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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ticknor and Fields</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ticknor_and_Fields_logo_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ticknor_and_Fields_logo_1867.jpg/200px-Ticknor_and_Fields_logo_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ticknor_and_Fields_logo_1867.jpg/300px-Ticknor_and_Fields_logo_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Ticknor_and_Fields_logo_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ticknor and Fields colophon, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1867</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Defunct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Davis_Ticknor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Davis Ticknor">William Davis Ticknor</a> and John Allen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Osgood" title="James R. Osgood">James R. Osgood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication types</th><td class="infobox-data">Books, Magazines</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ticknor and Fields</b> was an American publishing company based in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts. Founded as a bookstore in 1832, the business published many 19th-century American authors, including <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>. It also became an early publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i>. </p><p>The firm was named after founder <a href="/wiki/William_Davis_Ticknor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Davis Ticknor">William Davis Ticknor</a> and apprentice <a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a>, although the names of additional business partners would come and go, notably that of <a href="/wiki/James_R._Osgood" title="James R. Osgood">James R. Osgood</a> in the firm's later years. Financial problems led Osgood to merge the company with the publishing firm of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oscar_Houghton" title="Henry Oscar Houghton">Henry Oscar Houghton</a> in 1878, forming a precursor to the modern publisher <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. </p><p>Houghton Mifflin revived the Ticknor and Fields name as an imprint from 1979 to 1989. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_history">Company history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Company history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fields_Hawthorne_Ticknor_ca1863_byJWBlack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fields_Hawthorne_Ticknor_ca1863_byJWBlack.png/220px-Fields_Hawthorne_Ticknor_ca1863_byJWBlack.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Fields_Hawthorne_Ticknor_ca1863_byJWBlack.png 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>James Fields, Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Ticknor; photo by <a href="/wiki/James_Wallace_Black" title="James Wallace Black">J.W. Black</a>, ca.1863</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1832 <a href="/wiki/William_Davis_Ticknor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Davis Ticknor">William Davis Ticknor</a> and John Allen began a small bookselling business called <b>Ticknor and Allen</b> which operated out of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore" title="Old Corner Bookstore">Old Corner Bookstore</a> located on Washington and School streets in Boston, Massachusetts. The space had previously been used by publishers Carter & Hendee, who hired a teenaged <a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a> as an apprentice. When Ticknor and Allen began their business, Fields joined them. A year later, Allen withdrew from the firm, and Ticknor continued business under <b>William D. Ticknor and Company</b>. When John Reed and Fields became partners in 1845, the imprint was changed to <b>Ticknor, Reed, and Fields</b>. Reed retired in 1854 and the imprint was renamed as Ticknor and Fields, which became well known. </p><p>During these years the firm purchased and printed the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i>. Also in 1842 Ticknor became the first American publisher to pay foreign writers for their works, beginning with a check to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>. These were prosperous years for the firm, and they compiled an impressive list of authors, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, Alfred Tennyson, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore" title="Old Corner Bookstore">Old Corner Bookstore</a> had become the publishing house and meeting place for these authors. Many writers visited many times a week; <a href="/wiki/George_William_Curtis" title="George William Curtis">George William Curtis</a> referred to it as "the hub of the Hub", referring to Boston's nickname, and said that it "compelled the world to acknowledge that there was an American literature".<sup id="cite_ref-Felton28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felton28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the firm was largely in part to the perfectly matched but widely varied talents of Ticknor and Fields. Ticknor gave his attention to the financial and manufacturing departments while Fields focused on literary relations and social aspects of the business. It was also during these years that Ticknor and Fields developed a close relationship with the Riverside Press, founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oscar_Houghton" title="Henry Oscar Houghton">Henry Oscar Houghton</a> in 1852. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Ticknor">After Ticknor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After Ticknor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1873_AtlanticMonthly_TremontSt_Boston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1873_AtlanticMonthly_TremontSt_Boston.png/220px-1873_AtlanticMonthly_TremontSt_Boston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1873_AtlanticMonthly_TremontSt_Boston.png/330px-1873_AtlanticMonthly_TremontSt_Boston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/1873_AtlanticMonthly_TremontSt_Boston.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Ticknor & Fields office, 124 <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Street" title="Tremont Street">Tremont Street</a>, Boston, ca.1868; located across from the <a href="/wiki/Park_Street_Church" title="Park Street Church">Park Street Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1864, Ticknor accompanied Nathaniel Hawthorne on a trip to restore the author's health, at the urging of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Hawthorne" title="Sophia Hawthorne">Sophia Hawthorne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the trip, Ticknor became ill with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorne wrote to Fields that "our friend Ticknor is suffering under a billious attack... He had previously seemed uncomfortable, but not to an alarming degree."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ticknor died on the morning of April 10, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Ticknor's sudden and unexpected death, interests in the firm were carried on by his son Howard M. Ticknor. During these years the business had outgrown the <a href="/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore" title="Old Corner Bookstore">Old Corner Bookstore</a> and Fields, now in charge of the company, was no longer interested in the retail store. He sold the Old Corner Bookstore on November 12, 1864, and moved the publishing house to 124 Tremont Street.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm also began to publish <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Young_Folks" title="Our Young Folks">Our Young Folks</a></i> edited by Howard M. Ticknor. The younger Ticknor soon retired and, in 1868, the firm was reorganized as <b>Fields, Osgood, & Co.</b><sup id="cite_ref-Winship22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winship22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin Holt Ticknor, son of William Davis Ticknor, was admitted at a partner in 1870. On New Year's Day, 1871, Fields announced his retirement from the business at a small gathering of friends,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intending to focus on his own writing. On January 2, 1871, the remaining partners bought out Fields's share of the company for $120,000 and it was renamed <b>James R. Osgood & Co.</b><sup id="cite_ref-Winship22_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winship22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_R._Osgood" title="James R. Osgood">Osgood</a>, who considered Fields a mentor, attracted substantial new talent and published new works by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bailey_Aldrich" title="Thomas Bailey Aldrich">Thomas Bailey Aldrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bret_Harte" title="Bret Harte">Bret Harte</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Orne_Jewett" title="Sarah Orne Jewett">Sarah Orne Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Larcom" title="Lucy Larcom">Lucy Larcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_Phelps_Ward" title="Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward">Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Thaxter" title="Celia Thaxter">Celia Thaxter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dudley_Warner" title="Charles Dudley Warner">Charles Dudley Warner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winship23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winship23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The firm invested in <a href="/wiki/Collotype" title="Collotype">heliotype</a> printing technology, various periodicals, and established a New York office.<sup id="cite_ref-Winship23_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winship23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few years, the company was in financial difficulty and Osgood and B. H. Ticknor were forced to sell off various assets, including many <a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">stereotype plates</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By December 1878, they were forced to merge with Hurd & Houghton and became Houghton, Osgood, and Co.<sup id="cite_ref-Winship22_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winship22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oscar_Houghton" title="Henry Oscar Houghton">Henry Oscar Houghton</a> became a partner in the deal. The partnership lasted until 1880, when Osgood left to form a second J. R. Osgood and Company. Houghton's company, now Houghton, Mifflin, and Co, retained the rights to the Tickner and Fields backlist. The second J. R. Osgood and Co. was taken over by Benjamin Holt Ticknor in 1885 under the name Ticknor and Company, based (by the first quarter of 1890) at 211 Tremont Street.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ticknor and Company operated until 1889 when it became part of Houghton, Mifflin, and Co. In 1908 the name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth-century_revival">Twentieth-century revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Twentieth-century revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Houghton Mifflin revived the Ticknor and Fields name as an imprint. Chester Kerr was the editor from its reestablishment to 1984; Corlies Smith followed him from 1984 to 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1840_WilliamTicknor.png" class="mw-file-description" title="William D. Ticknor"><img alt="William D. Ticknor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1840_WilliamTicknor.png/84px-1840_WilliamTicknor.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1840_WilliamTicknor.png/127px-1840_WilliamTicknor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1840_WilliamTicknor.png/169px-1840_WilliamTicknor.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ticknor" class="mw-redirect" title="William D. Ticknor">William D. Ticknor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_T_Fields_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James T. Fields"><img alt="James T. Fields" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/James_T_Fields_profile.jpg/114px-James_T_Fields_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/James_T_Fields_profile.jpg/172px-James_T_Fields_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/James_T_Fields_profile.jpg/229px-James_T_Fields_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The House of the Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1851"><img alt="The House of the Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1851" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg/74px-The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg/111px-The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg/147px-The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="4190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Seven_Gables" title="The House of the Seven Gables">The House of the Seven Gables</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, 1851</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walden by Henry David Thoreau, 1854"><img alt="Walden by Henry David Thoreau, 1854" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg/70px-1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg/104px-1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg/139px-1854_Walden_byThoreau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, 1854</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Young Folks, 1865"><img alt="Our Young Folks, 1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg/74px-1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg/111px-1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg/148px-1865_Jan_OurYoungFolks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Our Young Folks</i>, 1865</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Every Saturday, 1867 Christmas issue, featuring story by Dickens and Wilkie Collins"><img alt="Every Saturday, 1867 Christmas issue, featuring story by Dickens and Wilkie Collins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png/80px-1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png/120px-1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png/161px-1867_Dickens_Christmas_EverySaturday.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Every_Saturday" title="Every Saturday">Every Saturday</a></i>, 1867 Christmas issue, featuring story by Dickens and <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page showing transition from name "Ticknor and Fields" to "Fields, Osgood, & Co.""><img alt="Title page showing transition from name "Ticknor and Fields" to "Fields, Osgood, & Co."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg/120px-Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg/180px-Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg/240px-Fields_Osgood_and_Co_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page showing transition from name "Ticknor and Fields" to "Fields, Osgood, & Co."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MyStudyWindow.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page during transition to the name James R. Osgood & Company, "late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co.""><img alt="Title page during transition to the name James R. Osgood & Company, "late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MyStudyWindow.JPG/73px-MyStudyWindow.JPG" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MyStudyWindow.JPG/110px-MyStudyWindow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MyStudyWindow.JPG/146px-MyStudyWindow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page during transition to the name James R. Osgood & Company, "late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co."</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Felton28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Felton28_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felton, R. Todd. <i>A Journey into the Transcendentalists' New England</i>. Berkeley, California: Roaring Forties Press, 2006: 28. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9766706-4-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9766706-4-X">0-9766706-4-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boston Directory. 1868</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFarland, Philip. <i>Hawthorne in Concord</i>. New York: Grove Press, 2004: 288. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7">0-8021-1776-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Wineapple" title="Brenda Wineapple">Wineapple, Brenda</a>. <i>Hawthorne: A Life</i>. New York: Random House, 2003: 371. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7291-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7291-0">0-8129-7291-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFarland, Philip. <i>Hawthorne in Concord</i>. New York: Grove Press, 2004: 290. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7">0-8021-1776-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wineapple, Brenda. <i>Hawthorne: A Life</i>. New York: Random House, 2003: 372. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7291-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7291-0">0-8129-7291-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tryon, Warren S. <i>Parnassus Corner: A Life of James T. Fields, Publisher to the Victorians</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963: 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winship22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winship22_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winship22_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winship22_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, Michael. <i>American Literary Publishing in the Mid-nineteenth Century: The Business of Ticknor and Fields</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2003: 22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52666-1">978-0-521-52666-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tryon, Warren S. <i>Parnassus Corner: A Life of James T. Fields, Publisher to the Victorians</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963: 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winship23-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winship23_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winship23_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, Michael. <i>American Literary Publishing in the Mid-nineteenth Century: The Business of Ticknor and Fields</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2003: 23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52666-1">978-0-521-52666-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21596/21596-h/21596-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American Architect and Building News, Vol. 27, No. 732, by Various."</a> – <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills1986" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Theodora (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/357">"Ticknor and Fields"</a>. In Peter Dzwonkoski (ed.). <i>American literary publishing houses, 1900-1980. Trade and paperback</i>. Dictionary of literary biography. Detroit, Mich: Gale Research Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/357">357</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-1724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-1724-6"><bdi>978-0-8103-1724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ticknor+and+Fields&rft.btitle=American+literary+publishing+houses%2C+1900-1980.+Trade+and+paperback&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich&rft.series=Dictionary+of+literary+biography&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Co&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-1724-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Theodora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanliterary0046unse%2Fpage%2F357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATicknor+and+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2004" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Charles (2004-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/24/books/corlies-smith-editor-of-allstar-authors-dies-at-75.html">"Corlies Smith, Editor of All-Star Authors, Dies at 75"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Corlies+Smith%2C+Editor+of+All-Star+Authors%2C+Dies+at+75&rft.date=2004-11-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F11%2F24%2Fbooks%2Fcorlies-smith-editor-of-allstar-authors-dies-at-75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATicknor+and+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fiske, John. (1889). <i>Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</i>, New York: D. Appleton and Company</li> <li>Ticknor, Caroline.(1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthpublisher00tickrich">Hawthorne and His Publisher</a></i>, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company – via the Internet Archive</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticknor_and_Fields&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ticknor_and_Fields" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ticknor and Fields">Ticknor and Fields</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-02612.html"><i>American National Biography Online</i></a>, retrieved June 25, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/publishers/tf/TFINTRO.HTM">The LUCILE Project</a>, retrieved June 25, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblio.com/publisher/ticknor-fields">Ticknor and Fields</a> listing at Biblio.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou00106">Ticknor and Fields records, 1839–1881</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7800720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7800720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7800720#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262140940">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/625742/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ticknor and Fields"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85316845">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ticknor and Fields"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003163509&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ticknor, Reed, and Fields"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003163510&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007589990805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050192485">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pw79gn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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