies+in+popular+beliefs+in+sixteenth+and+seventeenth+century+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-297-00220-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolk+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folk_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiasociety.org/countries-history/religions-philosophies/religion-philippines">Folk Christianity in the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610204438/http://asiasociety.org/countries-history/religions-philosophies/religion-philippines">Archived</a> 2011-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miaminewtimes.com/1997-06-05/news/myths-over-miami/">"Myths over Miami"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103080650/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/1997-06-05/news/myths-over-miami/">Archived</a> 2013-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: an account of the folk religion of children living in homeless shelters in Miami, circa 1997.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folklore" title="Template:Folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folklore" title="Template talk:Folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> genres and types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">Animal tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">Personal narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">Proverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">Word game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">Birthstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_tripping" title="Legend tripping">Legend tripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">Old wives' tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">Silver bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Weather lore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Folk epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">Folk healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(folkloristics)" title="Morphology (folkloristics)">Morphology (folkloristics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folk_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folk_religion" title="Template:Folk religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Folk_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Folk religion (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folk_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folk religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folk_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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