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id="toc-Literary_career_and_Transcendentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_career_and_Transcendentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Literary career and Transcendentalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_career_and_Transcendentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers_Camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_Camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Philosophers Camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_Camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Civil War years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Namesakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Musical settings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Archival sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ralph Waldo Emerson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="رالف والدو إمرسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رالف والدو إمرسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Uold_Emerson" title="Ralf Uold Emerson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ralf Uold Emerson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="রালফ ওয়াল্ডো এমারসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রালফ ওয়াল্ডো এমারসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ралф Уолда Эмерсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ралф Уолда Эмерсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%8E%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ралф Ўолда Эмэрсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ралф Ўолда Эмэрсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Ралф Уолдо Емерсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ралф Уолдо Емерсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%88%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ραλφ Ουάλντο Έμερσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραλφ Ουάλντο Έμερσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="رالف والدو امرسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رالف والدو امرسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8" title="રાલ્ફ વાલ્ડો એમર્સન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રાલ્ફ વાલ્ડો એમર્સન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A0%ED%94%84_%EC%9B%94%EB%8F%84_%EC%97%90%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A8" title="랠프 월도 에머슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랠프 월도 에머슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%86_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8_%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ռալֆ Ուալդո Էմերսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռալֆ Ուալդո Էմերսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ראלף וולדו אמרסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראלף וולדו אמרסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ральф Уолдо Эмерсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ральф Уолдо Эмерсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radulphus_Waldo_Emerson" title="Radulphus Waldo Emerson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radulphus Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralfs_Voldo_Emersons" title="Ralfs Voldo Emersons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ralfs Voldo Emersons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ралф Валдо Емерсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ралф Валдо Емерсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="राल्फ वाल्डो एमर्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राल्फ वाल्डो एमर्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რალფ უოლდო ემერსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რალფ უოლდო ემერსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="رالف والدو امرسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رالف والدو امرسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ရပ် ဝါလဒို အီမာဆန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရပ် ဝါလဒို အီမာဆန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="राल्फ वाल्दो इमर्सन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राल्फ वाल्दो इमर्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ラルフ・ワルド・エマーソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラルフ・ワルド・エマーソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਾਲਫ ਵਾਲਡੋ ਐਮਰਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਲਫ ਵਾਲਡੋ ਐਮਰਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="رالف والڈو ایمرسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رالف والڈو ایمرسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86" title="رالف والډو ایمرسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رالف والډو ایمرسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Эмерсон, Ральф Уолдо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмерсон, Ральф Уолдо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="राल्फ वाल्डो एमरसन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राल्फ वाल्डो एमरसन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AF%DB%86_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="ڕاڵف واڵدۆ ئێمەرسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاڵف واڵدۆ ئێمەرسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ралф Волдо Емерсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ралф Волдо Емерсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ரால்ப் வால்டோ எமேர்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரால்ப் வால்டோ எமேர்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American philosopher (1803–1882)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ralph Emerson" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Emerson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ralph Emerson (disambiguation)">Ralph Emerson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ralph Waldo Emerson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg/220px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg/330px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg/440px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_by_Josiah_Johnson_Hawes_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1432" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emerson <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1857</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1803-05-25)May 25, 1803 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 27, 1882(1882-04-27) (aged 78) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ellen Louisa Tucker</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1829; died 1831)</div><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lidian_Jackson_Emerson" title="Lidian Jackson Emerson">Lidian Jackson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1835)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural criticism</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Self-Reliance" title="Self-Reliance">Self-reliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transparent_eyeball" title="Transparent eyeball">transparent eyeball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_consciousness" title="Double consciousness">double consciousness</a>, stream of thought</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">11 January 1829</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Laicized</th><td class="infobox-data">1832</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg/150px-Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg/225px-Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg/300px-Appletons%27_Emerson_Ralph_Waldo_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="145" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> who went by his middle name Waldo,<a href="#cite_note-namechoice-3">[3]</a> was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, minister, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a>, and poet who led the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalist</a> movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and critical thinking, as well as a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society and <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> thought he was "the most gifted of the Americans," and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> called Emerson his "master". Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, "<a href="/wiki/Nature_(Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (Emerson)">Nature</a>". Following this work, he gave a speech entitled "<a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar" title="The American Scholar">The American Scholar</a>," in 1837, which <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> considered to be America's "intellectual Declaration of Independence".<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_263-4">[4]</a> Emerson wrote most of <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Emerson)" title="Essays (Emerson)">his important essays</a> as lectures, first, and then, revised them for print. His first two collections of essays, <a href="/wiki/Essays:_First_Series" title="Essays: First Series">Essays: First Series</a> (1841) and <a href="/wiki/Essays:_Second_Series" title="Essays: Second Series">Essays: Second Series</a> (1844), represent the core of his thinking. They include the well-known essays "<a href="/wiki/Self-Reliance" title="Self-Reliance">Self-Reliance</a>",<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Over-Soul" title="The Over-Soul">The Over-Soul</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Circles_(Ralph_Waldo_Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circles (Ralph Waldo Emerson)">Circles</a>," "<a href="/wiki/The_Poet_(Ralph_Waldo_Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poet (Ralph Waldo Emerson)">The Poet</a>," and "<a href="/wiki/Experience_(Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience (Emerson)">Experience</a>". Together, with "Nature",<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emerson's most fertile period. Emerson wrote on a number of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophical <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenet" class="extiw" title="wikt:tenet">tenets</a>, but rather, by developing certain ideas, such as <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>, the ability for mankind to realize almost anything, and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. Emerson's "nature" was more philosophical than <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a>: "Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul." Emerson is one of several figures who "took a more <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">pandeist</a> approach, by rejecting views of God as separate from the world".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He remains among the <a href="/wiki/Linchpin" title="Linchpin">linchpins</a> of the American romantic movement,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and his work has greatly influenced the thinkers, writers, and poets that followed him. "In all my lectures," he wrote, "I have taught one doctrine, namely, the infinitude of the private man."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Emerson is also well-known as a mentor and friend of <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, a fellow Transcendentalist.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_family,_and_education">Early life, family, and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family, and education">edit</a>]</div> Emerson was born in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, on May 25, 1803,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> to Ruth Haskins and the <a href="/wiki/Rev._William_Emerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Rev. William Emerson">Rev. William Emerson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> minister. He was named after his mother's brother Ralph and his father's great-grandmother Rebecca Waldo.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Ralph Waldo was the second of five sons who survived into adulthood; the others were William, Edward, Robert Bulkeley, and Charles.<a href="#cite_note-Baker,_3-13">[13]</a> Three other children—Phoebe, John Clarke, and Mary Caroline—died in childhood.<a href="#cite_note-Baker,_3-13">[13]</a> Emerson was of English ancestry, and his family had been in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> since the early colonial period,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> with Emerson being a seventh-generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a> voyagers <a href="/wiki/John_Howland" title="John Howland">John Howland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tilley" title="Elizabeth Tilley">Elizabeth Tilley</a> through their daughter Hope.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Emerson's father died from stomach cancer on May 12, 1811, less than two weeks before Emerson's eighth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Emerson was raised by his mother, with the help of the other women in the family; his aunt <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moody_Emerson" title="Mary Moody Emerson">Mary Moody Emerson</a> in particular had a profound effect on him.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> She lived with the family off and on and maintained a constant correspondence with Emerson until her death in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Emerson's formal schooling began at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a> in 1812, when he was nine.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In October 1817, at age 14, Emerson went to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> and was appointed freshman messenger for the president, requiring Emerson to fetch delinquent students and send messages to faculty.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Midway through his junior year, Emerson began keeping a list of books he had read and started a journal in a series of notebooks that would be called "Wide World".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He took outside jobs to cover his school expenses, including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teacher working with his uncle Samuel and aunt <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bradford_Ripley" title="Sarah Bradford Ripley">Sarah Ripley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> By his senior year, Emerson decided to go by his middle name, Waldo.<a href="#cite_note-namechoice-3">[3]</a> Emerson served as Class Poet; as was custom, he presented an original poem on Harvard's Class Day, a month before his official graduation on August 29, 1821, when he was 18.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He did not stand out as a student and graduated in the exact middle of his class of 59 people.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the early 1820s, Emerson was a teacher at the School for Young Ladies (which was run by his brother William). He next spent two years living in a cabin in the Canterbury section of <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxbury, Massachusetts">Roxbury, Massachusetts</a>, where he wrote and studied nature. In his honor, this area is now called Schoolmaster Hill in Boston's <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_(Boston)" title="Franklin Park (Boston)">Franklin Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1826, faced with poor health, Emerson went to seek a warmer climate. He first went to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, but found the weather was still too cold.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He then went farther south to <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>, where he took long walks on the beach and began writing poetry. While in St. Augustine he made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Achille_Murat" title="Achille Murat">Achille Murat</a>, the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. Murat was two years his senior; they became good friends and enjoyed each other's company. The two engaged in enlightening discussions of religion, society, philosophy, and government. Emerson considered Murat an important figure in his intellectual education.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> While in St. Augustine, Emerson had his first encounter with <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. At one point, he attended a meeting of the Bible Society while a slave auction was taking place in the yard outside. He wrote, "One ear therefore heard the glad tidings of great joy, whilst the other was regaled with 'Going, gentlemen, going!'"‍<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerson3_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emerson3_cropped.jpg/170px-Emerson3_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emerson3_cropped.jpg/255px-Emerson3_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emerson3_cropped.jpg/340px-Emerson3_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="3450" /></a><figcaption>Engraved drawing, 1878</figcaption></figure> After Harvard, Emerson assisted his brother William<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> in a school for young women<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> established in their mother's house, after he had established his own school in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford, Massachusetts</a>; when his brother William<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> went to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> to study law in mid-1824, Ralph Waldo closed the school but continued to teach in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, until early 1825.<a href="#cite_note-schoolmaster-32">[32]</a> Emerson was accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a> in late 1824,<a href="#cite_note-schoolmaster-32">[32]</a> and was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Emerson's brother Edward,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> two years younger than he, entered the office of the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, after graduating from Harvard first in his class. Edward's physical health began to deteriorate, and he soon suffered a mental collapse as well; he was taken to McLean Asylum in June 1828 at age 25. Although he recovered his mental equilibrium, he died in 1834, apparently from long-standing <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Another of Emerson's bright and promising younger brothers, Charles, born in 1808, died in 1836, also of tuberculosis,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> making him the third young person in Emerson's innermost circle to die in a period of a few years. Emerson met his first wife, Ellen Louisa Tucker, in Concord, New Hampshire, on Christmas Day, 1827, and married her when she was 18 two years later.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The couple moved to Boston, with Emerson's mother, Ruth, moving with them to help take care of Ellen, who was already ill with tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Less than two years after that, on February 8, 1831, Ellen died, at age 20, after uttering her last words, "I have not forgotten the peace and joy."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Emerson was strongly affected by her death and visited her grave in Roxbury daily.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In a journal entry dated March 29, 1832, he wrote, "I visited Ellen's tomb & opened the coffin."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Boston's <a href="/wiki/Second_Church,_Boston" title="Second Church, Boston">Second Church</a> invited Emerson to serve as its junior pastor, and he was ordained on January 11, 1829.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> His initial salary was $1,200 per year (equivalent to $34,335 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-43">[43]</a>), increasing to $1,400 in July,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> but with his church role he took on other responsibilities: he was the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Legislature">Massachusetts Legislature</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_School_Committee" title="Boston School Committee">Boston School Committee</a>. His church activities kept him busy, though during this period, and facing the imminent death of his wife, he began to doubt his own beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> After his wife's death, he began to disagree with the church's methods, writing in his journal in June 1832, "I have sometimes thought that, in order to be a good minister, it was necessary to leave the ministry. The profession is antiquated. In an altered age, we worship in the dead forms of our forefathers."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> His disagreements with church officials over the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> service and misgivings about public prayer eventually led to his resignation in 1832. As he wrote, "This mode of commemorating Christ is not suitable to me. That is reason enough why I should abandon it."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As one Emerson scholar has pointed out, "Doffing the decent black of the pastor, he was free to choose the gown of the lecturer and teacher, of the thinker not confined within the limits of an institution or a tradition."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?66144-1/emerson-mind-fire">Booknotes interview with Robert D. Richardson on Emerson: The Mind on Fire, August 13, 1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Emerson toured Europe in 1833 and later wrote of his travels in English Traits (1856).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He left aboard the brig Jasper on Christmas Day, 1832, sailing first to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> During his European trip, he spent several months in Italy, visiting Rome, Florence and Venice, among other cities. When in Rome, he met with <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, who gave him a letter of recommendation to meet <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>. He went to Switzerland and had to be dragged by fellow passengers to visit <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s home in Ferney, "protesting all the way upon the unworthiness of his memory".<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_p._138-52">[52]</a> He then went on to Paris, a "loud modern New York of a place",<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_p._138-52">[52]</a> where he visited the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a>. He was greatly moved by the organization of plants according to <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Jussieu</a>'s system of classification, and the way all such objects were related and connected. As <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Richardson" title="Robert D. Richardson">Robert D. Richardson</a> says, "Emerson's moment of insight into the interconnectedness of things in the Jardin des Plantes was a moment of almost visionary intensity that pointed him away from theology and toward science."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Moving north to England, Emerson met <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>. Carlyle in particular was a strong influence on him; Emerson would later serve as an unofficial literary agent in the United States for Carlyle, and in March 1835, he tried to persuade Carlyle to come to America to lecture.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The two maintained <a href="/wiki/Carlyle%E2%80%93Emerson_correspondence" title="Carlyle–Emerson correspondence">a correspondence</a> until Carlyle's death in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg/220px-Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg/330px-Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg/440px-Daguerreotype_Lydia_Jackson_Emerson_and_Edward_Waldo_Emerson_1840.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lidian_Jackson_Emerson" title="Lidian Jackson Emerson">Lidian Jackson Emerson</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Edward_Waldo_Emerson" title="Edward Waldo Emerson">Edward Waldo Emerson</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</figcaption></figure> Emerson returned to the United States on October 9, 1833, and lived with his mother in <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton, Massachusetts</a>. In October 1834, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, to live with his step-grandfather, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Ripley" title="Ezra Ripley">Ezra Ripley</a>, at what was later named <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Manse" title="The Old Manse">The Old Manse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Given the budding <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_movement" title="Lyceum movement">Lyceum movement</a>, which provided lectures on all sorts of topics, Emerson saw a possible career as a lecturer. On November 5, 1833, he made the first of what would eventually be some 1,500 lectures, "The Uses of Natural History", in Boston. This was an expanded account of his experience in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In this lecture, he set out some of his important beliefs and the ideas he would later develop in his first published essay, "Nature": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Nature is a language and every new fact one learns is a new word; but it is not a language taken to pieces and dead in the dictionary, but the language put together into a most significant and universal sense. I wish to learn this language, not that I may know a new grammar, but that I may read the great book that is written in that tongue.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></blockquote> On January 24, 1835, Emerson wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Lidian_Jackson_Emerson" title="Lidian Jackson Emerson">Lydia Jackson</a> proposing marriage.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Her acceptance reached him by mail on the 28th. In July 1835, he bought a house on the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_and_Concord_Turnpike" title="Cambridge and Concord Turnpike">Cambridge and Concord Turnpike</a> in Concord, Massachusetts, which he named Bush; it is now open to the public as the <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_House" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson House">Ralph Waldo Emerson House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Emerson quickly became one of the leading citizens in the town. He gave a lecture to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the town of Concord on September 12, 1835.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Two days later, he married Jackson in her hometown of Plymouth, Massachusetts,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and moved to the new home in Concord together with Emerson's mother on September 15.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Emerson quickly changed his wife's name to Lidian, and would call her Queenie,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and sometimes Asia,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and she called him Mr. Emerson.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Their children were Waldo, Ellen, Edith, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Waldo_Emerson" title="Edward Waldo Emerson">Edward Waldo Emerson</a>. Edward Waldo Emerson was the father of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Emerson" title="Raymond Emerson">Raymond Emerson</a>. Ellen was named for his first wife, at Lidian's suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> He hired <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Foord" title="Sophia Foord">Sophia Foord</a> to educate his children.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Emerson was poor when he was at Harvard,<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_9-69">[69]</a> but was later able to support his family for much of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_91-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_175-71">[71]</a> He inherited a fair amount of money after his first wife's death, though he had to file a lawsuit against the Tucker family in 1836 to get it.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_175-71">[71]</a> He received $11,600 in May 1834 (equivalent to $354,032 in 2023),<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-43">[43]</a> and a further $11,674.49 in July 1837 (equivalent to $314,374 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-43">[43]</a> In 1834, he considered that he had an income of $1,200 a year from the initial payment of the estate,<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_91-70">[70]</a> equivalent to what he had earned as a pastor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_career_and_Transcendentalism">Literary career and Transcendentalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary career and Transcendentalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWEmerson1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RWEmerson1859.jpg/170px-RWEmerson1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RWEmerson1859.jpg/255px-RWEmerson1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RWEmerson1859.jpg/340px-RWEmerson1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Emerson in 1859</figcaption></figure> On September 8, 1836, the day before the publication of <a href="/wiki/Nature_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (book)">Nature</a>, Emerson met with <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Henry_Hedge" title="Frederic Henry Hedge">Frederic Henry Hedge</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Palmer_Putnam" title="George Palmer Putnam">George Putnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a> to plan periodic gatherings of other like-minded intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Club" title="Transcendental Club">Transcendental Club</a>, which served as a center for the movement. Its first official meeting was held on September 19, 1836.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On September 1, 1837, women attended a meeting of the Transcendental Club for the first time. Emerson invited <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, Elizabeth Hoar, and Sarah Ripley for dinner at his home before the meeting to ensure that they would be present for the evening get-together.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Fuller would prove to be an important figure in Transcendentalism. Emerson anonymously sent his first essay, "Nature", to James Munroe and Company to be published on September 9, 1836. A year later, on August 31, 1837, he delivered his now-famous <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> address, "<a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar" title="The American Scholar">The American Scholar</a>",<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> then entitled "An Oration, Delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambridge"; it was renamed for a collection of essays (which included the first general publication of "Nature") in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Friends urged him to publish the talk, and he did so at his own expense, in an edition of 500 copies, which sold out in a month.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_263-4">[4]</a> In the speech, Emerson declared literary independence in the United States and urged Americans to create a writing style all their own, free from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, who was a student at Harvard at the time, called it "an event without former parallel on our literary annals".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Another member of the audience, Reverend John Pierce, called it "an apparently incoherent and unintelligible address".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1837, Emerson befriended <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>. Though they had likely met as early as 1835, in the fall of 1837, Emerson asked Thoreau, "Do you keep a journal?" The question went on to be a lifelong inspiration for Thoreau.<a href="#cite_note-Buell121-82">[82]</a> Emerson's own journal was published in 16 large volumes, in the definitive Harvard University Press edition issued between 1960 and 1982. Some scholars consider the journal to be Emerson's key literary work.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenwald-83">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In March 1837, Emerson gave a series of lectures on the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple" title="Masonic Temple">Masonic Temple</a> in Boston. This was the first time he managed a lecture series on his own, and it was the beginning of his career as a lecturer.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The profits from this series of lectures were much larger than when he was paid by an organization to talk, and he continued to manage his own lectures often throughout his lifetime. He eventually gave as many as 80 lectures a year, traveling across the northern United States as far as St. Louis, Des Moines, Minneapolis, and California.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On July 15, 1838,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Emerson was invited to <a href="/wiki/Divinity_Hall,_Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School">Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School</a>, to deliver the school's graduation address, which came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Divinity_School_Address" title="Divinity School Address">Divinity School Address</a>". Emerson discounted biblical miracles and proclaimed that, while Jesus was a great man, he was not God: historical Christianity, he said, had turned Jesus into a "demigod, as the Orientals or the Greeks would describe Osiris or Apollo".<a href="#cite_note-Buell161-87">[87]</a> His comments outraged the establishment and the general Protestant community. He was denounced as an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a><a href="#cite_note-Buell161-87">[87]</a> and a poisoner of young men's minds. Despite the roar of critics, he made no reply, leaving others to put forward a defense. He was not invited back to speak at Harvard for another thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Transcendental group began to publish its flagship journal, <a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a>, in July 1840.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> They planned the journal as early as October 1839, but did not begin work on it until the first week of 1840.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> minister <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a> was the managing editor.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Margaret Fuller was the first editor, having been approached by Emerson after several others had declined the role.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Fuller stayed on for about two years, when Emerson took over, using the journal to promote talented young writers including <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)" title="William Ellery Channing (poet)">Ellery Channing</a> and Thoreau.<a href="#cite_note-Buell121-82">[82]</a> In 1841, Emerson published Essays, his second book, which included the famous essay "Self-Reliance".<a href="#cite_note-emersoncentral-93">[93]</a> His aunt called it a "strange medley of atheism and false independence", but it gained favorable reviews in London and Paris. This book, and its popular reception, more than any of Emerson's contributions to date laid the groundwork for his international fame.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In January 1842, Emerson's first son, Waldo, died of <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">scarlet fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Emerson wrote of his grief in the poem "<a href="/wiki/Threnody" title="Threnody">Threnody</a>" ("For this losing is true dying"),<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and the essay "Experience". In the same month, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> was born, and Emerson agreed to be his <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Bronson Alcott</a> announced his plans in November 1842 to find "a farm of a hundred acres in excellent condition with good buildings, a good orchard and grounds".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lane_(transcendentalist)" title="Charles Lane (transcendentalist)">Charles Lane</a> purchased a 90-acre (36 ha) farm in Harvard, Massachusetts, in May 1843 for what would become <a href="/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)" title="Fruitlands (transcendental center)">Fruitlands</a>, a community based on Utopian ideals inspired in part by Transcendentalism.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The farm would run based on a communal effort, using no animals for labor; its participants would eat no meat and use no wool or leather.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Emerson said he felt "sad at heart" for not engaging in the experiment himself.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Even so, he did not feel Fruitlands would be a success. "Their whole doctrine is spiritual", he wrote, "but they always end with saying, Give us much land and money".<a href="#cite_note-Packer150-101">[101]</a> Even Alcott admitted he was not prepared for the difficulty in operating Fruitlands. "None of us were prepared to actualize practically the ideal life of which we dreamed. So we fell apart", he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Baker221-102">[102]</a> After its failure, Emerson helped buy a farm for Alcott's family in Concord<a href="#cite_note-Packer150-101">[101]</a> which Alcott named "<a href="/wiki/The_Wayside" title="The Wayside">Hillside</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Baker221-102">[102]</a> The Dial ceased publication in April 1844; <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> reported it as an end to the "most original and thoughtful periodical ever published in this country".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 1844, Emerson published his second collection of essays, Essays: Second Series. This collection included "The Poet", "Experience", "Gifts", and an essay entitled "Nature", a different work from the 1836 essay of the same name. Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and much of the rest of the country. He had begun lecturing in 1833; by the 1850s he was giving as many as 80 lectures per year.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> He addressed the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Society_for_the_Diffusion_of_Useful_Knowledge" title="Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge">Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Lyceum" title="Gloucester Lyceum">Gloucester Lyceum</a>, among others. Emerson spoke on a wide variety of subjects, and many of his essays grew out of his lectures. He charged between $10 and $50 for each appearance, bringing him as much as $2,000 in a typical winter lecture season. This was more than his earnings from other sources. In some years, he earned as much as $900 for a series of six lectures, and in another, for a winter series of talks in Boston, he netted $1,600.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He eventually gave some 1,500 lectures in his lifetime. His earnings allowed him to expand his property, buying 11 acres (4.5 ha) of land by <a href="/wiki/Walden_Pond" title="Walden Pond">Walden Pond</a> and a few more acres in a neighboring pine grove. He wrote that he was "landlord and water lord of 14 acres, more or less".<a href="#cite_note-Packer150-101">[101]</a> Emerson was introduced to Indian philosophy through the works of the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 1845, Emerson's journals show he was reading the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke" title="Henry Thomas Colebrooke">Henry Thomas Colebrooke</a>'s Essays on the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, and much of his writing has strong shades of <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a>. One of the clearest examples of this can be found in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Over-soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-soul">The Over-soul</a>": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related, the eternal ONE. And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not only self-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree; but the whole, of which these are shining parts, is the soul.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></blockquote> The central message Emerson drew from his Asian studies was that "the purpose of life was spiritual transformation and direct experience of divine power, here and now on earth."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 1847–48, he toured the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He also visited Paris between the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a> and the bloody <a href="/wiki/June_Days_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="June Days Uprising">June Days</a>. When he arrived, he saw the stumps of trees that had been cut down to form barricades in the February riots. On May 21, he stood on the Champ de Mars in the midst of mass celebrations for concord, peace and labor. He wrote in his journal, "At the end of the year we shall take account, & see if the Revolution was worth the trees."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The trip left an important imprint on Emerson's later work. His 1856 book English Traits is based largely on observations recorded in his travel journals and notebooks. Emerson later came to see the American Civil War as a "revolution" that shared common ground with the European revolutions of 1848.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In a speech in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, on May 3, 1851, Emerson denounced the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Act">Fugitive Slave Act</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The act of Congress is a law which every one of you will break on the earliest occasion—a law which no man can obey, or abet the obeying, without loss of self-respect and forfeiture of the name of gentleman.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></blockquote> That summer, he wrote in his diary: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This filthy enactment was made in the nineteenth century by people who could read and write. I will not obey it.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></blockquote> In February 1852, Emerson, <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke" title="James Freeman Clarke">James Freeman Clarke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Channing" title="William Henry Channing">William Henry Channing</a> edited an edition of the works and letters of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, who had died in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Within a week of her death, her New York editor, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, suggested to Emerson that a biography of Fuller, to be called Margaret and Her Friends, be prepared quickly "before the interest excited by her sad decease has passed away".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Published under the title The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli,<a href="#cite_note-VonMehren343-118">[118]</a> Fuller's words were heavily censored or rewritten.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The three editors were not concerned about accuracy; they believed public interest in Fuller was temporary and that she would not survive as a historical figure.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Even so, it was the best-selling biography of the decade and went through thirteen editions before the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-VonMehren343-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> published the innovative poetry collection <a href="/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass" title="Leaves of Grass">Leaves of Grass</a> in 1855 and sent a copy to Emerson for his opinion. Emerson responded positively, sending Whitman a flattering five-page letter in response.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Emerson's approval helped the first edition of Leaves of Grass stir up significant interest<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and convinced Whitman to issue a second edition shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> This edition quoted a phrase from Emerson's letter, printed in <a href="/wiki/Metal_leaf#Gold_Leaf" title="Metal leaf">gold leaf</a> on the cover: "I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Emerson took offense that this letter was made public<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and later was more critical of the work.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophers_Camp">Philosophers Camp</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophers Camp">edit</a>]</div> In summer 1858, Emerson camped at Follensbee Pond in the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a> in upstate New York with nine others: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, John Holmes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Woodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horatio Woodman (page does not exist)">Horatio Woodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Rockwood_Hoar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar">Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffries_Wyman" title="Jeffries Wyman">Jeffries Wyman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estes_Howe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estes Howe (page does not exist)">Estes Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Binney" title="Amos Binney">Amos Binney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_James_Stillman" title="William James Stillman">William James Stillman</a>. Invited, but unable to make the trip, were <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a>, all members of the <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Club_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" title="Saturday Club (Boston, Massachusetts)">Saturday Club (Boston, Massachusetts)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This social club was mostly a literary membership that met the last Saturday of the month at the Boston Parker House Hotel (<a href="/wiki/Omni_Parker_House" title="Omni Parker House">Omni Parker House</a>). <a href="/wiki/William_James_Stillman" title="William James Stillman">William James Stillman</a> was a painter and founding editor of an art journal called the Crayon. Stillman was born and grew up in Schenectady which was just south of the Adirondack mountains. He later traveled there to paint the wilderness landscape and to fish and hunt. He shared his experiences in this wilderness to the members of the Saturday Club, raising their interest in this unknown region. James Russell Lowell<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and William Stillman led the effort to organize a trip to the Adirondacks. They began their journey on August 2, 1858, traveling by train, steamboat, <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a>, and canoe guide boats. News that these cultured men were living like "Sacs and Sioux" in the wilderness appeared in newspapers across the nation. This became known as the "Philosophers Camp".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This event was a landmark in the nineteenth-century intellectual movement, linking nature with art and literature. Although much has been written over many years by scholars and biographers of Emerson's life, little has been written of what has become known as the "Philosophers Camp" at Follensbee Pond. Yet, his epic poem "Adirondac"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> reads like a journal of his day-to-day detailed description of adventures in the wilderness with his fellow members of the Saturday Club. This two-week camping excursion (1858 in the Adirondacks) brought him face to face with a true wilderness, something he spoke of in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Nature_(essay)" title="Nature (essay)">Nature</a>", published in 1836. He said, "in the wilderness I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_years">Civil War years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War years">edit</a>]</div> Emerson was staunchly opposed to slavery, but he did not appreciate being in the public limelight and was hesitant about lecturing on the subject. In the years leading up to the Civil War, he did give a number of lectures, however, beginning as early as November 1837.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A number of his friends and family members were more active <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> than he, at first, but from 1844 on he more actively opposed slavery. He gave a number of speeches and lectures, and welcomed <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> to his home during Brown's visits to Concord.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] He voted for <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">in 1860</a>, but was disappointed that Lincoln was more concerned about preserving the Union than eliminating slavery outright.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Once the American Civil War broke out, Emerson made it clear that he believed in immediate emancipation of the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Around this time, in 1860, Emerson published <a href="/wiki/The_Conduct_of_Life" title="The Conduct of Life">The Conduct of Life</a>, his seventh collection of essays. It "grappled with some of the thorniest issues of the moment," and "his experience in the abolition ranks is a telling influence in his conclusions."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In these essays Emerson strongly <a href="/wiki/The_Conduct_of_Life#Civil_War" title="The Conduct of Life">embraced the idea of war</a> as a means of national rebirth: "Civil war, national bankruptcy, or revolution, [are] more rich in the central tones than languid years of prosperity."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Emerson visited Washington, D.C., at the end of January 1862. He gave a public lecture at the Smithsonian on January 31, 1862, and declared, "The South calls slavery an institution ... I call it destitution ... Emancipation is the demand of civilization".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The next day, February 1, his friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> took him to meet Lincoln at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Lincoln was familiar with Emerson's work, having previously seen him lecture.<a href="#cite_note-oliver-139">[139]</a> Emerson's misgivings about Lincoln began to soften after this meeting.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 1865, he spoke at a memorial service held for Lincoln in Concord: "Old as history is, and manifold as are its tragedies, I doubt if any death has caused so much pain as this has caused, or will have caused, on its announcement."<a href="#cite_note-oliver-139">[139]</a> Emerson also met a number of high-ranking government officials, including Salmon P. Chase, the secretary of the treasury; Edward Bates, the attorney general; Edwin M. Stanton, the secretary of war; Gideon Welles, the secretary of the navy; and William Seward, the secretary of state.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On May 6, 1862, Emerson's protégé Henry David Thoreau died of tuberculosis at the age of 44. Emerson delivered his eulogy. He often referred to Thoreau as his best friend,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> despite a falling-out that began in 1849 after Thoreau published <a href="/wiki/A_Week_on_the_Concord_and_Merrimack_Rivers" title="A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers">A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Another friend, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, died two years after Thoreau, in 1864. Emerson served as a pallbearer when Hawthorne was buried in Concord, as Emerson wrote, "in a pomp of sunshine and verdure".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-AAAS-145">[145]</a> In 1867, he was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWEmerson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RWEmerson.jpg/170px-RWEmerson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/RWEmerson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Emerson in later years</figcaption></figure> Starting in 1867, Emerson's health began declining; he wrote much less in his journals.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Beginning as early as the summer of 1871 or in the spring of 1872, he started experiencing memory problems<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and suffered from <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson569-149">[149]</a> By the end of the decade, he forgot his own name at times and, if asked how he felt, would respond "Quite well; I have lost my mental faculties, but am perfectly well".<a href="#cite_note-McAleer629-150">[150]</a> In the spring of 1871, Emerson took a trip on the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>, barely two years after its completion. Along the way and in California he met a number of dignitaries, including <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> during a stopover in Salt Lake City. Part of his California visit included a trip to <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a>, and while there he met a young and unknown <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, a signature event in Muir's career.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Emerson's Concord home caught fire on July 24, 1872. He called for help from neighbors and, giving up on putting out the flames, all tried to save as many objects as possible.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The fire was put out by Ephraim Bull Jr., the one-armed son of <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Wales_Bull" title="Ephraim Wales Bull">Ephraim Wales Bull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Donations were collected by friends to help the Emersons rebuild, including $5,000 gathered by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cabot_Lowell_(judge)" title="Francis Cabot Lowell (judge)">Francis Cabot Lowell</a>, another $10,000 collected by <a href="/wiki/LeBaron_Russell_Briggs" title="LeBaron Russell Briggs">LeBaron Russell Briggs</a>, and a personal donation of $1,000 from <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Support for shelter was offered as well; though the Emersons ended up staying with family at the Old Manse, invitations came from <a href="/wiki/Anne_Lynch_Botta" title="Anne Lynch Botta">Anne Lynch Botta</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Elliot_Cabot" title="James Elliot Cabot">James Elliot Cabot</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Adams_Fields" title="Annie Adams Fields">Annie Adams Fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The fire marked an end to Emerson's serious lecturing career; from then on, he would lecture only on special occasions and only in front of familiar audiences.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> While the house was being rebuilt, Emerson took a trip to England, continental Europe, and Egypt. He left on October 23, 1872, along with his daughter Ellen,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> while his wife Lidian spent time at the Old Manse and with friends.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Emerson and his daughter Ellen returned to the United States on the ship Olympus along with friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a> on April 15, 1873.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Emerson's return to Concord was celebrated by the town, and school was canceled that day.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson569-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emersons_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emersons_grave.jpg/220px-Emersons_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emersons_grave.jpg/330px-Emersons_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emersons_grave.jpg/440px-Emersons_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Emerson's grave – <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery_(Concord,_Massachusetts)" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery</a>, Concord, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg/220px-Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg/330px-Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg/440px-Close_up_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson%27s_grave.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Emerson's grave marker</figcaption></figure> In late 1874, Emerson published an anthology of poetry entitled Parnassus,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> which included poems by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Anna Laetitia Barbauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Caroline_Dorr" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Caroline Dorr">Julia Caroline Dorr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ingelow" title="Jean Ingelow">Jean Ingelow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Larcom" title="Lucy Larcom">Lucy Larcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jones_Very" title="Jones Very">Jones Very</a>, as well as Thoreau and several others.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Originally, the anthology had been prepared as early as the fall of 1871, but it was delayed when the publishers asked for revisions.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The problems with his memory had become embarrassing to Emerson and he ceased his public appearances by 1879. In reply to an invitation to a retirement celebration for <a href="/wiki/Octavius_B._Frothingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavius B. Frothingham">Octavius B. Frothingham</a>, he wrote, "I am not in condition to make visits, or take any part in conversation. Old age has rushed on me in the last year, and tied my tongue, and hid my memory, and thus made it a duty to stay at home." The New York Times quoted his reply and noted that his regrets were read aloud at the celebration.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Holmes wrote of the problem saying, "Emerson is afraid to trust himself in society much, on account of the failure of his memory and the great difficulty he finds in getting the words he wants. It is painful to witness his embarrassment at times".<a href="#cite_note-McAleer629-150">[150]</a> On April 21, 1882, Emerson was found to be suffering from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_572-166">[166]</a> He died six days later. Emerson is buried in <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_Cemetery,_Concord" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord">Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord</a>, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> He was placed in his coffin wearing a white robe given by the American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle_and_beliefs">Lifestyle and beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lifestyle and beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitism">Eremitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">Individual rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">Libertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">Subjectivity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon_(orator)" title="Antiphon (orator)">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchia_of_Maroneia" title="Hipparchia of Maroneia">Hipparchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Gim%C3%A9nez_Igualada" title="Miguel Giménez Igualada">Igualada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Marsden" title="Dora Marsden">Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Onfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Matthai_Quelle" title="Horst Matthai Quelle">Quelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoism" title="Egoism">Egoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Ethical egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_egoism" title="Rational egoism">Rational egoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principal concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-individualism" title="Anti-individualism">Anti-individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">Dogmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Group rights">Group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Individualism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Emerson's religious views were often considered radical at the time. He believed that all things are connected to God and, therefore, all things are divine.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Critics believed that Emerson was removing the central God figure; as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_Jr." title="Henry Ware Jr.">Henry Ware Jr.</a> said, Emerson was in danger of taking away "the Father of the Universe" and leaving "but a company of children in an orphan asylum".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Emerson was partly influenced by German philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> His views, the basis of <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a>, suggested that God does not have to reveal the truth, but that the truth could be intuitively experienced directly from nature.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> When asked his religious belief, Emerson stated, "I am more of a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> than anything else. I believe in the 'still, small voice', and that voice is Christ within us."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Emerson was a supporter of the spread of community libraries in the 19th century, having this to say of them: "Consider what you have in the smallest chosen library. A company of the wisest and wittiest men that could be picked out of all civil countries, in a thousand years, have set in best order the results of their learning and wisdom."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Emerson had romantic interest in various women throughout his life,<a href="#cite_note-Richardson,_9-69">[69]</a> including Anna Barker<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Sturgis_Tappan" title="Caroline Sturgis Tappan">Caroline Sturgis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_slavery">Race and slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Race and slavery">edit</a>]</div> Emerson did not become an ardent abolitionist until 1844, though his journals show he was concerned with slavery beginning in his youth, even dreaming about helping to free slaves. In June 1856, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">beaten for his staunch abolitionist views</a>, Emerson lamented that he himself was not as committed to the cause. He wrote, "There are men who as soon as they are born take a bee-line to the axe of the inquisitor. ... Wonderful the way in which we are saved by this unfailing supply of the moral element".<a href="#cite_note-McAleer531-177">[177]</a> After Sumner's attack, Emerson began to speak out about slavery. "I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom", he said at a meeting at Concord that summer.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Emerson used slavery as an example of a human injustice, especially in his role as a minister. In early 1838, provoked by the murder of an abolitionist publisher from <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a>, Emerson gave his first public antislavery address. As he said, "It is but the other day that the brave Lovejoy gave his breast to the bullets of a mob, for the rights of free speech and opinion, and died when it was better not to live".<a href="#cite_note-McAleer531-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> said the mob-murder of Lovejoy "sent a shock as of any earthquake throughout this continent".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> However, Emerson maintained that reform would be achieved through moral agreement rather than by militant action. By August 1, 1844, at a lecture in Concord, he stated more clearly his support for the abolitionist movement: "We are indebted mainly to this movement, and to the continuers of it, for the popular discussion of every point of practical ethics".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Emerson is often known as one of the most <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> thinkers of his time who believed that through the democratic process, slavery should be abolished. While being an avid abolitionist who was known for his criticism of the legality of slavery, Emerson struggled with the implications of race.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">[181]</a> His usual liberal leanings did not clearly translate when it came to believing that all races had equal capability or function, which was a common conception for the period in which he lived.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">[181]</a> Many critics believe that it was his views on race that inhibited him from becoming an abolitionist earlier in his life and also inhibited him from being more active in the antislavery movement.<a href="#cite_note-Turner,_Jack_2008-182">[182]</a> Much of his early life, he was silent on the topic of race and slavery. Not until he was well into his 30s did Emerson begin to publish writings on race and slavery, and not until he was in his late 40s and 50s did he become known as an antislavery activist.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">[181]</a> During his early life, Emerson seemed to develop a hierarchy of races based on faculty to reason or rather, whether African slaves were distinguishably equal to white men based on their ability to reason.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">[181]</a> In a journal entry written in 1822, Emerson wrote about a personal observation: "It can hardly be true that the difference lies in the attribute of reason. I saw ten, twenty, a hundred large lipped, lowbrowed black men in the streets who, except in the mere matter of language, did not exceed the sagacity of the elephant. Now is it true that these were created superior to this wise animal, and designed to control it? And in comparison with the highest orders of men, the Africans will stand so low as to make the difference which subsists between themselves & the sagacious beasts inconsiderable."<a href="#cite_note-Emerson,_Ralph_Waldo_1982-183">[183]</a> As with many supporters of slavery, during his early years, Emerson seems to have thought that the faculties of African slaves were not equal to those of white slave-owners. But this belief in racial inferiorities did not make Emerson a supporter of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">[181]</a> Emerson wrote later that year that "No ingenious sophistry can ever reconcile the unperverted mind to the pardon of Slavery; nothing but tremendous familiarity, and the bias of private interest".<a href="#cite_note-Emerson,_Ralph_Waldo_1982-183">[183]</a> Emerson saw the removal of people from their homeland, the treatment of slaves, and the self-seeking benefactors of slaves as gross injustices.<a href="#cite_note-Turner,_Jack_2008-182">[182]</a> For Emerson, slavery was a moral issue, while superiority of the races was an issue he tried to analyze from a scientific perspective based on what he believed to be inherited traits.<a href="#cite_note-Finseth,_Ian_2005-184">[184]</a> Emerson saw himself as a man of "Saxon descent". In a speech given in 1835 titled "Permanent Traits of the English National Genius", he said, "The inhabitants of the United States, especially of the Northern portion, are descended from the people of England and have inherited the traits of their national character".<a href="#cite_note-The_Early_Lectures_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_By_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_and_edited_by_Stephen_E._Whicher-185">[185]</a> He saw direct ties between race based on national identity and the inherent nature of the human being. White Americans who were native-born in the United States and of English ancestry were categorized by him as a separate "race", which he thought had a position of being superior to other nations. His idea of race was based on a shared culture, environment, and history. He believed that native-born Americans of English descent were superior to European immigrants, including the Irish, French, and Germans, and also as being superior to English people from England, whom he considered a close second and the only really comparable group.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">[181]</a> Later in his life, Emerson's ideas on race changed when he became more involved in the abolitionist movement while at the same time, he began to more thoroughly analyze the philosophical implications of race and racial hierarchies. His beliefs shifted focus to the potential outcomes of racial conflicts. Emerson's racial views were closely related to his views on nationalism and national superiority, which was a common view in the United States at that time. Emerson used contemporary theories of race and natural science to support a theory of race development.<a href="#cite_note-Finseth,_Ian_2005-184">[184]</a> He believed that the current political battle and the current enslavement of other races was an inevitable racial struggle, one that would result in the inevitable union of the United States. Such conflicts were necessary for the dialectic of change that would eventually allow the progress of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Finseth,_Ian_2005-184">[184]</a> In much of his later work, Emerson seems to allow the notion that different European races will eventually mix in America. This hybridization process would lead to a superior race that would be to the advantage of the superiority of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg/170px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg/255px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg/340px-Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_1940_Issue-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Emerson postage stamp, <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">issue of 1940</a></div></figcaption></figure> As a lecturer and orator, Emerson—nicknamed the Sage of Concord—became the leading voice of intellectual culture in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a>, commented in his book My Study Windows (1871), that Emerson was not only the "most steadily attractive lecturer in America," but also "one of the pioneers of the lecturing system."<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, who had met Emerson in 1849, originally thought he had "a defect in the region of the heart" and a "self-conceit so intensely intellectual that at first one hesitates to call it by its right name", though he later admitted Emerson was "a great man".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a>, a minister and Transcendentalist, noted Emerson's ability to influence and inspire others: "the brilliant genius of Emerson rose in the winter nights, and hung over Boston, drawing the eyes of ingenuous young people to look up to that great new star, a beauty and a mystery, which charmed for the moment, while it gave also perennial inspiration, as it led them forward along new paths, and towards new hopes".<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Emerson's work not only influenced his contemporaries, such as Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau, but would continue to influence thinkers and writers in the United States and around the world down to the present.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Notable thinkers who recognize Emerson's influence include <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, Emerson's godson. There is little disagreement that Emerson was the most influential writer of 19th-century America, though these days he is largely the concern of scholars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> and William James were all positive Emersonians, while <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> were Emersonians in denial—while they set themselves in opposition to the sage, there was no escaping his influence. To <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, Emerson's essays were an "encumbrance".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Waldo the Sage was eclipsed from 1914 until 1965, when he returned to shine, after surviving in the work of major American poets like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In his book The American Religion, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> repeatedly refers to Emerson as "The <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> of the American Religion", which in the context of the book refers to indigenously American religions such as <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, which arose largely in Emerson's lifetime, but also to <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> churches that Bloom says have become in the United States more <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> than their European counterparts. In The Western Canon, Bloom compares Emerson to <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>: "The only equivalent reading experience that I know is to reread endlessly in the notebooks and journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American version of Montaigne."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Several of Emerson's poems were included in Bloom's The Best Poems of the English Language, although he wrote that none of the poems are as outstanding as the best of Emerson's essays, which Bloom listed as "Self-Reliance", "Circles", "Experience", and "nearly all of Conduct of Life". In his belief that line lengths, rhythms, and phrases are determined by breath, Emerson's poetry foreshadowed the theories of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Namesakes">edit</a>]</div> The following were named after or in honor of Emerson: <ul><li>Emerson College (various campuses)</li> <li>Harvard's philosophy department is housed in Emerson Hall (1900).<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>In May 2006, 168 years after Emerson delivered his "Divinity School Address", Harvard Divinity School announced the establishment of the Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li>Author <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Ellison" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Waldo Ellison">Ralph Waldo Ellison</a></li> <li>Stephen Emerson Whicher, one of the leading Emerson scholars of the 20th century</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Emerson_String_Quartet" title="Emerson String Quartet">Emerson String Quartet</a>, formed in 1976<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>The Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize is awarded annually to high school students for essays on historical subjects.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Collective" title="Emerson Collective">Emerson Collective</a>, a company devoted to social change<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Emerson Street in <a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier, New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_New_Jersey" title="Emerson, New Jersey">Emerson, New Jersey</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton College</a> track runner Emerson Lange</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Category:Works by Ralph Waldo Emerson">Category:Works by Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Representative_Men_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Representative_Men_1850.jpg/170px-Representative_Men_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Representative_Men_1850.jpg/255px-Representative_Men_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Representative_Men_1850.jpg/340px-Representative_Men_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Representative Men (1850)</figcaption></figure> Collections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essays:_First_Series" title="Essays: First Series">Essays: First Series</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays:_Second_Series" title="Essays: Second Series">Essays: Second Series</a> (1844)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poems02emergoog">Poems</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nature,_Addresses_and_Lectures" class="extiw" title="s:Nature, Addresses and Lectures">Nature, Addresses and Lectures</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Men" title="Representative Men">Representative Men</a> (1850)<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishtraits04emergoog">English Traits</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conduct_of_Life" title="The Conduct of Life">The Conduct of Life</a> (1860)<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maydayandotherp01emergoog">May-Day and Other Pieces</a> (1867)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/societyandsolit09emergoog">Society and Solitude</a> (1870)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waldorflibrary.org/images/stories/articles/gabriel_emerson.pdf">Natural History of the Intellect: the last lectures of Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095722/https://www.waldorflibrary.org/images/stories/articles/gabriel_emerson.pdf">Archived</a> September 30, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1871)<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersandsocia06emergoog">Letters and Social Aims</a> (1875)</li></ul> Individual essays <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nature_(essay)" title="Nature (essay)">Nature</a>" (1836)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Self-Reliance" title="Self-Reliance">Self-Reliance</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Essays:_First_Series" title="Essays: First Series">Essays: First Series</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(essay)" title="Compensation (essay)">Compensation</a>" (First Series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Over-soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-soul">The Over-Soul</a>" (First Series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Circles_(Ralph_Waldo_Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circles (Ralph Waldo Emerson)">Circles</a>" (First Series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Poet_(Ralph_Waldo_Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poet (Ralph Waldo Emerson)">The Poet</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Essays:_Second_Series" title="Essays: Second Series">Essays: Second Series</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Experience_(Emerson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience (Emerson)">Experience</a>" (Essays: Second Series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_(essay)" title="Politics (essay)">Politics</a>" (Second Series)</li> <li>"Saadi" in the Atlantic Monthly (1864)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar" title="The American Scholar">The American Scholar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/New_England_Reformers" title="New England Reformers">New England Reformers</a>"</li> <li>"History"</li> <li>"Fate"</li></ul> Poems <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rhodora" title="The Rhodora">The Rhodora</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brahma_(poem)" title="Brahma (poem)">Brahma</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Uriel_(poem)" title="Uriel (poem)">Uriel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>"<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li></ul> Letters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerson%27s_letter_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren">Letter to Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Correspondence_of_Thomas_Carlyle_and_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" class="mw-redirect" title="The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson">The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, 1834–72<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_settings">Musical settings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musical settings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Emerson's "<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>", written for Concord's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> celebration on July 4, 1837, was on this occasion both read and sung as a hymn by a local choir, using the then-familiar tune "<a href="/wiki/Old_100th" title="Old 100th">Old Hundredth</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> has set a fragment from Emerson's poem "Voluntaries" (a tribute to the soldiers fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a>) as a song entitled Duty, included in his collection for voice and piano 114 Songs (1919–24).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toch" title="Ernst Toch">Ernst Toch</a> has set Emerson's poem "Good-Bye" as the sixth and final movement of his work The Inner Circle, for <a href="/wiki/Mixed_chorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed chorus">mixed chorus</a> a cappella (1945, revised 1953).<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>Three fragments from Emerson's essay Spiritual Laws (in <a href="/wiki/Essays:_First_Series" title="Essays: First Series">Essays: First Series</a>, 1841) form the backbone of <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a>'s <a href="/wiki/True_Fire" title="True Fire">True Fire</a> for baritone and orchestra (2014), a work that collages texts from various sources. The work's title is taken from the essay's final sentence, that concludes also the setting: "We know the authentic effects of the true fire through every one of its million disguises."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireside_poets" title="Fireside poets">Fireside poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/185770">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-namechoice-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-namechoice_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-namechoice_3-1">b</a> Richardson, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_263-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_263_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_263_4-1">b</a> Richardson, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1841" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1841). "Self-Reliance". In <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot" title="Charles William Eliot">Charles William Eliot</a> (ed.). Essays and English Traits. Harvard Classics. Vol. 5, with introduction and notes. (56th printing, 1965 ed.). New York: P.F.Collier & Son Corporation. pp. 59–69. <q>It is for want of self-culture that the idol of Travelling, the idol of Italy, of England, of Egypt, remains for all educated Americans. They who made England, Italy, or Greece venerable in the imagination, did so not by rambling round creation as a moth round a lamp, but by sticking fast where they were, like an axis of the earth. ... The soul is no traveller: the wise man stays at home with the soul, and when his necessities, his duties, on any occasion call him from his house, or into foreign lands, he is at home still and is not gadding abroad from himself. p. 78</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Self-Reliance&rft.btitle=Essays+and+English+Traits&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Harvard+Classics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.edition=56th+printing%2C+1965&rft.pub=P.F.Collier+%26+Son+Corporation&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Jone Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transcendentalists.com/emerson_essays.htm">"Ralph Waldo Emerson – Essays"</a>. Transcendentalists.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transcendentalists.com&rft.atitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson+%E2%80%93+Essays&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jone+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcendentalists.com%2Femerson_essays.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs,_JohnTalisse,_Robert2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lachs" title="John Lachs">Lachs, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Talisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Talisse">Talisse, Robert</a> (2007). American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93926-3"><bdi>978-0-415-93926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Philosophy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93926-3&rft.au=Lachs%2C+John&rft.au=Talisse%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Garvey2001" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Garvey, T. (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PsbsX2eycI0C&q=Emerson+-+linchpin&pg=PR21">The Emerson Dilemma</a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2241-4"><bdi>978-0-8203-2241-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerson+Dilemma&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2001-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2241-4&rft.aulast=Gregory+Garvey&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPsbsX2eycI0C%26q%3DEmerson%2B-%2Blinchpin%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Journal, April 7, 1840. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203143708/http://www.wisdomportal.com/Emerson/Emerson-Thoreau.html">"Emerson & Thoreau"</a>. Wisdomportal.com. June 6, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdomportal.com/Emerson/Emerson-Thoreau.html">the original</a> on February 3, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdomportal.com&rft.atitle=Emerson+%26+Thoreau&rft.date=2000-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomportal.com%2FEmerson%2FEmerson-Thoreau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Richardson, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Allen, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker,_3-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker,_3_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker,_3_13-1">b</a> Baker, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Cooke, George Willis. Ralph Waldo Emerson. pp. 1, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019051635/http://mayflowerhistory.com/famous-descendants/">"Notable Descendants"</a>. MayflowerHistory.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mayflowerhistory.com/famous-descendants/">the original</a> on October 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MayflowerHistory.com&rft.atitle=Notable+Descendants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmayflowerhistory.com%2Ffamous-descendants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> McAleer, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Richardson, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Baker, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> McAleer, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> McAleer, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Richardson, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> McAleer, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> McAleer, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#Buell">Buell</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franklinparkcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-The-Schoolmaster-of-Franklin-Park.pdf">"Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Schoolmaster of Franklin Park"</a> (PDF). Franklinparkcoalition.org. Retrieved February 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franklinparkcoalition.org&rft.atitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson+%3A+The+Schoolmaster+of+Franklin+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franklinparkcoalition.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FRalph-Waldo-Emerson-The-Schoolmaster-of-Franklin-Park.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Field, Peter S. (2003). Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual. Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8843-2">978-0-8476-8843-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#Richardson">Richardson</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Richardson, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> McAleer, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Richardson, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-schoolmaster-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schoolmaster_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schoolmaster_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin_Park_Coalition1980" class="citation book cs1">Franklin Park Coalition (May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franklinparkcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-The-Schoolmaster-of-Franklin-Park.pdf">Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Schoolmaster of Franklin Park (pdf format)</a> (PDF). Boston Parks and Recreation Department. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson%3A+The+Schoolmaster+of+Franklin+Park+%28pdf+format%29&rft.pub=Boston+Parks+and+Recreation+Department&rft.date=1980-05&rft.au=Franklin+Park+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franklinparkcoalition.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FRalph-Waldo-Emerson-The-Schoolmaster-of-Franklin-Park.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhi_Beta_Kappa._Massachusetts_Alpha1912" class="citation book cs1">Phi Beta Kappa. Massachusetts Alpha (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S586AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA18">Catalogue of the Harvard Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha of Massachusetts</a>. Harvard University. p. 20. Retrieved September 11, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Harvard+Chapter+of+Phi+Beta+Kappa%2C+Alpha+of+Massachusetts&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Phi+Beta+Kappa.+Massachusetts+Alpha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS586AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Richardson, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Richardson, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Richardson, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Richardson, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> McAleer, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Richardson, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Richardson, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Volume I. p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Richardson, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_43-2">c</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Richardson, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ralph-Waldo-Emerson">"Ralph Waldo Emerson | Biography, Poems, Books, Nature, Self-Reliance, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. August 11, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023. <q>In 1829 he also married Ellen Louisa Tucker. When she died of tuberculosis in 1831, his grief drove him to question his beliefs and his profession.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson+%7C+Biography%2C+Poems%2C+Books%2C+Nature%2C+Self-Reliance%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRalph-Waldo-Emerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Sullivan, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Packer, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emersoncentral.com/lordsupper.htm">"The Lord's Supper"</a>. Uncollected Prose. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Ferguson, Alfred R. (1964). "Introduction". The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Volume IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> McAleer, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Baker, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_p._138-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_p._138_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_p._138_52-1">b</a> Richardson, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Richardson, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Richardson, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#Packer">Packer</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Richardson, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Richardson, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1959). Early Lectures 1833–36. Stephen Whicher, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-22150-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-22150-5">978-0-674-22150-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Richardson, p, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Wilson, Susan (2000). Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-05013-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-05013-2">0-618-05013-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Richardson, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Lydia (Jackson) Emerson was a descendant of Abraham Jackson, one of the original proprietors of Plymouth, who married the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Morton" title="Nathaniel Morton">Nathaniel Morton</a>, the longtime Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Richardson, pp. 207–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/ideas/lydiasbible.html">"Ideas and Thought"</a>. Vcu.edu. Retrieved October 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Thought&rft.pub=Vcu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vcu.edu%2Fengweb%2Ftranscendentalism%2Fideas%2Flydiasbible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Richardson, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Richardson, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Baker, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr2009" class="citation book cs1">Parr, James L. (2009). Dedham: Historic and Heroic Tales From Shiretown. The History Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-750-0"><bdi>978-1-59629-750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedham%3A+Historic+and+Heroic+Tales+From+Shiretown&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-750-0&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_9-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_9_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_9_69-1">b</a> Richardson, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_91-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_91_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_91_70-1">b</a> Richardson, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_175-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_175_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_175_71-1">b</a> Richardson, 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> von Frank, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> von Frank, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Richardson, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Baker, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Richardson, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Sullivan, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Buell, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Watson, Peter (2005). Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 688. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093564-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093564-1">978-0-06-093564-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Mowat, R. B. (1995). The Victorian Age. 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An unrelated magazine of the same name was published during several periods through 1929. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Richardson, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Wilson, R. Jackson (1999). "Emerson as Lecturer". The Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson. Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Richardson, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Pradhan, Sachin N. (1996). India in the United States: Contribution of India and Indians in the United States of America. Bethesda, Maryland: SP Press International. p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1841). "The Over-Soul". 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New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8123749341" title="Special:BookSources/978-8123749341"><bdi>978-8123749341</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/196264051">196264051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson+and+the+light+of+India+%3A+an+intellectual+history&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F196264051&rft.isbn=978-8123749341&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Robert+C.+%28Robert+Cartwright%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg,_Philip2013" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Philip (2013). American Veda : from Emerson and the Beatles to yoga and meditation—how Indian spirituality changed the West (First paperback ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385521352" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385521352"><bdi>978-0385521352</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808413359">808413359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Veda+%3A+from+Emerson+and+the+Beatles+to+yoga+and+meditation%E2%80%94how+Indian+spirituality+changed+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+paperback&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808413359&rft.isbn=978-0385521352&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Buell, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Allen, Gay Wilson (1982). Waldo Emerson. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 512–514. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2012" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiG3uwlifN0C">Ralph Waldo Emerson in Europe: Class, Race and Revolution in the Making of an American Thinker</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 181–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-946-3"><bdi>978-1-84885-946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson+in+Europe%3A+Class%2C+Race+and+Revolution+in+the+Making+of+an+American+Thinker&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-946-3&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiG3uwlifN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/90/1106.html">"VI. The Fugitive Slave Law – Address at Concord. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 1904. The Complete Works"</a>. Bartleby.com. October 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=VI.+The+Fugitive+Slave+Law+%E2%80%93+Address+at+Concord.+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson.+1904.+The+Complete+Works&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F90%2F1106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105030212/http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/impact/">"Impact of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850"</a>. score.rims.k12.ca.us. 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5352-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5352-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-5352-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Not+Too+Greatly+Changed+Eden+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+the+Philosophers+Camp+in+the+Adirondacks&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5352-6&rft.aulast=Schlett&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnottoogreatlycha00schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1867" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1867). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/May-day_and_other_pieces">May-Day and Other Pieces</a>. 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Retrieved April 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Members+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences%3A+1780%E2%80%932012&rft.atitle=E&rft.pages=162&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1867&year-max=1867&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. 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Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. Retrieved August 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Western+Journey+with+Mr.+Emerson&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=James+Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fawesternjourney00thaygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2022" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Brian C. (2022). The California Days of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1625346438" title="Special:BookSources/978-1625346438"><bdi>978-1625346438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Days+of+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&rft.place=Amherst%2C+MA&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1625346438&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Richardson, p. 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Baker, p. 504. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Baker, p. 506. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> McAleer, p. 613. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Richardson, p. 567. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Richardson, p. 568. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Baker, p. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> McAleer, p. 618. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2014" class="citation book cs1">Wayne, Tiffany K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hckauAdkix0C&q=In+late+1874,+Emerson+published+an+anthology+of+poetry+called+Parnassus&pg=PA212">Encyclopedia of Transcendentalism</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438109169" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438109169"><bdi>978-1438109169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Transcendentalism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438109169&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Tiffany+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhckauAdkix0C%26q%3DIn%2Blate%2B1874%2C%2BEmerson%2Bpublished%2Ban%2Banthology%2Bof%2Bpoetry%2Bcalled%2BParnassus%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Waldo_Emerson1880" class="citation web cs1">Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/371/">"Parnassus: An Anthology of Poetry"</a>. Bartleby.com. Retrieved January 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=Parnassus%3A+An+Anthology+of+Poetry&rft.date=1880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Richardson, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Baker, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The New York Times, p. 1, April 23, 1879 </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson,_572-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson,_572_166-0">^</a> Richardson, p. 572. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Sullivan, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> McAleer, p. 662. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Richardson, p. 538. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Buell, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Packer, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Hankins, Barry (2004). The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31848-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31848-4">0-313-31848-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1932). Uncollected Lectures. Clarence Gohdes, ed. New York. p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr">The Library: An Illustrated History</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse Pub.">Skyhorse Pub.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602397064" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602397064"><bdi>978-1602397064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1602397064&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Richardson, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Richardson, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-McAleer531-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAleer531_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAleer531_177-1">b</a> McAleer, p. 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Packer, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Richardson, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowance2000" class="citation book cs1">Lowance, Mason (2000). Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader. Penguin Classics. pp. 301–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043758-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043758-4"><bdi>0-14-043758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Slavery%3A+An+Abolitionist+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-14-043758-4&rft.aulast=Lowance&rft.aufirst=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field,_Peter_S_2001-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Field,_Peter_S_2001_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field,_Peter_S_2001_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field,_Peter_S_2001_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field,_Peter_S_2001_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field,_Peter_S_2001_181-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field,_Peter_S_2001_181-5">f</a> Field, Peter S. (2001). "The Strange Career of Emerson and Race." American Nineteenth Century History 2.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner,_Jack_2008-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner,_Jack_2008_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner,_Jack_2008_182-1">b</a> Turner, Jack (2008). "Emerson, Slavery, and Citizenship." Raritan 28.2:127–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-Emerson,_Ralph_Waldo_1982-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emerson,_Ralph_Waldo_1982_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emerson,_Ralph_Waldo_1982_183-1">b</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1982). The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson. William H. Gilman, ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap. </li> <li id="cite_note-Finseth,_Ian_2005-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finseth,_Ian_2005_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finseth,_Ian_2005_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finseth,_Ian_2005_184-2">c</a> Finseth, Ian (2005). "Evolution, Cosmopolitanism, and Emerson's Antislavery Politics." American Literature 77.4:729–760. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Early_Lectures_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_By_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_and_edited_by_Stephen_E._Whicher-185"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Early_Lectures_of_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_By_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_and_edited_by_Stephen_E._Whicher_185-0">^</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1959). The Early Lectures of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Harvard University Press. p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Field, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Buell, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Bosco and Myerson. Emerson in His Own Time. p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Sullivan, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Baker, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2013" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT17">Delphi Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Illustrated)</a>. Delphi Classics. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909496-86-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909496-86-6"><bdi>978-1-909496-86-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-909496-86-6&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmgbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> New York Times, October 12, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon. London: Papermac. pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Schmidt, Michael (1999). 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Retrieved October 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varsity+Academics%3A+Home+of+the+Concord+Review%2C+the+National+Writing+Board%2C+and+the+National+History+Club&rft.pub=Tcr.org&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcr.org%2Ftcr%2Femerson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/06/11/feature/the-quest-of-laurene-powell-jobs/">"The Quest of Laurene Powell Jobs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 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Retrieved February 28, 2022 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+men&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=H.+ALtemus&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00representmen00emerrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1860" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conductlife00emerrich">The conduct of life</a>. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. 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Chicago: Wrightwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0980119015" title="Special:BookSources/978-0980119015"><bdi>978-0980119015</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waldorflibrary.org/images/stories/articles/gabriel_emerson.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 30, 2020. 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(1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001417522">The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1834–72</a>. Correspondence.Selections. Boston: James R. Osgood & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Thomas+Carlyle+and+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson%2C+1834%E2%80%9372&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Correspondence.Selections&rft.pub=James+R.+Osgood+%26+Company&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001417522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland,_Alexander1883" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ireland_(journalist)" title="Alexander Ireland (journalist)">Ireland, Alexander</a> (April 7, 1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112045747141;view=1up;seq=337">"Review of The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1834–72"</a>. 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Retrieved December 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Voluntaries&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2012%2F02%2Fvoluntaries%2F308825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/114_Songs_(Ives,_Charles)">"114 Songs (Ives, Charles) - IMSLP"</a>. imslp.org. 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University of Florida, PhD Thesis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Choral+Music+of+Ernst+Toch&rft.pub=University+of+Florida%2C+PhD+Thesis&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Zach&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu%2FAA%2F00%2F03%2F00%2F15%2F00001%2Fchoralmusicofern00zach.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisemusicclassical.com/work/52026/True-Fire--Kaija-Saariaho/">"True Fire | Kaija Saariaho"</a>. www.wisemusicclassical.com. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisemusicclassical.com&rft.atitle=True+Fire+%7C+Kaija+Saariaho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisemusicclassical.com%2Fwork%2F52026%2FTrue-Fire--Kaija-Saariaho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Allen" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Gay Wilson (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waldoemerson00gayw">Waldo Emerson</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-74866-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-74866-8"><bdi>0-670-74866-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waldo+Emerson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-670-74866-8&rft.au=Allen%2C+Gay+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaldoemerson00gayw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baker" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Carlos (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emersonamongecce00bake">Emerson Among the Eccentrics: A Group Portrait</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86675-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86675-X"><bdi>0-670-86675-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson+Among+the+Eccentrics%3A+A+Group+Portrait&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-670-86675-X&rft.au=Baker%2C+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femersonamongecce00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bosco" class="citation book cs1">Bosco, Ronald A.; Myerson, Joel (2006). Emerson Bicentennial Essays. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/093490989X" title="Special:BookSources/093490989X"><bdi>093490989X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson+Bicentennial+Essays&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=093490989X&rft.au=Bosco%2C+Ronald+A.&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bosco" class="citation book cs1">Bosco, Ronald A.; Myerson, Joel (2006). The Emerson Brothers: A Fraternal Biography in Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195140361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195140361"><bdi>978-0195140361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerson+Brothers%3A+A+Fraternal+Biography+in+Letters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0195140361&rft.au=Bosco%2C+Ronald+A.&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bosco" class="citation book cs1">Bosco, Ronald A.; Myerson, Joel (2003). Emerson in His Own Time. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-842-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-842-1"><bdi>0-87745-842-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson+in+His+Own+Time&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87745-842-1&rft.au=Bosco%2C+Ronald+A.&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bosco" class="citation book cs1">Bosco, Ronald A.; Myerson, Joel (2010). Ralph Waldo Emerson: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787681692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787681692"><bdi>978-0787681692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson%3A+A+Documentary+Volume&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0787681692&rft.au=Bosco%2C+Ronald+A.&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Buell" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Lawrence (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emerson00buel">Emerson</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01139-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01139-2"><bdi>0-674-01139-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01139-2&rft.au=Buell%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femerson00buel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Emerson" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1983). Essays and Lectures. New York: Library of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940450-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-940450-15-1"><bdi>0-940450-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Lectures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-940450-15-1&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Ralph+Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Emerson" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpoemstr0000emer">Collected Poems and Translations</a>. New York: Library of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940450-28-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-940450-28-3"><bdi>0-940450-28-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Poems+and+Translations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-940450-28-3&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Ralph+Waldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedpoemstr0000emer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Emerson" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (2010). Selected Journals: 1820–1842. New York: Library of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59853-067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59853-067-4"><bdi>978-1-59853-067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Journals%3A+1820%E2%80%931842&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59853-067-4&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Ralph+Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Emerson" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (2010). Selected Journals: 1841–1877. New York: Library of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59853-068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59853-068-1"><bdi>978-1-59853-068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Journals%3A+1841%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59853-068-1&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Ralph+Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gougeon" class="citation book cs1">Gougeon, Len (2010). Virtue's Hero: Emerson, Antislavery, and Reform. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3469-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3469-1"><bdi>978-0-8203-3469-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtue%27s+Hero%3A+Emerson%2C+Antislavery%2C+and+Reform&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3469-1&rft.au=Gougeon%2C+Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gura" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Philip F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantranscen00gura">American Transcendentalism: A History</a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-3477-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-3477-2"><bdi>978-0-8090-3477-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Transcendentalism%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-3477-2&rft.au=Gura%2C+Philip+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericantranscen00gura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kaplan" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Justin (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waltwhitmanlife00kapl">Walt Whitman: A Life</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-22542-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-22542-1"><bdi>0-671-22542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walt+Whitman%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-671-22542-1&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaltwhitmanlife00kapl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Koch" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Daniel R. (2012). Ralph Waldo Emerson in Europe: Class, Race and Revolution in the Making of an American Thinker. London: I. B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson+in+Europe%3A+Class%2C+Race+and+Revolution+in+the+Making+of+an+American+Thinker&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Koch%2C+Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McAleer" class="citation book cs1">McAleer, John (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ralphwaldoemerso00mcal">Ralph Waldo Emerson: Days of Encounter</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-55341-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-55341-7"><bdi>0-316-55341-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson%3A+Days+of+Encounter&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-316-55341-7&rft.au=McAleer%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fralphwaldoemerso00mcal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Makarushka" class="citation book cs1">Makarushka, Irena S. M. (1994). Religious Imagination and Language in Emerson and Nietzsche. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-56976-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-56976-8"><bdi>0-333-56976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Imagination+and+Language+in+Emerson+and+Nietzsche&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-333-56976-8&rft.au=Makarushka%2C+Irena+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mudge, Jean McClure (ed.) (2015). Mr. Emerson's Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Open Book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Myerson" class="citation book cs1">Myerson, Joel (2000). A Historical Guide to Ralph Waldo Emerson. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512094-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512094-9"><bdi>0-19-512094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Guide+to+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-512094-9&rft.au=Myerson%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Myerson" class="citation book cs1">Myerson, Joel; Petrolionus, Sandra Herbert; Walls, Laura Dassaw, eds. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Transcendentalism. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533103-5"><bdi>978-0-19-533103-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Transcendentalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533103-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Packer" class="citation book cs1">Packer, Barbara L. (2007). The Transcendentalists. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2958-1"><bdi>978-0-8203-2958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transcendentalists&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2958-1&rft.au=Packer%2C+Barbara+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Paolucci" class="citation journal cs1">Paolucci, Stefano (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14212652">"Emerson Writes to Clough. A Lost Letter Found in Italy"</a>. Emerson Society Papers. 19 (1): 1, 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerson+Society+Papers&rft.atitle=Emerson+Writes+to+Clough.+A+Lost+Letter+Found+in+Italy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Paolucci%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14212652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Porte_&_Morris" class="citation book cs1">Porte, Joel; Morris, Saundra, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_b7y0">The Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49946-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49946-1"><bdi>0-521-49946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-49946-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_b7y0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Richardson" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Robert D. Jr. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emersonmindonfir0000rich">Emerson: The Mind on Fire</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08808-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08808-5"><bdi>0-520-08808-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson%3A+The+Mind+on+Fire&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-520-08808-5&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Robert+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femersonmindonfir0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rosenwald" class="citation book cs1">Rosenwald, Lawrence (1988). Emerson and the Art of the Diary. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505333-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505333-8"><bdi>0-19-505333-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson+and+the+Art+of+the+Diary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-505333-8&rft.au=Rosenwald%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rusk" class="citation book cs1">Rusk, Ralph Leslie (1957). The Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Rusk%2C+Ralph+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Slater, Joseph (ed.) (1964). The Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle. New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1902). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_of_a_Biographer/Emerson">"Emerson" </a>. Studies of a Biographer. London: Duckworth. pp. 130–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emerson&rft.btitle=Studies+of+a+Biographer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sullivan" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Wilson (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newenglandmenofl0000sull">New England Men of Letters</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-788680-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-788680-8"><bdi>0-02-788680-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+England+Men+of+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-02-788680-8&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewenglandmenofl0000sull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="von_Frank" class="citation book cs1">von Frank, Albert J. (1994). An Emerson Chronology. New York: G. K. Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-7266-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-7266-8"><bdi>0-8161-7266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Emerson+Chronology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8161-7266-8&rft.au=von+Frank%2C+Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="VonMehren" class="citation book cs1">Von Mehren, Joan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minervamuse00joan">Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller</a>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-015-9"><bdi>1-55849-015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minerva+and+the+Muse%3A+A+Life+of+Margaret+Fuller&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-55849-015-9&rft.au=Von+Mehren%2C+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminervamuse00joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Long, Roderick (2008). "Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882)". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 142–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n89">10.4135/9781412965811.n89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emerson%2C+Ralph+Waldo+%281803%E2%80%931882%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n89&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Waldo+Emerson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sacks" title="Kenneth Sacks">Sacks, Kenneth S.</a> (2003). Understanding Emerson: "The American Scholar" and His Struggle for Self-Reliance. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691099828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691099828">978-0691099828</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_sources">Archival sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archival sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078735">Ralph Waldo Emerson papers, 1814–1867</a> (25 boxes) are housed at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078734">Finding aid to Ralph Waldo Emerson letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li> <li>Ralph Waldo Emerson additional papers, 1852–1898 (.5 linear feet) are housed at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</li> <li>Ralph Waldo Emerson lectures and sermons, c. 1831–1882 (10 linear feet) are housed at Houghton Library at Harvard University.</li> <li>Ralph Waldo Emerson letters to Charles King Newcomb, 1842 March 18 – 1, 858 July 25 (22 items) are housed at the Concord Public Library.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Waldo_Emerson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ralph Waldo Emerson at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ralph Waldo Emerson">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" class="extiw" title="q:Ralph Waldo Emerson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ralph Waldo Emerson">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48226" class="extiw" title="d:Q48226">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Ralph Waldo Emerson <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Ralph Waldo Emerson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ralph+Waldo+Emerson&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1163">The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Harvard University Press, Ronald A. Bosco, General Editor; Joel Myerson, Textual Editor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ralph-waldo-emerson">Works by Ralph Waldo Emerson in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1071">Works by Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%20Waldo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Emerson%2C%20R%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ralph%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ralph%20Emerson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ralph%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%20Waldo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emerson%2C%20R%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emerson%2C%20R%2E%20Waldo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ralph%20Emerson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ralph%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ralph%20Emerson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ralph%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20W%2E%20Emerson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%20Waldo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ralph%20Emerson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Emerson%2C%20Ralph%22%29%20OR%20%28%221803-1882%22%20AND%20Emerson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1159">Works by Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwe.org">The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson at RWE.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905193541/http://www.rwe.org/">Archived</a> September 5, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readingemerson.com/">Reading Ralph Waldo Emerson, a blog featuring excerpts from Emerson's journals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128080610/http://www.readingemerson.com/">Archived</a> November 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/EMERSON/repmen.html">Representative Men</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214032034/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/EMERSON/repmen.html">Archived</a> February 14, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from American Studies at the University of Virginia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020012657/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript/mark-twain-on-ralph-waldo-emerson">Mark Twain on Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/cambridge-harvard/enduring-significance-divinity-school-address/">The Enduring Significance of Emerson's Divinity School Address</a>" – by John Haynes Holmes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardsquarelibrary.org/emerson/">The Living Legacy of Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304221640/http://harvardsquarelibrary.org/emerson/">Archived</a> March 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Rev. Schulman and R. Richardson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rwemerson.eu/">A Tribute to Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> – a hypertext guide, in English and in Italian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/e/emerson/">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> complete Works at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emerson/">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>" – by Russell Goodman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emerson.htm">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>" – by Vince Brewton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/15/garden/0916emerson-slideshow.html?ref=multimedia">Life in the Ralph Waldo Emerson House</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230132632/http://www.rwe.org/biography/bibliography">A bibliography of books about Emerson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?164015-1/writings-emerson-thoreau">"Writings of Emerson and Thoreau"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/search.php?CISOSTART=6&searchletters=Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson;0;0;0">Ralph Waldo Emerson letters and manuscript</a>. Available online through <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/index.html">I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ralph_Waldo_Emerson67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Template:Ralph Waldo Emerson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Template talk:Ralph Waldo Emerson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ralph Waldo Emerson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ralph_Waldo_Emerson67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar" title="The American Scholar">The American Scholar</a>" (1837)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Divinity_School_Address" title="Divinity School Address">Divinity School Address</a>" (1838)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/New_England_Reformers" title="New England Reformers">New England Reformers</a>" (1844)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg/100px-Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg/150px-Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg/200px-Emerson_by_Johnson_1846-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rhodora" title="The Rhodora">The Rhodora</a>" (1834)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Concord_Hymn" title="Concord Hymn">Concord Hymn</a>" (1836)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Uriel_(poem)" title="Uriel (poem)">Uriel</a>" (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brahma_(poem)" title="Brahma (poem)">Brahma</a>" (1856)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boston_Hymn" title="Boston Hymn">Boston Hymn</a>" (1863)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nature_(essay)" title="Nature (essay)">Nature</a>" (1836)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Self-Reliance" title="Self-Reliance">Self-Reliance</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(essay)" title="Compensation (essay)">Compensation</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Over-Soul" title="The Over-Soul">The Over-Soul</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Circles_(essay)" title="Circles (essay)">Circles</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Poet_(essay)" title="The Poet (essay)">The Poet</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Experience_(essay)" title="Experience (essay)">Experience</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_(essay)" title="Politics (essay)">Politics</a>" (1844)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essay collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essays:_First_Series" title="Essays: First Series">Essays: First Series</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays:_Second_Series" title="Essays: Second Series">Essays: Second Series</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Men" title="Representative Men">Representative Men</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conduct_of_Life" title="The Conduct of Life">The Conduct of Life</a> (1860)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_(minister)" title="William Emerson (minister)">Rev. William Emerson (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waldo_Emerson" title="Edward Waldo Emerson">Edward Waldo Emerson (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moody_Emerson" title="Mary Moody Emerson">Mary Moody Emerson (aunt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Ripley" title="Ezra Ripley">Ezra Ripley (stepfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle%E2%80%93Emerson_correspondence" title="Carlyle–Emerson correspondence">Correspondence with Carlyle</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Emerson%27s_letter_to_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren">Letter to Martin Van Buren</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson_House" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson House">Ralph Waldo Emerson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Manse" title="The Old Manse">The Old Manse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Club" title="Transcendental Club">Transcendental Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_Museum" title="Concord Museum">Concord Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Ralph_Waldo_Emerson106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Ralph Waldo Emerson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li>Emerson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template talk:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> writers (<a href="/wiki/India#Modern_India" title="India">1848</a> to date)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Religious writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa (The Mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Anirvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Anirvan">Sri Anirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarupa dasa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhavananda" title="Swami Prabhavananda">Swami Prabhavananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prem" title="Krishna Prem">Krishna Prem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Swami Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satprakashananda" title="Swami Satprakashananda">Swami Satprakashananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Political writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Oraon" title="Kartik Oraon">Kartik Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar">Ramdhari Singh Dinkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi" title="Amish Tripathi">Amish Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westerners influenced by Hinduism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dyer" title="Wayne Dyer">Wayne Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R.W. Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">H.S. Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Balagangadhara" title="S. N. Balagangadhara">S. N. Balagangadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Gargi" title="Sister Gargi">Sister Gargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Schweig" title="Graham Schweig">Graham Schweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Eastern_religions_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of modern Eastern religions writers">List of modern Eastern religions writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_Hinduism" title="List of writers on Hinduism">List of writers on Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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