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id="toc-Post_hoc_fact-checking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_hoc_fact-checking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post hoc fact-checking </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post_hoc_fact-checking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post hoc fact-checking subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post_hoc_fact-checking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consistency_across_fact-checking_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistency_across_fact-checking_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consistency across fact-checking organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistency_across_fact-checking_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_which_statements_to_check" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_which_statements_to_check"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Choice of which statements to check </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_which_statements_to_check-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correcting_misperceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correcting_misperceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Correcting misperceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correcting_misperceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Political discourse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Political preferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_fact-checking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_fact-checking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Informal fact-checking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_fact-checking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detecting_fake_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detecting_fake_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Detecting fake news </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detecting_fake_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fake_news_and_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fake_news_and_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Fake news and social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fake_news_and_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Methodology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_research_in_fact-checking_and_detecting_fake_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_research_in_fact-checking_and_detecting_fake_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Ongoing research in fact-checking and detecting fake news </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_research_in_fact-checking_and_detecting_fake_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Fact-Checking_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Fact-Checking_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 International Fact-Checking Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Fact-Checking_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Limitations and controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fact_checking_in_countries_with_limited_freedom_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fact_checking_in_countries_with_limited_freedom_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Fact checking in countries with limited freedom of speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fact_checking_in_countries_with_limited_freedom_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-publication_fact-checking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-publication_fact-checking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pre-publication fact-checking </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-publication_fact-checking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pre-publication fact-checking subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-publication_fact-checking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 As a career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checking_original_reportage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checking_original_reportage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Checking original reportage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checking_original_reportage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni_of_the_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni_of_the_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Alumni of the role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni_of_the_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fact-checking</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="تدقيق الحقائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدقيق الحقائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakt_yoxlama" title="Fakt yoxlama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fakt yoxlama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificaci%C3%B3_de_fets" title="Verificació de fets – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verificació de fets" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fact-checking" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktencheck" title="Faktencheck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Faktencheck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktikontroll" title="Faktikontroll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Faktikontroll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificaci%C3%B3n_de_hechos" title="Verificación de hechos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verificación de hechos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="راستی‌آزمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راستی‌آزمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rification_des_faits" title="Vérification des faits – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vérification des faits" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A9%ED%8A%B8%EC%B2%B4%ED%81%AC" title="팩트체크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팩트체크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Փաստերի ստուգում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փաստերի ստուգում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifica_dei_fatti" title="Verifica dei fatti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Verifica dei fatti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בדיקת עובדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדיקת עובדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فاكت تشيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاكت تشيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semakan_fakta" title="Semakan fakta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semakan fakta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%82_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Баримт нягтлах нь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баримт нягтлах нь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factchecking" title="Factchecking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Factchecking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ファクトチェック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファクトチェック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktcheking" title="Faktcheking – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Faktcheking" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fact-checking" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_fatos" title="Verificação de fatos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Verificação de fatos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фактчекинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фактчекинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrollimi_i_fakteve" title="Kontrollimi i fakteve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kontrollimi i fakteve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fact-checking" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Провера чињеница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Провера чињеница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktantarkistus" title="Faktantarkistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Faktantarkistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Ростиозмоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ростиозмоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fruluk_kontrol%C3%BC" title="Doğruluk kontrolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğruluk kontrolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фактчекінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фактчекінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82" title="حقائق کی تحقیق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقائق کی تحقیق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6%E6%9F%A5%E6%A0%B8" title="事實查核 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="事實查核" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Radio._CBC_Offices_BAnQ_P48S1P23108_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="438" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Social impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Roles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/16px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/24px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/32px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called external fact-checking.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordUniversity-1">[1]</a> Research suggests that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> as well as discourage politicians from spreading false or misleading claims.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-4">[4]</a> However, corrections may decay over time or be overwhelmed by cues from elites who promote less accurate claims.<a href="#cite_note-:7-4">[4]</a> Political fact-checking is sometimes criticized as being <a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">opinion journalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a> A review of US politics fact-checkers shows a mixed result of whether fact-checking is an effective way to reduce <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">misconceptions</a>, and whether the method is reliable.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_fact-checking">History of fact-checking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of fact-checking">edit</a>]</div> Sensationalist newspapers in the 1850s and later led to a gradual need for a more factual media. Colin Dickey has described the subsequent evolution of fact-checking.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Key elements were the establishment of Associated Press in the 1850s (short factual material needed), <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Pulitzer" title="Ralph Pulitzer">Ralph Pulitzer</a> of the New York World (his Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play, 1912), Henry Luce and Time magazine (original working title: Facts), and the famous fact-checking department of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. More recently, the mainstream media has come under severe economic threat from online startups. In addition, the rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories via social media is slowly creeping into mainstream media. One solution is for more media staff to be assigned a fact-checking role, as for example <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Independent fact-checking organisations have also become prominent, such as <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_fact-checking">Types of fact-checking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of fact-checking">edit</a>]</div> Ante hoc fact-checking aims to identify errors so that the text can be corrected before dissemination, or perhaps rejected. Post hoc fact-checking is most often followed by a written report of inaccuracies, sometimes with a visual metric provided by the checking organization (e.g., <a href="#Organizations_and_individuals">Pinocchios</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Fact Checker, or TRUTH-O-METER ratings from <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>). Several organizations are devoted to post hoc fact-checking: examples include <a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a> and <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact.com" class="mw-redirect" title="PolitiFact.com">PolitiFact</a> in the US, and <a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>. External post hoc fact-checking organizations first arose in the US in the early 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-OxfordUniversity-1">[1]</a> and the concept grew in relevance and spread to various other countries during the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_hoc_fact-checking">Post hoc fact-checking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post hoc fact-checking">edit</a>]</div> External post hoc fact-checking by independent organizations began in the United States in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordUniversity-1">[1]</a> In the 2010s, particularly following the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election of Donald Trump as US President</a>, fact-checking gained a rise in popularity and spread to multiple countries mostly in Europe and Latin America. However, the US remains the largest market for fact-checking.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistency_across_fact-checking_organizations">Consistency across fact-checking organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consistency across fact-checking organizations">edit</a>]</div> One 2016 study finds that fact-checkers PolitiFact, FactCheck.org, and The Washington Post's Fact Checker overwhelmingly agree on their evaluations of claims.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A 2018 paper found little overlap in the statements checked by different fact-checking organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a> This paper compared 1,178 published fact-checks from PolitiFact with 325 fact-checks from The Washington Post's Fact Checker, and found only 77 statements (about 5%) that both organizations checked.<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a> For those 77 statements, the fact-checking organizations gave the same ratings for 49 statements and similar ratings for 22, about 92% agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_which_statements_to_check">Choice of which statements to check</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Choice of which statements to check">edit</a>]</div> Different fact-checking organizations have shown different tendencies in their choice of which statements they publish fact-checks about.<a href="#cite_note-:23-13">[13]</a> For example, some are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate change being real, and others are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate change being fake.<a href="#cite_note-:23-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> Studies of post hoc fact-checking have made clear that such efforts often result in changes in the behavior, in general, of both the speaker (making them more careful in their pronouncements) and of the listener or reader (making them more discerning with regard to the factual accuracy of content); observations include the propensities of audiences to be completely unpersuaded by corrections to errors regarding the most divisive subjects, or the tendency to be more greatly persuaded by corrections of negative reporting (e.g., "attack ads"), and to see minds changed only when the individual in error was someone reasonably like-minded to begin with.<a href="#cite_note-AmazeenWaPost15-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Correcting_misperceptions">Correcting misperceptions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Correcting misperceptions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belief#Belief_studies" title="Belief">Belief § Belief studies</a></div> Studies have shown that fact-checking can affect citizens' belief in the accuracy of claims made in political advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A 2020 study by <a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics" title="Paris School of Economics">Paris School of Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> economists found that falsehoods by <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> during the 2017 French presidential election campaign (i) successfully persuaded voters, (ii) lost their persuasiveness when fact-checked, and (iii) did not reduce voters' political support for Le Pen when her claims were fact-checked.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A 2017 study in the Journal of Politics found that "individuals consistently update political beliefs in the appropriate direction, even on facts that have clear implications for political party reputations, though they do so cautiously and with some bias... Interestingly, those who identify with one of the political parties are no more biased or cautious than pure independents in their learning, conditional on initial beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A study by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> cognitive scientists <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pennycook" title="Gordon Pennycook">Gordon Pennycook</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_G._Rand" title="David G. Rand">David G. Rand</a> found that <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> tags of fake articles "did significantly reduce their perceived accuracy relative to a control without <a href="/wiki/Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">tags</a>, but only modestly".<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a> A Dartmouth study led by Brendan Nyhan found that Facebook tags had a greater impact than the Yale study found.<a href="#cite_note-:4-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A "disputed" tag on a false <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headline</a> reduced the number of respondents who considered the headline accurate from 29% to 19%, whereas a "rated false" tag pushed the number down to 16%.<a href="#cite_note-:4-19">[19]</a> A 2019 study found that the "disputed" tag reduced Facebook users' intentions to share a fake news story.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Yale study found evidence of a backfire effect among Trump supporters younger than 26 years whereby the presence of both untagged and tagged fake articles made the untagged fake articles appear more accurate.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a> In response to research which questioned the effectiveness of the Facebook "disputed" tags, Facebook decided to drop the tags in December 2017 and would instead put articles which fact-checked a fake news story next to the fake news story link whenever it is shared on Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Based on the findings of a 2017 study in the journal Psychological Science, the most effective ways to reduce misinformation through corrections is by:<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>limiting detailed descriptions of / or arguments in favor of the misinformation;</li> <li>walking through the reasons why a piece of misinformation is false rather than just labelling it false;</li> <li>presenting new and credible information which allows readers to update their knowledge of events and understand why they developed an inaccurate understanding in the first place;</li> <li>using video, as videos appear to be more effective than text at increasing attention and reducing confusion, making videos more effective at correcting misperception than text.</li></ul> Large studies by Ethan Porter and Thomas J. Wood found that misinformation propagated by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> was more difficult to dispel with the same techniques, and generated the following recommendations:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <ul><li>Highly credible sources are the most effective, especially those which surprisingly report facts against their own perceived bias</li> <li>Reframing the issue by adding context can be more effective than simply labeling it as incorrect or unproven.</li> <li>Challenging readers' identity or worldview reduces effectiveness.</li> <li>Fact-checking immediately is more effective, before false ideas have spread widely.</li></ul> A 2019 meta-analysis of research into the effects of fact-checking on misinformation found that fact-checking has substantial positive impacts on political beliefs, but that this impact weakened when fact-checkers used "truth scales", refuted only parts of a claim and when they fact-checked campaign-related statements. Individuals' preexisting beliefs, ideology, and knowledge affected to what extent the fact-checking had an impact.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> A 2019 study in the Journal of Experimental Political Science found "strong evidence that citizens are willing to accept corrections to fake news, regardless of their ideology and the content of the fake stories."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A 2018 study found that <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> were more likely to correct their false information on <a href="/wiki/Voter_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter fraud">voter fraud</a> if the correction came from <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a> rather than a non-partisan neutral source such as <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A 2022 study found that individuals exposed to a fact-check of a false statement by a far-right politician were less likely to share the false statement.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some studies have found that exposure to fact-checks had durable effects on reducing misperceptions,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> whereas other studies have found no effects.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Scholars have debated whether fact-checking could lead to a "<a href="/wiki/Belief_perseverance" title="Belief perseverance">backfire effect</a>" whereby correcting false information may make partisan individuals cling more strongly to their views. One study found evidence of such a "<a href="/wiki/Belief_perseverance" title="Belief perseverance">backfire effect</a>",<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> but several other studies did not.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_discourse">Political discourse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political discourse">edit</a>]</div> A 2015 experimental study found that fact-checking can encourage politicians to not spread <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>. The study found that it might help improve political discourse by increasing the reputational costs or risks of spreading <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> for political elites. The researchers sent, "a series of letters about the risks to their reputation and electoral security if they were caught making questionable statements. The legislators who were sent these letters were substantially less likely to receive a negative fact-checking rating or to have their accuracy questioned publicly, suggesting that fact-checking can reduce inaccuracy when it poses a salient threat."<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> Fact checking may also encourage some politicians to engage in "strategic ambiguity" in their statements, which "may impede the fact-checking movement's goals."<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_preferences">Political preferences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political preferences">edit</a>]</div> One experimental study found that fact-checking during debates affected viewers' assessment of the candidates' debate performance and "greater willingness to vote for a candidate when the fact-check indicates that the candidate is being honest."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A study of Trump supporters during the <a href="/wiki/2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a> found that while fact-checks of false claims made by Trump reduced his supporters' belief in the false claims in question, the corrections did not alter their attitudes towards Trump.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A 2019 study found that "summary fact-checking", where the fact-checker summarizes how many false statements a politician has made, has a greater impact on reducing support for a politician than fact-checking of individual statements made by the politician.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_fact-checking">Informal fact-checking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Informal fact-checking">edit</a>]</div> Individual readers perform some types of fact-checking, such as comparing claims in one news story against claims in another. Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, has observed that: "modern students use their wireless worlds to augment skepticism and to reject dogma." He says this has positive implications for values development: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Fact-checking can become a learned skill, and technology can be harnessed in a way that makes it second nature... By finding opportunities to integrate technology into learning, students will automatically sense the beautiful blending of… their cyber… [and non-virtual worlds]. Instead of two spheres coexisting uneasily and warily orbiting one another, there is a valuable experience of synthesis....<a href="#cite_note-Benovitz12-44">[44]</a></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> researcher Jennifer Rose, because fake news is created with the intention of misleading readers, online news consumers who attempt to fact-check the articles they read may incorrectly conclude that a fake news article is legitimate. Rose states, "A diligent online news consumer is likely at a pervasive risk of inferring truth from <a href="/wiki/False_premises" class="mw-redirect" title="False premises">false premises</a>" and suggests that fact-checking alone is not enough to reduce fake news consumption. Despite this, Rose asserts that fact-checking "ought to remain on educational agendas to help combat fake news".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detecting_fake_news">Detecting fake news</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Detecting fake news">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></div> The term <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> became popularized with the 2016 United States presidential election, causing concern among some that online media platforms were especially susceptible to disseminating disinformation and misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> Fake news articles tend to come from either satirical news websites or from websites with an incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve a purpose.<a href="#cite_note-EconomicPerspectives-46">[46]</a> The language, specifically, is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks. Furthermore, modeling techniques such as <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-gram encodings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model_in_computer_vision" title="Bag-of-words model in computer vision">bag of words</a> have served as other linguistic techniques to estimate the legitimacy of a news source. On top of that, researchers have determined that visual-based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides us more clarity on the news.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> There is also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model of spreading the news. Websites such as "<a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>" try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to assist in this work.<a href="#cite_note-EconomicPerspectives-46">[46]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_fact-checking_websites" title="List of fact-checking websites">List of fact-checking websites</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Fact-checking_websites" title="Category:Fact-checking websites">Fact-checking websites</a></div> Some individuals and organizations publish their fact-checking efforts on the internet. These may have a special subject-matter focus, such as <a href="/wiki/Snopes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</a>'s focus on <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a> or the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reporterslab.org">Reporters' Lab</a> at Duke University's focus on providing resources to journalists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fake_news_and_social_media">Fake news and social media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fake news and social media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_media#Trustworthiness_and_reliability" title="Social media">Social media § Trustworthiness and reliability</a></div> The adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> as a legitimate and commonly used platform has created extensive concerns for fake news in this domain. The spread of fake news via social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram presents the opportunity for extremely negative effects on society therefore new fields of research regarding fake news detection on social media is gaining momentum. However, fake news detection on social media presents challenges that renders previous data mining and detection techniques inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a> As such, researchers are calling for more work to be done regarding fake news as characterized against psychology and social theories and adapting existing data mining algorithms to apply to social media networks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a> Further, multiple scientific articles have been published urging the field further to find automatic ways in which fake news can be filtered out of social media timelines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodology">Methodology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">Media literacy</a></div> Lateral reading, or getting a brief overview of a topic from lots of sources instead of digging deeply into one, is a popular method professional fact-checkers use to quickly get a better sense of the truth of a particular claim.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Digital tools and services commonly used by fact-checkers include, but are not limited to: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_image_search" title="Reverse image search">Reverse image search</a> engines (<a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Google Images</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:112-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/TinEye" title="TinEye">TinEye</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:13-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:113-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing Image Search</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:13-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu Image Search</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>],<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yandex_Search" title="Yandex Search">Yandex Image Search</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>])</li> <li>Archiving services (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perma.cc" title="Perma.cc">Perma.cc</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-53">[53]</a>)</li> <li>Encyclopedias (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">Web analytics</a> platforms (<a href="/wiki/Similarweb" title="Similarweb">Similarweb</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-66">[66]</a>)</li> <li>Image and video analysis tools (<a href="/wiki/InVID_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="InVID Project">InVID</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:15-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-57">[57]</a> FotoForensics<a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-58">[58]</a>)</li> <li>Domain registration information (<a href="/wiki/DomainTools" class="mw-redirect" title="DomainTools">DomainTools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-67">[67]</a> DomainBigData,<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-67">[67]</a> WHOIS.com<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a>)</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines" title="List of search engines">search engines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-69">[69]</a>)</li> <li>Web mapping platforms (<a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:17-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:15-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:17-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yandex_Maps" title="Yandex Maps">Yandex Maps</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[55]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media monitoring">Social media monitoring</a> platforms (<a href="/wiki/CrowdTangle" class="mw-redirect" title="CrowdTangle">CrowdTangle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <a href="/wiki/TweetDeck" title="TweetDeck">TweetDeck</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <a href="/wiki/BuzzSumo" class="mw-redirect" title="BuzzSumo">BuzzSumo</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-66">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>])</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ongoing_research_in_fact-checking_and_detecting_fake_news">Ongoing research in fact-checking and detecting fake news</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ongoing research in fact-checking and detecting fake news">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Misinformation#Countermeasures" title="Misinformation">Misinformation § Countermeasures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argument_technology" title="Argument technology">Argument technology</a></div> Since the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news. Also, a number of researchers began with the usage of fake news to influence the 2016 presidential campaign. One research found evidence of pro-Trump fake news being selectively targeted on conservatives and pro-Trump supporters in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, to be powerful platforms to spread certain fake news to targeted groups to appeal to their sentiments during the 2016 presidential race. Additionally, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">NBER</a> found evidence to show how engagement with fake news on Facebook and Twitter was high throughout 2016.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Recently, a lot of work has gone into helping detect and identify fake news through <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-onlenv-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 2018, researchers at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT's CSAIL</a> created and tested a machine learning algorithm to identify false information by looking for common patterns, words, and symbols that typically appear in fake news.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> More so, they released an open-source data set with a large catalog of historical news sources with their veracity scores to encourage other researchers to explore and develop new methods and technologies for detecting fake news.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2022, researchers have also demonstrated the feasibility of falsity scores for popular and official figures by developing such for over 800 contemporary <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> as well as associated exposure scores.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> There are also demonstrations of platform-built-in (by-design) as well <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a>-integrated (currently in the form of <a href="/wiki/Browser_addon" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser addon">addons</a>) <a href="/wiki/Misinformation#Countermeasures" title="Misinformation">misinformation mitigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-platforms-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Efforts such as providing and viewing structured accuracy assessments on posts "are not currently supported by the platforms".<a href="#cite_note-platforms-82">[82]</a> Trust in the default or, in decentralized designs, user-selected providers of assessments<a href="#cite_note-platforms-82">[82]</a> (and their reliability) as well as the large quantities of posts and articles are two of the problems such approaches may face. Moreover, they cannot mitigate misinformation in chats, print-media and <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Fact-Checking_Day">International Fact-Checking Day</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International Fact-Checking Day">edit</a>]</div> The concept for International Fact-Checking Day was introduced at a conference for journalists and fact-checkers at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The holiday was officially created in 2016 and first celebrated on April 2, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The idea for International Fact-Checking day rose out of the many <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> campaigns found on the internet, particularly social media sites. It rose in importance after the 2016 elections, which brought fake news, as well as accusations of it, to the forefront of media issues. The holiday is held on April 2 because "April 1 is a day for fools. April 2 is a day for facts."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Activities for International Fact-Checking Day consist of various media organizations contributing to fact-checking resources, articles, and lessons for students and the general public to learn more about how to identify fake news and stop the spread of misinformation. 2020's International Fact-Checking Day focused specifically on how to accurately identify information about <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_and_controversies">Limitations and controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Limitations and controversies">edit</a>]</div> Research has shown that fact-checking has limits, and can even backfire,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> which is when a correction increases the their belief in the misconception.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> One reason is that it can be interpreted as an <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">argument from authority</a>, leading to resistance and hardening beliefs, "because identity and cultural positions cannot be disproved."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In other words "while news articles can be fact-checked, personal beliefs cannot."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Critics argue that political fact-checking is increasingly used as <a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">opinion journalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reason_–_Robby_Soave_–_7/29/2022-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-6">[6]</a> Criticism has included that fact-checking organizations in themselves are biased or that it is impossible to apply absolute terms such as "true" or "false" to inherently debatable claims.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In September 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Rasmussen_Reports" title="Rasmussen Reports">Rasmussen Reports</a> national telephone and online survey found that "just 29% of all Likely U.S. Voters trust media fact-checking of candidates' comments. Sixty-two percent (62%) believe instead that news organizations skew the facts to help candidates they support."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A paper by Andrew Guess (of Princeton University), <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nyhan" title="Brendan Nyhan">Brendan Nyhan</a> (Dartmouth College) and Jason Reifler (University of Exeter) found that consumers of fake news tended to have less favorable views of fact-checking, in particular Trump supporters.<a href="#cite_note-:5-97">[97]</a> The paper found that fake news consumers rarely encountered fact-checks: "only about half of the Americans who visited a <a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">fake news website</a> during the study period also saw any fact-check from one of the dedicated fact-checking website (14.0%)."<a href="#cite_note-:5-97">[97]</a> Deceptive websites that pose as fact-checkers have also been used to promote <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>; this tactic has been used by both Russia and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> announced it would "remove false or debunked claims about the novel coronavirus which created a global pandemic",<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> based on its fact-checking partners, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Fact-Checking_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="International Fact-Checking Network">International Fact-Checking Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ-100">[100]</a> In 2021, Facebook reversed its ban on posts speculating the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> disease originated from Chinese labs,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> following developments in the <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">investigations into the origin of COVID-19</a>, including claims by the Biden administration, and a letter by eighteen scientists in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, saying a new investigation is needed because 'theories of accidental release from a lab and zoonotic spillover both remain viable."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The policy led to an article by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Post">The New York Post</a> that suggested a lab leak would be plausible to be initially labeled as "false information" on the platform.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> This reignited debates into the notion of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a>. In an article published by the medical journal <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a>, journalist Laurie Clarke said "The contentious nature of these decisions is partly down to how social media platforms define the slippery concepts of <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>. This decision relies on the idea of a scientific consensus. But some scientists say that this smothers heterogeneous opinions, problematically reinforcing a misconception that science is a monolith." <a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Winton_Professor_of_the_Public_Understanding_of_Risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk">Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, argued that "behind closed doors, scientists spend the whole time arguing and deeply disagreeing on some fairly fundamental things". Clarke further argued that "The binary idea that scientific assertions are either correct or incorrect has fed into the divisiveness that has characterised the pandemic."<a href="#cite_note-BMJ-100">[100]</a> Several commentators have noted limitations of political post-hoc fact-checking. While interviewing Andrew Hart in 2019 about political fact-checking in the United States, Nima Shirazi and Adam Johnson discuss what they perceive as an unspoken conservative bias framed as neutrality in certain fact-checks, citing <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">argument from authority</a>, "hyper-literal ... scolding [of] people on the left who criticized the assumptions of American imperialism", rebuttals that may not be factual themselves, issues of general <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media bias</a>, and "the near ubiquitous refusal to identify patterns, trends, and ... intent in politicians' ... false statements". They further argue that political fact-checking focuses exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Positive_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive statement">describing facts</a> over making <a href="/wiki/Normative_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative statement">moral judgments</a> (ex., the <a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">is–ought problem</a>), assert that it relies on <a href="/wiki/Public_reason" title="Public reason">public reason</a> to attempt to discredit public figures, and question its effectiveness on <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Likewise, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_Review" title="The Hedgehog Review">The Hedgehog Review</a> in 2023, Jonathan D. Teubner and Paul W. Gleason assert that fact-checking is ineffective against <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> for at least three reasons: "First, since much of what skillful propagandists say will be true on a literal level, the fact-checker will be unable to refute them. Second, no matter how well-intentioned or convincing, the fact-check will also spread the initial claims further. Third, even if the fact-checker manages to catch a few inaccuracies, the larger picture and suggestion will remain in place, and it is this suggestion that moves minds and hearts, and eventually actions." They also note the very large amount of false information that regularly spreads around the world, overwhelming the hundreds of fact-checking groups; caution that a fact-checker systemically addressing propaganda potentially compromises their objectivity; and argue that even descriptive statements are subjective, leading to conflicting points of view. As a potential step to a solution, the authors suggest the need of a "scientific community" to establish <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable theories</a>, "which in turn makes sense of the facts", noting the difficulty that this step would face in the digital media landscape of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Social media platforms – <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> in particular – have been accused by journalists and academics of undermining fact-checkers by providing them with little assistance;<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> including "propagandist-linked organizations"<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/CheckYourFact" class="mw-redirect" title="CheckYourFact">CheckYourFact</a> as partners;<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> promoting outlets that have shared false information such as <a href="/wiki/Breitbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart">Breitbart</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">The Daily Caller</a> on <a href="/wiki/Feed_(Facebook)" title="Feed (Facebook)">Facebook's newsfeed</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and removing a fact-check about a false anti-abortion claim after receiving pressure from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> senators.<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2022 and 2023, many social media platforms such as Meta, YouTube and Twitter have significantly reduced resources in <a href="/wiki/Trust_and_safety" title="Trust and safety">Trust and safety</a>, including fact-checking.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk" title="Twitter under Elon Musk">Twitter under Elon Musk</a> has severely limited access by academic researchers to Twitter's API by replacing previously free access with a subscription that starts at $42,000 per month, and by denying requests for access under the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Services_Act" title="Digital Services Act">Digital Services Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2023_Reddit_API_controversy" title="2023 Reddit API controversy">2023 Reddit API changes</a>, journalists, researchers and former Reddit moderators have expressed concerns about the spread of harmful misinformation, a relative lack of subject matter expertise from replacement mods, a vetting process of replacement mods seen as haphazard, a loss of third party tools often used for content moderation, and the difficulty for academic researchers to access Reddit data.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Many fact-checkers rely heavily on social media platform partnerships for funding, technology and distributing their fact-checks.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Commentators have also shared concerns about the use of <a href="/wiki/False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">false equivalence</a> as an argument in political fact-checking, citing examples from The Washington Post, The New York Times and The Associated Press where "mainstream fact-checkers appear to have attempted to manufacture false claims from progressive politicians...[out of] a desire to appear objective".<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a> The term "fact-check" is also appropriated and overused by "partisan sites", which may lead people to "disregard fact-checking as a meaningless, motivated exercise if all content is claimed to be fact-checked".<a href="#cite_note-Moshirnia-98">[98]</a> Fact-checking journalists have been harassed online and offline, ranging from hate mail and death threats to police intimidation and <a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">lawfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fact_checking_in_countries_with_limited_freedom_of_speech">Fact checking in countries with limited freedom of speech</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fact checking in countries with limited freedom of speech">edit</a>]</div> Operators of some fact-checking websites in China admit to <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Fact-checking websites in China often avoid commenting on political, economic, and other current affairs.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Several Chinese fact-checking websites have been criticized for lack of transparency with regard to their methodology and sources, and for following <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Chinese propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-publication_fact-checking">Pre-publication fact-checking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pre-publication fact-checking">edit</a>]</div> Among the benefits of printing only checked copy is that it averts serious, sometimes costly, problems. These problems can include lawsuits for mistakes that damage people or businesses, but even small mistakes can cause a loss of reputation for the publication. The loss of reputation is often the more significant motivating factor for journalists.<a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> Fact-checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in an article or book are correct.<a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to spell the person's name. Fact-checkers are primarily useful in catching accidental mistakes; they are not guaranteed safeguards against those who wish to commit <a href="/wiki/Journalistic_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalistic fraud">journalistic frauds</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_career">As a career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As a career">edit</a>]</div> Professional fact-checkers have generally been hired by newspapers, magazines, and book publishers, probably starting in the early 1920s with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-OxfordUniversity-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> though they were not originally called "fact-checkers".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Fact-checkers may be aspiring writers, future editors, or <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a> engaged other projects; others are career professionals.<a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> Historically, the field was considered <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">women's work</a>, and from the time of the first professional American fact-checker through at least the 1970s, the fact-checkers at a media company might be entirely female or primarily so.<a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> magazine had 16 fact-checkers in 2003<a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> and the fact-checking department of the German weekly magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> counted 70 staff in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Others may hire freelancers per piece or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact-checkers than newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-OxfordUniversity-1">[1]</a> Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact-checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.<a href="#cite_note-:6-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checking_original_reportage">Checking original reportage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Checking original reportage">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Glass_(reporter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Glass (reporter)">Stephen Glass</a> began his journalism career as a fact-checker. He went on to invent fictitious stories, which he submitted as <a href="/wiki/Reportage" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportage">reportage</a>, and which fact-checkers at <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> (and other weeklies for which he worked) never flagged. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(editor)" title="Michael Kelly (editor)">Michael Kelly</a>, who edited some of Glass's concocted stories, blamed himself, rather than the fact-checkers, saying: "Any fact-checking system is built on trust ... If a reporter is willing to fake notes, it defeats the system. Anyway, the real vetting system is not fact-checking but the editor."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni_of_the_role">Alumni of the role</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alumni of the role">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of individuals for whom it has been reported, reliably, that they have played such a fact-checking role at some point in their careers, often as a stepping point to other journalistic endeavors, or to an independent writing career: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Choi" title="Susan Choi">Susan Choi</a> – American novelist<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper" title="Anderson Cooper">Anderson Cooper</a> – Television anchorman<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> – American novelist<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Heffernan" title="Virginia Heffernan">Virginia Heffernan</a> – The New York Times television critic<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hodge" title="Roger Hodge">Roger Hodge</a> – Former editor, <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Kirkpatrick" title="David D. Kirkpatrick">David D. Kirkpatrick</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reporter<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilsey" title="Sean Wilsey">Sean Wilsey</a> – <a href="/wiki/McSweeney%27s" title="McSweeney's">McSweeney's</a> Editor and memoirist<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a> - Improving the formatting, style and accuracy of text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> - Production of reports on current events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative journalism</a> - form of journalism where reporters deeply investigate a single topic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog journalism</a> - Journalism that plays an oversight role towards government, industry and society</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">Media literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230_of_the_Communications_Decency_Act#Executive_Order_on_Preventing_Online_Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act">Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OxfordUniversity-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordUniversity_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordUniversity_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordUniversity_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordUniversity_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordUniversity_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGravesAmazeen2019" class="citation cs2">Graves, Lucas; Amazeen, Michelle A. (25 February 2019), "Fact-Checking as Idea and Practice in Journalism", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.808">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.808</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190228613" title="Special:BookSources/9780190228613"><bdi>9780190228613</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fact-Checking+as+Idea+and+Practice+in+Journalism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Communication&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.808&rft.isbn=9780190228613&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Amazeen%2C+Michelle+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrutman2020" class="citation web cs1">Drutman, Lee (3 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-twitters-fact-check-of-trump-might-not-be-enough-to-combat-misinformation/">"Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough"</a>. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=Fact-Checking+Misinformation+Can+Work.+But+It+Might+Not+Be+Enough.&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft.aulast=Drutman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwhy-twitters-fact-check-of-trump-might-not-be-enough-to-combat-misinformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhanReifler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (1 July 2015). "The Effect of Fact-Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on U.S. State Legislators". American Journal of Political Science. 59 (3): 628–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12162">10.1111/ajps.12162</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F21568">10871/21568</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907">1540-5907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59467358">59467358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Fact-Checking+on+Elites%3A+A+Field+Experiment+on+U.S.+State+Legislators&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=628-40&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F21568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59467358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1540-5907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12162&rft.aulast=Nyhan&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft.au=Reifler%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nyhan, Brendan (13 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8053951">"Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (15): e1912440117. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11812440N">2021PNAS..11812440N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1912440117">10.1073/pnas.1912440117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8053951">8053951</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33837144">33837144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Why+the+backfire+effect+does+not+explain+the+durability+of+political+misperceptions&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=e1912440117&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8053951%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11812440N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33837144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1912440117&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Nyhan&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8053951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddell2016" class="citation news cs1">Riddell, Kelly (26 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/26/eight-examples-where-fact-checking-became-opinion-/">"Eight examples where 'fact-checking' became opinion journalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926194240/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/26/eight-examples-where-fact-checking-became-opinion-/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Eight+examples+where+%27fact-checking%27+became+opinion+journalism&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft.aulast=Riddell&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fsep%2F26%2Feight-examples-where-fact-checking-became-opinion-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2016" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Lucas (2016). <a href="/wiki/Deciding_What%27s_True:_The_Rise_of_Political_Fact-Checking_in_American_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism">Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VcGlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231542227" title="Special:BookSources/9780231542227"><bdi>9780231542227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deciding+What%27s+True%3A+The+Rise+of+Political+Fact-Checking+in+American+Journalism&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780231542227&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieminenRapeli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nieminen, Sakari; Rapeli, Lauri (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1478929918786852">"Fighting Misperceptions and Doubting Journalists' Objectivity: A Review of Fact-checking Literature"</a>. 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International Journal of Communication. 16: 23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8036">1932-8036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=%22Let%27s+Check+it+Seriously%22%3A+Localizing+Fact-Checking+Practice+in+China&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.issn=1932-8036&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yusi&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Ruiming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijoc.org%2Findex.php%2Fijoc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F18375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-127"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang2022" class="citation cs2">Fang, Kecheng (12 April 2022), Wasserman, Herman; Madrid-Morales, Dani (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119714491.ch8">""Rumor-Debunking" as a Propaganda and Censorship Strategy in China: The Case of the COVID -19 Outbreak"</a>, Disinformation in the Global South (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 108–122, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119714491.ch8">10.1002/9781119714491.ch8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-71444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-71444-6"><bdi>978-1-119-71444-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 29 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disinformation+in+the+Global+South&rft.atitle=%22Rumor-Debunking%22+as+a+Propaganda+and+Censorship+Strategy+in+China%3A+The+Case+of+the+COVID+-19+Outbreak&rft.pages=108-122&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119714491.ch8&rft.isbn=978-1-119-71444-6&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Kecheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119714491.ch8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_128-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison_Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Harrison Smith, Sarah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factcheckersbibl00smit/page/8">The Fact Checker's Bible: A Guide to Getting it Right</a>. New York: Anchor Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factcheckersbibl00smit/page/8">8–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385721064" title="Special:BookSources/0385721064"><bdi>0385721064</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53919260">53919260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fact+Checker%27s+Bible%3A+A+Guide+to+Getting+it+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8-12&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53919260&rft.isbn=0385721064&rft.aulast=Harrison+Smith&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactcheckersbibl00smit%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4858683/fact-checking-history/">"The Story Behind the First-Ever Fact-Checkers"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116003117/https://time.com/4858683/fact-checking-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Story+Behind+the+First-Ever+Fact-Checkers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4858683%2Ffact-checking-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2017" class="citation news cs1">Southern, Lucinda (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digiday.com/media/inside-spiegels-70-person-fact-checking-team/">"Inside Spiegel's 70-person fact-checking team"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digiday" title="Digiday">Digiday</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digiday&rft.atitle=Inside+Spiegel%27s+70-person+fact-checking+team&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigiday.com%2Fmedia%2Finside-spiegels-70-person-fact-checking-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010218100352/http://www.bookmouth.com/choi.html">"An Interview With Susan Choi"</a>. Archived from the original on 18 February 2001. Retrieved 18 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+With+Susan+Choi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookmouth.com%2Fchoi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0606/01/lkl.01.html">"CNN.com – Transcripts"</a>. CNN. 1 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051423/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0606/01/lkl.01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNN.com+%E2%80%93+Transcripts&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0606%2F01%2Flkl.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035777/William-Gaddis">"William Gaddis (American author)"</a>. Britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505102209/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035777/William-Gaddis">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Gaddis+%28American+author%29&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9035777%2FWilliam-Gaddis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkurnick" class="citation web cs1">Skurnick, Lizzie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a57.asp">"Content"</a>. Mediabistro.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928042635/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a57.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Content&rft.pub=Mediabistro.com&rft.aulast=Skurnick&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediabistro.com%2Farticles%2Fcache%2Fa57.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308075900/http://www.harpers.org/RogerDHodge.html">"Hodge, Roger D."</a> Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hodge%2C+Roger+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpers.org%2FRogerDHodge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/k/david_d_kirkpatrick/index.html">"David Kirkpatrick"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616002714/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/k/david_d_kirkpatrick/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Kirkpatrick&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fk%2Fdavid_d_kirkpatrick%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927112918/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0%2C%2C0_1000066618%2C00.html?sym=BIO">"Sean Wilsey – About Sean Wilsey – Penguin Group"</a>. Us.penguingroup.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,0_1000066618,00.html?sym=BIO">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sean+Wilsey+%E2%80%93+About+Sean+Wilsey+%E2%80%93+Penguin+Group&rft.pub=Us.penguingroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.penguingroup.com%2Fnf%2FAuthor%2FAuthorPage%2F0%2C%2C0_1000066618%2C00.html%3Fsym%3DBIO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSopranoRoitero2024" class="citation journal cs1">Soprano, Michael; Roitero, Kevin (May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ipm.2024.103672">"Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review"</a>. Information Processing & Management. 61 (3, 103672). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ipm.2024.103672">10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Processing+%26+Management&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Biases+in+Fact-Checking+and+Their+Countermeasures%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3%2C+103672&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ipm.2024.103672&rft.aulast=Soprano&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Roitero%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ipm.2024.103672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nyhan, Brendan. 2020. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.34.3.220">Facts and Myths about Misperceptions</a>". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34 (3): 220–36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.34.3.220">10.1257/jep.34.3.220</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2018" class="citation news cs1">Kessler, Glenn (25 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/06/25/rapidly-expanding-fact-checking-movement-faces-growing-pains">"Rapidly expanding fact-checking movement faces growing pains"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rapidly+expanding+fact-checking+movement+faces+growing+pains&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Ffact-checker%2Fwp%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Frapidly-expanding-fact-checking-movement-faces-growing-pains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergstromWest2017" class="citation web cs1">Bergstrom, Carl; West, Jevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://callingbullshit.org/syllabus.html">"Syllabus: Calling Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World"</a>. University of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131756/http://callingbullshit.org/syllabus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syllabus%3A+Calling+Bullshit%3A+Data+Reasoning+in+a+Digital+World&rft.place=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bergstrom&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=West%2C+Jevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcallingbullshit.org%2Fsyllabus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPnZfvKID1Sje5jWxt-4CSZD7bUI4gSPS">"YouTube lecture series"</a>. YouTube. UW iSchool. 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=YouTube+lecture+series&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fplaylist%3Flist%3DPLPnZfvKID1Sje5jWxt-4CSZD7bUI4gSPS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kiernan, Louise. (Dec. 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/calculating-the-work-behind-our-work">"Calculating the Work Behind Our Work"</a> ProPublica.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmazeen2015" class="citation news cs1">Amazeen, Michelle (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/06/03/sometimes-political-fact-checking-works-sometimes-it-doesnt-heres-what-can-make-the-difference/">"Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sometimes+political+fact-checking+works.+Sometimes+it+doesn%27t.+Here%27s+what+can+make+the+difference.&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.aulast=Amazeen&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2015%2F06%2F03%2Fsometimes-political-fact-checking-works-sometimes-it-doesnt-heres-what-can-make-the-difference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Davis, Katy (22 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150309222524/http://www.cmpa.com/study-fact-checkers-disagree-on-who-lies-most/">"Study: Fact-Checkers Disagree on Who Lies Most"</a> (Press release). The Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA), George Mason University. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Fact-Checkers+Disagree+on+Who+Lies+Most&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Media+and+Public+Affairs+%28CMPA%29%2C+George+Mason+University&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmpa.com%2Fstudy-fact-checkers-disagree-on-who-lies-most%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis-Kraus2012" class="citation web cs1">Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (21 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/the-fact-checker-versus-the-fabulist.html">"The Fact-Checker Versus the Fabulist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228094204/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/the-fact-checker-versus-the-fabulist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fact-Checker+Versus+the+Fabulist&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft.aulast=Lewis-Kraus&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F26%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-fact-checker-versus-the-fabulist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Heffernan, Virginia (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22FOB-medium-t.html?pagewanted=all">"The Medium: What 'fact-checking' means online"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a> (online), 20 August 2010 (print edition, 22 August 2010, p. MM14). Accessed 27 July 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2007" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Craig (23 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL9697628W/Regret_the_error?edition=key%3A/books/OL32137326M">Regret the Error: How Media Mistakes Pollute the Press and Imperil Free Speech</a>. Penguin Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143186991" title="Special:BookSources/9780143186991"><bdi>9780143186991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regret+the+Error%3A+How+Media+Mistakes+Pollute+the+Press+and+Imperil+Free+Speech&rft.pub=Penguin+Canada&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft.isbn=9780143186991&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL9697628W%2FRegret_the_error%3Fedition%3Dkey%253A%2Fbooks%2FOL32137326M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fact-checking&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fact-checking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Ielleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.ewu.edu/journalism/factcheck">"Research Guides: Journalism: Fact-Checking Sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington_University" title="Eastern Washington University">Eastern Washington University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Washington+University&rft.atitle=Research+Guides%3A+Journalism%3A+Fact-Checking+Sites&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ielleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.ewu.edu%2Fjournalism%2Ffactcheck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFact-checking" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/signatories">Fact-checking organizations</a> vetted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Fact_Checking_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="International Fact Checking Network">International Fact Checking Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reporterslab.org/fact-checking">Fact-checking organizations</a> vetted by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a> Reporters' Lab</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poynter.org/media-news/fact-checking/">Fact-Checking research and news</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Poynter_Institute" title="Poynter Institute">Poynter Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism" title="Template:Journalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism" title="Template talk:Journalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li>Fact-checking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" 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