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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Investigative journalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صحافة استقصائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحافة استقصائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma%C3%A7%C4%B1_jurnalistika" title="Araşdırmaçı jurnalistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Araşdırmaçı jurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অনুসন্ধানী সাংবাদিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুসন্ধানী সাংবাদিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Разследваща журналистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разследваща журналистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisme_d%27investigaci%C3%B3" title="Periodisme d'investigació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Periodisme d'investigació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigativn%C3%AD_%C5%BEurnalistika" title="Investigativní žurnalistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Investigativní žurnalistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigativer_Journalismus" title="Investigativer Journalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Investigativer Journalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuriv_ajakirjandus" title="Uuriv ajakirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uuriv ajakirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ερευνητική δημοσιογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερευνητική δημοσιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo_de_investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Periodismo de investigación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodismo de investigación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplor%C4%B5urnalismo" title="Esplorĵurnalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esplorĵurnalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerketa_kazetaritza" title="Ikerketa kazetaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikerketa kazetaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="روزنامه‌نگاری تحقیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه‌نگاری تحقیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalisme_d%27enqu%C3%AAte" title="Journalisme d'enquête – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journalisme d'enquête" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%90%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%84" title="탐사보도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탐사보도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հետաքննական լրագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հետաքննական լրագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="खोजी पत्रकारिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खोजी पत्रकारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra%C5%BEiva%C4%8Dko_novinarstvo" title="Istraživačko novinarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istraživačko novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalisme_investigasi" title="Jurnalisme investigasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jurnalisme investigasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalismo_investigativo" title="Giornalismo investigativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giornalismo investigativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="תחקיר עיתונאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחקיר עיתונאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Эрэн сурвалжлах сэтгүүл зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрэн сурвалжлах сэтгүүл зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderzoeksjournalistiek" title="Onderzoeksjournalistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderzoeksjournalistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93" title="調査報道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="調査報道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%DB%90%DA%93%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="څېړنيزه خبريالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څېړنيزه خبريالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziennikarstwo_%C5%9Bledcze" title="Dziennikarstwo śledcze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziennikarstwo śledcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalismo_investigativo" title="Jornalismo investigativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jornalismo investigativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalism_investigativ" title="Jurnalism investigativ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurnalism investigativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Журналистские расследования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Журналистские расследования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetaria_hetuese" title="Gazetaria hetuese – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazetaria hetuese" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Investigative journalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Истраживачко новинарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истраживачко новинарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra%C5%BEiva%C4%8Dko_novinarstvo" title="Istraživačko novinarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istraživačko novinarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutkiva_journalismi" title="Tutkiva journalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tutkiva journalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4vande_journalistik" title="Grävande journalistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grävande journalistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Investigative_Journalism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Investigative Journalism (disambiguation)">Investigative Journalism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog journalism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Investigative journalism</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, such as serious crimes, <a href="/wiki/Racial_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial injustice">racial injustice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, or corporate wrongdoing. An investigative journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report. Practitioners sometimes use the terms "watchdog reporting" or "accountability reporting". </p><p>Most investigative journalism has traditionally been conducted by newspapers, <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">wire services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelance</a> journalists. With the decline in income through advertising, many traditional news services have struggled to fund investigative journalism, due to it being very time-consuming and expensive. Journalistic investigations are increasingly carried out by news organizations working together, even internationally (as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a>), or by <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">nonprofit outlets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>, which rely on the support of the public and benefactors to fund their work. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> journalism professor Steve Weinberg defined investigative journalism as: "Reporting, through one's own initiative and work product, matters of importance to readers, viewers, or listeners."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, the subjects of the reporting wish the matters under scrutiny to remain undisclosed. There are currently university departments for teaching investigative journalism. Conferences are conducted presenting peer-reviewed research into investigative journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British media theorist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Burgh" title="Hugo de Burgh">Hugo de Burgh</a> (2000) states that: "An investigative journalist is a man or woman whose profession is to discover the truth and to identify lapses from it in whatever media may be available. The act of doing this generally is called investigative journalism and is distinct from apparently similar work done by police, lawyers, auditors, and regulatory bodies in that it is not limited as to target, not legally founded and closely connected to publicity."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early newspapers in British colonial America were often suppressed by the authorities for their investigative journalism. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Publick_Occurrences_Both_Forreign_and_Domestick" title="Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick">Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick</a></i> and Benjamin Franklin's <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Courant" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Courant">New England Courant</a></i>. Journalists who reported on the doings of the British authorities would later contribute to revolutionary sentiment in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>; one prominent example was the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Gazette" title="Boston Gazette">Boston Gazette</a></i>, contributed to by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American journalism textbooks point out that <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraking</a> standards promoted by <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's Magazine</a></i> around 1902, "Have become integral to the character of modern investigative journalism."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the successes of the early muckrakers continued to inspire journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outlook for investigative journalism in the United States was improved by the 1960s with the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i>. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopier</a> also offered an assistive tool to <a href="/wiki/Whistleblowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblowers">whistleblowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate">media conglomerates</a> in the U.S. since the 1980s has been accompanied by massive cuts in the budgets for investigative journalism. A 2002 study concluded "that investigative journalism has all but disappeared from the nation's commercial airwaves."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-commercial journalism</a> has increasingly stepped-up to work on this growing need for in-depth investigations and reporting. One of the largest teams of investigative journalists is the Washington-based <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> (ICIJ) launched in 1997 by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes 165 investigative reporters in over 65 countries<sup id="cite_ref-icij_about_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icij_about-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> working collaboratively on crime, corruption, and abuse of power at a global level,<sup id="cite_ref-icij_about_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icij_about-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Ryle" title="Gerard Ryle">Gerard Ryle</a> as Director.<sup id="cite_ref-ryle_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with major media outlets globally, they have exposed organised crime, international tobacco companies, private military cartels, asbestos companies, climate change lobbyists, details of Iraq and Afghanistan war contracts, and most recently the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a><sup id="cite_ref-icij_about_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icij_about-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICIJ-20171105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICIJ-20171105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigative Commons center opened in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany in 2021 and houses the <a href="/wiki/European_Center_for_Constitutional_and_Human_Rights" title="European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights">European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forensic_Architecture" title="Forensic Architecture">Forensic Architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oltermann-2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oltermann-2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An investigative reporter may make use of one or more of these tools, among others, on a single story: </p> <ul><li>Analysis of documents, such as <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal documents</a>, tax records, government reports, regulatory reports, and corporate financial filings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Databases of public records.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Investigation of technical issues, including scrutiny of government and business practices and their effects.</li> <li>Research into social and legal issues.</li> <li>Subscription research sources such as <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Numerous interviews with on-the-record sources as well as, in some instances, interviews with <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous source">anonymous sources</a> (for example whistleblowers).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Federal or state <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of Information Acts</a> to obtain documents and data from government agencies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSINT" class="mw-redirect" title="OSINT">OSINT</a> (Open-Source Intelligence) databases and tools that contain free and open resources that anybody can use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chambers" title="Julius Chambers">Julius Chambers</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> had himself committed to the <a href="/wiki/Bloomingdale_Insane_Asylum" title="Bloomingdale Insane Asylum">Bloomingdale Asylum</a> in 1872, and his account led to the release of twelve patients who were not mentally ill, a reorganization of the staff and administration, and eventually to a change in the lunacy laws;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this later led to the publication of the book <i>A Mad World and Its Inhabitants</i> (1876).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells-Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida B. Wells-Barnett">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a>'s 1892 pamphlet <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14975/14975-h/14975-h.htm"><i>Southern Horrors</i></a> documented lynching in the United States, exposing in the pages of black-owned newspapers as a campaign of oppression and intimidation against African Americans. A white mob destroyed her newspaper press and office in retaliation for her reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a>'s 1904 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Standard_Oil_Company" title="The History of the Standard Oil Company">The History of the Standard Oil Company</a></i>, exposed the nefarious practices and methods of the monopoly of the company, and led to its dismantling.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s 1905 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> exposed unsanitary conditions in American meatpacking plants, and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a>, a pseudonym used by Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman in the late 19th century, famously feigned insanity as part of her 1887 <a href="/wiki/Undercover_journalism" title="Undercover journalism">undercover investigation</a> into and subsequent exposé regarding the inner-workings of the <a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_(Roosevelt_Island)" title="The Octagon (Roosevelt Island)">Women's Lunatic Asylum</a> in New York City. Published to wide acclaim as a series of articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> which were later compiled and further detailed in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_in_a_Mad-House" title="Ten Days in a Mad-House">Ten Days in a Mad-House</a></i>, Bly's revelations led to both a grand jury investigation of the asylum and increased funding for the Department of Public Charities and Corrections.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Between 1972–1974 Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered and exposed a variety of incriminating information regarding President Richard Nixon's 1968–1972 presidential campaign. The information exposed, prompted Nixon's resignation in 1974 and was then on recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Dedman" title="Bill Dedman">Bill Dedman</a>'s 1988 investigation, <i>The Color of Money</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> lenders in middle-income neighborhoods, received the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting</a> and was an influential early example of computer-assisted reporting or <a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">database journalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Deer" title="Brian Deer">Brian Deer</a>'s British press award-winning investigation for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> of London into the worldwide <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="MMR vaccine controversy">MMR vaccine controversy</a> which revealed that research, published by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i>, associating the children's vaccine with autism was fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> investigated claims that various British Members of Parliament had been filing dubious and frivolous expenses claims, and had done for many years in secret. The House of Commons Authority initially tried to block the release of the information, but the expenses were leaked to the <i>Telegraph</i>. The newspaper then released pieces of information which dominated the news for weeks and caused considerable anger in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Crewdson" title="John M. Crewdson">John M. Crewdson</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> wrote a 1996 article<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposing the installment of <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillators</a> on American airliners. Crewdson argued that based on his research and analysis, "Medical kits and defibrillators would be economically justified if they saved just 3 lives each year." Soon after the article's publication, airlines began installing defibrillators on planes, and the devices began to show up in airports and other public spaces. Ten years after installing defibrillators, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> reported that 80 lives had been saved by the machines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Censored" title="Project Censored">Project Censored</a> regularly investigates stories which have gone undercovered by other outlets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Chin%27ono" title="Hopewell Chin'ono">Hopewell Chin'ono</a>, the award-winning Zimbabwean journalist who investigated and exposed the Covid-gate scandal in Zimbabwe in June 2020. US$60 million was siphoned to a shadowy company called Drax that is linked to President <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>. The exposure resulted in the dismissal and arrest of Health Minister Obbidiah Moyo. Hopewell Chin'ono was arrested on flimsy charges in an apparent attempt to silence him.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_journalism_awards#Investigative_journalism" title="List of American journalism awards">List of American journalism awards § Investigative journalism</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">George Polk Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting" title="Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting">Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Reporters_and_Editors" title="Investigative Reporters and Editors">Investigative Reporters and Editors</a> Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_Bingham_Prize" title="Worth Bingham Prize">Worth Bingham Prize</a> for investigative reporting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_journalism" title="Glossary of journalism">Glossary of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_journalism" title="Preventive journalism">Preventive journalism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Organizations, Publications and People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Association_of_Investigative_Journalism" title="Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism">Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Investigative Journalism">Bureau of Investigative Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Investigative_Reporting" title="The Center for Investigative Reporting">Center for Investigative Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Investigative_Journalism" title="Centre for Investigative Journalism">Centre for Investigative Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Investigative_Journalism_Network" title="Global Investigative Journalism Network">Global Investigative Journalism Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_South_Development_Magazine" title="Global South Development Magazine">Global South Development Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Nonprofit_News" title="Institute for Nonprofit News">Institute for Nonprofit News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Reporters_and_Editors" title="Investigative Reporters and Editors">Investigative Reporters and Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Reporting_Workshop" title="Investigative Reporting Workshop">Investigative Reporting Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Center_for_Investigative_Journalism" title="Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism">Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Walsh" title="Rodolfo Walsh">Rodolfo Walsh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Is_More_Immense" title="The Hidden Is More Immense">The Hidden Is More Immense</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Steve (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportershandboo0000wein"><i>The Reporter's Handbook: An Investigator's Guide To Documents and Techniques</i></a></span>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-13596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-13596-6"><bdi>978-0-312-13596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reporter%27s+Handbook%3A+An+Investigator%27s+Guide+To+Documents+and+Techniques&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-13596-6&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportershandboo0000wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/global-media-defence-fund-backs-largest-ever-investigative-journalism-conference">"The Global Media Defence Fund Backs the Largest-Ever Investigative Journalism Conference"</a>. <i>Unesco</i>. 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unesco&rft.atitle=The+Global+Media+Defence+Fund+Backs+the+Largest-Ever+Investigative+Journalism+Conference&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fglobal-media-defence-fund-backs-largest-ever-investigative-journalism-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Burgh2000" class="citation book cs1">de Burgh, Hugo, ed. (2000). <i>Investigative Journalism: Context and Practice</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19054-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19054-1"><bdi>978-0-415-19054-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigative+Journalism%3A+Context+and+Practice&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19054-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_H._Sterling" title="Christopher H. 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SAGE Publications. pp. 788–794. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2957-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2957-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-2957-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Investigative+Journalism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Journalism&rft.pages=788-794&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2957-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofjo0002unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloanParcell2002" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, W. 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(5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.full">"Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>. <b>342</b> (jan05 1): c7452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.c7452">10.1136/bmj.c7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21209060">21209060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43640126">43640126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Wakefield%27s+article+linking+MMR+vaccine+and+autism+was+fraudulent&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=jan05+1&rft.pages=c7452&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43640126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21209060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.c7452&rft.aulast=Godlee&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.&rft.au=Marcovitch%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F342%2Fbmj.c7452.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiv,_Stav2015" class="citation news cs1">Ziv, Stav (10 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/20/andrew-wakefield-father-anti-vaccine-movement-sticks-his-story-305836.html">"Andrew Wakefield, Father of the Anti-Vaccine Movement, Responds to the Current Measles Outbreak for the First Time"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Andrew+Wakefield%2C+Father+of+the+Anti-Vaccine+Movement%2C+Responds+to+the+Current+Measles+Outbreak+for+the+First+Time&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.au=Ziv%2C+Stav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2015%2F02%2F20%2Fandrew-wakefield-father-anti-vaccine-movement-sticks-his-story-305836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseley,_Sarah2010" class="citation news cs1">Boseley, Sarah (2 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/feb/02/lancet-retracts-mmr-paper">"Lancet retracts 'utterly false' MMR paper"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lancet+retracts+%27utterly+false%27+MMR+paper&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.au=Boseley%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F02%2Flancet-retracts-mmr-paper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/mps-expenses-scandal/">"Exclusive: the real story of the MPs' expenses scandal"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 7 May 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+the+real+story+of+the+MPs%27+expenses+scandal&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmps-expenses-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewdson,_John1996" class="citation news cs1">Crewdson, John (30 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/06/30/cardiac-arrest-at-37000-feet/">"Cardiac Arrest at 37,000 Feet"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Arrest+at+37%2C000+Feet&rft.date=1996-06-30&rft.au=Crewdson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1996%2F06%2F30%2Fcardiac-arrest-at-37000-feet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovachRosenstiel2010" class="citation book cs1">Kovach, Bill; Rosenstiel, Tom (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blurhowtoknowwha0000kova"><i>Blur: How to Know What's True in the Age of Information Overload</i></a></span>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blurhowtoknowwha0000kova/page/58">58–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-302-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-302-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blur%3A+How+to+Know+What%27s+True+in+the+Age+of+Information+Overload&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58-60&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-302-8&rft.aulast=Kovach&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblurhowtoknowwha0000kova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuchena2020" class="citation news cs1">Muchena, Deprose (20 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/zimbabwe-authorities-continue-their-crackdown-on-dissent-with-arrest-of-investigative-journalist-and-activist/">"Zimbabwe: Authorities continue their crackdown on dissent with arrest of investigative journalist and activist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Zimbabwean authorities must stop misusing the criminal justice system to persecute journalists and activists who are simply exercising their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. The authorities must stop using the police and courts to silence dissent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Authorities+continue+their+crackdown+on+dissent+with+arrest+of+investigative+journalist+and+activist&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft.aulast=Muchena&rft.aufirst=Deprose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2Fzimbabwe-authorities-continue-their-crackdown-on-dissent-with-arrest-of-investigative-journalist-and-activist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Investigative_journalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Add some more recent sources than 2010.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/membership/2021/oct/14/laws-changed-around-the-world-why-investigative-journalism-matters">"How to expose corruption, vice and incompetence – by those who have"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+to+expose+corruption%2C+vice+and+incompetence+%E2%80%93+by+those+who+have&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmembership%2F2021%2Foct%2F14%2Flaws-changed-around-the-world-why-investigative-journalism-matters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span> An article by six investigative journalists on the situation of investigative journalism in the UK.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarberRenn2010" class="citation book cs1">Harber, Anton; Renn, Margaret, eds. (2010). <i>Troublemakers: The Best of South Africa's Investigative Journalism</i>. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770098930" title="Special:BookSources/9781770098930"><bdi>9781770098930</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794905854">794905854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troublemakers%3A+The+Best+of+South+Africa%27s+Investigative+Journalism&rft.place=Auckland+Park%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794905854&rft.isbn=9781770098930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvestigative+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Video of the 2010 Logan Symposium at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Berkeley">University of California Berkeley</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501185406/http://fora.tv/2010/04/17/Logan_Symposium_Consequences_of_Investigative_Reporting">"Consequences of Investigative Reporting"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> panel, in which reporters from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara reporters">Sahara Reporters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medill_Innocence_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Medill Innocence Project">Medill Innocence Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Las Vegas Review-Journal">The Las Vegas Review-Journal</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_El_Paso_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The El Paso Times">The El Paso Times</a></i> talk about the dangers investigative reporters face; their experiences range from threat to life and limb for reporting on corruption in Africa, to subpoenas aimed at a journalism professor and his students for attempting to bring to light a miscarriage of justice; a Pulitzer Prize winner describes reporting on national security as her sources face internal inquisitions; a veteran reporter in Las Vegas talks about taking on casino moguls and organized crime; while a reporter covering the Mexican border explains how she has survived the violent reality of the undeclared war on our border, April 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRWYa7XHMO0">"Current State of Investigative Reporting"</a>, talk by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, 19 May 2009</li> <li><i>Tell Me No Lies: Investigative Journalism That Changed the World</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>, ed. 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presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a 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journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" 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href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li>Investigative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">List of journalism articles</a> – <a 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