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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernity_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Modernity crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamburg_Temple_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamburg_Temple_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hamburg Temple dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamburg_Temple_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_of_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_of_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Science of Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_of_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Communal schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Orthodox Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Conservative Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Modern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardening_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardening_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Hardening boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardening_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Orthodox attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intensity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law,_custom,_and_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law,_custom,_and_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Law, custom, and tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law,_custom,_and_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minhag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minhag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Minhag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minhag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rabbinic authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daily_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Daily life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haredim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haredim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Haredim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haredim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hasidic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasidic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Hasidic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasidic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litvaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litvaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Litvaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litvaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Sephardic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Orthodoxy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Orthodoxy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Modern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Orthodoxy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religious Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Centrist_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Centrist_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>European Centrist Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Centrist_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_Masorti_(traditional)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_Masorti_(traditional)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Israeli Masorti (traditional)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_Masorti_(traditional)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthodox Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxes_Judentum" title="Orthodoxes Judentum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Orthodoxes Judentum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يهودية أرثوذكسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهودية أرثوذكسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuda%C3%ADsmu_ortodoxu" title="Xudaísmu ortodoxu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xudaísmu ortodoxu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks_iudaizm" title="Ortodoks iudaizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ortodoks iudaizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ортодоксален юдаизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ортодоксален юдаизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksiezh_yuzev" title="Ortodoksiezh yuzev – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ortodoksiezh yuzev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaisme_ortodox" title="Judaisme ortodox – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judaisme ortodox" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoxn%C3%AD_judaismus" title="Ortodoxní judaismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ortodoxní judaismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Ortodoks jødedom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ortodoks jødedom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxes_Judentum" title="Orthodoxes Judentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orthodoxes Judentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ορθόδοξος Ιουδαϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορθόδοξος Ιουδαϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_ortodoxo" title="Judaísmo ortodoxo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judaísmo ortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksa_Judismo" title="Ortodoksa Judismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ortodoksa Judismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo_ortodoxo" title="Judaismo ortodoxo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judaismo ortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یهودیت ارتدکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیت ارتدکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_orthodoxe" title="Judaïsme orthodoxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judaïsme orthodoxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuda%C3%ADsmo_ortodoxo" title="Xudaísmo ortodoxo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xudaísmo ortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%86%B5%ED%8C%8C_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%90" title="정통파 유대교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정통파 유대교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուղղափառ հուդայականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղղափառ հուդայականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="रूढ़िवादी यहूदी धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूढ़िवादी यहूदी धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksni_judaizam" title="Ortodoksni judaizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ortodoksni judaizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Ortodoks" title="Yahudi Ortodoks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Ortodoks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraismo_ortodosso" title="Ebraismo ortodosso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebraismo ortodosso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יהדות אורתודוקסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות אורתודוקסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორთოდოქსული იუდაიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორთოდოქსული იუდაიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djudaismo_ortodokso" title="Djudaismo ortodokso – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djudaismo ortodokso" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks%C4%81lais_j%C5%ABdaisms" title="Ortodoksālais jūdaisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ortodoksālais jūdaisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksinis_judaizmas" title="Ortodoksinis judaizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ortodoksinis judaizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodox_judaizmus" title="Ortodox judaizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ortodox judaizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodaisma_%C3%B4rt%C3%B4d%C3%B4ksa" title="Jodaisma ôrtôdôksa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jodaisma ôrtôdôksa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AE" title="सनातनी ज्यूडिझम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सनातनी ज्यूडिझम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="يهوديه ارثوذكسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوديه ارثوذكسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Ortodoks" title="Yahudi Ortodoks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yahudi Ortodoks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_jodendom" title="Orthodox jodendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orthodox jodendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B4%BE_(%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%95%99)" title="正統派 (ユダヤ教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="正統派 (ユダヤ教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Ortodoks jødedom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ortodoks jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Ortodoks jødedom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ortodoks jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_ortod%C3%B2x" title="Judaïsme ortodòx – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Judaïsme ortodòx" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ارتودوکس یهودیت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارتودوکس یهودیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Jodendom" title="Orthodox Jodendom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Orthodox Jodendom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_ortodoxo" title="Judaísmo ortodoxo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judaísmo ortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaism_ortodox" title="Iudaism ortodox – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iudaism ortodox" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ортодоксальный иудаизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ортодоксальный иудаизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orthodox Judaism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoxn%C3%BD_judaizmus" title="Ortodoxný judaizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ortodoxný judaizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksni_Judje" title="Ortodoksni Judje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ortodoksni Judje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ортодоксни јудаизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ортодоксни јудаизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksni_judaizam" title="Ortodoksni judaizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ortodoksni judaizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksijuutalaisuus" title="Ortodoksijuutalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ortodoksijuutalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodox_judendom" title="Ortodox judendom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ortodox judendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபுவழி யூதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபுவழி யூதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks_Yahudilik" title="Ortodoks Yahudilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ortodoks Yahudilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ортодоксальний юдаїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ортодоксальний юдаїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%81_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="راسخ العقیدہ یہودیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راسخ العقیدہ یہودیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Th%C3%A1i_gi%C3%A1o_ch%C3%ADnh_th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Do Thái giáo chính thống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Do Thái giáo chính thống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ארטאדאקסישע יידנטום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארטאדאקסישע יידנטום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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style="display:none">Traditionalist branches of Judaism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Orthodox+Judaism%22">"Orthodox Judaism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Orthodox+Judaism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Orthodox+Judaism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Orthodox+Judaism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Orthodox+Judaism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Orthodox+Judaism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Orthodox Judaism</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushnir_kollel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kushnir_kollel.jpg/250px-Kushnir_kollel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kushnir_kollel.jpg/375px-Kushnir_kollel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kushnir_kollel.jpg/500px-Kushnir_kollel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Orthodox Jews learn in Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">kollel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2+ million practicing, ~4-5 million affiliated</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a> and other 19th-20th century traditionalist leaders</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 million (strictly observant) – 2.2 million (identifying)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~500,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~150,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and other languages</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dati_Leumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dati Leumi">Dati Leumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">The population numbers are estimates based on observant members.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Orthodox Judaism</b> is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologically">Theologically</a>, it is chiefly defined by regarding the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Written</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral</a>, as literally <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a> by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a> and faithfully transmitted ever since. </p><p>Orthodox Judaism therefore advocates a strict observance of Jewish Law, or <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i>, which is to be <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">interpreted and determined</a> only according to traditional methods and in adherence to the continuum of received precedent through the ages. It regards the entire <i>halakhic</i> system as ultimately grounded in immutable revelation, essentially beyond external and historical influence. More than any theoretical issue, obeying the <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">dietary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">purity</a>, ethical and other laws of <i>halakha</i> is the hallmark of Orthodoxy. Practicing members are easily distinguishable by their lifestyle, refraining from doing <a href="/wiki/39_Melakhot" title="39 Melakhot">numerous routine actions</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish sabbath">Sabbath</a> and holidays, consuming only <i><a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a></i> food, praying thrice a day, studying the Torah often, donning <a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">head covering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tassels</a> for men and <a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">modest clothing</a> for women, and so forth. Other key doctrines include belief in a future bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>, divine reward and punishment for the righteous and the sinners, the <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of Israel">Election of Israel</a> as a people bound by a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">covenant with God</a>, and an eventual <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a> ruled by a salvific <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>-King who will restore <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple#Orthodox_Judaism" title="Third Temple">the Temple in Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">gather the people to Zion</a>. </p><p>Orthodox Judaism is not a centralized denomination. Relations between its different subgroups are often strained, and the exact limits of Orthodoxy are subject to intense debate. Very roughly, it may be divided between <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> (Strictly-Orthodox), which is more conservative and reclusive, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>, which is relatively open to outer society and partakes in secular life and culture. Each of those is itself formed of independent streams. These are almost uniformly exclusionist, regarding Orthodoxy as the only legitimate form of Judaism. </p><p>While adhering to traditional beliefs, the movement is a modern phenomenon. It arose as a result of the breakdown of the autonomous Jewish community since the late 18th century, and was much shaped by a conscious struggle against the pressures of <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>, acculturation and rival alternatives. The strictly observant Orthodox are a definite minority among all Jews, but there are also numerous semi- and non-practicing persons who are officially affiliated or personally identify with the movement. In total, Orthodox Judaism is the largest Jewish religious group, estimated to have over 2 million practicing adherents, and at least an equal number of nominal members or self-identifying supporters. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest known mention of the term <i>Orthodox Jews</i> was made in the <i><a href="/wiki/Berlinische_Monatsschrift" title="Berlinische Monatsschrift">Berlinische Monatsschrift</a></i> in 1795. The word <i>Orthodox</i> was borrowed from the general German <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> discourse, and used to denote those Jews who opposed Enlightenment. During the early and mid-19th century, with the advent of the progressive movements among German Jews, and especially early <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, the title <i>Orthodox</i> became the epithet of traditionalists who espoused conservative positions on the issues raised by modernization. They themselves often disliked the name that was earlier adopted by eastern Christianity, preferring titles such as "Torah-true" (<i>gesetztreu</i>). They often declared they used it only as a convenience. German Orthodox leader Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> referred to "the conviction commonly designated as Orthodox Judaism"; in 1882, when Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a> became convinced that the public understood that his philosophy and Liberal Judaism were radically different, he removed the word <i>Orthodox</i> from the name of his <a href="/wiki/Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a>. By the 1920s, the term had become common and accepted even in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-JB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orthodoxy perceives itself as the only authentic continuation of Judaism as it was until the crisis of modernity. Its progressive opponents often shared this view, regarding it as a remnant of the past and lending credit to their own rival ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-srf_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–22">: 5–22 </span></sup> Thus, the term <i>Orthodox</i> is often used generically to refer to traditional (even if only in the sense that it is unrelated to modernist movement) synagogues, rites, and observances. </p><p>Academic research noted that the formation of Orthodox ideology and organizations was itself influenced by modernity. This was brought about by the need to defend the very concept of tradition in a world where that was no longer self-evident. When secularization and the dismantlement of communal structures uprooted the old order of Jewish life, traditionalist elements united to form groups that had a specific self-understanding. This, and all that it entailed, constituted a notable change, for the Orthodox had to adapt to modern society no less than anyone else; they developed novel, sometimes radical, means of action and modes of thought. "Orthodoxization" was a contingent process, drawing from local circumstances and dependent on the threat sensed by its proponents: a sharply-delineated Orthodox identity appeared in Central Europe, in Germany and Hungary, by the 1860s; a less stark one emerged in Eastern Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Jews of the Muslim lands</a>, similar processes on a large scale began only around the 1970s, after they immigrated to Israel. Orthodoxy is often described as extremely conservative, ossifying a once-dynamic tradition due to the fear of legitimizing change. While this was sometimes true, its defining feature was not forbidding change and "freezing" Jewish heritage, but rather the need to adapt to the segment of Judaism in a modern world inhospitable to traditional practice. Orthodoxy often involved much accommodation and leniency. In the mid-1980s, research on Orthodox Judaism became a scholarly discipline, examining how the need to confront modernity shaped and changed its beliefs, ideologies, social structure, and <i>halakhic</i> rulings, separating it from traditional Jewish society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity_crisis">Modernity crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modernity crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JewinKune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/JewinKune.jpg/180px-JewinKune.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/JewinKune.jpg/270px-JewinKune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/JewinKune.jpg/360px-JewinKune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>A Jewish man pilloried in the synagogue, a common punishment in the pre-emancipation Jewish community in Europe</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></div> <p>Until the latter half of the 18th century, Jewish communities in Central and Western Europe were autonomous entities, with distinct privileges and obligations. They were led by the affluent wardens' class (<i><a href="/wiki/Parnasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnasim">parnasim</a></i>), judicially subject to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical court">rabbinical courts</a>, which governed most civil matters. The rabbinical class monopolized education and morals, much like the Christian clergy. Jewish Law was considered normative and enforced upon transgressors (common sinning was rebuked, but tolerated) invoking all communal sanctions: imprisonment, taxation, flogging, pillorying, and, especially, <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">excommunication</a>. Cultural, economic, and social exchange with non-Jewish society was limited and regulated. </p><p>This state of affairs came to an end with the rise of the modern, centralized state, which appropriated all authority. The nobility, clergy, urban guilds, and all other corporate estates were gradually stripped of privileges, inadvertently creating a more equal and secularized society. The Jews were one of the groups affected: excommunication was banned, and rabbinic courts lost almost all their jurisdiction. The state, especially following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, was more and more inclined to tolerate Jews as a religious sect, but not as an autonomous entity, and sought to reform and integrate them as "useful subjects". Jewish emancipation and equal rights were discussed. The Christian (and especially <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>) separation of "religious" and "secular" was applied to Jewish affairs, to which these concepts were alien. The rabbis were bemused when the state expected them to assume pastoral care, foregoing their principal judicial role. Of secondary importance, much less than the civil and legal transformations, were the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> that chafed at the authority of tradition and faith. </p><p>By the end of the 18th century, the weakened rabbinic establishment was facing a new kind of transgressor: they could not be classified as tolerable sinners overcome by their urges (<i>khote le-te'avon</i>), or as schismatics like the <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frankists_(Sabbateanism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankists (Sabbateanism)">Frankists</a>, against whom sanctions were levied. Their attitudes did not fit the criteria set when faith was a normative and self-evident part of worldly life, but rested on the realities of the new, secularized age. The wardens' class, which wielded most power within the communities, was rapidly acculturating and often sought to oblige the state's agenda. </p><p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Elazar_Fleckeles" title="Elazar Fleckeles">Elazar Fleckeles</a>, who returned to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> from the countryside in 1783, recalled that he first faced there "new vices" of principled irreverence towards tradition, rather than "old vices" such as gossip or fornication. In <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cohen" title="Raphael Cohen">Raphael Cohen</a> attempted to reinforce traditional norms. Cohen ordered the men in his community to grow a beard, forbade holding hands with one's wife in public, and decried women who wore wigs, instead of visible <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headgear</a>, to cover their hair; Cohen taxed and otherwise persecuted <a href="/wiki/Kohen#Effects_on_marital_status" title="Kohen">members of the priestly caste</a> who left the city to marry divorcees, men who appealed to <a href="/wiki/Invalidity_of_gentile_courts" title="Invalidity of gentile courts">state courts</a>, those who ate food <a href="/wiki/Bishul_Yisrael" title="Bishul Yisrael">cooked by Gentiles</a>, and other transgressors. Hamburg's Jews repeatedly appealed to the civil authorities, which eventually justified Cohen. However, the unprecedented meddling in his jurisdiction profoundly shocked him and dealt a blow to the prestige of the rabbinate. </p><p> An ideological challenge to rabbinic authority, in contrast to prosaic secularization, appeared in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i> (Jewish Enlightenment) movement which came to the fore in 1782. <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Wessely" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartwig Wessely">Hartwig Wessely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, and other <i>maskilim</i> called for a <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Peace_and_Truth" title="Words of Peace and Truth">reform of Jewish education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem (Mendelssohn)">abolition of coercion in matters of conscience</a>, and other modernizing measures. They bypassed rabbinic approval and set themselves, at least implicitly, as a rival intellectual elite. A bitter struggle ensued. Reacting to Mendelssohn's assertion that freedom of conscience must replace communal censure, Rabbi Cohen of Hamburg commented: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The very foundation of the Law and commandments rests on coercion, enabling to force obedience and punish the transgressor. Denying this fact is akin to denying the sun at noon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, <i>maskilic</i>'-rabbinic rivalry ended in most of Central Europe, as governments imposed modernization upon their Jewish subjects. Schools replaced traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Cheders" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheders">cheders</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> began to supplant <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. Differences between the establishment and the Enlightened became irrelevant, and the former often embraced the views of the latter (now antiquated, as more aggressive modes of acculturation replaced the Haskalahs program). In 1810, when philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Israel_Jacobson" title="Israel Jacobson">Israel Jacobson</a> opened what was later identified as the first <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogue<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Seesen" title="Seesen">Seesen</a>, with modernized rituals, he encountered little protest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamburg_Temple_dispute">Hamburg Temple dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hamburg Temple dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg/220px-Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg/330px-Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg/440px-Moses_S._Schreiber_Litho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>, considered the father of Orthodoxy</figcaption></figure> <p>The founding of the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Temple" title="Hamburg Temple">Hamburg Temple</a> in 1818 mobilized the conservative elements. The organizers of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> wished to appeal to acculturated Jews with a modernized ritual. They openly defied not just the local rabbinic court that ordered them to desist, but published learned tracts that castigated the entire rabbinical elite as hypocritical and <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurant</a>. The moral threat they posed to rabbinic authority, as well as <i>halakhic</i> issues such as having a gentile play an organ on the Sabbath, were combined with theological issues. The Temple's revised prayer book omitted or rephrased petitions for the coming of the Messiah and renewal of sacrifices (<i>post factum</i>, it was considered to be the first <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> liturgy). More than anything else, this doctrinal breach alarmed the traditionalists. Dozens of rabbis from across Europe united in support of the Hamburg rabbinic court, banning the major practices enacted there and offering <i>halakhic</i> grounds for forbidding any changes. Most historians concur that the 1818–1821 <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Temple_disputes" title="Hamburg Temple disputes">Hamburg Temple dispute</a>, with its concerted backlash against Reform and the emergence of a self-aware conservative ideology, marks the beginning of Orthodox Judaism. </p><p>The leader and organizer of the Orthodox camp during the dispute, and the most influential figure in early Orthodoxy, was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Katz" title="Jacob Katz">Jacob Katz</a> regarded him as the first to grasp the realities of the modern age. Sofer understood that what remained of his political clout would soon disappear, and that he had largely lost the ability to enforce observance; as Katz wrote, "obedience to <i>halakha</i> became dependent on recognizing its validity, and this very validity was challenged by those who did not obey". He was deeply troubled by reports from his native <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and the arrival from the west of dismissed rabbis, ejected by progressive wardens, or pious families, fearing for the education of their children. These émigrés often became ardent followers. </p><p>Sofer's response to the crisis of traditional Jewish society was unremitting conservatism, canonizing every detail of prevalent norms in the observant community lest any compromise legitimize the progressives' claim that the law was fluid or redundant. He was unwilling to trade <i>halakhic</i> opinions for those he considered to be pretending to honor the rules of rabbinic discourse, while intending to undermine them. Sofer regarded traditional customs as equivalent to vows; he warned in 1793 that even the "custom of ignoramuses" (one known to be rooted solely in a mistake of the common masses) was to be meticulously observed and revered. Sofer was frank and vehement about his stance, stating during the Hamburg dispute that prayers in the vernacular were not problematic <i>per se</i>, but he forbade them because they constituted an innovation. He succinctly expressed his attitude in <a href="/wiki/Wordplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordplay">wordplay</a> he borrowed from the Talmud: "The new (<i><a href="/wiki/Chadash" title="Chadash">Chadash</a></i>, originally meaning new grain) is forbidden by the Torah anywhere." Regarding the new, ideologically-driven sinners, Sofer commented in 1818 that they should have been anathemized and banished from the People of Israel like earlier heretical sects. </p><p>Unlike most, if not all, rabbis in Central Europe, who had little choice but to compromise, Sofer enjoyed unique circumstances. He, too, had to tread carefully during the 1810s, tolerating a modernized synagogue in Pressburg and other innovations, and his <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a></i> was nearly closed by warden Wolf Breisach. But in 1822, three poor (and therefore traditional) community members, whose deceased apostate brother bequeathed them a large fortune, rose to the wardens' board. Breisach died soon after, and the Pressburg community became dominated by the conservatives. Sofer also possessed a strong base in the form of his <i>yeshiva</i>, the world's largest at the time, with hundreds of students. And crucially, the large and privileged <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a> blocked most imperial reforms in the backward country, including those relevant to the Jews. Hungarian Jewry retained its pre-modern character well into the 19th century, allowing Sofer's disciples to establish a score of new <i>yeshivas</i>, at a time when these institutions were rapidly closing in the west, and a strong rabbinate to appoint them. A generation later, a self-aware Orthodoxy was well entrenched in the country. Hungarian Jewry gave rise both to Orthodoxy in general, in the sense of a comprehensive response to modernity, and specifically to the traditionalist, militant <a href="/wiki/Ultra_orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra orthodox">ultra-Orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1818–1821 controversy also elicited a different response, which first arose in its very epicenter. Severe protests did not affect Temple congregants, eventually leading the wardens of Hamburg's Jewish community to a comprehensive compromise for the sake of unity. They replaced the elderly, traditional Chief <a href="/wiki/Dayan_(rabbinic_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayan (rabbinic judge)">Dayan</a> Baruch Oser with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bernays" title="Isaac Bernays">Isaac Bernays</a>. The latter was a university graduate, clean-shaven, and modern, who could appeal to the acculturated and the young. Bernays signified a new era, and historians marked him as the first modern rabbi, fitting the demands of emancipation: his contract forbade him to tax, punish, or coerce, and he lacked political or judiciary power. He was forbidden from interfering in the Temple's conduct. Conservative in the principal issues of faith, in aesthetic, cultural, and civil matters, Bernays was a reformer and the Temple leaders. He introduced secular studies for children, wore a <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> like a Protestant clergyman, and delivered vernacular sermons. He forbade the spontaneous, informal character of synagogue conduct typical of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> tradition, and ordered prayers to be somber and dignified. Bernays' style re-unified the Hamburg community by accommodating their aesthetic demands (but not theological ones, raised by only a learned few).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Bernays.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Isaac_Bernays.JPG/180px-Isaac_Bernays.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Isaac_Bernays.JPG/270px-Isaac_Bernays.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Isaac_Bernays.JPG/360px-Isaac_Bernays.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bernays" title="Isaac Bernays">Isaac Bernays</a> in clerical vestments. The ministerial style of dress seen here was ubiquitous among German and Western European (neo)-Orthodox Jews.</figcaption></figure> <p>The combination of religious conservatism and modernity in everything else was emulated elsewhere, earning the label "<a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Neo-Orthodoxy</a>". Bernays and his like-minded followers, such as Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ettlinger" title="Jacob Ettlinger">Jacob Ettlinger</a>, fully accepted the platform of the moderate <i><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i>, taking away its progressive edge. While old-style traditional life continued in Germany until the 1840s, secularization and acculturation turned Neo-Orthodoxy into the strict right-wing of German Jewry. It was fully articulated by Bernays' mid-century disciples <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a>. Hirsch, a Hamburg native who was ten during the Temple dispute, combined Orthodox dogmatism and militancy against rival interpretations of Judaism, granting leniency on many cultural issues and embraced German culture. The novel mixture termed Neo-Orthodoxy spread. </p><p>While insisting on strict observance, the movement both tolerated and advocated modernization: Traditionally rare formal religious education for girls was introduced; modesty and gender separation were relaxed to match German society; men went clean-shaven and dressed like Gentiles; and exclusive Torah study virtually disappeared. Basic religious studies incorporating German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></span> provided children with practical <i>halakhic</i> knowledge for thriving in modern society. Ritual was reformed to match prevalent aesthetic conceptions, much like non-Orthodox synagogues though without the ideological undertone, and the liturgy was often abbreviated. Neo-Orthodoxy mostly did not attempt to reconcile its conduct and <i>halakhic</i> or moral norms. Instead it adopted compartmentalization, de facto limiting Judaism to the private and religious spheres, while otherwise yielding to outer society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While conservative Rabbis in Hungary still thought in terms of the now-lost communal autonomy, the Neo-Orthodox turned Judaism from an all-encompassing practice into a private religious conviction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_of_Judaism">Science of Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science of Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David-zvi-hofmann.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/David-zvi-hofmann.png/180px-David-zvi-hofmann.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/David-zvi-hofmann.png 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a>, the single most prominent Orthodox theoretician who dealt with the critical-historical method</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1830s, modernist pressures in Germany shifted from the secularization debate, moving into the "purely religious" sphere of theology and liturgy. A new generation of university-trained rabbis (many German states required communal rabbis to possess such education) sought to reconcile Judaism with the <a href="/wiki/Historical-critical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical-critical method">historical-critical study of scripture</a> and the dominant philosophies of the day, especially <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>. Influenced by the critical "<a href="/wiki/Science_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of Judaism">Science of Judaism</a>" (<i>Wissenschaft des Judentums</i>) pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Leopold Zunz</a>, and often in emulation of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Protestant">Liberal Protestant</a> milieu, they reexamined and undermined beliefs held as sacred in traditional circles, especially the notion of an unbroken chain from <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Sages</a>. The more radical among the <i>Wissenschaft</i> rabbis, unwilling to limit critical analysis or its practical application, coalesced around Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> to establish <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>. Between 1844 and 1846, Geiger organized three rabbinical synods in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, to determine how to refashion Judaism for present times. </p><p>The Reform conferences were met with uproar by the Orthodox. Warden <a href="/wiki/Hirsch_Lehren" title="Hirsch Lehren">Hirsch Lehren</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ettlinger" title="Jacob Ettlinger">Jacob Ettlinger</a> of <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> both organized anti-Reform manifestos, denouncing the new initiatives, signed by scores of rabbis from Europe and the Middle East. The tone of the signatories varied considerably along geographic lines: letters from traditional societies in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> implored local leaders to petition the authorities and have them ban the movement. Signers from Central and Western Europe used terms commensurate with the liberal age. All were implored by the petitioners to be brief and accessible; complex <i>halakhic</i> arguments, intended to convince the rabbinic elite in past generations, were replaced by an appeal to the secularized masses. </p><p>The struggle with <i>Wissenschaft</i> criticism shaped the Orthodox. For centuries, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> rabbinic authorities espoused <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>' position that <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">the Talmudic exegesis</a>, which derived laws from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>'s text by employing <a href="/wiki/Talmudical_hermeneutics" title="Talmudical hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>, was binding <i><a href="/wiki/D%27Oraita" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Oraita">d'Oraita</a></i>. Geiger and others presented exegesis as an arbitrary, illogical process, and consequently defenders of tradition embraced <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' claim that the Sages merely buttressed already received laws with biblical citations, rather than actually deriving them. </p><p>Jay Harris commented, "An insulated orthodox, <i>or, rather, traditional</i> rabbinate, feeling no pressing need to defend the validity of the Oral Law, could confidently appropriate the vision of most medieval rabbinic scholars; a defensive German Orthodoxy, by contrast, could not. ... Thus began a shift in understanding that led Orthodox rabbis and historians in the modern period to insist that the <i>entire</i> Oral Law was revealed by God to Moses at Sinai." 19th-Century Orthodox commentaries, like those authored by <a href="/wiki/Malbim" title="Malbim">Malbim</a>, attempted to amplify the notion that the Oral and Written Law were intertwined and inseparable.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Wissenschaft</i> posed a greater challenge to the modernized neo-Orthodox than to the traditionalist. <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Hirsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Hildesheimer</a> divided on the matter, anticipating modernist Orthodox attitudes to the historical-critical method. Hirsch argued that analyzing minutiae of tradition as products of their historical context was akin to denying its divine origin and timeless relevance. Hildesheimer consented to research under limits, subjugating it to the predetermined sanctity of the subject matter and accepting its results only when they accorded with the latter. More importantly, while he was content to engage academically, he opposed its practical application in religious questions, requiring traditional methods to be used. Hildesheimer's approach was emulated by his disciple Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a>, a scholar and apologetic.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His polemic against the <a href="/wiki/Graf-Wellhausen_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis">Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis</a> formed the classical Orthodox response to Higher Criticism. Hoffman declared that for him, the unity of the Pentateuch was a given, regardless of research. Hirsch often lambasted Hoffman for contextualizing rabbinic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllenson2003148-149_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllenson2003148-149-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of them stressed the importance of dogmatic adherence to <i>Torah min ha-Shamayim</i>, which led them to conflict with Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zecharias_Frankel" title="Zecharias Frankel">Zecharias Frankel</a>, Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_Breslau" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau">Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau</a>. Unlike the Reform camp, Frankel insisted on strict observance and displayed great reverence towards tradition. But though appreciated by conservatives, his practice of <i>Wissenschaft</i> left him suspect to Hirsch and Hildesheimer. They demanded again and again that he state his beliefs concerning the nature of revelation. In 1859, Frankel published a critical study of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, and added that all commandments classified as "<a href="/wiki/Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">Law given to Moses at Sinai</a>" were merely customs (he broadened <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a>'s opinion). Hirsch and Hildesheimer seized the opportunity and launched a public campaign against him, accusing him of heresy. Concerned that public opinion regarded both neo-Orthodoxy and Frankel's "Positive-Historical School" centered at Breslau as similarly observant and traditionalist, the two stressed that the difference was dogmatic and not <i>halakhic</i>. They managed to tarnish Frankel's reputation in the traditional camp and delegitimized him for many. The Positive-Historical School is regarded by <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> as an intellectual forerunner.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hildesheimer distinguished Frankel's observant disciples from Reform proponents, he wrote in his diary: <i>how meager is the principal difference between the Breslau School, who don silk gloves at their work, and Geiger who wields a sledgehammer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllenson200378_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllenson200378-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_schism">Communal schism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communal schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_(ZR002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_%28ZR002%29.jpg/180px-Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_%28ZR002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_%28ZR002%29.jpg/270px-Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_%28ZR002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_%28ZR002%29.jpg/360px-Samson_Raphael_Hirsch_%28ZR002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, the ideologue of Orthodox secession in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1840s in Germany, as traditionalists became a clear minority, some Orthodox rabbis, such as Salomo Eger of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Posen</a>, urged the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a>'s position and to anathemize the principally nonobservant. Eating, worshipping or marrying with them were to be banned. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ettlinger" title="Jacob Ettlinger">Jacob Ettlinger</a>, whose journal <i>Treue Zionswächter</i> was the first regular Orthodox newspaper, signifying the coalescence of a distinct Orthodox milieu, rejected their call. Ettlinger, and German neo-Orthodoxy in his wake, chose to regard the modern secularized Jew as a transgressor rather than a schismatic. He adopted Maimonides' interpretation of the Talmudic concept <i><a href="/wiki/Tinok_shenishba" title="Tinok shenishba">tinok shenishba</a></i> (captured infant), a Jew by birth who was not raised as such and therefore could be absolved for not practicing, and greatly expanded it to serve the Orthodox need to tolerate the nonobservant majority: Many of their own congregants were far removed from strict practice. For example, he allowed congregants to drink wine poured by Sabbath desecrators, and to ignore other <i>halakhic</i> sanctions. Yet German neo-Orthodoxy could not legitimize nonobservance, and adopted a hierarchical approach, softer than traditional sanctions, but no less intent on differentiating sinners and righteous. Reform rabbis or lay leaders, considered ideological opponents, were castigated, while the common mass was to be carefully handled.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some German neo-Orthodox believed that while doomed to minority status in their native country, their ideology could successfully confront modernity and unify Judaism in more traditional communities to the east. In 1847, Hirsch was elected Chief Rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, where old rabbinic culture and <i>yeshiva</i>s were still extant. His expectations were dashed as traditionalist rabbis scorned him for his European manners and lack of Talmudic acumen. They became enraged by his attempts to reform synagogues and to establish a rabbinical seminary including secular studies. The progressives viewed him as too conservative. After four years of constant strife, he lost faith in the possibility of reuniting the Jewish public. In 1851, a group in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> that opposed the Reform character of the Jewish community turned to Hirsch. He led them for the remainder of his life, finding Frankfurt a hospitable site for his unique ideology, which amalgamated acculturation, dogmatic theology, thorough observance, and strict secession from the non-Orthodox. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaim_Sofer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chaim_Sofer.jpg/180px-Chaim_Sofer.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chaim_Sofer.jpg/270px-Chaim_Sofer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Chaim_Sofer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Sofer" title="Chaim Sofer">Chaim Sofer</a>, the leading <i>halakhic</i> authority of the Hungarian "zealots" during the Orthodox-Neolog schism.</figcaption></figure> <p>That year, Hildesheimer visited Hungary. Confounded by urbanization and acculturation – and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neology</a>, a nonobservant laity served by rabbis who mostly favoured the Positive-Historical approach – the elderly local rabbis at first welcomed Hildesheimer. He opened a modern school in <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a> that included secular studies in the curriculum. Traditionalists such as <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Schick" title="Moshe Schick">Moshe Schick</a> and Yehudah Aszód sent their sons to study there. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Benjamin_Sofer" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Benjamin Sofer">Samuel Benjamin Sofer</a>, the heir of late Hatam Sofer, considered appointing Hildesheimer as his assistant-rabbi in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> and instituting secular studies in the city's great <i>yeshiva</i>. The rabbi of Eisenstadt believed that only a full-fledged modern rabbinical seminary could fulfill his neo-Orthodox agenda. In the 1850s and 1860s, however, a radical reactionary Orthodox party coalesced in the <a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">northeastern regions of Hungary</a>. Led by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Lichtenstein" title="Hillel Lichtenstein">Hillel Lichtenstein</a>, his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Akiva_Yosef_Schlesinger" title="Akiva Yosef Schlesinger">Akiva Yosef Schlesinger</a> and decisor <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Sofer" title="Chaim Sofer">Chaim Sofer</a>, the "zealots" were shocked by the demise of the traditional world into which they had been born. Like Moses Sofer a generation before them, these Orthodox émigrés moved east, to a pre-modern environment that they were determined to safeguard. Lichtenstein ruled out any compromise with modernity, insisting on maintaining <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and traditional dress. They considered the Neologs as already beyond the pale of Jewishness, and were more concerned with neo-Orthodoxy, which they regarded as a thinly-veiled gateway for a similar fate. Chaim Sofer summarized their view of Hildesheimer: "The wicked Hildesheimer is the horse and chariot of the <a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">Evil Inclination</a>... All the heretics in the last century did not seek to undermine the Law and the Faith as he does." </p><p>In their struggle against acculturation, the Hungarian <i>Haredim</i> struggled to provide strong <i>halakhic</i> arguments. Michael Silber wrote: "These issues, even most of the religious reforms, fell into gray areas not easily treated within Halakha. It was often too flexible or ambiguous, at times silent, or worse yet, embarrassingly lenient." Schlesinger was forced to venture outside of normative law, into mystical writings and other fringe sources, to buttress his ideology. Most Hungarian Orthodox rabbis, while sympathetic to the "zealots"' cause, dismissed their legal arguments. In 1865, the <i>Haredim</i> convened in <a href="/wiki/Nagymih%C3%A1ly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagymihály">Nagymihály</a> and issued a ban on various synagogue reforms, intended not against the Neologs but against developments in the Orthodox camp, especially after Samuel Sofer violated his father's expressed ban and instituted vernacular sermons in Pressburg. Schick, the country's most prominent decisor, and other leading rabbis refused to sign, though they did not publicly oppose the decree. On the other end of the spectrum, Hildesheimer's planned seminary was too radical for the same mainstream rabbis, and he became marginalized and isolated by 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal Orthodox division was complicated by growing tension with the Neologs. In 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Hungarian_Jewry" title="Schism in Hungarian Jewry">Hungarian government convened a General Jewish Congress</a> that was aimed at creating a national representative body. Fearing Neolog domination, the Orthodox seceded from the Congress and appealed to Parliament in the name of religious freedom. This demonstrated the internalization of the new circumstances: Twenty years before, in 1851, Orthodox leader <a href="/wiki/Meir_Eisenstaedter" title="Meir Eisenstaedter">Meir Eisenstaedter</a> petitioned the authorities to restore the old coercive powers of the communities. In 1871 the government recognized a separate Orthodox national committee. Communities that refused to join either side, labeled "Status Quo", were subject to Orthodox condemnation even when impeccably conservative. However, the Orthodox tolerated nonobservant Jews as long as they affiliated with the national committee: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferziger" title="Adam Ferziger">Adam Ferziger</a> claimed that membership and loyalty, rather than beliefs and ritual behavior, emerged as the definitive manifestation of Jewish identity. The Hungarian schism was the most radical internal separation among the Jews of Europe. Hildesheimer returned to Germany soon after, disillusioned though not as pessimistic as Hirsch. He was appointed rabbi of the Orthodox sub-community in Berlin (which had separate religious institutions but was not formally independent of the Liberal majority), where he finally <a href="/wiki/Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">established his seminary.</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, a law enabling Jews to secede from their communities without baptism was passed in Germany. It was a stark example that Judaism was now confessional, not corporate. Hirsch withdrew his congregation from the Frankfurt community, and decreed that all Orthodox should do the same. However, unlike the heterogeneous congregations of Hungary, which often consisted of recent immigrants, Frankfurt and most German communities were close-knit. The majority of Hirsch's congregants enlisted Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Seligman_Baer_Bamberger" title="Seligman Baer Bamberger">Seligman Baer Bamberger</a>, who was older and more conservative. Bamberger was concerned with the principal of unity among the People Israel and dismissive of Hirsch, whom he regarded as unlearned and overly assimilated. He decreed that since the mother community was willing to finance Orthodox services and allow them religious freedom, secession was unwarranted. Eventually, less than 80 families from Hirsch's 300-strong congregation followed their rabbi. The vast majority of the 15%–20% of German Jews affiliated with Orthodox institutions cared little for the polemics. They did not secede over reasons of finance and familial relations. Only a handful of Secessionist, <i>Austrittorthodox</i>, communities were established in the Reich; almost everyone remained Communal Orthodox, <i>Gemeindeortodox</i>, within Liberal mother congregations. The Communal Orthodox argued that their approach was true to Jewish unity and decisive in maintaining public standards of observance and traditional education in Liberal communities. The Secessionists viewed them as hypocritical middle-of-the-roaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz1999257–280_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz1999257–280-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflicts in Hungary and Germany, and the emergence of distinctly Orthodox communities and ideologies, were the exception rather than the rule in Central and Western Europe. France, Britain, Bohemia, Austria and other countries saw both a virtual disappearance of traditional Jewish life, and no serious interest in bridging Judaism and modernity. The official rabbinate remained technically traditional, in the default sense of not introducing ideological change.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organ – a symbol of Reform in Germany since 1818, so much that Hildesheimer seminarians had to sign a declaration that they would never serve in a synagogue that introduced one – was accepted with little qualm by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Consistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Consistory">French Consistoire</a> in 1856, as part of a series of synagogue regulations passed by Chief Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Ulmann" title="Salomon Ulmann">Salomon Ulmann</a>. Even Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Klein" title="Solomon Klein">Solomon Klein</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> conservatives who partook in the castigation of Zecharias Frankel, allowed the instrument in his community.<sup id="cite_ref-srf_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Marcus_Adler" title="Nathan Marcus Adler">Nathan Marcus Adler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a> shared a similar approach: It was vehemently conservative in principle and combated <a href="/wiki/David_Woolf_Marks" title="David Woolf Marks">ideological reformers</a>, yet served a nonobservant public – as <a href="/wiki/Todd_Endelman" title="Todd Endelman">Todd Endelman</a> noted, "While respectful of tradition, most English-born Jews were not orthodox in terms of personal practice. Nonetheless they were content to remain within an orthodox congregational framework" – and introduced considerable synagogue reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slow pace of modernization in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> and Romanian principalities delayed the crisis of traditional society for decades. , Harsh discrimination and active persecution of Jews continued there until 1917. Old-style education in the <i><a href="/wiki/Heder" class="mw-redirect" title="Heder">heder</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a></i> remained the norm, retaining <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> as the language of the elite and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as the vernacular. The defining fault-line of Eastern European Jews was between the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Misnagdic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misnagdic">Misnagdic</a></i> reaction against them. Reform attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Czar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar of Russia">Czar</a>'s government all had little influence. School modernization under <a href="/wiki/Max_Lilienthal" title="Max Lilienthal">Max Lilienthal</a>, the growth of rabbinical seminaries and the mandating to appoint clerks known as "<a href="/wiki/Crown_rabbi_(Russia)" title="Crown rabbi (Russia)">official rabbis</a>" all had little impact. Communal autonomy and the rabbinic courts' jurisdiction were abolished in 1844, but economic and social seclusion remained, ensuring the <i>de facto</i> authority of Jewish institutions and traditions. In 1880, only 21,308 Jewish pupils attended government schools, out of some 5 million Jews; In 1897, 97% of the 5.2 million Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> and Congress Poland spoke Yiddish their mother tongue, and only 26% were literate in Russian. Though the Eastern European <i><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i> challenged the traditional establishment, it flourished from the 1820s until the 1890s. Unlike its western counterpart, it thrived despite ongoing acculturation. The leading rabbis maintained the concept of communal unity: in 1882, when an Orthodox party in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Poland">Galicia</a> appealed for the right of secession, the <a href="/wiki/Netziv" class="mw-redirect" title="Netziv">Netziv</a> and other Russian rabbis forbade it for contradicting the idea of Israel's unity.<sup id="cite_ref-BBR_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1860s and 1870s, moderate <i>maskilic</i> rabbis like <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Yaacov_Reines" title="Yitzchak Yaacov Reines">Yitzchak Yaacov Reines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Michel_Pines" title="Yechiel Michel Pines">Yechiel Michel Pines</a> called for inclusion of secular studies in the <i>heder</i>s and <i>yeshiva</i>s, anticipating a communal disintegration as in the west. Instead they proposed a careful modernization, based on a consensus on the adaptation of <i>halakha</i>. Their initiative was thwarted by a combination of radical, secularist <i>maskilim</i> and leading conservative rabbis. This was highlighted during the battle that erupted after <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Leib_Lilienblum" title="Moshe Leib Lilienblum">Moshe Leib Lilienblum</a>'s 1868 call for a reconsideration of Talmudic strictures. Reines, Pines and their associates gradually formed the nucleus of <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>, while their conservative opponents adopted the epithet <i><a href="/wiki/Haredim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredim">Haredim</a></i> (generic term for the observant and the pious).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish nationalism, particularly <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, with its nonobservant if not staunchly secular partisans, was the key question facing Eastern European traditionalists, although it was tangled with modernization. Salmon claimed that the future Zionists were: supportive of a national agenda; motivated by criticism of Jewish society; supportive of modernity; tolerant of nonobservance; and approving of traditional faith and practice. Their proto-<i>Haredi</i> opponents sharply rejected all he former positions and espoused staunch conservatism, which idealized existing norms. Any illusion that differences could be blanded and a united observant pro-Zionist front would be formed, were dashed between 1897 and 1899, as both the Eastern European nationalist intellectuals and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> himself revealed an uncompromising secularist agenda, forcing traditionalist leaders to pick sides. In 1900, the anti-Zionist pamphlet <i>Or la-Yesharim</i>, endorsed by many Russian and Polish rabbis, largely demarcated the lines between the proto-<i>Haredi</i> majority and the Mizrahi minority, and terminated dialogue; in 1911, when the 10th <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">World Zionist Congress</a> voted in favour of propagating non-religious cultural work and education, a large segment of the Mizrahi seceded and joined the anti-Zionists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, Eastern European proto-<i>Haredi</i> elements formed the Knesseth Israel party, a modern framework created in recognition of the deficiencies of existing institutions. It dissipated within a year. German Neo-Orthodoxy, in the meantime, developed a keen interest in the traditional Jewish masses of Russia and Poland; if at the past they were considered primitive, a disillusionment with emancipation and enlightenment made many young assimilated German Orthodox youth embark on journeys to East European <i>yeshivot</i>, in search of authenticity. The German secessionists already possessed a platform of their own, the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freie Vereinigung für die Interessen des Orthodoxen Judentums</i></span></i>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> in 1885. In 1912, two German FVIOJ leaders, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Breuer" title="Isaac Breuer">Isaac Breuer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rosenheim" title="Jacob Rosenheim">Jacob Rosenheim</a>, managed to organize a meeting of 300 seceding Mizrahi, proto-<i>Haredi</i> and secessionist Neo-Orthodox delegate in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, creating the <i><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">Agudath Israel</a></i> party. While the Germans were a tiny minority in comparison to the Eastern Europeans, their modern education made them a prominent elite in the new organization, which strove to provide a comprehensive response to world Jewry's challenges in a strictly observant spirit. The Agudah immediately formed its <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Torah_Sages" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Torah Sages">Council of Torah Sages</a> as supreme rabbinic leadership body. Many ultra-traditionalist elements in Eastern Europe, like the Belz and Lubavitch Hasidim, refused to join, viewing the movement as a dangerous innovation; and the organized Orthodox in Hungary rejected it as well, especially after it did not affirm a commitment to communal secession in 1923. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>, sweeping secularization and acculturation deracinated old Jewish society in Eastern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> granted civil equality and imposed anti-religious persecutions, radically transforming Russian Jewry within a decade; the lifting of formal discrimination also strongly affected the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">independent Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and other states. In the 1930s, it was estimated that 20–33% of Poland's Jews, the last stronghold of traditionalism where many were still living in rural and culturally-secluded communities, could be considered strictly observant.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only upon having become an embattled (though still quite large) minority, did the local traditionalists complete their transformation into Orthodox, albeit never as starkly as in Hungary or Germany. Eastern European Orthodoxy, whether Agudah or Mizrahi, always preferred cultural and educational independence to communal secession, and maintained strong ties and self-identification with the general Jewish public.<sup id="cite_ref-BBR_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within its ranks, the 150-years-long struggle between <a href="/wiki/Hasidim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidim">Hasidim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a> was largely subsided; the latter were even dubbed henceforth as "Litvaks", as the anti-Hasidic component in their identity was marginalized. In the interwar period, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a> emerged as the popular leader of the Eastern European Orthodox, particularly the Agudah-leaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg/260px-The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg/390px-The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg/520px-The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha" title="Beth Medrash Govoha">Beth Medrash Govoha</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood Township, New Jersey">Lakewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S., the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> outside Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>American Jewry of the 19th century was small and lacked traditional institutions or strong rabbinic presence due to its immigrant-based nature. This informality allow religious innovation to flourish. Voluntary congregations were the norm. Separation of church and state and dynamic religiosity along the Protestant model shaped synagogue life. In the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> spread rapidly, made popular by formally abandoning traditions that few upheld. The United States was labeled the <i>Treife Medina</i>, or "Profane Country", in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orthodox Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Leeser" title="Isaac Leeser">Isaac Leeser</a> was an ultra-traditionalist in the American context. In 1845 he introduced the words "Orthodox" and "Orthodoxy" into the American Jewish discourse, explicitly to oppose Reform.<sup id="cite_ref-sarnah_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarnah-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leeser was a staunch proponent of <a href="/wiki/Zecharias_Frankel" title="Zecharias Frankel">Zecharias Frankel</a>, whom he considered the "leader of the Orthodox party". at a time when Positive-Historical and Orthodox positions were hardly distinguishable. In 1861, Leeser defended Frankel in a polemic instigated by Hirsch. Lesser became a rallying point for conservative elements, concerned mainly with public standards of observance in critical fields such as marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservative_Judaism">Conservative Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservative Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A broad non-Reform, relatively traditional camp slowly coalesced as the minority within American Jewry, serving the nonobservant. Their synagogues liberalized their approach: omission of <i><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyutim</a></i> from the liturgy; English-language sermons; secular education for the clergy;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many did not <a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">partition</a> men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Seating_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seating-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, the antinomian <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Platform" title="Pittsburgh Platform">Pittsburgh Platform</a> moved conservative religious leaders to found the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a> (JTS). Orthodoxy never became consistent and was mainly motivated by a rejection of Reform. They variously termed their ideology as "Enlightened Orthodoxy" or "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>". The latter gradually became the preferred term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Orthodoxy">Modern Orthodoxy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strictly traditionalist Eastern European immigrants formed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Union of Orthodox Rabbis</a> (UOR) in 1902, in direct opposition to the Americanized OU and JTS. The UOR frowned upon English-language sermons, secular education and any acculturation. In 1897, an old-style <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary</a> (RIETS), was founded in New York. Its students rebelled in 1908, demanding rabbinic training more like that of their JTS peers. In 1915, RIETS was reorganized as a Modern Orthodox institution, and a merger with the JTS was discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-sarnah_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarnah-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188–193">: 188–193 </span></sup> In 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a> was established as the OU's clerical association. Between the Haredim and Conservatives, Modern Orthodoxy emerged as a distinct movement. Its postwar leader, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a>, left Agudas Israel to adopt a positive, if reserved, attitude toward Western culture. As dean of RIETS and honorary chair of RCA's <i>halakha</i> committee, Soloveitchik shaped Modern Orthodoxy for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RCA stressed the divinely revealed status of the Torah and a strict observance of <i>halakha</i>, separating it from Conservative ideology. Physically separate seating (symbolized by <a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">gender partitions</a>) became the distinguishing mark of Orthodox/Conservative affiliation in the 1950s, and as pushed by the RCA.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many Modern Orthodox followers were barely observant, and many synagogues did not use a gender partition. As late as 1997, seven OU congregations lacked a partition.<sup id="cite_ref-Seating_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seating-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2005, that number went down to one,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ceased to exist when that synagogue resigned from the OU in 2015 after understanding that the OU was planning to expel it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardening_boundaries">Hardening boundaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hardening boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the postwar era, the vague traditional coalition came to a definite end. During and after the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, a new wave of strictly observant refugees arrived from Eastern and Central Europe. They typically regarded the UOR as overly Americanized. Typical of these was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Kotler" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Kotler">Aaron Kotler</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakewood Yeshiva">Lakewood Yeshiva</a> in New Jersey in 1943. Alarmed by the American innovations, Kotler turned his institution into an enclave, around which a community slowly evolved. It was unlike his prewar <i>yeshiva</i> at <a href="/wiki/Kletsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kletsk">Kletsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Poland">Poland</a>, whose students mingled with the rest of the population. Lakewood pioneered the homogeneous, voluntary and enclavist model of postwar <i>Haredi</i> communities, which were independent entities developing their own subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new arrivals soon dominated the traditionalist wing of American Jewry, forcing locals to adopt their views. The younger generation in the JTS and the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> concurrently demanded greater clarity, theological unambiguity and <i>halakhic</i> independence from the Orthodox veto on serious innovations. In 1935, for example, the RA shelved its proposal for a solution to the <i><a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">agunah</a></i> predicament. "Conservative Judaism" was adopted as an exclusive label by most JTS graduates and RA members, became a distinct movement. In 1950, the Conservatives signaled their break with Orthodoxy by acceptance of a far-reaching legal decision, which allowed one to drive to the synagogue and to use electricity on Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_attitudes">Orthodox attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orthodox attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judaism never formulated a conclusive <a href="/wiki/Credo" title="Credo">credo</a>; whether it reflects a <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> remains controversial. Some researchers argued that the importance of daily practice and adherence to <i>halakha</i> (Jewish law) mooted theoretical issues. Others dismissed this view entirely, citing ancient rabbinic debates that castigated various <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism" title="Heresy in Judaism">heresies</a> with little reference to observance. However, even without a uniform doctrine, Orthodox Judaism is basically united in its core beliefs. Disavowing them is a major <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Several medieval authorities attempted to codify these beliefs, including <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a>. Each composed a creed, although the <a href="/wiki/13_principles_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="13 principles of faith">13 principles</a> expounded by Maimonides in his 1160s <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnah#Commentaries" title="Mishnah">Commentary on the Mishna</a></i>, remained the most widely accepted. Various points were contested by many of Maimonides' contemporaries and later sages, such as the exact formulation and the status of disbelievers (either misinformed or expelled heretics). Similarly, Albo listed only three fundamentals, and did not regard the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a> as a key tenet. Many who objected argued that the entire corpus of the Torah and the sayings of ancient sages were of canonical stature, rather than a few selected points. In later centuries, the 13 Principles became considered universally binding and cardinal by Orthodox authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, two systems of thought competed for primacy. The rationalist-philosophic school endeavored to present all commandments as serving higher moral and ethical purposes, while the mystical tradition, exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, assigned each rite with a role in hidden dimensions of reality. Sheer obedience, derived from faithfulness to one's community and ancestry, was believed sufficient for the common people, while the educated chose one of the two schools. In the modern era, the prestige of both declined, and "naive faith" became popular. At a time when contemplation in matters of belief was associated with secularization, luminaries such as <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a> stressed the importance of simple, unsophisticated commitment to the precepts passed down from the Beatified Sages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="First mention of Beatified Sages. Who? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This became standard in the Haredi world.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></div> <p>Judaism adheres to <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, the belief in one God. The basic tenets of Orthodoxy, drawn from ancient sources like the Talmud and later sages, chiefly include the attributes of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a>: one and indivisible, preceding all creation, which God alone brought into being, eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, absolutely incorporeal, and beyond human reason. This basis is evoked in many foundational texts, and is repeated often in daily prayers, such as in Judaism's creed-like <i><a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a></i>: "Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One." </p><p>Maimonides delineated this understanding of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal God">personal God</a> in his opening six articles. The six concern God's status as the sole creator, his oneness, his impalpability, that he is first and last, that God alone, and no other being, may be worshipped, and that he is omniscient. The supremacy of the God of Israel is even applied to non-Jews. According to most rabbinic opinions, non-Jews are banned from the worship of other deities. However, they are allowed to "<a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">associate</a>" lower divine beings with their faith in God (mostly to allow contact with <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, accepting that they were not <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Judaism" title="Idolatry in Judaism">idolaters</a> with whom business dealings and the like are forbidden.) </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">utter imperceptibility</a> of God, considered as beyond human reason and only reachable through what he chooses to reveal, was emphasized among others in the <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">ancient ban on making any image of him</a>. Maimonides and virtually all sages in his time and thereafter stressed that the creator is incorporeal, lacking "any semblance of a body". While incorporeality has almost been taken for granted since the Middle Ages, Maimonides and his contemporaries reported that anthropomorphic conceptions of God were quite common in their time. </p><p>The medieval tension between God's transcendence and <a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">equanimity</a>, and his contact and interest in his creation, found its most popular resolution in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></i>. Kabbalists asserted that while God himself is beyond the universe, he progressively unfolds into the created realm via a series of emanations, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">sefirot</a></i>, each a refraction of the perfect godhead. While widely received, this system proved contentious and some authorities lambasted it as a threat to God's unity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times it is upheld, at least tacitly, in many traditionalist Orthodox circles, while Modern Orthodoxy mostly simply ignores it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revelation">Revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defining doctrine of Orthodox Judaism is the belief that God revealed the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> ("Teaching" or "Law") to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on Mount Sinai, both the written scripture of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> explicating it, and that <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">sages</a> promulgated it faithfully from Sinai in an unbroken chain. One of the foundational texts of rabbinic literature is the list opening the <i><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a></i>, enumerating the sages, from Moses through <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moses_Elects_Seventy_Elders" title="Moses Elects Seventy Elders">Seventy Elders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Prophet">Prophets</a>, and then onward until <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a>. This core belief is referred to in classical sources as "The Law/Teaching is from the Heavens" (<i>Torah min HaShamayim</i>). </p><p>Orthodoxy holds that the body of revelation is total and complete. Its interpretation and application under new circumstances, required of every generation's scholars, is an act of inferring and elaborating, not of innovation or addition. One clause in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> asserts that anything that a veteran disciple shall teach was given at Sinai: a story in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> claims that Moses was taken aback upon seeing the immensely intricate deduction of future <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> in a vision, until Akiva proclaimed that Moses had received everything he was teaching. The Written and Oral Torah are held to be intertwined and mutually reliant. The latter is a source of many divine commandments, and the text of the Pentateuch is seen as incomprehensible. God's will may be surmised only by appealing to the Oral Torah, which revealed the text's allegorical, <a href="/wiki/Anagogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagogical">anagogical</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropological">tropological</a> meaning, rather than by a literal reading. </p><p>Lacunae in received tradition or disagreements between early sages are attributed to disruptions, especially persecutions such that "the Torah was forgotten in Israel." According to rabbinic lore, these eventually compelled the <a href="/wiki/Legist" title="Legist">legists</a> to write down the Oral Law in the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. The wholeness of the original divine message and the reliability of those who transmitted it are axiomatic. One of the primary intellectual exercises of Torah scholars is to locate discrepancies between Talmudic or other passages and then demonstrate by complex logical steps (presumably proving each passage referred to a slightly different situation, etc.) that no contradiction is obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthodox Judaism considers revelation as propositional, explicit, verbal, and unambiguous. Revelation serves as a firm source of authority for religious commandments. Modernist understandings of revelation as a subjective, humanly-conditioned experience are rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some thinkers at the liberal end of the liberal wing promoted such views, although they found virtually no acceptance from the establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important ramification of <i>Torah min HaShamayim</i> in modern times is the reserved, and often totally rejectionist, attitude of Orthodoxy toward the historical-critical method, particularly <a href="/wiki/Higher_Biblical_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Biblical criticism">higher Biblical criticism</a>. The refusal by rabbis to employ such tools, insisting on traditional methods and the need for consensus and continuity with past authorities, separates the most liberal-leaning Orthodox rabbinic circles from the most conservative non-Orthodox ones.<sup id="cite_ref-srf_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115–119">: 115–119 </span></sup> </p><p>While the Sinai event is held to be the supreme act of revelation, rabbinic tradition acknowledges matters addressed by the Prophets and <a href="/wiki/Bat_qol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat qol">God's later announcements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, as revealed to illustrious past figures and passed on through elitist circles, is widely (albeit not universally) esteemed. While some prominent rabbis considered Kabbalah a late forgery, most generally accepted it as legitimate. However, its status in determining normative halakhic decision-making, which is binding for the entire community, and not just for spiritualists who voluntarily adopt kabbalistic strictures, was always controversial. Leading <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisors</a> openly applied criteria from Kabbalah in their rulings, while others did so only inadvertently, and many denied it any normative role. A closely related mystical phenomenon is the belief in <i><a href="/wiki/Magid_(Jewish_mysticism)" title="Magid (Jewish mysticism)">Magidim</a></i>, supposed dreamlike apparitions or visions, that may inform those who experience them with certain divine knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></div> <p>Belief in a future Messiah is central to Orthodox Judaism. According to this doctrine, a king will arise from King David's lineage, and will bring with him signs such as the restoration of the Temple, peace, and universal acceptance of the God of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Messiah will embark on a quest to gather all Jews to the Holy Land, will proclaim prophethood, and will restore the Davidic Monarchy. </p><p>Classical Judaism incorporated a tradition of belief in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 1">: p. 1 </span></sup> The scriptural basis for this doctrine, as quoted by the Mishnah is:<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 24">: p. 24 </span></sup> "All Israelites have a share in the World-to-Come, as it is written: "And your people, all of them righteous, Shall possess the land for all time; They are the shoot that I planted, My handiwork in which I glory.". The Mishnah also brands as heretics any Jew who rejects the doctrine of resurrection or its Torah origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 25">: p. 25 </span></sup> Those who deny the doctrine are deemed to receive no share in the World-to-Come.<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 26">: p. 26 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> believed in both a bodily resurrection and an immortal soul. They also believed that acts in this world would affect the state of life in the next world.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 61">: p. 61 </span></sup> Mishnah <i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sahedrin</a></i> 10 clarifies that only those who follow the correct theology have a place in the World to Come.<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 66">: p. 66 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppel_reich.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Koppel_reich.png/180px-Koppel_reich.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Koppel_reich.png/270px-Koppel_reich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Koppel_reich.png/360px-Koppel_reich.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Jewish cemetery in Budapest, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span>; the word "Orthodox" (ארטאדאקסען) is on the wall, 2nd to the left. Hungarian Jews were the first to form an <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Hungarian_Jewry" title="Schism in Hungarian Jewry">independent Orthodox organization</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other passing references to the afterlife appear in Mishnaic tractates. <i><a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)" title="Berakhot (tractate)">Berakhot</a></i> informs that the Jewish belief in the afterlife was established long before the compilation of the Mishnah.<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 70">: p. 70 </span></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Biblical tradition mentions <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> sixty-five times. It is described as an underworld containing the gathering of the dead with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 19">: p. 19 </span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2016:30&version=nrsv">Numbers 16:30</a>states that <a href="/wiki/Korah" title="Korah">Korah</a> went into Sheol alive to describe his death in divine retribution.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 20">: p. 20 </span></sup> The deceased who reside in Sheol have a "nebulous" existence. No reward or punishment comes in Sheol, which is represented as a dark and gloomy place. But a distinction is made for kings who are said to be greeted by other kings when entering Sheol.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.21">: p.21 </span></sup> Biblical poetry suggests that resurrection from Sheol is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 22">: p. 22 </span></sup> Prophetic narratives of resurrection in the Bible have been labelled as an external cultural influence by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 23">: p. 23 </span></sup> </p><p>Talmudic discourse expanded on the details of the World to Come. This was to motivate Jewish compliance with religious codes.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 79">: p. 79 </span></sup> In brief, the righteous will be rewarded with a place in <a href="/wiki/Gan_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gan Eden">Gan Eden</a>, the wicked will be punished in <a href="/wiki/Gehinnom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gehinnom">Gehinnom</a>, and the resurrection will take place in the Messianic age. The sequence of these events is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-LL.book_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 81">: p. 81 </span></sup> Rabbis support the concept of resurrection with Biblical citations and show it as a sign of God's omnipotence.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg/220px-Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg/330px-Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg/440px-Zeev_Erlich_funeral5501.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A crowd of Orthodox Jewish men and women, usually defined as "<a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a>", in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity">Intensity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Intensity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A relatively thorough observance of <i>halakha</i> – rather than theological and doctrinal matters, which produce diverse opinions – is the concrete demarcation line separating Orthodoxy from other Jewish movements. As noted by researchers and communal leaders, Orthodox subgroups have a sense of commitment towards the Law, perceiving it as seriously binding, which is rarely visible outside the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-srf_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121–122">: 121–122 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law,_custom,_and_tradition"><span id="Law.2C_custom.2C_and_tradition"></span>Law, custom, and tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Law, custom, and tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>halakha</i>, like any jurisprudence, is not a definitive set of rules, but rather an expanding discourse. Its authority is derived from the belief in divine revelation, but rabbis interpret and apply it, basing their mandate on biblical verses such as <i>and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee</i>. From ancient to modern times, rabbinic discourse was wrought with controversy (<i>machloket</i>) and sages disagreeing over various points of law. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> itself is mainly a record of such disputes. The Orthodox continue to believe that such disagreements flow naturally from the divinity of Jewish Law, which is presumed to contain a solution for any possible question. As long as both contesting parties base their arguments on received <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> and precedents and are driven by sincere faith, <i>both these and those are the words of the Living God</i> (Talmudic statement originally attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Bath_Kol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath Kol">divine proclamation</a> during a dispute between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hillel" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hillel">House of Hillel</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Shammai" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Shammai">House of Shammai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority opinions were accepted and reified, though many disagreements remain unresolved as new ones appear. This plurality of opinion allows <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisors</a>, rabbis tasked with determining the legal stance in subjects without precedent, to weigh a range of options, based on methods derived from earlier authorities. The most basic form of <i>halakhic</i> discourse is the <a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">responsa literature</a>, in which rabbis answered questions directed from commoners or other rabbis, thus setting precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system's oldest and most basic sources are the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmuds</a>, augmented by the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>. Those were followed by the great codes which sought to assemble and standardize the laws, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Rabbi Isaac Alfasi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hilchot_HaRif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilchot HaRif">Hilchot HaRif</a></i>, Maimonides' <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Asher_ben_Jehiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel">Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel</a>'s work (colloquially called <i>the Rosh</i>). These three works were the main basis of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Jacob_ben_Asher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Jacob ben Asher">Rabbi Jacob ben Asher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a></i>, which in turn became the basis of one of the latest and most authoritative codifications – the 1565 <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>, or "Set Table", by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Joseph_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Joseph Karo">Rabbi Joseph Karo</a>. This work gained canonical status and became almost synonymous, with the <i>halakhic</i> system. However, no later authority accepted it in its entirety (for example, Orthodox Jews wear phylacteries in a manner different from the one advocated there), and it was immediately contested or re-interpreted by various commentaries, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> written by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> named <i>HaMapah ("The Tablecloth")</i>. <i>Halakhic</i> literature continued to expand and evolve. New authoritative guides continued to be compiled and canonized, until the popular 20th century works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></i> arrived. </p><p>The most important distinction within <i>halakha</i> is between all laws derived from God's revelation (<i><a href="/wiki/D%27Oraita" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Oraita">d'Oraita</a></i>) and those enacted by human authorities (<a href="/wiki/De-%27oraita_and_de-rabbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="De-'oraita and de-rabbanan"><i>d'Rabanan</i></a>), who are believed to have been empowered by God to legislate as necessary. The former are either directly understood, derived via various hermeneutics or attributed to commandments handed down to Moses. The authority to pass measures <i>d'Rabanan</i> is itself subject to debate – Maimonides stated that absolute obedience to rabbinic decrees is stipulated by the verse <i>and thou shalt observe</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> argued that such severity is unfounded, while accepting such enactments as binding, albeit less so than the divine commandments. A Talmudic maxim states that when in doubt regarding a matter <i>d'Oraita</i>, one must rule strenuously, but leniently when it concerns <i>d'Rabanan</i>. Many arguments in <i>halakhic</i> literature revolve over whether a detail is derived from the former or the latter source, and under which circumstances. Commandments or prohibitions <i>d'Rabanan</i>, though less stringent than <i>d'Oraita</i>, are an important facet of Jewish law. They range from the 2nd century BCE establishment of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, to bypassing the Biblical ban on charging interest via the <i><a href="/wiki/Prozbul" title="Prozbul">Prozbul</a></i>, and up to the 1950 marital rules standardized by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>, which forbade <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">levirate marriage</a> even in communities that still practiced them.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minhag">Minhag</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Minhag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third major component buttressing Orthodox and other practice is local or familial custom, <i><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a></i>. The development and acceptance of customs as binding, more than disagreements between decisors, is the main source of diversity in matters of practice across geographic or ethnic boundaries. While the reverence accorded to <i>Minhag</i> across rabbinic literature covers the extremes, including "a custom may uproot <i>halakha</i>" and wholly dismissive attitudes,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was generally accepted as binding by scholars, and drew its power from popular adherence and routine. </p><p>The most important aspect of <i>Minhag</i> is in the disparities between various <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ethnic groups">Jewish ethnic</a> or communal groups, which each possess a distinctive tradition of <i>halakhic</i> rulings, stemming from the opinions of local rabbis. <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teimanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Teimanim">Teimanim</a>, and others have distinct <a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">prayer rites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> emphases (for example, by the 12th century, it became an Ashkenazi custom to <a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">avoid legumes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>) and other distinctions. </p><p>Eating in the <a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an area where <i>Minhag</i> varies; likewise, how to accommodate the idea of eating some dairy on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot"><i>Shavuos</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of custom upset scholars who noted that the common masses observe <i>Minhag</i>, yet ignore important divine decrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_authority">Rabbinic authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rabbinic authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></div> <p>Rabbinic leadership, assigned with implementing and interpreting tradition, changed considerably over the centuries, separating Orthodox from pre-modern Judaism. Since the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>, who led the Jewish world up to 1038, <i>halakha</i> was adjudicated locally, and the final arbiter was mostly the local rabbi, the <i>Mara d'Athra</i> (Master of the Area). He was responsible to judicially instruct his community. Emancipation and modern transport and communication made this model untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Orthodox communities, especially the more conservative ones, have rabbis who technically fill this capacity, the public generally follows more broadly known authorities who are not limited by geography, and based on reverence and peer pressure more than coercion. These may be either popular <a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">chairs of Talmudic academies</a>, renowned <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisors</a>, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic">Hasidic</a> world, hereditary <i><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbe</a></i>s. </p><p>Their influence varies considerably: In conservative Orthodox circles, mainly Haredi, rabbis possess strong authority, and often exercise leadership. Bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Torah_Sages" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Torah Sages">Council of Torah Sages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Council of Torah Luminaries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Council_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Council of Jerusalem">Orthodox Council of Jerusalem</a> are all held as the arbiters in their respective communities. In the more liberal Orthodox sectors, rabbis are revered and consulted, but rarely exert direct control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_life">Daily life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Daily life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthodox Judaism emphasizes practicing rules of <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Family purity">family purity</a>, and <i>tefilah</i> (daily prayer). </p><p>Many Orthodox can be identified by their dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox men and women dress modestly covering most of their skin. Married women cover their hair, with scarves (<i><a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">tichel</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)"><i>snoods</i></a>, turbans, hats, berets, or wigs. </p><p>Orthodox men wear a ritual fringe called <i><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></i>, and wear a head-covering for males.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many men grow beards, and Haredi men wear suits with black hats over a skullcap. Modern Orthodox Jews may adopt the dress of general society, although they, too, wear <i>kippahs</i> and <i>tzitzit.</i> On Shabbat, Modern Orthodox men wear suits (or at least a dress shirt) and dress pants, while women wear clothing. </p><p>Orthodox Jews follow the laws of <i><a href="/wiki/Negiah" title="Negiah">negiah</a></i> (touch). The Orthodox do not engage in physical contact with those of the opposite sex other than their spouse, or immediate family members. <i>Kol Isha</i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prohibits<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a woman's singing to a man (except as per <i>negiah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doorposts have a <i><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a>.</i> Separate sinks for meat and dairy have become increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hashkafa#Broad_hashkafot" title="Hashkafa">Hashkafa § Broad hashkafot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">Relationships between Jewish religious movements</a></div> <p>Orthodox Judaism lacks a central framework and a common leadership. It is not a "<a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a>" in the structural sense, but a spectrum of groups, united in broadly affirming matters of belief and practice, which share a consciousness and a common discourse. Individual rabbis often gain respect across boundaries, particularly recognized <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisors</a>, but each community largely elevates its own leaders (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> world shares a sense of common identity, while distinct subgroups include hundreds of independent communities with their own rabbis). The limits and boundaries of Orthodoxy are also controversial. No encompassing definition has found acceptance. Moderately conservative subgroups hotly criticize more liberal groups for deviation, while strict hard-liners dismiss the latter as non-Orthodox. Contentious topics range from the abstract and theoretical, such as the attitude toward the study of scripture, to the mundane and pressing, such as modesty rules. </p><p>As in any other broad religious movement, an intrinsic tension connects the ideological and the sociological dimensions of Orthodox Judaism – while elites and intellectuals define adherence in theoretical terms, the masses use societal, familial, and institutional affiliation. The latter may be neither strictly observant nor fully accept the tenets of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-srf_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26, 76, 116–119, 154–156">: 25–26, 76, 116–119, 154–156 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_yaaaak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Beit_yaaaak.JPG/260px-Beit_yaaaak.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Beit_yaaaak.JPG/390px-Beit_yaaaak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Beit_yaaaak.JPG/520px-Beit_yaaaak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Haredi schoolgirls at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Professors <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Elazar">Daniel Elazar</a> and Rela Mintz Geffen, according to calculations in 1990, found there to be at least 2,000,000 observant Orthodox Jews worldwide in 2012, and at least 2,000,000 additional members and supporters who identified as such. This estimate held Orthodoxy to be the largest Jewish group.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, where the total Jewish population is about 6.5 million, 22% of all Jewish respondents to a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> survey declared themselves as observant Orthodox (9% <i><a href="/wiki/Haredim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredim">Haredim</a></i>, 13% <i>Datiim</i>, "religious"). 29% described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">traditional</a>", a label implying less observance, but identification with Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Orthodox_Jewish_communities_in_the_United_States" title="List of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States">Orthodox community of the United States</a> is the second-largest in the world, concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and specifically in <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilman_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 Pew survey found that 10% of respondents identified as Orthodox, among a total Jewish population of at least 5.5 million. 3% were Modern Orthodox, 6% were Haredi, and 1% were "other" (<a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a>, liberal Orthodox, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, of 79,597 households with at least one Jewish member that held synagogue membership in 2016, 66% affiliated with Orthodox synagogues: 53% in "centrist Orthodox", and 13% in "strictly Orthodox" (further 3% were Sephardi, which technically eschews the title "Orthodox").<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orthodox have higher <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rates</a> than others. Haredi communities have some of the world's highest birth rates, averaging six children per household. A nearly non-existent rate of intermarriage with members of other faiths (Orthodox vehemently oppose the phenomenon) contributes to their growing share of the world's Jewish population. Among American Jewish children, the Orthodox share is an estimated 61% in New York, including 49% Haredi. Similar patterns are observed in other countries. With present trends sustained, Orthodox Jews are projected to numerically dominate British Jewry by 2031, and American Jewry by 2058.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, large numbers of members leave their communities and observant lifestyle. Among the 2013 Pew respondents, 17% of those under 30 who were raised Orthodox disaffiliated (in earlier generations, this trend was far more prevalent, and 77% of those over 65 left).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups">Groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Orthodox Judaism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haredim">Haredim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Haredim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg/260px-Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg/390px-Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg/520px-Israeli_Urban_combat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Infantry troops of the <i>haredi</i> <a href="/wiki/Netzah_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Netzah Yehuda">Netzah Yehuda</a> battalion, getting ready for a casual <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) night recon</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recognizable sub-group is the <i><a href="/wiki/Haredim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredim">Haredim</a></i> (literally, 'trembling' or 'fervent'), also known as "strictly Orthodox", and the like. They are the most traditional part of the Orthodox. <i>Haredim</i> have minimal engagement with/wholesale rejection of modern society, avow precedence to religious values, and accept a high degree of rabbinic involvement in daily life. <i>Haredi</i> rabbis and communities generally accept each other, and accord them legitimacy. They are organized in large political structures, mainly <a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a> and the Israeli <a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a> party. Other organized groups include the Anti-Zionist <a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a>. They are easily discerned by their mode of dress, often mostly black for men and very modest, by religious standards, for women (including hair covering, long skirts, etc.). </p><p>The <i>Haredim</i> may be roughly classified into three sub-groups: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasidic">Hasidic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hasidic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic Jews">Hasidic Jews</a> originated in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, where they formed as a revival movement that defied the rabbinical establishment. The threat of modernity turned the movement towards conservatism and reconciled it with traditionalist elements. Hasidism espouses a mystical interpretation of religion. Each Hasidic community aligned with a hereditary leader known as <i>rebbe</i> (who is almost always an ordained rabbi). While the spiritualist element of Hasidism declined through the centuries, the <i>rebbe</i>s' authority stems from the mystical belief that the holiness of their ancestors is inborn. They exercise tight control over their followers. Each of the hundreds of independent Hasidic groups/sects (also called "courts" or "dynasties") has its own line of <i>rebbes</i>. Groups range in size from large ones with thousands of member households to very small. Courts often possess unique customs, religious emphases, philosophies, and styles of dress. Hasidic men, especially on the Sabbath, don long garments and fur hats, which were once a staple of Eastern European Jews, but are now associated almost exclusively with them. As of 2016, 130,000 Hasidic households were counted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Litvaks">Litvaks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Litvaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second <i>Haredi</i> group are the Litvaks, or Yeshivish. They originated, loosely, with the <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a>, the opponents of Hasidism, who were mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">old Lithuania</a>. The confrontation with the Hasid bred distinct ideologies and institutions, especially great <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a></i>, learning halls, where the study of Torah for its own sake and admiration for the scholars who headed these schools was enshrined. With the advent of secularization, the Misnagdim largely abandoned their hostility towards Hasidism. They became defined by affiliation with their <i>yeshiva</i>s, and their communities were sometimes composed of alumni. The prestige ascribed to them as centers of Torah study (after they were rebuilt in Israel and America, bearing the names of Eastern European <i>yeshiva</i>s destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>) persuaded many who were not Misnagdic, and the term <i>Litvak</i> lost its original ethnic connotation. It is granted to all non-Hasidic Haredim of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> descent. The Litvak sector is led mainly by heads of <i>yeshiva</i>s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sephardic">Sephardic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sephardic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a></div> <p>The third <i>Haredi</i> movement consists of the Sephardic <i>Haredim</i>, who live mostly in Israel. There they are linked to the <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> party and the legacy of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a>. Originating in the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> (Middle Eastern and North African Jews) immigrants to the country who arrived in the 1950s, most of the Sephardi Haredim were educated in Litvak yeshivas. They adopted their educators' mentality. Their identity developed in reaction to the racism they encountered. Shas arose in the 1980s, with the aim of reclaiming Sephardi religious legacy, in opposition to both secularism and the hegemony of European-descended <i>Haredim</i>. While living in strictly observant circles, they maintain a strong bond with non-Haredi masses of Israeli Mizrahi society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Orthodoxy_2">Modern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Talk:Orthodox Judaism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the West, especially in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodoxy">Modern Orthodoxy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Centrist_Orthodoxy" title="Torah Umadda">"Centrist Orthodoxy"</a>, is an umbrella term for communities that seek an observant lifestyle and traditional theology, while at the same time ascribing positive value to engagement (if not <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Synthesis" title="Torah Umadda">"synthesis"</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the Modern Orthodox form a cohesive community, influenced by the legacy of leaders such as Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a>, and concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">Yeshiva University</a> and institutions such as the OU or <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">National Council of Young Israel</a>. They affirm strict obedience to Jewish Law, the centrality of Torah study, and the importance of positive engagement with modern culture.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Zionism">Religious Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religious Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></div> <p>In Israel, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a> represents the largest Orthodox public and are fervent <a href="/wiki/Zionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionists">Zionists</a>. Religious Zionism supports Israel and ascribes an inherent religious value to it. The dominant ideological school, influenced by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>'s thought, regards the state in messianic terms. Religious Zionism is not a uniform group, and the split between its conservative flank (often named "<a href="/wiki/Chardal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chardal">Chardal</a>", or "National-<i><a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a></i>") and more liberal elements has increased since the 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a>, once the single political platform, dissolved, and the common educational system became torn on issues such as gender separation in elementary school or secular studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Centrist_Orthodoxy">European Centrist Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: European Centrist Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, "Centrist Orthodoxy" is represented by organizations such as the British <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israelite_Central_Consistory_of_France" title="Israelite Central Consistory of France">Israelite Central Consistory of France</a>, both the dominant official rabbinates in their respective countries. The laity is often non-observant, retaining formal affiliation due to familial piety or a sense of Jewish identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_Masorti_(traditional)"><span id="Israeli_Masorti_.28traditional.29"></span>Israeli Masorti (traditional)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Israeli Masorti (traditional)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">Masortim</a></div> <p>Another large demographic usually considered Orthodox are the Israeli <i><a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">Masortim</a></i>, or "traditionals". This moniker originated with <a href="/wiki/Mizrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrahim">Mizrahi</a> immigrants who were secularized and reverent toward their communal heritage. However, Mizrahi intellectuals, in recent years, developed a more reflective, nuanced understanding of this term, eschewing its shallow image and not necessarily agreeing with the formal deference to Orthodox rabbis. Self-conscious <i>Masorti</i> identity is limited to small, elitist circles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state) portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey" title="Portal:New Jersey">New Jersey portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashkafa" title="Hashkafa">Hashkafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orthodox_Jewish_communities_in_the_United_States" title="List of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States">List of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Orthodoxy" title="Open Orthodoxy">Open Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2016 Pew survey found that 22% of adult Jewish Israelis were <i>dati</i> or <i>haredi</i>, and 50% identified as Orthodox when asked. Adult Jewish population in Israel is roughly 4.5 million. See "demographics".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2013 Pew survey found out that 10% of adult American Jews identify as Orthodox, of a population of 4.2-5.3 million.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2016 synagoge survey found that 70% of British households with a membership (56,000 of 80,000) were Orthodox. With almost zero intermarriage, 120,000 is thus the minimum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlutinger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blutinger, Jeffrey (2007). ""'So-Called Orthodoxy': The History of an Unwanted Label"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Modern Judaism</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjm005">10.1093/mj/kjm005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=%22%27So-Called+Orthodoxy%27%3A+The+History+of+an+Unwanted+Label%22.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2Fkjm005&rft.aulast=Blutinger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srf-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-srf_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srf_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srf_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srf_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srf_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonRavitzkyFerziger2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salmon, Yosef; Ravitzky, Aviezer; Ferziger, Adam (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magnespress.co.il/en/book/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA-1911"><i>Orthodox Judaism: New Perspectives</i></a> (in Hebrew). The Hebrew University Magnes Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Judaism%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+Magnes+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft.au=Ravitzky%2C+Aviezer&rft.au=Ferziger%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magnespress.co.il%2Fen%2Fbook%2F%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%25AA%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_%25D7%2599%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitzky2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ravitzky, Aviezer (2 January 2006). Brown, Benjamin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5121180">"The Varieties of Orthodox Responses: Ashkenazim and Sephardim"</a>. <i>ש"ס - היבטים תרבותיים ורעיוניים</i>. Shas: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Am_Oved" title="Am Oved">Am Oved</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D7%A9%22%D7%A1+-+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.atitle=The+Varieties+of+Orthodox+Responses%3A+Ashkenazim+and+Sephardim&rft.date=2006-01-02&rft.aulast=Ravitzky&rft.aufirst=Aviezer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5121180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnobelKatz1974" class="citation journal cs1">Knobel, Peter S.; Katz, Jacob (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3709748">"Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation 1770–1870"</a>. <i>Sociological Analysis</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">144–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3709748">10.2307/3709748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0210">0038-0210</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3709748">3709748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Ghetto%3A+The+Social+Background+of+Jewish+Emancipation+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0038-0210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3709748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3709748&rft.aulast=Knobel&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft.au=Katz%2C+Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F3709748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1988" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael A. (1988). <i>Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505167-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505167-4"><bdi>978-0-19-505167-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Response+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Reform+Movement+in+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505167-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilber1987" class="citation book cs1">Silber, Michael K. (1987). "The Historical Experience of German Jewry and its Impact on Haskalah and Reform in Hungary". In Katz, Jacob (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351318006"><i>Toward Modernity</i></a>. 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University of California Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22720-0"><bdi>978-0-520-22720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Britain%2C+1656+to+2000&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22720-0&rft.aulast=Endelman&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aUwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBR-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBR_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBR_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Brown, Benjamin (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5121242">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"As Swords in the Body of the Nation": East-European Rabbis against the Separation of Communities (Hebrew)"</a>. <bdi lang="he">יוסף דעת</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22As+Swords+in+the+Body+of+the+Nation%22%3A+East-European+Rabbis+against+the+Separation+of+Communities+%28Hebrew%29&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5121242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinerSorkin2020" class="citation book cs1">Feiner, Shmuel; Sorkin, David Jan (2020). "Enlightened Rabbis as Reformers in Russian Jewish Society". In Salmon, Joseph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPSDzgEACAA&pg=PA166J"><i>New Perspectives on the Haskalah</i></a>. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. <span class="nowrap">166–</span>168, <span class="nowrap">172–</span>173, <span class="nowrap">181–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80034-014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80034-014-5"><bdi>978-1-80034-014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enlightened+Rabbis+as+Reformers+in+Russian+Jewish+Society&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Haskalah&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E168%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E173%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-80034-014-5&rft.aulast=Feiner&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft.au=Sorkin%2C+David+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPSDzgEACAA%26pg%3DPA166J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Joseph (1998). "Zionism and Anti-Zionism in Traditional Judaism in Eastern Europe". In Almog, Shmuel; Reinharz, Jehuda; Shapira, Anita (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mS6oW4TTuwkC"><i>Zionism and Religion</i></a>. UPNE. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>26, <span class="nowrap">30–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-882-5"><bdi>978-0-87451-882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+Anti-Zionism+in+Traditional+Judaism+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-882-5&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmS6oW4TTuwkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz2005" class="citation book cs1">Schatz, Jaff (15 May 2005). "Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland". In Frankel, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POkxdm6DoAsC"><i>Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534613-8"><bdi>978-0-19-534613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+and+the+Communist+Movement+in+Interwar+Poland&rft.btitle=Dark+Times%2C+Dire+Decisions%3A+Jews+and+Communism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534613-8&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Jaff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOkxdm6DoAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleff2012" class="citation journal cs1">Eleff, Zev (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditionarchive.org/news/_pdfs/0035-0053.pdf">"American Orthodoxy's Lukewarm Embrace of the Hirschian Legacy, 1850–1939"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>. <b>45</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0608">0041-0608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition%3A+A+Journal+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Thought&rft.atitle=American+Orthodoxy%27s+Lukewarm+Embrace+of+the+Hirschian+Legacy%2C+1850%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0041-0608&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditionarchive.org%2Fnews%2F_pdfs%2F0035-0053.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarnah-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarnah_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarnah_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Sarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan D. Sarna">Sarna, Jonathan D.</a> (25 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>American Judaism</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19039-7"><bdi>978-0-300-19039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19039-7&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-aaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleff2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleff, Zev (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5w8oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAxxxiv"><i>Modern Orthodox Judaism: A Documentary History</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xxxiv–</span>xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1257-0"><bdi>978-0-8276-1257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Orthodox+Judaism%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxxiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxv&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-1257-0&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5w8oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAxxxiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seating-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seating_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seating_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Sarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan D. Sarna">Sarna, Jonathan D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/hornstein/sarna/synagoguehistory/Archive/TheDebateoverMixedSeatingintheAmericanSynagogue.pdf">"The Debate over Mixed Seating in the American Synagogue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Debate+over+Mixed+Seating+in+the+American+Synagogue&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fhornstein%2Fsarna%2Fsynagoguehistory%2FArchive%2FTheDebateoverMixedSeatingintheAmericanSynagogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurock1996" class="citation book cs1">Gurock, Jeffrey S. 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KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-567-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-567-6"><bdi>978-0-88125-567-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Orthodoxy+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-567-6&rft.aulast=Gurock&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWyxwAdgHWMC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2008" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Deborah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.273452"><i>American Jewish Identity Politics</i></a>. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">185–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.273452">10.3998/mpub.273452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11648-5"><bdi>978-0-472-11648-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Identity+Politics&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.273452&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11648-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.273452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713105533/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2005/04/06/news/news05.txt">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2005/04/06/news/news05.txt">the original</a> on 2011-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-17</span></span>. <q>Beth Midrash Hagadol-Beth Joseph remains the only synagogue in the country affiliated with the Orthodox Union (OU) to have so-called mixed seating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishledger.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F04%2F06%2Fnews%2Fnews05.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijn.com/bmh-bj-resigns-from-ou-ponders-its-future-direction/">"BMH-BJ resigns from OU, ponders its future direction"</a>. 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMH-BJ+resigns+from+OU%2C+ponders+its+future+direction&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijn.com%2Fbmh-bj-resigns-from-ou-ponders-its-future-direction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelman, Yoel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396734">"Haredi Isolation in Changing Environments: A Case Study in Yeshiva Immigration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Judaism" title="Modern Judaism">Modern Judaism</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2F22.1.61">10.1093/mj/22.1.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-1114">0276-1114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396734">1396734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=Haredi+Isolation+in+Changing+Environments%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Yeshiva+Immigration&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0276-1114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2F22.1.61&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Yoel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1396734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2012" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Michael R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-5FTNZhtbUC&pg=PA137"><i>The Birth of Conservative Judaism: Solomon Schechter's Disciples and the Creation of an American Religious Movement</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">137–</span>140, 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15635-6"><bdi>978-0-231-15635-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Conservative+Judaism%3A+Solomon+Schechter%27s+Disciples+and+the+Creation+of+an+American+Religious+Movement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E140%2C+157&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15635-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-5FTNZhtbUC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_B._Shapiro" title="Marc B. Shapiro">Shapiro, Marc B.</a> (2022-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rG9vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides' Thirteen Principles Reappraised</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80085-844-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80085-844-2"><bdi>978-1-80085-844-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Orthodox+Theology%3A+Maimonides%27+Thirteen+Principles+Reappraised&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-80085-844-2&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrG9vEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(scholar)" title="Benjamin Brown (scholar)">Brown, Benjamin</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36068205">"The Comeback of "Simple Faith": The Ultra-Orthodox Concept of Faith and Its Development in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. <i>Dynamics of Continuity and Change in Jewish Religious Life</i>: <span class="nowrap">130–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781618117144-006">10.1515/9781618117144-006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-714-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-714-4"><bdi>978-1-61811-714-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dynamics+of+Continuity+and+Change+in+Jewish+Religious+Life&rft.atitle=The+Comeback+of+%22Simple+Faith%22%3A+The+Ultra-Orthodox+Concept+of+Faith+and+Its+Development+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781618117144-006&rft.isbn=978-1-61811-714-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36068205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA294"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">294–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E294-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span> (articles: <i>God</i>; <i>God, attributes of</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1995" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E097BTUssM4C&pg=PA3"><i>Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2555-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2555-1"><bdi>978-0-8143-2555-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Response+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Reform+Movement+in+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2555-1&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE097BTUssM4C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1994" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Keith (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4rwsM_w1uAwC&pg=PA85"><i>Religion and Revelation: A Theology of Revelation in the World's Religions</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 85, 115, 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826466-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826466-8"><bdi>978-0-19-826466-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Revelation%3A+A+Theology+of+Revelation+in+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=85%2C+115%2C+209&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826466-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4rwsM_w1uAwC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreundel2004" class="citation book cs1">Freundel, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaCfpwuTv68C&pg=PA29"><i>Contemporary Orthodox Judaism's Response to Modernity</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 29, 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-778-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-778-6"><bdi>978-0-88125-778-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Orthodox+Judaism%27s+Response+to+Modernity&rft.pages=29%2C+35&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-778-6&rft.aulast=Freundel&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqaCfpwuTv68C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel2008" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Solomon (2008-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku-xzIY5mecC&pg=PA202"><i>The Tenacity of Unreasonable Beliefs: Fundamentalism and the Fear of Truth</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518826-4"><bdi>978-0-19-518826-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenacity+of+Unreasonable+Beliefs%3A+Fundamentalism+and+the+Fear+of+Truth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518826-4&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu-xzIY5mecC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFכ"ץKatz1980" class="citation journal cs1">כ"ץ, יעקב; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Katz" title="Jacob Katz">Katz, Jacob</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24191185">"Post-Zoharic Relations between Halakhah and Kabbalah / יחסי הלכה וקבלה בדורות שלאחר "התגלות" הזוהר"</a>. <i>Daat: A Journal of Jewish Philosophy & Kabbalah / דעת: כתב-עת לפילוסופיה יהודית וקבלה</i> (4): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-2336">0334-2336</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24191185">24191185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daat%3A+A+Journal+of+Jewish+Philosophy+%26+Kabbalah+%2F+%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA%3A+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91-%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94&rft.atitle=Post-Zoharic+Relations+between+Halakhah+and+Kabbalah+%2F+%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8+%22%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%22+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24191185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0334-2336&rft.aulast=%D7%9B%22%D7%A5&rft.aufirst=%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91&rft.au=Katz%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24191185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody2011" class="citation web cs1">Brody, Shlomo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003255/http://text.rcarabbis.org/halakha-and-kabbalah-rabbi-joseph-karos-shulchan-aruch-and-magid-mesharim-by-shlomo-brody/">"Halakha and Kabbalah: Rabbi Joseph Karo's Shulchan Aruch and Magid Mesharim"</a>. Rabbinical Council of America Rabbis' blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://text.rcarabbis.org/halakha-and-kabbalah-rabbi-joseph-karos-shulchan-aruch-and-magid-mesharim-by-shlomo-brody">the original</a> on 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halakha+and+Kabbalah%3A+Rabbi+Joseph+Karo%27s+Shulchan+Aruch+and+Magid+Mesharim&rft.pub=Rabbinical+Council+of+America+Rabbis%27+blog&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftext.rcarabbis.org%2Fhalakha-and-kabbalah-rabbi-joseph-karos-shulchan-aruch-and-magid-mesharim-by-shlomo-brody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2002" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, David (2002). "The Fragility of Religious Doctrine: Accounting for Orthodox Acquiescence in the Belief in a Second Coming". <i>Modern Judaism</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2F22.2.103">10.1093/mj/22.2.103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=The+Fragility+of+Religious+Doctrine%3A+Accounting+for+Orthodox+Acquiescence+in+the+Belief+in+a+Second+Coming&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2F22.2.103&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levenson2006-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson2006_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Douglas_Levenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jon Douglas Levenson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iv9l8vgL1iAC"><i>Resurrection and the Restoration of Israel: The Ultimate Victory of the God of Life</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13515-2"><bdi>978-0-300-13515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection+and+the+Restoration+of+Israel%3A+The+Ultimate+Victory+of+the+God+of+Life&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13515-2&rft.au=Jon+Douglas+Levenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Div9l8vgL1iAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LL.book-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL.book_50-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeila_Leah_Bronner2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leila_Leah_Bronner" title="Leila Leah Bronner">Leila Leah Bronner</a> (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBAiBgAAQBAJ"><i>Journey to Heaven: Exploring Jewish Views of the Afterlife</i></a>. Urim Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-524-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-524-100-6"><bdi>978-965-524-100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+Heaven%3A+Exploring+Jewish+Views+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pub=Urim+Publications&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=978-965-524-100-6&rft.au=Leila+Leah+Bronner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBAiBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeila_Leah_Bronner2011" class="citation book cs1">Leila Leah Bronner (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBAiBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Journey to Heaven: Exploring Jewish Views of the Afterlife</i></a>. Urim Publications. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-524-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-524-100-6"><bdi>978-965-524-100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+Heaven%3A+Exploring+Jewish+Views+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Urim+Publications&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=978-965-524-100-6&rft.au=Leila+Leah+Bronner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBAiBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: Michael Rosensweig, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260661">Elu va-Elu Divre Elokim Hayyim: Halakhic Pluralism and Theories of Controversy</a></i>. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought. Spring 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1993" class="citation journal cs1">Woolf, Jeffrey R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260884">"The Parameters of Precedent in Pesak Halakhah"</a>. <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0608">0041-0608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260884">23260884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition%3A+A+Journal+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Parameters+of+Precedent+in+Pesak+Halakhah&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23260884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0041-0608&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23260884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a good introduction to <i>halakha</i> see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroydeBedzow2014" class="citation book cs1">Broyde, Michael J.; Bedzow, Ira (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9wunwEACAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Codification of Jewish Law and an Introduction to the Jurisprudence of the Mishna Berura</i></a>. Academic Studies Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6, <span class="nowrap">368–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4936-1211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4936-1211-6"><bdi>978-1-4936-1211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Codification+of+Jewish+Law+and+an+Introduction+to+the+Jurisprudence+of+the+Mishna+Berura&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4936-1211-6&rft.aulast=Broyde&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Bedzow%2C+Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9wunwEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Benjamin (2018-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36530833">"A translated chapter from: The Hazon Ish: Halakhist, Believer and Leader of the Haredi Revolution: "The Gaon of Vilna, the Hatam Sofer and the Hazon Ish – Minhag and the Crisis of Modernity"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hakirah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hakirah&rft.atitle=A+translated+chapter+from%3A+The+Hazon+Ish%3A+Halakhist%2C+Believer+and+Leader+of+the+Haredi+Revolution%3A+%22The+Gaon+of+Vilna%2C+the+Hatam+Sofer+and+the+Hazon+Ish+%E2%80%93+Minhag+and+the+Crisis+of+Modernity%22&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36530833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">outside of Israel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunfeld2014" class="citation web cs1">Grunfeld, Raphael (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/halacha-hashkafa/eating-in-the-sukkah-on-shemini-atzeret/2014/10/15/">"Eating In The Sukkah On Shemini Atzeret"</a>. <i>www.jewishpress.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishpress.com&rft.atitle=Eating+In+The+Sukkah+On+Shemini+Atzeret&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Grunfeld&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Fjudaism%2Fhalacha-hashkafa%2Feating-in-the-sukkah-on-shemini-atzeret%2F2014%2F10%2F15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yutorah.org/_cdn/_shiurim/Dairy%20on%20Shavuot.pdf">"The Minhag of Eating Dairy Products on Shavuot"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>YUTorah.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YUTorah.org&rft.atitle=The+Minhag+of+Eating+Dairy+Products+on+Shavuot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yutorah.org%2F_cdn%2F_shiurim%2FDairy%2520on%2520Shavuot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschenbaum1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kirschenbaum, Aaron (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260883">"MARA DE-ATRA: A Brief Sketch"</a>. <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0608">0041-0608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260883">23260883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition%3A+A+Journal+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Thought&rft.atitle=MARA+DE-ATRA%3A+A+Brief+Sketch&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23260883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0041-0608&rft.aulast=Kirschenbaum&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23260883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">skullcap (<a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">kippah</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimi_Lichtman2013" class="citation news cs1">Simi Lichtman (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/sisterhood/170169/keep-singing-girlfriend-but-obey-the-rules">"Keep Singing, Girlfriend, But Obey the Rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>. <q>this law of kol isha does not exist in other sects of Judaism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Keep+Singing%2C+Girlfriend%2C+But+Obey+the+Rules&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.au=Simi+Lichtman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fsisterhood%2F170169%2Fkeep-singing-girlfriend-but-obey-the-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Berachot 24a) records the prohibition of Kol Isha.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koltorah.org/halachah/the-parameters-of-kol-isha-by-rabbi-chaim-jachter">"The Parameters of Kol Isha by Rabbi Chaim Jachter"</a>. 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parameters+of+Kol+Isha+by+Rabbi+Chaim+Jachter&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koltorah.org%2Fhalachah%2Fthe-parameters-of-kol-isha-by-rabbi-chaim-jachter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/atr/Kol_Isha.html">"Kol Isha: Ask the Rabbi Response"</a>. <i>Aish.com</i>. 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=Kol+Isha%3A+Ask+the+Rabbi+Response&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fatr%2FKol_Isha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_A._Kingson2009" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer A. Kingson (April 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/09/garden/09kosher.html">"Making Kosher a Little More Convenient"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Making+Kosher+a+Little+More+Convenient&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.au=Jennifer+A.+Kingson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F09%2Fgarden%2F09kosher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Mindlin2008" class="citation news cs1">Alex Mindlin (February 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/nyregion/thecity/03mult.html">"Here Come the Babies. There Go the Jackhammers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>aimed at Orthodox buyers... two sinks .. one for meat and one for dairy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Here+Come+the+Babies.+There+Go+the+Jackhammers.&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.au=Alex+Mindlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F03%2Fnyregion%2Fthecity%2F03mult.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an online source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleff2017" class="citation web cs1">Eleff, Zev (8 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelehrhaus.com/commentary/the-vanishing-non-observant-orthodox-jew/,%20https://thelehrhaus.com/commentary/the-vanishing-non-observant-orthodox-jew/">"The Vanishing Non-Observant Orthodox Jew"</a>. The Lehrhaus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vanishing+Non-Observant+Orthodox+Jew&rft.pub=The+Lehrhaus&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelehrhaus.com%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-vanishing-non-observant-orthodox-jew%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fthelehrhaus.com%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-vanishing-non-observant-orthodox-jew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EG-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EG_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElazarGeffen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Elazar" title="Daniel J. Elazar">Elazar, Daniel J.</a>; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lg6BmMTZGIC&pg=PA105"><i>The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9202-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-9202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Movement+in+Judaism%3A+Dilemmas+and+Opportunities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9202-4&rft.aulast=Elazar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Geffen%2C+Rela+Mintz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Lg6BmMTZGIC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElazar1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Elazar" title="Daniel J. Elazar">Elazar, Daniel J.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/demographics.htm">"How Strong is Orthodox Judaism – Really? The Demographics of Jewish Religious Identification"</a>. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Strong+is+Orthodox+Judaism+%E2%80%93+Really%3F+The+Demographics+of+Jewish+Religious+Identification&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Elazar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fdje%2Farticles2%2Fdemographics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter2016" class="citation web cs1">Center, Pew Research (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Pew+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fisraels-religiously-divided-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilman-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heilman_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmanCohen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Cohen" title="Steven M. Cohen">Cohen, Steven M.</a> (1989-10-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPnEKhX6icIC"><i>Cosmopolitans and Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32495-1"><bdi>978-0-226-32495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitans+and+Parochials%3A+Modern+Orthodox+Jews+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32495-1&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPnEKhX6icIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter2013" class="citation web cs1">Center, Pew Research (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/">"A Portrait of Jewish Americans"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Jewish+Americans&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Pew+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fjewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMashiahBoyd2017" class="citation web cs1">Mashiah, Donatella Casale; Boyd, Jonathan (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204832/https://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/Synagogue_membership_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_2016.pdf">"Synagogue membership in the United Kingdom in 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute for Jewish Policy Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpr.org.uk/documents/Synagogue_membership_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synagogue+membership+in+the+United+Kingdom+in+2016&rft.pub=Institute+for+Jewish+Policy+Research&rft.date=2017-07&rft.aulast=Mashiah&rft.aufirst=Donatella+Casale&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpr.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2FSynagogue_membership_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/402663/orthodox-will-dominate-american-jewry-in-coming-decades-as-population/">"Orthodox Will Dominate American Jewry In Coming Decades"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Will+Dominate+American+Jewry+In+Coming+Decades&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F402663%2Forthodox-will-dominate-american-jewry-in-coming-decades-as-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/haredi-half-of-britain-s-jews-will-soon-be-strictly-orthodox-says-new-study-a6696046.html">"Half of Britain's Jews 'will soon be strictly Orthodox'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Half+of+Britain%27s+Jews+%27will+soon+be+strictly+Orthodox%27&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fharedi-half-of-britain-s-jews-will-soon-be-strictly-orthodox-says-new-study-a6696046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Haredi_Demography_The_United_States_and_the_United_Kingdom.pdf">"Haredi Demography – The United States and the United Kingdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/JPPI" class="mw-redirect" title="JPPI">JPPI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haredi+Demography+%E2%80%93+The+United+States+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=JPPI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjppi.org.il%2Fuploads%2FHaredi_Demography_The_United_States_and_the_United_Kingdom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Saul J. Berman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shma.com/2001/02/the-ideology-of-modern-orthodoxy/">The Ideology of Modern Orthodoxy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William B. Helmreich and Reuel Shinnar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/jl-383-helmreich.htm">Modern Orthodoxy in America: Possibilities for a Movement under Siege</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229025428/http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/jl-383-helmreich.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Thinkers_and_Thought/Jewish_Philosophy/Philosophies/Modern/Joseph_Soloveitchik.shtml">"Rabbi Soloveitchik"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Soloveitchik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fbeliefs%2FTheology%2FThinkers_and_Thought%2FJewish_Philosophy%2FPhilosophies%2FModern%2FJoseph_Soloveitchik.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Orthodox Judaism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jews" title="Category:Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_rabbis" title="Category:Orthodox rabbis">Rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Jewish outreach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism (UTJ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union (NU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam (political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Faction" title="Jerusalem Faction">Jerusalem Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Rabbinates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggud_HaRabbonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggud HaRabbonim">Iggud HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Agudas HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Hebrew_Congregations" title="Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations">Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rabbinic_Fellowship" title="International Rabbinic Fellowship">International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirshu" title="Dirshu">Dirshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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