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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Israeli music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Israeli folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klezmer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klezmer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klezmer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klezmer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic/Ladino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic/Ladino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sephardic/Ladino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic/Ladino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mizrahi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mizrahi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mizrahi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mizrahi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dancing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dancing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dancing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dancing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_Jewish_in_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_Jewish_in_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Not Jewish in form</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Not_Jewish_in_form-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Not Jewish in form subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Not_Jewish_in_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews_in_mainstream_and_jazz_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_in_mainstream_and_jazz_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Jews in mainstream and jazz music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_in_mainstream_and_jazz_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_in_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_in_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Jews in classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_in_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_study_in_secular_Jewish_culture:_Jewish_identity_in_19th-century_central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_study_in_secular_Jewish_culture:_Jewish_identity_in_19th-century_central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Case study in secular Jewish culture: Jewish identity in 19th-century central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_study_in_secular_Jewish_culture:_Jewish_identity_in_19th-century_central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/60px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Israel</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew music">Hebrew and<br />Israeli music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#dcdde0;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Jewish_religious_music" title="Contemporary Jewish religious music">Contemporary</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nigun" title="Nigun">Nigun</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pizmonim" title="Pizmonim">Pizmonim</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#dcdde0;"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew music">Secular</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_music#Jews_in_mainstream_and_jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew music">Mainstream and jazz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_music#Jews_in_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew music">Classical</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_art_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hebrew art music (page does not exist)">Hebrew art music</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#dcdde0;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_of_Gold" title="Jerusalem of Gold">Jerusalem of Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Both_from_the_Same_Village" title="We Are Both from the Same Village">We Are Both from the Same Village</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#dcdde0;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hebrew dance (page does not exist)">Dance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israeli folk dancing</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hora_(dance)#Israeli_hora" title="Hora (dance)">Horah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_step" title="Yemenite step">Yemenite dancing</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#dcdde0;"> Music for holidays</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabbat music">Shabbat</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avodah_(Yom_Kippur)" title="Avodah (Yom Kippur)">Avodah (Yom Kippur)</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Unetanneh_Tokef" title="Unetanneh Tokef">Unetanneh Tokef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avinu_Malkeinu" title="Avinu Malkeinu">Avinu Malkeinu</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Hanukkah</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music#Hanukkah_blessings" title="Hanukkah music">Blessings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">Dreidel song</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music#Al_Hanisim" title="Hanukkah music">Al Hanisim</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music#Mi_Y'malel" title="Hanukkah music">Mi Y'malel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music#Ner_Li" title="Hanukkah music">Ner Li</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Passover_songs" title="Passover songs">Passover (Haggadah)</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ma_Nishtana" title="Ma Nishtana">Ma Nishtana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dayenu" title="Dayenu">Dayenu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adir_Hu" title="Adir Hu">Adir Hu</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chad_Gadya" title="Chad Gadya">Chad Gadya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echad_Mi_Yodea" title="Echad Mi Yodea">Echad Mi Yodea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Shana_Haba%27ah" title="L'Shana Haba'ah">L'Shana Haba'ah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adir_Bimlukha" title="Adir Bimlukha">Adir Bimlukha</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bar_Yochai_(song)" title="Bar Yochai (song)">Bar Yochai</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/260px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/390px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/520px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulaul%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulaulá language">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanure_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Djerbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Yemenite</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Jewish diaspora languages</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanic language">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani language">Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani dialect">Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Berber">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Plagues">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Ouza</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdana_(Judaism)" title="Bagdana (Judaism)">Bagdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">Estries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27em" title="Re'em">Re'em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilin">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Juchne" title="Bar Juchne">Bar Juchne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">Se'irim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxa" title="Broxa">Broxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alukah" title="Alukah">Alukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_the_Holy_Miser" title="Yossele the Holy Miser">Yossele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Literature" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Yemenite_Jewish_literature" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Jewish poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_poetry" title="Yemenite Jewish poetry">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Medieval Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust literature">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">Niggun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tat theatre">Judeo-Tat theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews_associated_with_the_visual_arts" title="Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts">List of Jews in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_film_directors" title="List of Jewish film directors">List of Jewish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology" title="Jewish culture">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_medicine" title="Jewish medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mathematicians" title="List of Jewish mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish scientists and philosophers">Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Sport" title="Jewish culture">Sport</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">List of Jews in sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_association_football" title="Jews in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame">Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Yom_Kippur_by_Jewish_athletes" title="Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes">Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other aspects</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal:Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_culture" title="Category:Jewish culture">Category:Jewish culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_culture" title="Template talk:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since Biblical times, music has held an important role in many Jews' lives. Jewish music has been influenced by surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. Jewish musical contributions on the other hand tend to reflect the cultures of the countries in which Jews live, the most notable examples being <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in the United States and Europe. However, other music is unique to particular Jewish communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> of Eastern Europe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israeli_music">Israeli music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Israeli music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music of Israel</a></div> <p>Modern Israeli music is heavily influenced by its constituents, which include Jewish immigrants from more than 120 countries around the world, which have brought their own musical traditions, making Israel a global <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>. The Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> and more modern cultural importation. <a href="/wiki/Hassidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassidic">Hassidic</a> songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially Yemenite singers, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> (including a generally Israeli subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> called <a href="/wiki/Oriental_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental metal">oriental metal</a>). </p><p>From the earliest days of Zionist settlement, Jewish immigrants wrote popular folk music. At first, songs were based on borrowed melodies from German, Russian, or traditional Jewish folk music with new lyrics written in Hebrew. Starting in the early 1920s, however, Jewish settlers made a conscious effort to create a new Hebrew style of music, a style that would tie them to their earliest Hebrew origins and that would differentiate them from the style of the Jewish diaspora of Eastern Europe, which they viewed as weak. This new style borrowed elements from Arabic and, to a lesser extent, traditional Yemenite and eastern Jewish styles: the songs were often homophonic (that is, without clear harmonic character), modal, and limited in range. "The huge change in our lives demands new modes of expression," wrote composer and music critic Menashe Ravina in 1943. "... and, just as in our language we returned to our historical past, so has our ear turned to the music of the east ... as an expression of our innermost feelings."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The youth, labor and kibbutz movements played a major role in musical development before and after the establishment of Israeli statehood in 1948, and in the popularization of many of these songs. The Zionist establishment saw music as a way of establishing a new national identity, and, on a purely pragmatic level, of teaching Hebrew to new immigrants. The national labor organization, the Histadrut, set up a music publishing house that disseminated songbooks and encouraged public sing-alongs (שירה בציבור). This tradition of public sing-alongs continues to the present day, and is a characteristic of modern Israeli culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israeli_folk_music">Israeli folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Israeli folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music of Israel</a></div> <p>Termed in Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שירי ארץ ישראל</span></span> ("songs of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">land of Israel</a>"), folk songs are meant mainly to be sung in public by the audience or in social events. Some are children's songs; some combine European folk tunes with Hebrew lyrics; some come from military bands and others were written by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Shemer" title="Naomi Shemer">Naomi Shemer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Nachman_Bialik" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Nachman Bialik">Chaim Nachman Bialik</a>. </p><p>The canonical songs of this genre often deal with <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> hopes and dreams and glorify the life of idealistic Jewish youth who intend on building a home and defending their homeland. A common theme is <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as well as other parts of <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Israel">Eretz Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a> varies widely, as do the content. Some songs show a leftist or right-wing bent, while others are typically love songs, lullabies or other formats; some are also socialist in subject, due to the long-standing influence of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> on Jews in parts of the Diaspora. </p><p>Patriotic folk songs are common, mostly written during the wars of Israel. They typically concern themselves with soldiers' friendships and the sadness of death during war. Some are now played at memorials or holidays dedicated to the Israeli dead. </p><p>Judaism therefore, as known, went beyond its own tradition by crossing the boundaries of every culture, appropriating it "almost carelessly" then, as natural to the intrinsic innate ancestral identity, "sweetening it with the most extreme Jewish characteristics": a religion like Judaism can only be eternally rooted in its people, because it professes to testify; like many, we<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also remember the example of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Yodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodel">Yodel</a>, just apparently foreign to the Jewish religion, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Shalom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Shalom (page does not exist)">Israel Shalom</a> in "She Taught Me To Yodel", masterful model among many of the pioneering so-called secular Jewish culture then "reduced to a simple Jewish religious exercise of ethnic-cultural conquest".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klezmer">Klezmer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Klezmer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></div> <p>Around the 15th century, a tradition of secular (non-liturgical) Jewish music was developed by musicians called <i>kleyzmorim</i> or <i>kleyzmerim</i> by Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe. They draw on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Workship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workship (page does not exist)">devotional</a> traditions extending back into Biblical times, and their musical legacy of klezmer continues to evolve today. The repertoire is largely dance songs for weddings and other celebrations. They are typically in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. The term "klezmer" was a derogatory term referring to low class street musicians. Often the klezmer performed with non-Jewish musicians and played for non-Jewish functions. As a result of this "mixing" the music constantly evolved through the fusing of styles. This practice still plays a major role in the development of musical style to include Jazz, as evident in Benny Goodman's music and even Texas music as evident in the music on the modern <a href="/wiki/Austin_Klezmorim" title="Austin Klezmorim">Austin Klezmorim</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Sleep_My_Child.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sleep_My_Child.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Sleep_My_Child.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Sleep_My_Child.ogg/Sleep_My_Child.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>"Numi Numi" (Sleep my Child), Jewish lullaby</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sephardic/Ladino"><span id="Sephardic.2FLadino"></span>Sephardic/Ladino</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sephardic/Ladino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic music</a></div> <p>Sephardic music is the unique music of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardic</a> Jews. Sephardic music was born in medieval Spain, with <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">canciones</a> being performed at the royal courts. Since then, it has picked up influences from across Spain, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and various popular tunes from Spain and further abroad. There are three types of Sephardic songs—topical and entertainment songs, romance songs and spiritual or ceremonial songs. Lyrics can be in several languages, including <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> for religious songs, and <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>. </p><p>These song traditions spread from Spain to Morocco (the <i>Western Tradition</i>) and several parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (the <i>Eastern Tradition</i>) including Greece, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Sephardic music adapted to each of these locals, assimilating North African high-pitched, extended ululations; Balkan rhythms, for instance in 9/8 time; and the Turkish <i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">maqam</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">mode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mizrahi">Mizrahi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mizrahi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi music</a></div> <p>Mizrahi music usually refers to the new wave of <a href="#Music_of_Israel">music in Israel</a> which combines Israeli music with the flavor of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek music">Greek</a>) music. Typical Mizrahi songs will have a dominant violin or <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string</a> sound as well as Middle Eastern percussion elements. Mizrahi music is usually high pitched. In today's Israeli music scene, Mizrahi music is very popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dancing">Dancing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dancing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></div> <p>Deriving from Biblical traditions, Jewish dance has long been used by Jews as a medium for the expression of joy and other communal emotions. Each <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diasporic</a> community developed its own dance traditions for wedding celebrations and other distinguished events. For <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> in Eastern Europe, for example, dances, whose names corresponded to the different forms of <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> music that were played, were an obvious staple of the wedding ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetl</a>. Jewish dances both were influenced by surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. "Nevertheless the Jews practiced a corporeal expressive language that was highly differentiated from that of the non-Jewish peoples of their neighborhood, mainly through motions of the hands and arms, with more intricate legwork by the younger men."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, however, in most religiously traditional communities, members of the opposite sex dancing together or dancing at times other than at these events was frowned upon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Not_Jewish_in_form">Not Jewish in form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Not Jewish in form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The below two sections address instances in which Jews have contributed musically using originally non-Jewish forms or the forms used by the mainstream culture, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_in_mainstream_and_jazz_music">Jews in mainstream and jazz music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jews in mainstream and jazz music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Jazz">Jews in Jazz</a></div> <p>Jews have also contributed to popular music, primarily in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a>, and in some specific forms of popular music have become or are dominant. This is true to a lesser extent in Europe, but some of the first influential Jewish popular songwriters in the US were actually immigrants from Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Romberg" title="Sigmund Romberg">Sigmund Romberg</a>, or children of immigrants. The most visible early forms of American popular music in which Jews have contributed are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_entertainers#Songwriters" title="List of Jewish American entertainers">popular song</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_entertainers#Musicals_writers" title="List of Jewish American entertainers">musical theater</a>. Approximately half of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame" title="Songwriters Hall of Fame">Songwriters Hall of Fame</a> are Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-jinfo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jinfo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the latter especially has been dominated by Jewish composers and lyricists throughout its history and to a certain extent still today. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> is primarily considered an art form with African-American originators, many Jewish musicians have contributed to it including clarinetists <a href="/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow" title="Mezz Mezzrow">Mezz Mezzrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shep_Fields" title="Shep Fields">Shep Fields</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> (the latter two <a href="/wiki/Swing_era" title="Swing era">swing</a> bandleaders made significant contributions in bringing <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> into the American <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), saxophonists <a href="/wiki/Michael_Brecker" title="Michael Brecker">Michael Brecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_G" title="Kenny G">Kenny G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Getz" title="Stan Getz">Stan Getz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Green_(saxophonist)" title="Benny Green (saxophonist)">Benny Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Konitz" title="Lee Konitz">Lee Konitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Scott" title="Ronnie Scott">Ronnie Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Redman" title="Joshua Redman">Joshua Redman</a>, trumpeters and cornetists <a href="/wiki/Randy_Brecker" title="Randy Brecker">Randy Brecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Braff" title="Ruby Braff">Ruby Braff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Rodney" title="Red Rodney">Red Rodney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorty_Rogers" title="Shorty Rogers">Shorty Rogers</a>, vibraphonist <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gibbs" title="Terry Gibbs">Terry Gibbs</a>, drummers <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Rich" title="Buddy Rich">Buddy Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Lewis" title="Mel Lewis">Mel Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Feldman" title="Victor Feldman">Victor Feldman</a>, and singers and pianists <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sidran" title="Ben Sidran">Ben Sidran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Tormé">Mel Tormé</a>. Some artists such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kandel" title="Harry Kandel">Harry Kandel</a> were famous for mixing Jazz with klezmer as is modern Texas klezmer Bill Averbach. Since a great deal of Jazz music consisted of musical cooperation of Jewish and African-American musicians or black musicians funded by Jewish producers, the art form became "the racist's worst nightmare".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the early <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> performers were mostly either African Americans or Southern Whites, Jewish songwriters played a key role: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Leiber_and_Mike_Stoller" title="Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller">Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Goffin" title="Gerry Goffin">Gerry Goffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sedaka" title="Neil Sedaka">Neil Sedaka</a>, and nearly all of the other <a href="/wiki/Brill_Building" title="Brill Building">Brill Building</a> songwriters were Jewish, as was <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a>. With the mid-1960s rise of the singer-songwriter, some (King, Diamond, Sedaka) became performers; others (such as <a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a>) managed to continue to work primarily as songwriters. </p><p>Many worked with a mix of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and rock forms, including <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bromberg" title="David Bromberg">David Bromberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Grisman" title="David Grisman">David Grisman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinky_Friedman" title="Kinky Friedman">Kinky Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorma_Kaukonen" title="Jorma Kaukonen">Jorma Kaukonen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Garfunkel">Simon and Garfunkel</a>; more purely on the rock side are <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_Roth" title="David Lee Roth">David Lee Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz" title="Lenny Kravitz">Lenny Kravitz</a>, pop bands such as <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Lovers" title="Army of Lovers">Army of Lovers</a> and all three <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>. Many American rock and metal bands have at least one Jewish musician: both <a href="/wiki/Gene_Simmons" title="Gene Simmons">Gene Simmons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stanley" title="Paul Stanley">Paul Stanley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">KISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geddy_Lee" title="Geddy Lee">Geddy Lee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Joey_Kramer" title="Joey Kramer">Joey Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> percussionist <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Hart" title="Mickey Hart">Mickey Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> (keyboardist <a href="/wiki/David_Bryan" title="David Bryan">David Bryan</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Robby_Krieger" title="Robby Krieger">Robby Krieger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> drummer and co-founder <a href="/wiki/Lars_Ulrich" title="Lars Ulrich">Lars Ulrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)" title="Anthrax (American band)">Anthrax</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ian" title="Scott Ian">Scott Ian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a>' <a href="/wiki/Joey_Ramone" title="Joey Ramone">Joey Ramone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Ramone" title="Tommy Ramone">Tommy Ramone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Adler" title="Steven Adler">Steven Adler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disturbed_(band)" title="Disturbed (band)">Disturbed</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/David_Draiman" title="David Draiman">David Draiman</a>. Two prominent UK examples are <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(musician)" title="Peter Green (musician)">Peter Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a> of <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a>. </p><p>Jewish musicians have also been part of the progressive rock/metal movement, such as <a href="/wiki/King_Crimson" title="King Crimson">King Crimson</a> bassist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Levin" title="Tony Levin">Tony Levin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rod_Morgenstein" title="Rod Morgenstein">Rod Morgenstein</a> (drummer for the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Dregs" title="Dixie Dregs">Dixie Dregs</a>). <a href="/wiki/Matisyahu_(reggae_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matisyahu (reggae artist)">Matisyahu</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">rap</a> artist that has used the medium to express religious ideas. </p><p>"Popular" music in Europe during the early 20th century would have been considered to be lighter classical forms such as <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> and entertainments like <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, and in these Jewish involvement was very large, especially in Vienna and Paris. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>, a Roman Catholic convert, was an ethnically Jewish composer of operettas in the second half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</a> was one of the dominant figures in the evolution of cabaret music. </p><p>Popular <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">music in Israel</a> has also a been medium for Jewish secular musical expression. Many Israeli secular musicians explore topics such as the Jewish and Israeli people, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, agriculture and the land of Israel, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>. Israeli popular music for the most part uses borrowed American forms like <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock and Roll">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, pop, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, rap and <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a>. In addition to these and classical music, Israel is host to a wealth of styles of <b><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi music</a></b>, featuring the influences and contributions of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Jews">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">Ethiopian Jews</a>. </p><p>Israel has, since 1973, participated in the annual event <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>, an annual, continental pop music event, every year (except when it clashes with <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Day">Holocaust Memorial Day</a>, as in 1980, 1984 and 1997) It has won four times, in 1978, 1979, 1998 and 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_in_classical_music">Jews in classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jews in classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HalevyCartedeVisite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/HalevyCartedeVisite.jpg/220px-HalevyCartedeVisite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/HalevyCartedeVisite.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">French-Jewish</a> composer of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Opera">Grand Opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/La_Juive" title="La Juive">La Juive</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Emancipation">Jewish Emancipation</a>, virtually all Jewish music in Europe was <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">sacred music</a>, with the exception of the performances of <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmorim</a> during weddings and other occasions. The result was a lack of a Jewish presence in <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">European classical music</a> until the 19th century, with very few exceptions, normally enabled by specific aristocratic protection, such as <a href="/wiki/Salamone_Rossi" title="Salamone Rossi">Salamone Rossi</a> (whose work is considered the beginning of "Jewish art music").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical period</a> small numbers of Jewish composers were present in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Southern France and Italy, the vast majority of Jewish classical composers were active during the Romantic period (following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>) and even more so in the <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a> summarizes the dynamics of this cultural pattern: </p> <blockquote><p>The Jewish musical tradition, for instance, was far older than anyone else's in Europe. Music remained an element in Jewish services, and the <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantor</a> was almost as pivotal a figure in local Jewish society as the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>. But Jewish musicians, except as converts, had played no part in European musical development. Hence the entry, in considerable numbers, of Jewish composers and performers on the musical scene in the middle decades of the nineteenth century was a phenomenon, and a closely observed one.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">music historian</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Conway_(music_historian)" title="David Conway (music historian)">David Conway</a> notes that: </p> <blockquote><p>At the start of the nineteenth century there were virtually no Jewish professionals in music and the standard of music in Jewish synagogues was generally appalling. Yet by the end of the same century throughout Europe Jews held leading positions as conductors, <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">soloists</a>, theatrical producer, <a href="/wiki/Publisher_of_sheet_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher of sheet music">music publishers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a> of music; a Jew [ <a href="/wiki/Meyerbeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> ] was the most successful opera composer of the century, and the Jews were commonly held, what would have seemed nonsensical a hundred years earlier, to be a 'musical people'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the other hand, the origin of <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant#History" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>, which was the earliest manifestation of European classical music, was Jewish <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> and synagogue, according to a large number of analytical <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgists</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">music historians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Jews were admitted to mainstream society in England (gradually after their return in the 17th century), <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_nineteenth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="France in the nineteenth century">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russia</a> (in that order), the Jewish contribution to the European music scene steadily increased, but in the form of mainstream European music, not specifically Jewish music. Notable examples of Jewish Romantic composers (by country) are <a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Charles-Valentin Alkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a> from France, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Dessauer" title="Josef Dessauer">Josef Dessauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Ernst" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst">Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Karl Goldmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> from Bohemia (most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian_Jews" title="List of Austrian Jews">Austrian Jews</a> during this time were native not to what is today <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> but rather the outer provinces of the Empire), <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> from Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rubinstein" title="Nikolai Rubinstein">Nikolai Rubinstein</a> from Russia. Singers included <a href="/wiki/John_Braham_(tenor)" title="John Braham (tenor)">John Braham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuditta_Pasta" title="Giuditta Pasta">Giuditta Pasta</a>. There were very many notable Jewish violin and pianist virtuosi, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Tausig" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Tausig">Carl Tausig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Henri Herz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Auer" title="Leopold Auer">Leopold Auer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Ignaz Moscheles</a>. During the 20th century the number of Jewish composers and notable instrumentalists increased, as did their geographical distribution. Jewish composers were most heavily concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and other cities in pre-Nazi Austria and Germany. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, after Jews moved out of the Austrian-Hungarian provinces into Vienna, they "comprised a third of the students of the city's conservatories and more than half of its music audiences. Jewish children acquired musical instruction at rates exceeding three times that of the non-Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond Vienna, Jews were also to a certain extent prominent in Paris and New York City (the latter's <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City#Jewish" title="Demographics of New York City">Jewish population</a> being heavily multiplied by waves of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States_of_America#Immigration_in_Detail" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United States of America">immigration</a>). During the rise of the Nazis in the 1930s, when works by Jews were labelled as <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate music</a> (not only because of the Jewish origins of the composers but also their association with <a href="/wiki/Modernist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist music">Modernism</a>), many European Jewish composers emigrated to the United States and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, strengthening classical music in those countries. Sample Jewish 20th-century composers include <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Schönberg">Arnold Schönberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a> from Austria, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-half_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-half-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> from Germany, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ullmann" title="Viktor Ullmann">Viktor Ullmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_Weinberger" title="Jaromír Weinberger">Jaromír Weinberger</a> from Bohemia and later the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (the former perished at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> extermination camps), <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)" title="Samuel Adler (composer)">Samuel Adler</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the United States, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Tansman" title="Alexandre Tansman">Alexandre Tansman</a> from France, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a><sup id="cite_ref-half_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-half-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lera_Auerbach" title="Lera Auerbach">Lera Auerbach</a> from Russia, <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Davidovsky" title="Mario Davidovsky">Mario Davidovsky</a> from Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ben-Haim" title="Paul Ben-Haim">Paul Ben-Haim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shulamit_Ran" title="Shulamit Ran">Shulamit Ran</a> from Israel. </p><p>There are some genres and forms of classical music that Jewish composers have been associated with, including notably during the Romantic period French <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Opera">Grand Opera</a>. The most prolific composers of this genre included <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a>, and the later <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>; Halévy's <i><a href="/wiki/La_Juive" title="La Juive">La Juive</a></i> was based on <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Scribe's</a> <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> very loosely connected to the Jewish experience. While little-known today, this "work by a Jewish composer in which anti-Semitism is a motivating force" was an extremely potent influence on <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music#Late_Romantic_Era_(1850-1910)" title="Romantic music">late Romantic</a> composers from <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a> (who took the story of anti-Semitism and assimilation personally, also calling it "one of the very greatest works ever written"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, Jewish composers were pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_music" title="Contemporary music">contemporary music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> in his middle and later periods devised the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a> and was a primary advocate of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>, a system of composition which was later used by Jewish composers <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Rochberg" title="George Rochberg">George Rochberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a> were leading composers in the school of <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> worked with <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">minimalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a> devised his own form of twelve-tone tonality, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ornstein" title="Leo Ornstein">Leo Ornstein</a> helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">tone cluster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armand_Lunel" title="Armand Lunel">Armand Lunel</a> were noted composers of <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">chance music</a> (the latter is also considered the inventor of spatialization), and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Davidovsky" title="Mario Davidovsky">Mario Davidovsky</a> was famous for writing a series of compositions mixing <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_music" title="Acoustic music">acoustic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_art_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic art music">electronic music</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Lera_Auerbach" title="Lera Auerbach">Lera Auerbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Zorn" title="John Zorn">John Zorn</a> have worked with <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_music#Polystylism" title="Contemporary music">Polystylism</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">Postmodern music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Gideon" title="Miriam Gideon">Miriam Gideon</a> combined atonalism and Jewish folk motives in her pieces. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)" title="Samuel Adler (composer)">Samuel Adler</a>'s compositions are also noteworthy for using several contemporary techniques including: atonality, serialism,<a href="/wiki/Diatonicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonicism">diatonicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric music</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While orchestral and operatic music works by Jewish composers would in general be considered secular, many Jewish (as well as non-Jewish) composers have incorporated Jewish themes and motives into their music. Sometimes this is done covertly, such as the <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> band music that many critics and observers believe lies in the third movement of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler's</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 1</a> (though ostensibly imitating the sound of a local Moravian town band), and this type of Jewish reference was most common during the 19th century when openly displaying one's Jewishness would most likely hamper a Jew's chances at <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>. During the 20th century, however, many Jewish composers wrote music with direct Jewish references and themes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/David_Amram" title="David Amram">David Amram</a> (<i>Symphony – "Songs of the Soul"</i>), <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)">Kaddish Symphony</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bloch" title="Ernest Bloch">Ernest Bloch</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Schelomo" title="Schelomo">Schelomo</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Laderman" title="Ezra Laderman">Ezra Laderman</a>, (<i>Symphony No. 3 – Jerusalem</i>, <i>And David Wept</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">below</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mario_Castelnuovo-Tedesco" title="Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco">Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco</a> (<i>Violin Concerto no. 2</i>) <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill#Works_1936-1950" title="Kurt Weill">The Eternal Road</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Weisgall" title="Hugo Weisgall">Hugo Weisgall</a> (<i>Psalm of the Instant Dove</i>). However, even during the 20th century some Jewish composers often quoted Jewish music within non-Jewish contexts; for example, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">Gershwin</a> used <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> melodies and Hebrew songs for a few numbers in <a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess#Musical_elements" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a>, and many also believe that the opening <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a> <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i> is a reference to klezmer. Finally, many non-Jewish (mostly, but not all, Russian) composers have composed classical music with clear Jewish themes and inspiration, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre_(Bruch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol Nidre (Bruch)">Kol Nidre</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Overture_on_Hebrew_Themes" title="Overture on Hebrew Themes">Overture on Hebrew Themes</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> (<i>Chanson hébraïque</i> in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deux_m%C3%A9lodies_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFques" class="mw-redirect" title="Deux mélodies hébraïques">Deux mélodies hébraïques</a></i> – including "<a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddisch</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> and "Fregt di velt di alte kashe" in Yiddish),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._2_(Shostakovich)" title="Piano Trio No. 2 (Shostakovich)">Second Piano Trio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/From_Jewish_Folk_Poetry" title="From Jewish Folk Poetry">From Jewish Folk Poetry</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._13_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 13 "Babi Yar"</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> (<i>Abraham and Isaac</i> – used the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a> of a passage of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, and was dedicated to the Jews and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>). Many operatic works by non-Jewish composers show a direct connection with and sympathy for the Jewish people and history, like <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)" title="Samson and Delilah (opera)">Samson and Delilah</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i>. </p><p>In addition to composers, many Jews have been prominent music critics, <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Guido_Adler" title="Guido Adler">Guido Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zevi_Idelsohn" title="Abraham Zevi Idelsohn">Abraham Zevi Idelsohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Korngold" title="Julius Korngold">Julius Korngold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedi_Stadlen" title="Hedi Stadlen">Hedi Stadlen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Strassburg" title="Robert Strassburg">Robert Strassburg</a>. Jewish classical performers have most frequently been violinists (as can be expected from the violin's importance in klezmer), pianists and cellists. Notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Rose" title="Leonard Rose">Leonard Rose</a>, respectively. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and most frequently today, Jewish conductors have also been prominent, with many like <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> achieving international stature. As of January 2006, the principal music directors of the American Symphony Orchestra, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Symphony Orchestra (United States)">National Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Pops Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphony" title="San Francisco Symphony">San Francisco Symphony</a> and Tonhalle Orchestra (in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>) are of Jewish descent (respectively <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin" title="Leonard Slatkin">Leonard Slatkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hamlisch" title="Marvin Hamlisch">Marvin Hamlisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Zinman" title="David Zinman">David Zinman</a>). A few notable <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantors</a> also worked as <a href="/wiki/Operatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operatic">opera</a> singers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Peerce" title="Jan Peerce">Jan Peerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tucker_(tenor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Tucker (tenor)">Richard Tucker</a>. Other vocalists such as <a href="/wiki/Sidor_Belarsky" title="Sidor Belarsky">Sidor Belarsky</a> made contributions as both educators within the halls of academe as well as performers on the international concert hall stage.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still other operatic virtuosos such <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a> made their mark by performing on the concert hall stage and also serving as administrators for leading operatic companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_study_in_secular_Jewish_culture:_Jewish_identity_in_19th-century_central_Europe">Case study in secular Jewish culture: Jewish identity in 19th-century central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Case study in secular Jewish culture: Jewish identity in 19th-century central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research regarding the Jewish identity of composers usually focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>; the former, although the grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">most famous philosopher</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i>, was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> and raised as a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Christian</a>, and the latter converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> to remove his most powerful obstacle to success (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>) in musical <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. While in both cases the conversion was made to assimilate with European <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> society and therefore leave persecution in favor of prosperity, Mendelssohn wrote overtly and unapologetically Christian music (<i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mendelssohn)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mendelssohn)">Symphony No. 5 "Reformation"</a></i>, <i>St. Paul <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">Oratorio</a></i> and numerous chamber and other vocal pieces), and on one occasion he even <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn#Mendelssohn_and_his_contemporaries" title="Felix Mendelssohn">changed his appearance</a> to avoid looking like related Jewish composer <a href="/wiki/Meyerbeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>. Mahler also wrote Christian-inspired music in the fifth movement of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">Second Symphony</a> (although this highly spiritual piece has also been interpreted as fundamentally Jewish at its core<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the fifth movement of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third Symphony</a>, the fourth movement of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)">Fourth Symphony</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">Eighth Symphony</a>. </p><p>However, the issue in both cases is not so simple: although his father urged him to drop the name "Mendelssohn" in concert programs to purge any reference to his Jewish past, Felix "retained the name... despite his father's protests, and though undoubtedly a sincere Lutheran, retained a respect for his Jewish history. His professional and social success may have emboldened him to be more forthrightly pro-Jewish than other converts".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahler wrote what have been perceived as Jewish references in his works, including klezmer-like passages in the third movement of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">First Symphony</a> and first movement of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third</a>; in addition, the previously mentioned fifth movement of the Second Symphony includes a passage that many believe imitates <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> blasts with a <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic text</a> resembling the <i><a href="/wiki/Unetanneh_Tokef" title="Unetanneh Tokef">Unetanneh Tokef</a></i> prayer. </p><p>The most compelling reason why Mendelssohn and Mahler are commonly considered Jewish composers are because they have been repeatedly identified as such both by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semites</a> and Jews. In both cases contemporaries (respectively, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik</a></i>, and the virulent Vienna press and Austrian anti-Semites such as Rudolph Louis<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) argued that no matter how much the composer in question attempted to pass himself off as a good Austrian/German and a good Christian, he and his music would remain fundamentally and unalterably Jewish (in the context, with an obviously negative connotation). Therefore, when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> suppressed what they considered "<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate music</a>", both Mendelssohn and Mahler were banned as Jewish composers; they were contrasted with "good" German composers like <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner#Reception_in_the_20th_century" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Nazi_appropriation" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to a lesser degree concerning Wagner but especially in the case of Beethoven, the fact that the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandists</a> claimed that deceased, and therefore unable to object composers are personifications of their ideology does not mean that they would have approved of such a label). The claim of "fundamental Jewishness" was repeated, but with a completely opposite meaning, by 20th century Jews like <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (regarding Mahler), who viewed that the dual Jewishness and success of the composers is something to be championed and celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A persuasive argument to the Jewishness of Mahler comes from his wife, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>He [Gustav] was not a man who ever deceived himself, and he knew that people would not forget he was a Jew.... Nor did he wish it forgotten.... He never denied his Jewish origin. Rather he emphasized it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Regarding Wagner himself, it often seems ironic to some that many of the most influential and popular interpreters of his work have been Jewish conductors such as the aforementioned Mahler and Bernstein, as well as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fiedler" title="Arthur Fiedler">Arthur Fiedler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asher_Fisch" title="Asher Fisch">Asher Fisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf" title="Erich Leinsdorf">Erich Leinsdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Levi" title="Hermann Levi">Hermann Levi</a> (who was chosen by Wagner to conduct the premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Sir Georg Solti</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a>. It has been noted that there is a "love of contemporary Jewish conductors for Wagner".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While much has been written about Wagner's anti-Semitism in his writings and music, and the Nazi appropriation of his music, research in recent years has analyzed the possibility that Wagner was himself of Jewish ancestry, and explored Wagner's interaction with and attitude towards the Jews through a multi-sided perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much less complex and disputed is the Jewishness of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>. Although he was brought up as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in 1898, during the rise of the Nazis in 1933 he openly embraced and returned to Judaism. The result was a number of later works dealing with Judaism and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre#Inspiration_for_other_musical_pieces" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i>. During this time Schoenberg also began to concern himself with the historical situation of the Jewish people in his essays and other writings. </p><p>Both Mahler and Schoenberg were Jewish composers who converted to a form of Christianity to avoid anti-Semitism, but were still attacked by the anti-Semitic elements of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> society as fundamentally Jewish and therefore a corrupting and perverse influence. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, </p> <blockquote><p>The feeling of cultural outrage was much more important than anti-Semitism as such; or rather, it turned into anti-Semites, at any rate for the moment, people who normally never expressed such feelings. It was he Jew-as-Iconoclast which aroused the really deep rage... Mahler had begun it; Schönberg carried it on; both were Jews, and they corrupted young <a href="/wiki/Aryan#Racist_connotations" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> composers like <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a> – so the argument went.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Again, although these critics meant their identifications of Mahler and Schoenberg as Jewish in an offensive way, this context provides a legitimate reason to claim them as Jewish composers today, though now in a neutral or positive sense. Despite the three above examples, however, a majority of Jewish artists and intellectuals in Austria, Germany and France during the 19th century and early 20th century assimilated culturally either by keeping the Jewish religion but living a mainstream European lifestyle (as <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a> had wished in earlier decades) or renouncing religion in favor of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, but retained at least the identification of Jewishness. It is the dual existence of people who disassociated themselves with Judaism yet remained affiliated with the Jewish people, and those who wished to retain the Jewish religion but eliminate any distinct Jewish culture by blending into <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> society in this region and period (as opposed to Eastern Europe at the same time, where both the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish peoplehood</a> and religion were preserved) that show the complexities of both Judaism and secular Jewish culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Secular Jewish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_musicians" title="List of Jewish musicians">List of Jewish musicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menashe Ravina, "The Songs of the People of Israel", published by Hamossad Lemusika Ba'am, 1943</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QUQMYqwkLb4">She Taught Me To Yodel – Israel Shalom (YouTube)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borzykowski.users.ch/EnglYidDance.htm">Yiddish, Klezmer, Ashkenazic or 'shtetl' dances</a>, Le site genevois de la musique klezmer. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jinfo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jinfo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinfo.org/Music.html">Jews in Music</a> on jinfo.org. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigbandlibrary.com/shepfields.html">Shep Fields Biography on bigbandlibary.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/02/23/Bandleader-Shep-Fields-who-rose-to-fame-in-the/6536351752400/">Shep Fields Obituary - United Press International Feb. 23, 1981 on UPI.com/Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinlindy.com/benny_goodman.htm">Benny Goodman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406214509/http://www.austinlindy.com/benny_goodman.htm">Archived</a> 6 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on the Austin Lindy Hop site. Credited as PBS biography. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Henning, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touchoftonga.com/DavidMulliss/artie-shaw.html">Artie Shaw: King of the Clarinet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bje.org.au/adults/templateBase.php?id=159&gid=2">Jews & Jazz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230010/http://www.bje.org.au/adults/templateBase.php?id=159&gid=2">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Academy BJE, NSW Board of Jewish Education. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmi.org.uk/westernclassicalmusic/">Western Classical Music</a>, Jewish Music Institute, 29 October 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ibid.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=EAIM&docId=A109568430&source=gale&srcprod=EAIM&userGroupName=ucirvine&version=1.0">"'In the midst of many peoples' – some nineteenth-century Jewish composers and their Jewishness.(Cultural Histories)(Biography)."</a> <i>European Judaism</i> 36.1 (Spring 2003): 36(24). <i>Expanded Academic ASAP</i>. Thomson Gale. UC Irvine (CDL). 09 March 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin J. Symonds, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051219034432/http://www.kevinsymonds.com/hebgreg.html">On The Hebraic Roots of the Gregorian Chant</a>. Self-published 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Sadie, Chant, <i>The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music</i> (London:Macmillan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ced.appstate.edu/intercollege/3850/studwork/medieval/guide/exa/chant.htm">The relevant passage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050827223553/http://www.ced.appstate.edu/intercollege/3850/studwork/medieval/guide/exa/chant.htm">Archived</a> 27 August 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is reproduced on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, archived 26 March 2005 from the site of Reich College of Education, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University">Appalachian State University</a>, North Carolina.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Libo and Skakun, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjh.org/about/Forward/view_Forward.cfm?Forwardid=27"><i>op. cit.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-half-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-half_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-half_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">With the exception of those living in isolated Jewish communities, most Jews listed here as contributing to secular Jewish culture also participated in the cultures of the peoples they lived with and nations they lived in. In most cases, however, the work and lives of these people did not exist in two distinct cultural spheres but rather in one that incorporated elements of both. This person had one Jewish parent and one non-Jewish parent, and therefore exemplified this phenomenon <i>par excellence</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEGpMqRcQjIC&dq=Samuel+Adler+biography&pg=PA5">The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Randel, Don Michael. The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. 1996 p. 6 Samuel Adler on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.operainfo.org/broadcast/operaTeaching.cgi?id=84&language=1&material_id=349">Using <i>La Juive</i> to Teach Humanities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023833/http://archive.operainfo.org/broadcast/operaTeaching.cgi?id=84&language=1&material_id=349">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts" title="Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts">Metropolitan Opera International Radio Broadcast</a> Information Center. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Ross, "The Ray of Death", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 24 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therestisnoise.com/2004/04/la_juive_1.html">Reproduced online</a>. Accessed 12 February 2006.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIfhsSoI-9YC&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&pg=PA14"><i>A Conductor's Guide to Choral-Orchestral Works, Part 1</i> Jonathan D. Green, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 1994, Chapter II – Survey of Works</a> p. 14 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4720-0">978-0-8108-4720-0</a> Samuel Adler on books.google.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/ezra-laderman/">"Laderman, Ezra"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laderman%2C+Ezra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milkenarchive.org%2Fartists%2Fview%2Fezra-laderman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecular+Jewish+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruben Frankenstein, Ravel's Chants hébraïques, <i>Mendele: Yiddish literature and language</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~mendele/vol04/vol04.131">Vol. 4.131</a>, 8 October 1994. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Loeffler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextbook.org/features/feature_shostakovich.html">Hidden Sympathies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416210642/http://www.nextbook.org/features/feature_shostakovich.html">Archived</a> 16 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, nextbook.org. Accessed 12 February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/people/2213">Brigham Young University Special Collections - Biography of Sidor Belarsky on lib.byu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O6MPfrG61SEC&dq=Sidor+belarsky&pg=PA268">Ellis Island Interviews: Immigrants Tell Their Stories In their Own Words. Coan, Peter M. Fall River Press, 1997 p. 268 Interview & biography of Isabel Belarsky - daughter of Sidor Belarsky on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-ZtAAAAMAAJ&q=Sidor+belarsky">"Jewish Frontier" Labor Zionist Letters Inc. 1995 p. 22 Sidor Belarsky On Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/arts/music/03sills.html?pagewanted=all">The New York Times Obituary: Beverly Sills on nytimes.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Joachim Goldman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/issues/2002/02.08.23/arts5.html">Measuring Mahler, in Search of a Jewish Temperament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153357/http://www.forward.com/issues/2002/02.08.23/arts5.html/">Archived</a> 1 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>, 23 August 2002. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Conway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/mendelssohnx.htm">Mendelssohn the Christian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714135706/http://smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/mendelssohnx.htm">Archived</a> 14 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>; preparatory work to his doctoral dissertation provisionally entitled <i>Jewry in Music</i>. Notes say "from a recent article in <i>European Judaism</i> magazine", but give no date. Accessed 12 February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/echo/Volume3-issue2/knapp_draughon/knapp_draughon1.html">Gustav Mahler and the Crisis of Jewish Identity</a>. <i>Echo</i>, Volume 3 Issue 2. Published by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/musReich.htm">Nazi Approved Music</a>, A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/echo/Volume3-issue2/knapp_draughon/knapp_draughon1.html"><i>op. cit.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gustav Mahler: Memories and Letters</i> (trans., New York 1946), pg. 90; quoted in Johnson, <i>op. cit.</i>, pg. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lili Eylon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Wagner.html">The Controversy Over Richard Wagner</a>, Jewish Virtual Library, credited to the Israeli Foreign Ministry. 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine Baruch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/issues/2001/01.03.23/arts3.html">Was it Self-Hatred that Fueled Wagner's 'Anti-Semitism'?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153352/http://www.forward.com/issues/2001/01.03.23/arts3.html/">Archived</a> 1 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>, March 2001 (exact date not given). Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Conway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vulture_.htm">'A Vulture is Almost an Eagle': The Jewishness of Richard Wagner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723095550/http://smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vulture_.htm">Archived</a> 23 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/lamp1.htm">Wagner's Magic Lamp: an ongoing mystery...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719184615/http://smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/lamp1.htm">Archived</a> 19 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>; preparatory work to his doctoral dissertation provisionally entitled <i>Jewry in Music</i>. Accessed 12 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 410.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/User:Ravpapa">A list</a> of Jewish composers with sheet music published by IMSLP.com.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&oldid=1245325830">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secular_Jewish_music&oldid=1245325830</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_music" title="Category:Jewish music">Jewish music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_secularism" title="Category:Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_too_many_examples_from_April_2011" title="Category:Articles with too many examples from April 2011">Articles with too many examples from April 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_too_many_examples" title="Category:All articles with too many examples">All articles with too many examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_April_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2011">Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2011</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 September 2024, at 10:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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