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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نوحيدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوحيدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Бней Ноах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бней Ноах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahisme" title="Noahisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noahisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahidismus" title="Noahidismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Noahidismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noajismo" title="Noajismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noajismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="جنبش نوحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش نوحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohaisme" title="Nohaisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nohaisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahidisme" title="Noahidisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Noahidisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noachismo" title="Noachismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Noachismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_(%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94)" title="חסיד אומות העולם (הלכה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסיד אומות העולם (הלכה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahidizmas" title="Noahidizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Noahidizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نوحيديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوحيديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noa%C3%ADsmo" title="Noaísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noaísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Бней Ноах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бней Ноах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Noach" title="Ben Noach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ben Noach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ноахидизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ноахидизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhilik" title="Nuhilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nuhilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish new religious movement</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg/220px-Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg/330px-Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg/440px-Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> is the unofficial symbol of Noahidism, recalling the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> in which a rainbow appears to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> after the Flood; it represents <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>'s promise to Noah to refrain from <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution#Hebrew_Bible" title="Divine retribution">flooding the Earth and destroying all life again</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Segal_1993-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_outreach" title="Category:Jewish outreach">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_outreach" title="Jewish outreach">Jewish outreach</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ededed;"> Core topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism_outreach" title="Conservative Judaism outreach">Conservative outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism_outreach" title="Reform Judaism outreach">Reform outreach</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chabad_outreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad outreach">Chabad outreach</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noahide campaign</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva" title="Baal teshuva">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactive_conversion" title="Proactive conversion">Proactive conversion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ededed;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">Apostasy in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversions_of_Jews_to_Christianity" title="Conversions of Jews to Christianity">Conversions of Jews to Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytization_and_counter-proselytization_of_Jews" title="Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews">Jewish counter-missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Conversion of Jewish orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavei_Israel" title="Shavei Israel">Shavei Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zera_Yisrael" title="Zera Yisrael">Zera Yisrael</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_outreach" title="Template:Jewish outreach"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_outreach" title="Template talk:Jewish outreach"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_outreach" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish outreach"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:770_Eastern_Parkway_(thumbnail_size).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="770 Eastern Parkway"><img alt="770 Eastern Parkway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rebbes_of_Lubavitch" title="Category:Rebbes of Lubavitch">Rebbes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (Alter Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a> (Mitteler Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneersohn" title="Menachem Mendel Schneersohn">Menachem M. Schneersohn</a> (Tzemach Tzedek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a> (Maharash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a> (Rashab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a> (Rayatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> (the Rebbe)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Places and landmarks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway" title="770 Eastern Parkway">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Agudas_Chassidei_Chabad" title="Library of Agudas Chassidei Chabad">Chabad library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Children%27s_Museum" title="Jewish Children's Museum">JCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(Chabad-Lubavitch)" title="Ohel (Chabad-Lubavitch)">Ohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chabad" title="Kfar Chabad">Kfar Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyubavichi,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Lyubavichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_House" title="Nariman House">Nariman House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikun_Chabad" title="Shikun Chabad">Shikun Chabad</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chabad_customs_and_holidays" title="Chabad customs and holidays">Holidays</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li>1, 10, <a href="/wiki/19_Kislev" title="19 Kislev">19</a> <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li>10, 22 <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Nissan" title="11 Nissan">11</a> <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Tammuz" title="3 Tammuz">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/12%E2%80%9313_Tammuz" title="12–13 Tammuz">12-13</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chabad_affiliated_organizations" title="Chabad affiliated organizations">Organizations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Aguch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_Institute" title="Aleph Institute">Aleph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colel_Chabad" title="Colel Chabad">Colel Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Circle_(organization)" title="Friendship Circle (organization)">Friendship Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Israel_Camping_Network" title="Gan Israel Camping Network">Gan Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Learning_Network" title="Jewish Learning Network">JLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Released_Time" title="Jewish Released Time">Released Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Relief_Agency" title="Jewish Relief Agency">JRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubavitch_Youth_Organization" title="Lubavitch Youth Organization">LYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machneh_Israel_(Chabad)" title="Machneh Israel (Chabad)">Machneh Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch" title="Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch">Merkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27shei_Chabad" title="N'shei Chabad">N'shei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Furtherance_of_Jewish_Education" title="National Committee for the Furtherance of Jewish Education">NCFJE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Avner_Foundation" title="Ohr Avner Foundation">Ohr Avner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_L%27Chaim_Society" title="Oxford University L'Chaim Society">L'Chaim Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohr_Jewish_Learning_Institute" title="Rohr Jewish Learning Institute">JLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Rabonei_Lubavitch" title="Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch">Vaad Harabonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Talmidei_Hatmimim_Haolami" title="Vaad Talmidei Hatmimim Haolami">Vaad Hatmimim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_Centre,_Melbourne" title="Yeshivah Centre, Melbourne">Yeshivah Centre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_schools" title="Category:Chabad schools">Schools</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Chana_Women_International" title="Bais Chana Women International">Bais Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah" title="Beth Rivkah">Beth Rivkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah_Ladies_College" title="Beth Rivkah Ladies College">Beth Rivkah Ladies College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadar_Hatorah" title="Hadar Hatorah">Hadar Hatorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubavitch_Senior_Girls%27_School" title="Lubavitch Senior Girls' School">Lubavitch Senior Girls' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machon_Chana" title="Machon Chana">Machon Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanot" title="Mayanot">Mayanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Chana" title="Ohel Chana">Ohel Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholei_Torah" title="Oholei Torah">Oholei Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Avner_Chabad_Day_School" title="Ohr Avner Chabad Day School">Ohr Avner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">TTYL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_College,_Australia" title="Yeshivah College, Australia">Yeshivah College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_Gedolah_Zal" title="Yeshivah Gedolah Zal">YG</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_texts" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch texts">Texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_Beis" title="Ayin Beis">Ayin Beis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derech_Mitzvosecha" title="Derech Mitzvosecha">Derech Mitzvosecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadranim_al_HaRambam" title="Hadranim al HaRambam">Hadranim al HaRambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayom_Yom" title="Hayom Yom">Hayom Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igrot_Kodesh" title="Igrot Kodesh">Igrot Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imrei_Binah" title="Imrei Binah">Imrei Binah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos" title="Likkutei Sichos">Likkutei Sichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Or/Likutei_Torah" title="Torah Or/Likutei Torah">Likutei Torah/Torah Or</a></li> <li>Collections of <a href="/wiki/Maamarim_(Chabad)" title="Maamarim (Chabad)">Maamarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samech_Vov" title="Samech Vov">Samech Vov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch_HaRav" title="Shulchan Aruch HaRav">Shulchan Aruch HaRav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehillat_Hashem" title="Tehillat Hashem">Tehillat Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toras_Chaim_(Chabad)" title="Toras Chaim (Chabad)">Toras Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Rebbe" title="Beit Rebbe">Beit Rebbe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_magazines" title="Category:Chabad magazines">Magazines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derher" class="mw-redirect" title="Derher">Derher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayenu" title="Chayenu">Chayenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvar_Malchus" title="Dvar Malchus">Dvar Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatomim" title="Hatomim">Hatomim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_terminology" title="Category:Chabad terminology">Practices and concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitas" title="Chitas">Chitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirah_betachtonim" title="Dirah betachtonim">Dirah betachtonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farbrengen" title="Farbrengen">Farbrengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashpia" title="Mashpia">Mashpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ari" title="Nusach Ari">Nusach Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Meshichist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah_tank" title="Mitzvah tank">Mitzvah tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_mitzvah_campaigns" title="Chabad mitzvah campaigns">Mivtzoim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_niggunim" title="Chabad niggunim">Niggunim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noahide laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelus" title="Seder hishtalshelus">Seder hishtalshelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">Shaliach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">Chabad offshoots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopust" title="Kopust">Kopust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liadi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liadi (Hasidic dynasty)">Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avrutch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Avrutch (Hasidic dynasty)">Avrutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachim_(Hasidic_group)" title="Malachim (Hasidic group)">Malachim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chabad" title="Template:Chabad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chabad" title="Template talk:Chabad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Noahidism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnoʊəhaɪdɪzəm/</a>) or Noachidism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnoʊəxaɪdɪzəm/</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">religious movement</a> aimed at <a href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">non-Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> based upon the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and their traditional interpretations within <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, non-Jews (<a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">gentiles</a>) are not obligated to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">convert to Judaism</a>, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come#Jewish_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">World to Come</a> (Olam Ha-Ba), the final reward of the righteous.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The penalty for violating any of the Noahide laws is discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a> but in practical terms it is subject to the working legal system which is established by the society at large.<a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a> Those who subscribe to the observance of the Noahic Covenant are referred to as Bnei Noach (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בני נח, "Sons of Noah") or Noahides (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnoʊ.əhaɪdz/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The modern Noahide movement was founded in the 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> mainly tied to <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">religious Zionist</a> organizations,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> including <a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> Historically, the Hebrew term Bnei Noach has been applied to all non-Jews as <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">descendants of Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2021-13">[13]</a> However, nowadays it is primarily used to refer specifically to those "Righteous Gentiles" who observe the Seven Laws of Noah.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabletmag-5">[5]</a> Noahide communities have spread and developed primarily in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tabletmag-5">[5]</a> According to a Noahide source in 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are over 20,000 official Noahides around the world and the country with the greatest number is the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabletmag-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Noahic_Covenant">The Noahic Covenant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Noahic Covenant">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic_covenant" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant (biblical) § Noahic covenant</a></div> The theological basis for the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven commandments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Noahic_covenant" title="Covenant (biblical)">Noahic Covenant</a> is said to be derived interpretatively from demands addressed to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> who are believed to be the progenitors of humankind in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and therefore to be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Universal_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal morality">universal moral laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2021-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild_2006-21">[21]</a> The seven commandments of the Noahic Covenant enumerated in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a> 8:4, <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 56a-b) are:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <ol><li>Do not worship <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Do not <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">curse</a> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Do not <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Do not commit <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fornication#Judaism" title="Fornication">sexual immorality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Do not <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">steal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Do not <a href="/wiki/Eating_live_animals" title="Eating live animals">eat flesh torn from a living animal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Establish <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system">courts of justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ol> According to the American <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Roman Catholic priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">dogmatic theologian</a> Bruce R. Barnes, the obligation to follow the Noahic Covenant and its seven commandments was incumbent upon the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> as well, and remained effective for them until the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were given to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2021-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">With the giving of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, God chose a people to live by His Commandments. This is a critical moment for those who believe that revelation is the only authentic expression of law. Such individuals think that the Revealed Law predominates and that the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide Laws</a> are absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic Laws</a>, thereby losing their independence. This unification of the two sets of law during the revelation at Sinai strengthened and confirmed (rather than diminished) the obligation for <a href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">non-Jews</a> to follow the Noahide Laws. <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">Righteous Gentiles</a> were obliged to follow the Seven Commandments and, by association, the Sinaitic Commandments because the Noahide Laws were now considered subsumed into the Sinai Laws. This did not alter the distinction between the two sets of people who followed the respective laws. [...] The relationship between the Noahites and the Jews would always be similar to the relationship between a priest and a faithful layman. The obligation to follow the Noahide Laws was incumbent upon the Jews from Adam to the Revelation at Sinai. Virtually all <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish thinkers</a> who dealt with this issue kept this in mind.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2021-13">[13]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_precedents">Historical precedents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical precedents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">Ger toshav</a> and <a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></div> The concept of "Righteous Gentiles" (gerim toshavim) has a few precedents in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Judaism">history of Judaism</a>, primarily during <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Biblical times</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">Roman domination of the Mediterranean</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, it is reported that the legal status of <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">ger toshav</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: גר תושב, ger: "foreigner" or "alien" + toshav: "resident", <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">resident alien</a>')<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> was granted to those <a href="/wiki/Gentile#Judaism" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a> (non-Jews) living in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> who did not want to convert to Judaism but agreed to observe the Seven Laws of Noah.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Sebomenoi or <a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> were another ancient example of non-Jews being included within the Jewish community without converting to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Jewry">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> (1135–1204) wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> legal code <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> that Gentiles (non-Jews) must perform exclusively the Seven Laws of Noah and refrain from <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">studying the Torah</a> or performing any <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Jewish commandment</a>, including resting on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>;<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> however, Maimonides also states that if Gentiles want to perform any Jewish commandment besides the Seven Laws of Noah according to the correct halakhic procedure, they are not prevented from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to Maimonides, teaching non-Jews to follow the Seven Laws of Noah is incumbent on all Jews, a commandment in and of itself.<a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a> Nevertheless, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic authorities</a> over the centuries have rejected Maimonides' opinion, and the dominant halakhic consensus has always been that Jews are not required to spread the Noahide laws to non-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a> During the 1860s in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the idea of Noahidism as a universal Judaic religion for non-Jews was developed by <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boulouque_2020-42">[42]</a> an <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> Orthodox rabbi and renowned <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Jewish Kabbalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kogan_2008-43">[43]</a> Between the years 1920s–1930s, French writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aim%C3%A9_Palli%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aimé Pallière (page does not exist)">Aimé Pallière</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Palli%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Aimé Pallière">fr</a>] adopted the Noahide laws at the suggestion of his teacher Elijah Benamozegh; afterwards, Pallière spread Benamozegh's doctrine in Europe and never formally converted to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild_2006-21">[21]</a> Modern historians argue that Benamozegh's role in the debate on Jewish universalism in the history of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> was focused on the Seven Laws of Noah as the means subservient to the shift of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a> from particularism to universalism, although the arguments that he used to support his universalistic viewpoint were neither original nor unheard in the history of this debate.<a href="#cite_note-Boulouque_2020-42">[42]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Boulouque" title="Clémence Boulouque">Clémence Boulouque</a>, Carl and Bernice Witten Associate Professor of Jewish and Israel Studies at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University in the City of New York</a>, Benamozegh ignored the <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a> <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">biases</a> contained in the Noahide laws, whereas some contemporary <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a> have embraced them.<a href="#cite_note-Boulouque_2020-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Noahide_movement">Modern Noahide movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern Noahide movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish supremacism">Jewish supremacism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, encouraged <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">his followers</a> on many occasions to preach the Seven Laws of Noah,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a> devoting some of his addresses to the subtleties of this code.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Since the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a> Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, most notably those affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">religious Zionist</a> organizations,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> including <a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> have set up the modern Noahide movement.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox Jewish rabbis, are aimed at <a href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">non-Jews</a> to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytize</a> among them and commit them to follow the Noahide laws.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> According to Rachel Z. Feldman,<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a> American anthropologist and Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, many of the Orthodox Jewish rabbis involved in mentoring Noahides are supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple#Modern_rebuilding_efforts" title="Third Temple">Third Temple movement</a> who believe that the messianic era shall begin with the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy#Jewish_theocracies" title="Theocracy">Jewish theocratic state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, supported by communities of Noahides worldwide:<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Today, nearly 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> consider themselves members of the "Children of Noah", a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaic faith</a> that is growing into the tens of thousands worldwide as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">ex-Christians</a> encounter forms of Jewish learning online. Under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>, Filipino "Noahides", as they call themselves, study Torah, observe the Sabbath, and passionately support a form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">messianic Zionism</a>. Filipino Noahides <a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish supremacism">believe that Jews are a racially superior people</a>, with an innate ability to access divinity. According to their rabbi mentors, they are forbidden from performing Jewish rituals and even reading certain Jewish texts. These restrictions have necessitated the creation of new, distinctly Noahide ritual practices and prayers modeled after Jewish ones. Filipino Noahides are practicing a new faith that also <a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish supremacism">affirms the superiority of Judaism and Jewish biblical right</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, in line with the aims of the growing messianic Third Temple Movement in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a></blockquote> Feldman describes Noahidism as a "<a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new</a> <a href="/wiki/World_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="World religion">world religion</a>" that "carv[es] out a place for non-Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">messianic Zionist project</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a> She characterizes Noahide ideology in the Philippines and elsewhere in the global south as having a "markedly racial dimension" constructed around "an essential categorical difference between Jews and Noahides".<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Novak" title="David Novak">David Novak</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">Jewish theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">ethics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it's a form of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Council_of_Bnei_Noah">High Council of Bnei Noah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High Council of Bnei Noah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_attempt_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin">2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin</a></div> In 2005 a "High Council of Bnei Noah", set up to represent Noahide communities around the world, was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/2004_attempt_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin">a group that claimed to be the new Sanhedrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The High Council of Bnei Noah consists of a group of Noahides who, at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_attempts_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin">nascent Sanhedrin</a>, gathered in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> on 10 January 2006 to be recognized as an international Noahide organization for the purpose of serving as a bridge between the nascent Sanhedrin and Noahides worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-HaLevi_2006-48">[48]</a> There were ten initial members who flew to Israel and pledged to uphold the Seven Laws of Noah and to conduct themselves under the authority of the Noahide <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a> (religious court) of the nascent Sanhedrin.<a href="#cite_note-HaLevi_2006-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acknowledgment">Acknowledgment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acknowledgment">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Carlebach" title="Shlomo Carlebach">Shlomo Carlebach</a> organized one of the first Noahide conferences in the 1980s. In 1990, Kahane was the keynote speaker at the First International Conference of the Descendants of Noah, the first Noahide gathering, in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Meir_Kahane" title="Assassination of Meir Kahane">assassination of Meir Kahane</a> that same year, <a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a>, which advocates to <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">rebuild the Third Jewish Temple</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, started to promote the Noahide laws as well.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> movement has been one of the most active in Noahide outreach, believing that there is spiritual and societal value for non-Jews in at least simply acknowledging the Noahide laws.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabletmag-5">[5]</a> In 1982, Chabad-Lubavitch had a reference to the Noahide laws enshrined in a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential proclamation (United States)">U.S. Presidential proclamation</a>: the "Proclamation 4921",<a href="#cite_note-ucsb.edu1-49">[49]</a> signed by the then-U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ucsb.edu1-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, recalling House Joint Resolution 447 and in celebration of <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>'s 80th birthday, proclaimed 4 April 1982, as a "National Day of Reflection".<a href="#cite_note-ucsb.edu1-49">[49]</a> In 1989 and 1990, they had another reference to the Noahide laws enshrined in a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential proclamation (United States)">U.S. Presidential proclamation</a>: the "Proclamation 5956",<a href="#cite_note-ucsb.edu2-50">[50]</a> signed by then-President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ucsb.edu2-50">[50]</a> The United States Congress, recalling House Joint Resolution 173 and in celebration of Menachem Mendel Schneerson's 87th birthday, proclaimed 16 April 1989, and 6 April 1990, as "Education Day, U.S.A."<a href="#cite_note-ucsb.edu2-50">[50]</a> In January 2004, the spiritual leader of the <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze community in Israel</a>, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mowafak_Tarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mowafak Tarif">Mowafak Tarif</a>, met with a representative of Chabad-Lubavitch to sign a declaration calling on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the Noahide laws; the mayor of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a> (Shfaram) also signed the document.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In March 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbi of Israel">Chief Rabbi of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Yosef" title="Yitzhak Yosef">Yitzhak Yosef</a>, declared during a sermon that Jewish law requires that the only non-Jews allowed to live in Israel are obligated to follow the Noahide laws:<a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">According to Jewish law, it's forbidden for a non-Jew to live in the Land of Israel – unless he has accepted the seven Noahide laws, [...] If the non-Jew is unwilling to accept these laws, then we can send him to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, [...] When there will be full, true redemption, we will do this.<a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2016-52">[52]</a></blockquote> Yosef further added: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[N]on-Jews shouldn't live in the land of Israel. [...] If our hand were firm, if we had the power to rule, then non-Jews must not live in Israel. But, our hand is not firm. [...] Who, otherwise be the servants? Who will be our helpers? This is why we leave them in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-ADL_2016-54">[54]</a></blockquote> Yosef's sermon sparked outrage in Israel and was fiercely criticized by several human rights associations, <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Knesset" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Knesset">members of the Knesset</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2016-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Greenblatt" title="Jonathan Greenblatt">Jonathan Greenblatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>'s CEO and national director, and Carole Nuriel, Anti-Defamation League's Israel Office acting director, issued a strong denunciation of Yosef's sermon:<a href="#cite_note-Sharon_2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL_2016-54">[54]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The statement by Chief Rabbi Yosef is shocking and unacceptable. It is unconscionable that the Chief Rabbi, an official representative of the State of Israel, would express such intolerant and ignorant views about Israel's non-Jewish population – including the millions of non-Jewish citizens. As a spiritual leader, Rabbi Yosef should be using his influence to preach tolerance and compassion towards others, regardless of their faith, and not seek to exclude and demean a large segment of Israelis. We call upon the Chief Rabbi to retract his statements and apologize for any offense caused by his comments.<a href="#cite_note-ADL_2016-54">[54]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva" title="Baal teshuva">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">Ger toshav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizenship law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytization_and_counter-proselytization_of_Jews" title="Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews">Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_for_Jesus" title="Jews for Jesus">Jews for Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Relations between Judaism and Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholic Church and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Judaism" title="Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism">Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish views on Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism and Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Relations between Judaism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous among the Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism#Israel" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">Shituf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Sons of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendyl_Jones" title="Vendyl Jones">Vendyl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zera_Yisrael" title="Zera Yisrael">Zera Yisrael</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Segal_1993-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Segal_1993_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSegal1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Segal, Alan F.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-7eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Conversion and Universalism: Opposites that Attract"</a>. In McLean, Bradley H. (ed.). Origins and Method: Towards a New Understanding of Judaism and Christianity. Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series. Vol. 86. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. pp. 177–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567495570" title="Special:BookSources/9780567495570"><bdi>9780567495570</bdi></a>. <q>Furthermore, the sign of the Noahide covenant, the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>, is available to all humanity to symbolize <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>'s promise of safety. And it is completely outside of the special <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic covenant">covenant with Abraham and his descendants</a>. 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(2021). <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wierci%C5%84ski" title="Andrzej Wierciński">Wierciński, Andrzej</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/12441/1/RTK_20_2021_B_R_Barnes_The_Noahide_Laws_and_the_Universal_Fellowship_with_God.pdf">"The Noahide Laws and the Universal Fellowship with God"</a> (PDF). Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej. Biblical Hermeneutics. XX. <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Hermeneutics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Institute for Hermeneutics (page does not exist)">International Institute for Hermeneutics</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bia%C5%82ystok" title="University of Białystok">University of Białystok</a>: 5–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15290%2Frtk.2021.20.01">10.15290/rtk.2021.20.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11320%2F12441">11320/12441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1644-8855">1644-8855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246335626">246335626</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519125721/https://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/12441/1/RTK_20_2021_B_R_Barnes_The_Noahide_Laws_and_the_Universal_Fellowship_with_God.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocznik+Teologii+Katolickiej&rft.atitle=The+Noahide+Laws+and+the+Universal+Fellowship+with+God&rft.volume=XX&rft.pages=5-32&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11320%2F12441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246335626%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1644-8855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15290%2Frtk.2021.20.01&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.uwb.edu.pl%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F11320%2F12441%2F1%2FRTK_20_2021_B_R_Barnes_The_Noahide_Laws_and_the_Universal_Fellowship_with_God.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiner_1997_14-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiner2011" class="citation book cs1">Reiner, Gary (2011) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnYSxFMq48gC&pg=PA86">"Ha-Me'iri's Theory of Religious Toleration"</a>. In Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J. (eds.). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9780812205862.71">10.9783/9780812205862.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0586-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0586-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0586-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ha-Me%27iri%27s+Theory+of+Religious+Toleration&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Persecuting+Society%3A+Religious+Toleration+Before+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9780812205862.71&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0586-2&rft.aulast=Reiner&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnYSxFMq48gC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses_Maimonides2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Kings_and_Wars.8?lang=bi">"Hilkhot M'lakhim (Laws of Kings and Wars)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>. Translated by Brauner, Reuven. <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a>. p. 8:14. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hilkhot+M%27lakhim+%28Laws+of+Kings+and+Wars%29&rft.btitle=Mishneh+Torah&rft.pages=8%3A14&rft.pub=Sefaria&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Moses+Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Kings_and_Wars.8%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Talmudit" title="Encyclopedia Talmudit">Encyclopedia Talmudit</a> (Hebrew ed., Israel, 5741/1981, entry Ben Noah, end of article); note the variant reading of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and the references in the footnote. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2021-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kress-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabletmag-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JewishChronicle-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilany-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-JWeekly-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2021-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0102.htm#16">Genesis 2:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> See Genesis Rabbah 34; Sanhedrin 59b </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarzschild_2006-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild_2006_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild_2006_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschild2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Schwarzschild" title="Steven Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild, Steven S.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/noachide-laws">"Noachide Laws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>. Vol. 15 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Reference_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Reference USA">Macmillan Reference USA</a>/Keter Publishing House. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-002-865-928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-002-865-928-2"><bdi>978-002-865-928-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012190506/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/noachide-laws">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noachide+Laws&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=284&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA%2FKeter+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-002-865-928-2&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=Steven+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnoachide-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_2017_22-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz2017" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz, Beth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdccDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">"Approaches to Foreign Law in Biblical Israel and Classical Judaism through the Medieval Period"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Christine_Hayes" title="Christine Hayes">Hayes, Christine</a> (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 147–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03615-4"><bdi>978-1-107-03615-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028972">2016028972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Approaches+to+Foreign+Law+in+Biblical+Israel+and+Classical+Judaism+through+the+Medieval+Period&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Judaism+and+Law&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=147-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016028972&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03615-4&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdccDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_23-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">"Noahide Laws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 14 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121153759/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2020. <q>Noahide Laws, also called Noachian Laws, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> designation for seven biblical laws given to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">revelation to Moses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mt. Sinai</a> and consequently binding on all mankind.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Genesis_2_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 2 (Bible)">2:16</a>, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, and robbery and the positive command to establish courts of justice (with all that this implies). After <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">the Flood</a> a seventh commandment, given to Noah, forbade the eating of flesh cut from a living animal (Genesis 9:4). Though the number of laws was later increased to 30 with the addition of prohibitions against castration, sorcery, and other practices, the "seven laws", with minor variations, retained their original status as authoritative commandments and as the source of other laws. As basic statutes safeguarding <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and guaranteeing proper <a href="/wiki/Ethical_conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical conduct">ethical conduct</a> in society, these laws provided a legal framework for <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">alien residents</a> in Jewish territory. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> thus regarded anyone who observed these laws as one "assured of a portion in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come#Jewish_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">world to come</a>."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noahide+Laws&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNoahide-Laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_56.html">"Sanhedrin 56"</a>. Babylonian Talmud. Halakhah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Babylonian+Talmud&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin+56&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halakhah.com%2Fsanhedrin%2Fsanhedrin_56.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-JE-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiner_1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley_1986-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_1986_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_1986_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> (1986). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (Fully Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. p. 1010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3783-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3783-2"><bdi>0-8028-3783-2</bdi></a>. <q>In rabbinic literature the ger toshab was a Gentile who observed the Noachian commandments but was not considered a convert to Judaism because he did not agree to circumcision. [...] some scholars have made the mistake of calling the ger toshab a "proselyte" or "semiproselyte." But the ger toshab was really a resident alien in Israel. Some scholars have claimed that the term "<a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">those who fear God</a>" (yir᾿ei Elohim/Shamayim) was used in rabbinic literature to denote Gentiles who were on the fringe of the synagogue. They were not converts to Judaism, although they were attracted to the Jewish religion and observed part of the law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=1010&rft.edition=Fully+Revised&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8028-3783-2&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bleich_1995-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bleich_1995_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bleich_1995_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">Bleich, J. David</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOqQrPlc9ggC&pg=PA161">Contemporary Halakhic Problems</a>. Vol. 4. New York City: <a href="/wiki/KTAV_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="KTAV Publishing House">KTAV Publishing House</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshiva University Press">Yeshiva University Press</a>). p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-474-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-474-6"><bdi>0-88125-474-6</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, Yevamot 48b, maintains that a resident alien (ger toshav) is obliged to observe <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. The ger toshav, in accepting the Seven Commandments of the Sons of Noah, has renounced idolatry and [...] thereby acquires a status similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. [...] Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Rabbenu Nissim</a>, Avodah Zarah 67b, declares that the status on an unimmersed convert is inferior to that of a ger toshav because the former's acceptance of the "yoke of the commandments" is intended to be binding only upon subsequent immersion. Moreover, the institution of ger toshav as a formal halakhic construct has lapsed with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Temple</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Halakhic+Problems&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House+%28Yeshiva+University+Press%29&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-88125-474-6&rft.aulast=Bleich&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOqQrPlc9ggC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE2-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE2_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerGreenstone1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9679-laws-noachian">"Noachian Laws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205022051/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9679-laws-noachian">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2020. <q>The Seven Laws. Laws which were supposed by the Rabbis to have been binding upon mankind at large even before the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">revelation at Sinai</a>, and which are still binding upon non-Jews. The term Noachian indicates the universality of these ordinances, since the whole human race was supposed to be descended from the three <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">sons of Noah</a>, who alone survived <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">the Flood</a>. [...] Basing their views on the passage in Genesis 2:16, they declared that the following six commandments were enjoined upon Adam: (1) not to worship idols; (2) not to blaspheme the name of God; (3) to establish courts of justice; (4) not to kill; (5) not to commit adultery; and (6) not to rob (Gen. R. xvi. 9, xxiv. 5; Cant. R. i. 16; comp. Seder 'Olam Rabbah, ed. Ratner, ch. v. and notes, Wilna, 1897; Maimonides, "Yad," Melakim, ix. 1). A seventh commandment was added after the Flood—not to eat flesh that had been cut from a living animal (Genesis 9:4). [...] Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> frequently speaks of "the seven laws of the sons of Noah," which were regarded as obligatory upon all mankind, in contradistinction to those that were binding upon Israelites only (Tosef., 'Ab. Zarah, ix. 4; Sanh. 56a et seq.). [...] He who observed the seven Noachian laws was regarded as a domiciled alien, as one of the pious of the Gentiles, and was assured of a portion in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come#Jewish_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">world to come</a> (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 1; Sanh. 105a; comp. ib. 91b; "Yad," l.c. viii. 11).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noachian+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft.au=Greenstone%2C+Julius+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F9679-laws-noachian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE3-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE3_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE3_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsHirsch1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12391-proselyte#anchor4">"Proselyte: Semi-Converts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531104704/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12391-proselyte">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2020. <q>In order to find a precedent the rabbis went so far as to assume that <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselytes</a> of this order were recognized in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Biblical law</a>, applying to them the term "toshab" ("sojourner," "aborigine," referring to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' explanation in "Yad," Issure Biah, xiv. 7; see Grätz, l.c. p. 15), in connection with "ger" (see Ex. xxv. 47, where the better reading would be "we-toshab"). Another name for one of this class was "proselyte of the gate" ("ger ha-sha'ar," that is, one under Jewish civil jurisdiction; comp. Deut. v. 14, xiv. 21, referring to the stranger who had legal claims upon the generosity and protection of his Jewish neighbors). In order to be recognized as one of these the neophyte had publicly to assume, before three "ḥaberim," or men of authority, the solemn obligation not to worship idols, an obligation which involved the recognition of the seven Noachian injunctions as binding ('Ab. Zarah 64b; "Yad," Issure Biah, xiv. 7). [...] The more rigorous seem to have been inclined to insist upon such converts observing the entire Law, with the exception of the reservations and modifications explicitly made in their behalf. The more lenient were ready to accord them full equality with Jews as soon as they had solemnly forsworn idolatry. The "via media" was taken by those that regarded public adherence to the seven Noachian precepts as the indispensable prerequisite (Gerim iii.; 'Ab. Zarah 64b; Yer. Yeb. 8d; Grätz, l.c. pp. 19–20). The outward sign of this adherence to Judaism was the observance of the Sabbath (Grätz, l.c. pp. 20 et seq.; but comp. Ker. 8b).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proselyte%3A+Semi-Converts&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12391-proselyte%23anchor4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bromiley_1986-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bleich_1995-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE2-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE3-36">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bromiley_1986-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bleich_1995-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE2-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE3-36">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Martin</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVI2a9jc4pMC&pg=PA30">"Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism"</a>. Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays. Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Vol. 66. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004153097.i-275.7">10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15309-7"><bdi>978-90-04-15309-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-6636">1871-6636</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006049637">2006049637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161369763">161369763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identity+and+Authority+in+Ancient+Judaism&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+the+Roman+World%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Ancient+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161369763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004153097.i-275.7&rft.issn=1871-6636&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006049637&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15309-7&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVI2a9jc4pMC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses_Maimonides2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Kings_and_Wars.10?lang=bi">"Hilkhot M'lakhim (Laws of Kings and Wars)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>. Translated by Brauner, Reuven. <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a>. p. 10:9. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hilkhot+M%27lakhim+%28Laws+of+Kings+and+Wars%29&rft.btitle=Mishneh+Torah&rft.pages=10%3A9&rft.pub=Sefaria&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Moses+Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Kings_and_Wars.10%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses_Maimonides2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Kings_and_Wars.10?lang=bi">"Hilkhot M'lakhim (Laws of Kings and Wars)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>. Translated by Brauner, Reuven. <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a>. p. 10:10. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hilkhot+M%27lakhim+%28Laws+of+Kings+and+Wars%29&rft.btitle=Mishneh+Torah&rft.pages=10%3A10&rft.pub=Sefaria&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Moses+Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Kings_and_Wars.10%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulouque_2020-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boulouque_2020_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boulouque_2020_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boulouque_2020_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulouque2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Boulouque" title="Clémence Boulouque">Boulouque, Clémence</a> (2020). "Situating Benamozegh in the Debate on Jewish Universalism". Another Modernity: Elia Benamozegh's Jewish Universalism. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwood City">Redwood City</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 63–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503613119-009">10.1515/9781503613119-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503613119" title="Special:BookSources/9781503613119"><bdi>9781503613119</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241853880">241853880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Situating+Benamozegh+in+the+Debate+on+Jewish+Universalism&rft.btitle=Another+Modernity%3A+Elia+Benamozegh%27s+Jewish+Universalism&rft.place=Berlin+and+Redwood+City&rft.series=Stanford+Studies+in+Jewish+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=63-82&rft.pub=De+Gruyter%2FStanford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241853880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503613119-009&rft.isbn=9781503613119&rft.aulast=Boulouque&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9mence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kogan_2008-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Kogan_2008_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kogan, Michael S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE8SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"Three Jewish Theologians of Christianity: Elijah Benamozegh (1823–1900)"</a>. Opening the Covenant: A Jewish Theology of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 80–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195112597.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112597.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511259-7"><bdi>978-0-19-511259-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170858477">170858477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Jewish+Theologians+of+Christianity%3A+Elijah+Benamozegh+%281823%E2%80%931900%29&rft.btitle=Opening+the+Covenant%3A+A+Jewish+Theology+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80-84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170858477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195112597.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511259-7&rft.aulast=Kogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE8SDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneerson1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Schneerson, Menachem Mendel</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos" title="Likkutei Sichos">Likkutei Sichot</a> [Collected Talks] (in Yiddish). 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Vol. 26. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot Publication Society</a>. pp. 132–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-5749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-5749-7"><bdi>978-0-8266-5749-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Likkutei+Sichot&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pages=132-144&rft.pub=Kehot+Publication+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8266-5749-7&rft.aulast=Schneerson&rft.aufirst=Menachem+Mendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneerson1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Schneerson, Menachem Mendel</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos" title="Likkutei Sichos">Likkutei Sichot</a> [Collected Talks] (in Yiddish). Vol. 35. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot Publication Society</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-5781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-5781-7"><bdi>978-0-8266-5781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Likkutei+Sichot&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Kehot+Publication+Society&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8266-5781-7&rft.aulast=Schneerson&rft.aufirst=Menachem+Mendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaLevi2005" class="citation news cs1">HaLevi, Ezra (28 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/90646">"Sanhedrin Moves to Establish Council For Noahides"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beit_El" title="Beit El">Beit El</a>. 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The American Presidency Project. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan%2C+40th+President+of+the+United+States%3A+1981%E2%80%931989+%E2%80%93+Proclamation+4921%E2%80%94National+Day+of+Reflection&rft.date=1982-04-03&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-4921-national-day-reflection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucsb.edu2-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucsb.edu2_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucsb.edu2_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucsb.edu2_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolleyPeters1989" class="citation web cs1">Woolley, John; Peters, Gerhard (14 April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-5956-education-day-usa-1989-and-1990">"George Bush, 41st President of the United States: 1989–1993 – Proclamation 5956—Education Day, U.S.A., 1989 and 1990"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=George+Bush%2C+41st+President+of+the+United+States%3A+1989%E2%80%931993+%E2%80%93+Proclamation+5956%E2%80%94Education+Day%2C+U.S.A.%2C+1989+and+1990&rft.date=1989-04-14&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-5956-education-day-usa-1989-and-1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/56379">"Druze Religious Leader commits to Noachide "Seven Laws""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beit_El" title="Beit El">Beit El</a>. 18 January 2004. 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Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Non-Jews+in+Israel+must+keep+Noahide+laws%2C+chief+rabbi+says&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FNon-Jews-are-forbidden-by-Jewish-law-to-live-in-Israel-chief-rabbi-says-449395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Israel.pdf">"Israel 2016 International Religious Freedom Report: Israel and the Occupied Territories"</a> (PDF). State.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>. 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Israel+2016+International+Religious+Freedom+Report%3A+Israel+and+the+Occupied+Territories&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FIsrael.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL_2016-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_2016_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_2016_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_2016_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenblattNuriel2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Greenblatt" title="Jonathan Greenblatt">Greenblatt, Jonathan</a>; Nuriel, Carole (28 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-israeli-chief-rabbi-statement-against-non-jews-living-in-israel-is-shocking">"ADL: Israeli Chief Rabbi Statement Against Non-Jews Living in Israel is Shocking and Unacceptable"</a>. Adl.org. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20170314123513/https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-israeli-chief-rabbi-statement-against-non-jews-living-in-israel-is-shocking">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adl.org&rft.atitle=ADL%3A+Israeli+Chief+Rabbi+Statement+Against+Non-Jews+Living+in+Israel+is+Shocking+and+Unacceptable&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Greenblatt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Nuriel%2C+Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fadl-israeli-chief-rabbi-statement-against-non-jews-living-in-israel-is-shocking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws">"Jewish Concepts: The Seven Noachide Laws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE). 2021 [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210052305/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Concepts%3A+The+Seven+Noachide+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.pub=American%E2%80%93Israeli+Cooperative+Enterprise+%28AICE%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-seven-noachide-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Elchanan (Fall 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traditiononline.org/the-sabbath-observing-gentile-halakhic-hashkafic-and-liturgical-perspectives/">"The Sabbath Observing Gentile: Halakhic, Hashkafic, and Liturgical Perspectives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tradition_(journal)" title="Tradition (journal)">Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</a>. 36 (3). <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>: 14–45. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23262836">23262836</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition%3A+A+Journal+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Sabbath+Observing+Gentile%3A+Halakhic%2C+Hashkafic%2C+and+Liturgical+Perspectives&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14-45&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23262836%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Elchanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraditiononline.org%2Fthe-sabbath-observing-gentile-halakhic-hashkafic-and-liturgical-perspectives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinZevin1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Berlin, Meyer; <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Yosef_Zevin" title="Shlomo Yosef Zevin">Zevin, Shlomo Yosef</a>, eds. (1992) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkLnwuXpbl4C&pg=PA360">"BEN NOAH"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Talmudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Talmudica">Encyclopedia Talmudica</a>: A Digest of Halachic Literature and Jewish Law from the Tannaitic Period to the Present Time, Alphabetically Arranged. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Yad Harav Herzog (Emet). pp. 360–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873067142" title="Special:BookSources/0873067142"><bdi>0873067142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BEN+NOAH&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Talmudica%3A+A+Digest+of+Halachic+Literature+and+Jewish+Law+from+the+Tannaitic+Period+to+the+Present+Time%2C+Alphabetically+Arranged&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=360-380&rft.pub=Yad+Harav+Herzog+%28Emet%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0873067142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkLnwuXpbl4C%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleich1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">Bleich, J. David</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJMnC8LQMu8C&pg=PA5">"Judaism and Natural Law"</a>. In Hecht, Neils S. (ed.). Jewish Law Annual. Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 5–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783718604807" title="Special:BookSources/9783718604807"><bdi>9783718604807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+and+Natural+Law&rft.btitle=Jewish+Law+Annual&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=5-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9783718604807&rft.aulast=Bleich&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJMnC8LQMu8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleich1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">Bleich, J. David</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6by4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">"Tikkun Olam: Jewish Obligations to Non-Jewish Society"</a>. In Shatz, David; Waxman, Chaim I.; Diament, Nathan J. (eds.). Tikkun Olam: Social Responsibility in Jewish Thought and Law. <a href="/wiki/Northvale,_New_Jersey" title="Northvale, New Jersey">Northvale, NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a> Inc. pp. 61–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-765-75951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-765-75951-1"><bdi>978-0-765-75951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tikkun+Olam%3A+Jewish+Obligations+to+Non-Jewish+Society&rft.btitle=Tikkun+Olam%3A+Social+Responsibility+in+Jewish+Thought+and+Law&rft.place=Northvale%2C+NJ&rft.pages=61-102&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-765-75951-1&rft.aulast=Bleich&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6by4AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Houten2009" class="citation book cs1">van Houten, Christiana (2009) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRgmWnZ2MqsC">The Alien in Israelite Law: A Study of the Changing Legal Status of Strangers in Ancient Israel</a>. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Vol. 107. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-317-9"><bdi>978-1-85075-317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alien+in+Israelite+Law%3A+A+Study+of+the+Changing+Legal+Status+of+Strangers+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.series=The+Library+of+Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament+Studies&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-317-9&rft.aulast=van+Houten&rft.aufirst=Christiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRgmWnZ2MqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiel2015" class="citation book cs1">Kiel, Yishai (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pc0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">"Noahide Law and the Inclusiveness of Sexual Ethics: Between Roman Palestine and Sasanian Babylonia"</a>. In Porat, Benjamin (ed.). Jewish Law Annual. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 59–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74269-6"><bdi>978-0-415-74269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noahide+Law+and+the+Inclusiveness+of+Sexual+Ethics%3A+Between+Roman+Palestine+and+Sasanian+Babylonia&rft.btitle=Jewish+Law+Annual&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=59-109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-74269-6&rft.aulast=Kiel&rft.aufirst=Yishai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pc0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Lichtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein, Aaron</a> (1986) [1981]. The Seven Laws of Noah (2nd ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Jacob_Joseph_School" title="Rabbi Jacob Joseph School">Rabbi Jacob Joseph School</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602803671" title="Special:BookSources/9781602803671"><bdi>9781602803671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Laws+of+Noah&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rabbi+Jacob+Joseph+School+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781602803671&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Novak" title="David Novak">Novak, David</a> (2011) [1983]. The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1rmj9w">10.2307/j.ctv1rmj9w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786949820" title="Special:BookSources/9781786949820"><bdi>9781786949820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Non-Jew+in+Judaism%3A+An+Historical+and+Constructive+Study+of+the+Noahide+Laws&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1rmj9w&rft.isbn=9781786949820&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevin1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Yosef_Zevin" title="Shlomo Yosef Zevin">Zevin, Shlomo Yosef</a>, ed. (1979). ""Ger Toshav", Section 1". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Talmudit" title="Encyclopedia Talmudit">Encyclopedia Talmudit</a> (in Hebrew) (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Yad Harav Herzog (Emet).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Ger+Toshav%22%2C+Section+1&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Talmudit&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Yad+Harav+Herzog+%28Emet%29&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuesse2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zuesse, Evan M. (2006). "Tolerance in Judaism: Medieval and Modern Sources". In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; Avery-Peck, Alan J.; Green, William Scott (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Judaism. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 2688–2713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1872-9029_EJ_COM_0187">10.1163/1872-9029_EJ_COM_0187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004141001" title="Special:BookSources/9789004141001"><bdi>9789004141001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolerance+in+Judaism%3A+Medieval+and+Modern+Sources&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Judaism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=2688-2713&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1872-9029_EJ_COM_0187&rft.isbn=9789004141001&rft.aulast=Zuesse&rft.aufirst=Evan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Polonsky" title="Pinchas Polonsky">Polonsky, Pinchas</a>; Akhiezer, Golda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mj/article-abstract/41/2/117/6268991">Bnei Noah: History, Theory, and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Judaism" title="Modern Judaism">Modern Judaism</a> - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, Vol. 41, Issue 2, May 2021, pp. 117–136</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noahidism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws">"Jewish Concepts: The Seven Noachide Laws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE). 2020 [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210052305/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Concepts%3A+The+Seven+Noachide+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.pub=American%E2%80%93Israeli+Cooperative+Enterprise+%28AICE%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-seven-noachide-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2017" class="citation web cs1">Feldman, Rachel Z. (8 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrldrels.org/2017/10/08/the-bnei-noah-children-of-noah/">"The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah)"</a>. World Religions and Spirituality Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200121162034/https://wrldrels.org/2017/10/08/the-bnei-noah-children-of-noah/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Religions+and+Spirituality+Project&rft.atitle=The+Bnei+Noah+%28Children+of+Noah%29&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrldrels.org%2F2017%2F10%2F08%2Fthe-bnei-noah-children-of-noah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Kellner" title="Menachem Kellner">Kellner, Menachem</a> (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishideas.org/article/orthodoxy-and-gentile-problem">"Orthodoxy and "The Gentile Problem""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Jewish_Ideas_and_Ideals" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals">Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marc_D._Angel" title="Marc D. Angel">Marc D. Angel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013545/https://www.jewishideas.org/article/orthodoxy-and-gentile-problem">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Jewish+Ideas+and+Ideals&rft.atitle=Orthodoxy+and+%22The+Gentile+Problem%22&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishideas.org%2Farticle%2Forthodoxy-and-gentile-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Israel.pdf">"Israel 2016 International Religious Freedom Report: Israel and the Occupied Territories"</a> (PDF). State.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>. 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Israel+2016+International+Religious+Freedom+Report%3A+Israel+and+the+Occupied+Territories&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FIsrael.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoahidism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chabad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chabad" title="Template:Chabad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chabad" title="Template talk:Chabad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chabad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebbes_of_Lubavitch" title="Category:Rebbes of Lubavitch">Rebbes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (Alter Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a> (Mitteler Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneersohn" title="Menachem Mendel Schneersohn">Menachem M. Schneersohn</a> (Tzemach Tzedek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a> (Maharash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a> (Rashab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a> (Rayatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> (the Rebbe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway" title="770 Eastern Parkway">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Agudas_Chassidei_Chabad" title="Library of Agudas Chassidei Chabad">Chabad library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Children%27s_Museum" title="Jewish Children's Museum">JCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(Chabad-Lubavitch)" title="Ohel (Chabad-Lubavitch)">Ohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chabad" title="Kfar Chabad">Kfar Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyubavichi,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Lyubavichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_House" title="Nariman House">Nariman House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikun_Chabad" title="Shikun Chabad">Shikun Chabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chabad_customs_and_holidays" title="Chabad customs and holidays">Holidays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1, 10, <a href="/wiki/19_Kislev" title="19 Kislev">19</a> <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li>10, 22 <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Nissan" title="11 Nissan">11</a> <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Tammuz" title="3 Tammuz">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/12%E2%80%9313_Tammuz" title="12–13 Tammuz">12-13</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chabad_affiliated_organizations" title="Chabad affiliated organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Aguch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_Institute" title="Aleph Institute">Aleph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colel_Chabad" title="Colel Chabad">Colel Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Circle_(organization)" title="Friendship Circle (organization)">Friendship Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Israel_Camping_Network" title="Gan Israel Camping Network">Gan Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Learning_Network" title="Jewish Learning Network">JLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Released_Time" title="Jewish Released Time">Released Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Relief_Agency" title="Jewish Relief Agency">JRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubavitch_Youth_Organization" title="Lubavitch Youth Organization">LYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machneh_Israel_(Chabad)" title="Machneh Israel (Chabad)">Machneh Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch" title="Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch">Merkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27shei_Chabad" title="N'shei Chabad">N'shei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Furtherance_of_Jewish_Education" title="National Committee for the Furtherance of Jewish Education">NCFJE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Avner_Foundation" title="Ohr Avner Foundation">Ohr Avner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_L%27Chaim_Society" title="Oxford University L'Chaim Society">L'Chaim Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohr_Jewish_Learning_Institute" title="Rohr Jewish Learning Institute">JLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Rabonei_Lubavitch" title="Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch">Vaad Harabonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Talmidei_Hatmimim_Haolami" title="Vaad Talmidei Hatmimim Haolami">Vaad Hatmimim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_Centre,_Melbourne" title="Yeshivah Centre, Melbourne">Yeshivah Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_schools" title="Category:Chabad schools">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Chana_Women_International" title="Bais Chana Women International">Bais Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah" title="Beth Rivkah">Beth Rivkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah_Ladies_College" title="Beth Rivkah Ladies College">Beth Rivkah Ladies College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadar_Hatorah" title="Hadar Hatorah">Hadar Hatorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubavitch_Senior_Girls%27_School" title="Lubavitch Senior Girls' School">Lubavitch Senior Girls' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machon_Chana" title="Machon Chana">Machon Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanot" title="Mayanot">Mayanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Chana" title="Ohel Chana">Ohel Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholei_Torah" title="Oholei Torah">Oholei Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Avner_Chabad_Day_School" title="Ohr Avner Chabad Day School">Ohr Avner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">TTYL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_College,_Australia" title="Yeshivah College, Australia">Yeshivah College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_Gedolah_Zal" title="Yeshivah Gedolah Zal">YG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_texts" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_Beis" title="Ayin Beis">Ayin Beis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derech_Mitzvosecha" title="Derech Mitzvosecha">Derech Mitzvosecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadranim_al_HaRambam" title="Hadranim al HaRambam">Hadranim al HaRambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayom_Yom" title="Hayom Yom">Hayom Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igrot_Kodesh" title="Igrot Kodesh">Igrot Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imrei_Binah" title="Imrei Binah">Imrei Binah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos" title="Likkutei Sichos">Likkutei Sichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Or/Likutei_Torah" title="Torah Or/Likutei Torah">Likutei Torah/Torah Or</a></li> <li>Collections of <a href="/wiki/Maamarim_(Chabad)" title="Maamarim (Chabad)">Maamarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samech_Vov" title="Samech Vov">Samech Vov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch_HaRav" title="Shulchan Aruch HaRav">Shulchan Aruch HaRav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehillat_Hashem" title="Tehillat Hashem">Tehillat Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toras_Chaim_(Chabad)" title="Toras Chaim (Chabad)">Toras Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Rebbe" title="Beit Rebbe">Beit Rebbe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_magazines" title="Category:Chabad magazines">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derher" class="mw-redirect" title="Derher">Derher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayenu" title="Chayenu">Chayenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvar_Malchus" title="Dvar Malchus">Dvar Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatomim" title="Hatomim">Hatomim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_terminology" title="Category:Chabad terminology">Practices and concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitas" title="Chitas">Chitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirah_betachtonim" title="Dirah betachtonim">Dirah betachtonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farbrengen" title="Farbrengen">Farbrengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashpia" title="Mashpia">Mashpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ari" title="Nusach Ari">Nusach Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Meshichist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah_tank" title="Mitzvah tank">Mitzvah tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_mitzvah_campaigns" title="Chabad mitzvah campaigns">Mivtzoim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_niggunim" title="Chabad niggunim">Niggunim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noahide laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelus" title="Seder hishtalshelus">Seder hishtalshelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">Shaliach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">Chabad offshoots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopust" title="Kopust">Kopust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liadi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liadi (Hasidic dynasty)">Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avrutch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Avrutch (Hasidic dynasty)">Avrutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachim_(Hasidic_group)" title="Malachim (Hasidic group)">Malachim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">CoG7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">SDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mystical_Order_Rosae_Crucis" title="Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis">Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Cross_and_Star" title="Brotherhood of the Cross and Star">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> 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