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href="#Zionist_Socialist_Workers_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Zionist Socialist Workers Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_Socialist_Workers_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freeland_League_for_Jewish_Territorial_Colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freeland_League_for_Jewish_Territorial_Colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freeland_League_for_Jewish_Territorial_Colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish Territorial Organization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المنظمة الإقليمية اليهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنظمة الإقليمية اليهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еврейска териториалистка организация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еврейска териториалистка организация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme_territorialista" title="Sionisme territorialista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sionisme territorialista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorialismo" title="Territorialismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorialismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Teritoriismo" title="Juda Teritoriismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juda Teritoriismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorialismo_sionista" title="Territorialismo sionista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Territorialismo sionista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme_territorialiste" title="Sionisme territorialiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sionisme territorialiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorialismo" title="Territorialismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Territorialismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="טריטוריאליזם יהודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריטוריאליזם יהודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorialismus_Iudaeus" title="Territorialismus Iudaeus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Territorialismus Iudaeus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="یہودی اقلیمی تنظیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودی اقلیمی تنظیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Территориализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Территориализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_territorialism" title="Jewish territorialism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jewish territorialism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaisten_territorialismi" title="Juutalaisten territorialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaisten territorialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Territorialist_Organization" title="Jewish Territorialist Organization – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jewish Territorialist Organization" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Територіалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Територіалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="یہودی اقلیمی تنظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودی اقلیمی تنظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="יידישע טעריטאריעליזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יידישע טעריטאריעליזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6189967#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.jpg/330px-%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.jpg/440px-%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Jewish Territorial Organization</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Jewish Territorial Organisation</b>, known as the <b>ITO</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> political movement which first arose in 1903 in response to the British <a href="/wiki/British_Uganda_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="British Uganda Programme">Uganda Scheme</a>, but only institutionalized in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main goal was to find an alternative territory to that of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, which was preferred by the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a>, for the creation of a Jewish homeland. The organization embraced what became known as <b>Jewish Territorialism</b> also known as <b>Jewish Statism</b> (though not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">the political philosophy of the same name</a>). The ITO was dissolved in 1925. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_territorialism">Overview of territorialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of territorialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first instance of what might be termed Territorialism, though the term did not yet exist, much predated Zionism. In 1825 the <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah" title="Mordecai Manuel Noah">Mordecai Manuel Noah</a>—the first Jew born in the United States to reach national prominence—tried to found a Jewish "refuge" at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York" title="Grand Island, New York">Grand Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>, to be called "<a href="/wiki/Ararat,_City_of_Refuge" title="Ararat, City of Refuge">Ararat</a>", after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, the Biblical resting place of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. He purchased land on Grand Island—then on the <a href="/wiki/American_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="American Frontier">frontier</a> of white settlement—for $4.38 per acre, in order to build a refuge for Jews of all nations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had brought with him a cornerstone which read "Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah in the Month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825) and in the Fiftieth Year of American Independence." However, the scheme failed to attract Noah's fellow Jews. It began and ended with the ceremonial laying of that cornerstone. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Colonization_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Colonization Association">Jewish Colonization Association</a>, created in 1891 by the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Maurice_de_Hirsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Maurice de Hirsch">Baron Maurice de Hirsch</a>, was aimed at facilitating mass emigration of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries, by settling them in agricultural colonies on lands purchased by the committee, particularly in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>). </p><p>Before 1905 some <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> leaders had seriously considered proposals for Jewish homelands in places other than the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> hoped for a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel but recognized that global events demanded an immediate solution to the Jewish problem, in Russia at least, even if that solution required Jewish refugees to settle outside of <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Eretz Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a></i> argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, "our ever-memorable historic home", or <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, "one of the most fertile countries in the world". Some <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Zionist">socialist Zionist</a> groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as <a href="/wiki/Nachman_Syrkin" title="Nachman Syrkin">Nachman Syrkin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Zionist Socialist Workers Party">Zionist Socialist Workers Party</a> (the Z.S.).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1902, Herzl's negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for a Jewish homeland in Palestine had proven so futile and the dream of <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a> so distant that he decided to approach the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> about the creation of a Jewish colony in Africa. And in April 1903 his efforts in London seemed to bear fruit. In response to the horrors of <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev</a>, England's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> proposed to Herzl the creation a semiautonomous region on the <a href="/wiki/Uasin_Gishu_County" title="Uasin Gishu County">Uasin Gishu</a> plateau in <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> for Jewish settlement. When Herzl revealed Chamberlain's offer to the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Zionist_Congress" title="Sixth Zionist Congress">Sixth Zionist Congress</a> in August 1903, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zangwill" title="Israel Zangwill">Israel Zangwill</a> spoke in favor of the proposal. In his speech to the Congress Zangwill made clear that, though he did not see East Africa as the ultimate consummation of the Zionist cause, he did believe that it proved a particularly useful, temporary (if still somewhat long-term) solution to the Jewish problem in Russia. </p><p>In 1903 British cabinet ministers suggested the <a href="/wiki/British_Uganda_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="British Uganda Program">British Uganda Program</a>, land for a Jewish state in "<a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>" (actually in modern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>). Herzl initially rejected the idea, preferring Palestine, but after the April 1903 <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a> Herzl introduced a controversial proposal to the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Zionist_Congress" title="Sixth Zionist Congress">Sixth Zionist Congress</a> to investigate the offer as a temporary measure for <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">Russian Jews</a> in danger. Notwithstanding its emergency and temporary nature, the proposal still proved very divisive, and widespread opposition to the plan was demonstrated by a walkout led by the Russian Jewish delegation to the Congress. Few historians believe that such a settlement scheme could have attracted immigrants, Jewish financial support, or international political support. Since there was strong support on the part of some members of the Zionist leadership, however, peace was kept in the movement by the time-honored parliamentary maneuver of voting to establish a committee for the investigation of the possibility, which was not finally dismissed until the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">Seventh Zionist Congress</a> in 1905. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO) was founded by British Jewish author, critic, and activist <a href="/wiki/Israel_Zangwill" title="Israel Zangwill">Israel Zangwill</a> and British Jewish journalist <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Wolf" title="Lucien Wolf">Lucien Wolf</a> in 1903 and institutionalized in 1905. The establishment was a response to Herzl's rejection of Uganda proposal, as the ITO led by Zangwill split off from the Zionist movement. It attempted to locate territory suitable for Jewish settlement in various parts of America (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Movement" title="Galveston Movement">Galveston</a>), and on the African, Asian, and Australian continents, yet with little success. </p><p>Zangwill's interest in territorialism began in 1903 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev Pogrom">Kishinev Pogrom</a>. In April of that year in <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, a Western province of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, a local newspaper accused the region's Jews of killing a Christian child as part of their <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> rituals. This inflammatory use of the ancient "<a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>" sparked a three-day <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> which resulted in the deaths of over forty Jews, as well as the destruction and looting of hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses. The specter of Kishinev profoundly influenced Zangwill's actions and work. Indeed, several years after the event, Zangwill would make the protagonist of his most important play, "The Melting Pot", a survivor of the pogrom who escapes to America after witnessing the murder of his family. The events of Kishinev also convinced Zangwill of the immediate need to find a place of Jewish refuge be it in Palestine or some other site. In commenting on the pogroms in a greeting to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Zionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of American Zionists">Federation of American Zionists</a> Zangwill commented: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Kishineff massacre has brought home to the blindest the need of a publicly and legally safeguarded home for our unhappy race. When you come to consider where this centralized home should be you will find no place as practicable as Palestine, or at least for a start, its neighborhood.</p></blockquote> <p>But few in the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/British_Uganda_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="British Uganda Programme">Uganda Scheme</a>, as the East Africa offer was called, particularly representatives from Eastern Europe who argued that Palestine was the sole acceptable site for a Jewish homeland. Herzl was severely criticized for his willingness to seek a Jewish state outside of the Middle East, and such criticism, Zangwill claimed, contributed to Herzl's death from heart failure in 1904. In a 1905 speech on the East Africa offer he exclaimed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Herzl is dead: he worked for his people as no man ever worked for them since <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas Maccabaeus">Judas Maccabaeus</a>. His people called him dreamer and demagogue, and towards the end men of his own party called him traitor and broke his heart. He worked for his people: they paid him his wages and he has gone home.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1905 the members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">Seventh Zionist Congress</a> formally rejected the Uganda Scheme. Following the rejection of the East Africa offer, Zangwill contacted Lucien Wolf, an English Jewish journalist and member of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a>, the main representative body of <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">Anglo Jewry</a>. Wolf was an opponent of political Zionism, but did support the creation of Jewish colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a>. In August 1905 Zangwill and Wolf met to discuss the Uganda Scheme, and in subsequent correspondence between the two we learn that both supported the creation of a Jewish colony in British East Africa. Wolf had objected to any specifically "Jewish national homeland", that is to say a state which ghettoized Jews, preserving Jewish customs and law as the basis for governance. Though Zangwill's literary works suggest his nostalgia for the ghetto, he too recognized the need for a modern Jewish polity. Both concurred that a self-governing Jewish territory should be based on a preponderance of Jews in the region rather than British legislative <a href="/wiki/Fiat_(policy_debate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat (policy debate)">fiat</a>, and both concurred that the new government should be formed on a modern, democratic basis rather than some earlier biblical ideal or Eastern European <a href="/wiki/Kehilla_(modern)" title="Kehilla (modern)">Kehilla</a> structure. This basic agreement between Zangwill and Wolf would lead to the formation of the Jewish Territorial Organisation (ITO), an organisation dedicated to "obtaining a large tract of territory (preferably within the British Empire) wherein to found a Jewish Home of Refuge", and to the elevation of Zangwill to the ITO presidency. </p><p>The ITO's members were known as <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">territorialists</a> or "ITOmen". ITO attempted to locate territory suitable for Jewish settlement in various parts of America (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston">Galveston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>), Africa (in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, establishing several contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> government, the colonial power at the time), <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, but with little success. The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British occupation of Palestine</a> had made the territorial alternatives to Eretz Israel less viable. Accordingly, in 1925 the ITO was dissolved and most of its members returned to the Zionist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Territorialist_Organizations">Other Territorialist Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other Territorialist Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionist_Socialist_Workers_Party">Zionist Socialist Workers Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zionist Socialist Workers Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pre-1917 the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Zionist Socialist Workers Party">Zionist Socialist Workers Party</a> also took up the idea, combining it with a strong <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionary">Socialist Revolutionary</a> orientation, and for a time had a considerable influence among Russian Jews. The party supported Herzl during the debate over the Uganda Scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USSR">USSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Komzet" title="Komzet">Komzet</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> there was in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> a Territorialist effort in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_autonomy_in_Crimea" title="Jewish autonomy in Crimea">Jewish autonomy in Crimea</a>), and then in a region surrounding <a href="/wiki/Birobidzhan" title="Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Autonomous Region">Jewish Autonomous Region</a> was established in 1934. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast or JAO for short (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть</span>, <i>Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast</i>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">ייִדישע אווטאָנאָמע געגנט</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">yidishe avtonome gegnt</i></span>) is still today an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">autonomous oblast</a> situated in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District" title="Far Eastern Federal District">far east</a>; where both Russian and Yiddish are its official languages. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a> (known as ICOR) worked to encourage the emigration and settlement of Jews there, likewise with the <a href="/wiki/Gezerd" title="Gezerd">Gezerd</a> in Australia. Territorialist projects in the USSR ended mostly with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> (which saw the dissolution of the Territorialist <a href="/wiki/Komzet" title="Komzet">KOMZET</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> counterpart <a href="/wiki/OZET" title="OZET">OZET</a>), and then in their totality following the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>; which saw the destruction of Jewish agricultural colonies in Ukraine and the Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were attempts to establish Crimea as a Jewish Homeland following World War II, which had some support from <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, however such plans were rejected by <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> who went on to <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Soviet_Union" title="Israel–Russia relations">recognise Israel</a>, along with launching another series of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism#Purges" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">political purges against Jewish organisations</a> within the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freeland_League_for_Jewish_Territorial_Colonization">Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the face of the looming <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nachman_Steinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Nachman Steinberg">Isaac Nachman Steinberg</a> established the Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization (Frayland-lige far Yidisher Teritoryalistisher Kolonizatsye) in London in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organization attempted, unsuccessfully, to pursue Jewish autonomy by obtaining a large piece of territory in sparsely populated areas in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, Australia, or <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. One of the more well-known ventures was the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Plan" title="Kimberley Plan">Kimberley Plan</a>, to secure land in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kimberley Plan was officially vetoed on 15 July 1944 by Australian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a>, who informed Steinberg that the Australian government would not "depart from the long-established policy in regard to alien settlement in Australia" and could not "entertain the proposal for a group settlement of the exclusive type contemplated by the Freeland League".<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, Steinberg criticized the exclusivist politics of the Israeli government and continued his attempts to create a non-nationalist Jewish settlement in some other region of the world. After Steinberg's death in 1957 the Freeland League was led by <a href="/wiki/Mordkhe_Schaechter" title="Mordkhe Schaechter">Mordkhe Schaechter</a>, who gradually changed the focus of the organization to more cultural, <a href="/wiki/Yiddishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddishism">Yiddishist</a> goals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Lapin" title="Colonia Lapin">Colonia Lapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Colonization_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Colonization Association">Jewish Colonization Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel,_New_York" title="Kiryas Joel, New York">Kiryas Joel, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Square,_New_York" title="New Square, New York">New Square, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">Proposals for a Jewish state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlroey2016" class="citation book cs1">Alroey, Gur (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1mHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT127"><i>Zionism without Zion: The Jewish Territorial Organization and Its Conflict with the Zionist Organization</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814342077" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814342077"><bdi>978-0814342077</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+without+Zion%3A+The+Jewish+Territorial+Organization+and+Its+Conflict+with+the+Zionist+Organization&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0814342077&rft.aulast=Alroey&rft.aufirst=Gur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1mHCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Territorial+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720121231/http://nyheritage.nnyln.net/u?/p15004coll3,0">Image of the City of Ararat (Grand Island, NY)</a> Image in 1825, a Pivotal Year on the Niagara Frontier on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyheritage.org">New York Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510212140/https://nyheritage.org/">Archived</a> 2019-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqot1i03I6w"><i>The Second Aliyah (1905–1915)</i></a>, 26 May 2023<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet&rft.atitle=Before+Crimea+Was+an+Ethnic+Russian+Stronghold%2C+It+Was+a+Potential+Jewish+Homeland&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft.aulast=Veidlinger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fsections%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcrimea-as-jewish-homeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Territorial+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Frayland-lige">"Yivo | Frayland-lige"</a>. <i>yivoencyclopedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yivoencyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=Yivo+%7C+Frayland-lige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FFrayland-lige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Territorial+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204070020/http://www.music.princeton.edu/~newton/notyet/index.html">"A Jewish colony in the Kimberleys"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.princeton.edu/~newton/notyet/index.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+colony+in+the+Kimberleys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.princeton.edu%2F~newton%2Fnotyet%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+Territorial+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADB_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A160362b.htm">Steinberg, Isaac Nachman (1888–1957)</a> by Beverley Hooper, <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i>, Volume 16, Melbourne University Press, 2002, pp. 298–299. Online Ed. published by Australian National University</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2535555">Israel Zangwill's Challenge to Zionism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betar_US" title="Betar US">Betar US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a 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