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<button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_nomenclature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of nomenclature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Organic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inorganic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compositional_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositional_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Compositional nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositional_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type-I_ionic_binary_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type-I_ionic_binary_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Type-I ionic binary compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type-I_ionic_binary_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type-II_ionic_binary_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type-II_ionic_binary_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>Type-II ionic binary compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type-II_ionic_binary_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type-III_binary_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type-III_binary_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.3</span> <span>Type-III binary compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type-III_binary_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substitutive_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substitutive_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Substitutive nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substitutive_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additive_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additive_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Additive nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additive_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical nomenclature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Nomenclatura química – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nomenclatura química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="রাসায়নিক নামকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক নামকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_h%C5%8D-mi%C3%A2-hoat" title="Hòa-ha̍k hō-miâ-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k hō-miâ-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хімічная наменклатура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная наменклатура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Химична номенклатура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химична номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_nomenklatura" title="Hemijska nomenklatura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Nomenclatura química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nomenclatura química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Химилле номенклатура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A9_n%C3%A1zvoslov%C3%AD" title="Chemické názvosloví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemické názvosloví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatur_(Chemie)" title="Nomenklatur (Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nomenklatur (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemianomenklatuur" title="Keemianomenklatuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemianomenklatuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χημική ονοματολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική ονοματολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Nomenclatura química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nomenclatura química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_nomenklaturo" title="Kemia nomenklaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia nomenklaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura_kimiko" title="Nomenklatura kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nomenklatura kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="نام‌گذاری آیوپاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام‌گذاری آیوپاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_chimique" title="Nomenclature chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nomenclature chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC_%EB%AA%85%EB%AA%85%EB%B2%95" title="화합물 명명법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화합물 명명법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Անվանակարգում (քիմիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անվանակարգում (քիմիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="आईयूपीएसी नामपद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आईयूपीएसी नामपद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_nama_senyawa_kimia" title="Tata nama senyawa kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata nama senyawa kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_chimica" title="Nomenclatura chimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomenclatura chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ნომენკლატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ნომენკლატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялық атаулар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық атаулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="രാസനാമകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസനാമകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Химийн номенклатур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн номенклатур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatuur_(scheikunde)" title="Nomenclatuur (scheikunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nomenclatuur (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura_chemiczna" title="Nomenklatura chemiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nomenklatura chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatur%C4%83_(chimie)" title="Nomenclatură (chimie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nomenclatură (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhaqru-Yachaypi_sutichay" title="Chhaqru-Yachaypi sutichay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chhaqru-Yachaypi sutichay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Химическая номенклатура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclatur" title="Chemical nomenclatur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemical nomenclatur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical nomenclature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ناولێنانی کیمیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناولێنانی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallisten_yhdisteiden_nime%C3%A4minen" title="Kemiallisten yhdisteiden nimeäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallisten yhdisteiden nimeäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хімічна номенклатура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна номенклатура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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<p><b>Chemical nomenclature</b> is a set of rules to generate <a href="/wiki/Systematic_name#In_chemistry" title="Systematic name">systematic names</a> for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>. The nomenclature used most frequently worldwide is the one created and developed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC). </p><p>IUPAC Nomenclature ensures that each compound (and its various <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>) have only one formally accepted name known as the <b>systematic IUPAC name</b>, however, some compounds may have alternative names that are also accepted, known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">preferred IUPAC name</a></b> which is generally taken from the <a href="/wiki/Common_name_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common name (chemistry)">common name</a> of that compound. Preferably, the name should also represent the structure or chemistry of a compound. </p><p>For example, the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">white vinegar</a> is <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>COOH</span>, which is commonly called <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> and is also its recommended IUPAC name, but its formal, systematic IUPAC name is ethanoic acid. </p><p>The IUPAC's rules for naming <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> are contained in two publications, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry" title="Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry">Blue Book</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blue_book_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue_book-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Red Book</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-redbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively. A third publication, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Quantities,_Units_and_Symbols_in_Physical_Chemistry" title="Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry">Green Book</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-greenbook_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommends the use of <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> for <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">physical quantities</a> (in association with the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">IUPAP</a>), while a fourth, the <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Gold Book</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-goldbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines many technical terms used in chemistry. Similar <a href="/wiki/Compendia" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendia">compendia</a> exist for <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-bio_chem_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio_chem-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <i>White Book</i>, in association with the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology" title="International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology">IUBMB</a>), <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-anal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Analytical_Nomenclature" title="Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature">Orange Book</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Macromolecular_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromolecular chemistry">macromolecular chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-macro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <i>Purple Book</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">clinical chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <i>Silver Book</i>). These "color books" are supplemented by specific recommendations published periodically in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_of_chemical_nomenclature">Purpose of chemical nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose of chemical nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main purpose of chemical nomenclature is to disambiguate the spoken or written names of chemical compounds: each name should refer to one compound. Secondarily, each compound should have only one name, although in some cases some alternative names are accepted. </p><p>Preferably, the name should also represent the structure or chemistry of a compound. This is achieved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">International Chemical Identifier</a> (InChI) nomenclature. However, the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CAS_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS number">CAS numbers</a> nomenclature does not represent a compound's structure. </p><p>The nomenclature used depends on the needs of the user, so no single correct nomenclature exists. Rather, different nomenclatures are appropriate for different circumstances. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Common_name_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common name (chemistry)">common name</a> will successfully identify a chemical compound, given context. Without context, the name should indicate at least the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a>. To be more specific, the name may need to represent the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms. This requires adding more rules to the standard IUPAC system (the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a> system (CAS system) is the one used most commonly in this context), at the expense of having names which are longer and less familiar. </p><p>The IUPAC system is often criticized for failing to distinguish relevant compounds (for example, for differing reactivity of <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">sulfur allotropes</a>, which IUPAC does not distinguish). While IUPAC has a human-readable advantage over CAS numbering, IUPAC names for some larger, relevant molecules (such as <a href="/wiki/Rapamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapamycin">rapamycin</a>) are barely human-readable, so common names are used instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differing_needs_of_chemical_nomenclature_and_lexicography">Differing needs of chemical nomenclature and lexicography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differing needs of chemical nomenclature and lexicography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally understood that the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a> versus chemical nomenclature vary and are to an extent at odds. Dictionaries of words, whether in traditional print or on the internet, collect and report the meanings of words as their uses appear and change over time. For internet dictionaries with limited or no formal editorial process, definitions —in this case, definitions of chemical names and terms— can change rapidly without concern for the formal or historical meanings. Chemical nomenclature however (with <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> nomenclature as the best example) is necessarily more restrictive: Its purpose is to standardize communication and practice so that, when a chemical term is used it has a fixed meaning relating to chemical structure, thereby giving insights into chemical properties and derived molecular functions. These differing purposes can affect understanding, especially with regard to chemical classes that have achieved popular attention. Examples of the effect of these are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, a single compound defined clearly by this common name, but that can be confused, popularly, with its <a href="/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism" title="Cis–trans isomerism"><i>cis</i>-isomer</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>, a reasonably well-defined class of chemical structures that is nevertheless broad as a result of its formal definition, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, a fairly broad structural class with a formal definition, but where mistranslations and general misuse of the term relative to the formal definition has resulted in serious errors of usage, and so ambiguity in the relationship between structure and activity (<a href="/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship" title="Structure–activity relationship">SAR</a>).</li></ul> <p>The rapid pace at which meanings can change on the internet, in particular for chemical compounds with perceived health benefits, ascribed rightly or wrongly, complicate the monosemy of nomenclature (and so access to SAR understanding). Specific examples appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">Polyphenol</a></i> article, where varying internet and common-use definitions conflict with any accepted chemical nomenclature connecting polyphenol structure and <a href="/wiki/Bioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioactivity">bioactivity</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif/220px-Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif/330px-Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif/440px-Lavoisier_Nomenclature01.gif 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>First page of Lavoisier's <i>Chymical Nomenclature</i> in English.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nomenclature of <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> is descriptive, but does not effectively represent the functions mentioned above. Opinions differ about whether this was deliberate on the part of the early practitioners of alchemy or whether it was a consequence of the particular (and often esoteric) theories according to which they worked. While both explanations are probably valid to some extent, it is remarkable that the first "modern" system of chemical nomenclature appeared at the same time as the distinction (by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>) between <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, during the late eighteenth century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a> published his recommendations<sup id="cite_ref-guyton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guyton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1782, hoping that his "constant method of denomination" would "help the intelligence and relieve the memory". The system was refined in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthollet">Berthollet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">de Fourcroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-french_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promoted by the latter in a textbook that would survive long after his death by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-lavoisier_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavoisier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was also endorsed by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-berzelius_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berzelius-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berzelius-2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berzelius-2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who adapted the ideas for the German-speaking world. </p><p>The recommendations of Guyton were only for what would be known now as inorganic compounds. With the massive expansion of organic chemistry during the mid-nineteenth century and the greater understanding of the structure of organic compounds, the need for a less <i>ad hoc</i> system of nomenclature was felt just as the theoretical basis became available to make this possible. An international conference was convened in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1892 by the national chemical societies, from which the first widely accepted proposals for standardization developed.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1892_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1892-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commission was established in 1913 by the Council of the International Association of Chemical Societies, but its work was interrupted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After the war, the task passed to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>, which first appointed commissions for organic, inorganic, and biochemical nomenclature in 1921 and continues to do so to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_nomenclature">Types of nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nomenclature has been developed for both organic and inorganic chemistry. There are also designations having to do with structure – see <a href="/wiki/Descriptor_(chemistry)" title="Descriptor (chemistry)">Descriptor (chemistry)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_chemistry">Organic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a></div> <ul><li>Additive name</li> <li>Conjunctive name</li> <li>Functional class name, also known as a radicofunctional name</li> <li>Fusion name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantzsch%E2%80%93Widman_nomenclature" title="Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature">Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature</a></li> <li>Multiplicative name</li> <li>Replacement name</li> <li>Substitutive name</li> <li>Subtractive name</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compositional_nomenclature">Compositional nomenclature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compositional nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Type-I_ionic_binary_compounds">Type-I ionic binary compounds</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Type-I ionic binary compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For type-I <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic</a> <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary compounds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> in most cases) is named first, and the <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> (usually a <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetal</a>) is named second. The cation retains its elemental name (e.g., <i>iron</i> or <i>zinc</i>), but the suffix of the nonmetal changes to <i>-ide</i>. For example, the compound <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">LiBr</span> is made of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Li<sup>+</sup></span> cations and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Br<sup>−</sup></span> anions; thus, it is called <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">lithium bromide</a>. The compound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">BaO</span>, which is composed of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ba<sup>2+</sup></span> cations and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sup>2−</sup></span> anions, is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">barium oxide</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of each element is unambiguous. When these ions combine into a type-I binary compound, their equal-but-opposite charges are neutralized, so the compound's net charge is zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Type-II_ionic_binary_compounds">Type-II ionic binary compounds</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Type-II ionic binary compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type-II ionic binary compounds are those in which the cation does not have just one oxidation state. This is common among <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. To name these compounds, one must determine the charge of the cation and then render the name as would be done with Type-I ionic compounds, except that a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> (indicating the charge of the cation) is written in parentheses next to the cation name (this is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Stock_nomenclature" title="Stock nomenclature">Stock nomenclature</a>). For example, for the compound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">FeCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, the cation, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, can occur as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup></span>. In order for the compound to have a net charge of zero, the cation must be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup></span> so that the three <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sup>−</sup></span> anions can be balanced (3+ and 3− balance to 0). Thus, this compound is termed <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">iron(III) chloride</a>. Another example could be the compound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">PbS<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. Because the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">S<sup>2−</sup></span> anion has a subscript of 2 in the formula (giving a 4− charge), the compound must be balanced with a 4+ charge on the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb</span> cation (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> can form cations with a 4+ or a 2+ charge). Thus, the compound is made of one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb<sup>4+</sup></span> cation to every two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">S<sup>2−</sup></span> anions, the compound is balanced, and its name is written as <a href="/wiki/Lead(IV)_sulfide" title="Lead(IV) sulfide">lead(IV) sulfide</a>. </p><p>An older system – relying on Latin names for the elements – is also sometimes used to name Type-II ionic binary compounds. In this system, the metal (instead of a Roman numeral next to it) has a suffix "-ic" or "-ous" added to it to indicate its oxidation state ("-ous" for lower, "-ic" for higher). For example, the compound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">FeO</span> contains the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span> cation (which balances out with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sup>2−</sup></span> anion). Since this oxidation state is lower than the other possibility (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup></span>), this compound is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">ferrous oxide</a>. For the compound, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, the tin ion is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sn<sup>4+</sup></span> (balancing out the 4− charge on the two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sup>2−</sup></span> anions), and because this is a higher oxidation state than the alternative (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sn<sup>2+</sup></span>), this compound is termed <a href="/wiki/Tin_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin dioxide">stannic oxide</a>. </p><p>Some ionic compounds contain <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ions</a>, which are charged entities containing two or more covalently bonded types of atoms. It is important to know the names of common polyatomic ions; these include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfate#Chemical_properties" title="Sulfate">hydrogen sulfate</a> (bisulfate) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup>−</sup></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CN<sup>−</sup></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate#Chemical_properties" title="Phosphate">hydrogen phosphate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HPO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate#Chemical_properties" title="Phosphate">dihydrogen phosphate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">hydrogen carbonate</a> (bicarbonate) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<sup>−</sup></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">dichromate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>7</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromate">chromate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>2</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_oxalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen oxalate">hydrogen oxalate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HC<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>)</li></ul> <p>The formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> denotes that the cation is <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup>+</sup></span>, and that the anion is the sulfite ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span>). Therefore, this compound is named <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">sodium sulfite</a>. If the given formula is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, it can be seen that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup>−</sup></span> is the hydroxide ion. Since the charge on the calcium ion is 2+, it makes sense there must be two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup>−</sup></span> ions to balance the charge. Therefore, the name of the compound is <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>. If one is asked to write the formula for copper(I) chromate, the Roman numeral indicates that copper ion is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sup>+</sup></span> and one can identify that the compound contains the chromate ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>). Two of the 1+ copper ions are needed to balance the charge of one 2− chromate ion, so the formula is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Type-III_binary_compounds">Type-III binary compounds</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Type-III binary compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type-III binary compounds are <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">bonded covalently</a>. Covalent bonding occurs between nonmetal elements. Compounds bonded covalently are also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a></i>. For the compound, the first element is named first and with its full elemental name. The second element is named as if it were an anion (base name of the element + <i>-ide</i> suffix). Then, prefixes are used to indicate the numbers of each atom present: these prefixes are <i>mono-</i> (one), <i>di-</i> (two), <i>tri-</i> (three), <i>tetra-</i> (four), <i>penta-</i> (five), <i>hexa-</i> (six), <i>hepta-</i> (seven), <i>octa-</i> (eight), <i>nona-</i> (nine), and <i>deca-</i> (ten). The prefix <i>mono-</i> is never used with the first element. Thus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> is termed <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">nitrogen trichloride</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">BF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> is termed <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluoride" title="Boron trifluoride">boron trifluoride</a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span> is termed <a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus_pentoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphosphorus pentoxide">diphosphorus pentoxide</a> (although the <i>a</i> of the prefix <i>penta-</i> should actually not be omitted before a vowel: the IUPAC Red Book 2005 page 69 states, "The final vowels of multiplicative prefixes should not be elided (although "monoxide", rather than "monooxide", is an allowed exception because of general usage)."). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> is written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride" title="Sulfur tetrafluoride">sulfur tetrafluoride</a> is written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. A few compounds, however, have common names that prevail. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, for example, is usually termed <i><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></i> rather than <i><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrogen monoxide">dihydrogen monoxide</a></i>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> is preferentially termed <i><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></i> rather than <i>nitrogen trihydride</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Substitutive_nomenclature">Substitutive nomenclature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Substitutive nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This naming method generally follows established IUPAC organic nomenclature. <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">Hydrides</a> of the main group elements (groups 13–17) are given the base name ending with <i>-ane</i>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Borane" title="Borane">borane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Oxidane" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidane">oxidane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Phosphane" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphane">phosphane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) (Although the name <i><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a></i> is also in common use, it is not recommended by IUPAC). The compound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> would thus be named substitutively as trichlorophosphane (with chlorine "substituting"). However, not all such names (or stems) are derived from the element name. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> is termed "<a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">azane</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additive_nomenclature">Additive nomenclature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Additive nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method of naming has been developed principally for coordination compounds although it can be applied more widely. An example of its application is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[CoCl(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">Ligands</a>, too, have a special naming convention. Whereas <i>chloride</i> becomes the prefix <i>chloro-</i> in substitutive naming, for a ligand it becomes <i>chlorido-</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descriptor_(chemistry)" title="Descriptor (chemistry)">Descriptor (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">International Chemical Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_for_organic_chemical_transformations" title="IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical transformations">IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical transformations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_numerical_multiplier" title="IUPAC numerical multiplier">IUPAC numerical multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_compounds_with_unusual_names" title="List of chemical compounds with unusual names">List of chemical compounds with unusual names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"1958 (A: Hydrocarbons, and B: Fundamental Heterocyclic Systems), 1965 (C: Characteristic Groups)", <i>Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</i> (3rd ed.), London: Butterworths, 1971, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-408-70144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-408-70144-0"><bdi>978-0-408-70144-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1958+%28A%3A+Hydrocarbons%2C+and+B%3A+Fundamental+Heterocyclic+Systems%29%2C+1965+%28C%3A+Characteristic+Groups%29&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-408-70144-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue_book-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blue_book_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigaudyKlesney1979" class="citation book cs1">Rigaudy, J.; Klesney, S. P., eds. (1979). <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry" title="Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08022-3699" title="Special:BookSources/0-08022-3699"><bdi>0-08022-3699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.pub=IUPAC%2FPergamon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-08022-3699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicoPowellRicher1993" class="citation book cs1">Panico, R.; Powell, W. H.; Richer, J. C., eds. (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_IUPAC_Nomenclature_of_Organic_Compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds">A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Science">Blackwell Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-03488-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-03488-2"><bdi>0-632-03488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+IUPAC+Nomenclature+of+Organic+Compounds&rft.pub=IUPAC%2FBlackwell+Science&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-632-03488-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUPAC,_Chemical_Nomenclature_and_Structure_Representation_Division2004" class="citation book cs1">IUPAC, Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (27 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/favre_310305.html"><i>Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (Provisional Recommendations)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry+%28Provisional+Recommendations%29&rft.pub=IUPAC&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft.au=IUPAC%2C+Chemical+Nomenclature+and+Structure+Representation+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Freports%2Fprovisional%2Fabstract04%2Ffavre_310305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-redbook_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</a></i> (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>–<a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Electronic version.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenbook-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greenbook_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/Quantities,_Units_and_Symbols_in_Physical_Chemistry" title="Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</a></i>, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-03583-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-03583-8">0-632-03583-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/green_book_2ed.pdf">Electronic version.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology, IMPACT Recommendations (2nd Ed.)</i>, Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio_chem-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_chem_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents</i>, London: Portland Press, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anal_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Analytical_Nomenclature" title="Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature">Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature</a></i> (definitive rules 1997, 3rd. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86542-6155" title="Special:BookSources/0-86542-6155">0-86542-6155</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macro-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macro_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature</i>, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties in Clinical Laboratory Sciences</i>, IMPACT Recommendations 1995, Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1995, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-612-2"><bdi>978-0-86542-612-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Terminology+and+Nomenclature+of+Properties+in+Clinical+Laboratory+Sciences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=IMPACT+Recommendations+1995&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-86542-612-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guyton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guyton_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_de_Morveau1782" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Guyton de Morveau, L. B.</a> (1782), "Mémoire sur les dénominations chimiques, la necessité d'en perfectionner le système et les règles pour y parvenir", <i>Observations Sur la Physique</i>, <b>19</b>: 370–382</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observations+Sur+la+Physique&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+les+d%C3%A9nominations+chimiques%2C+la+necessit%C3%A9+d%27en+perfectionner+le+syst%C3%A8me+et+les+r%C3%A8gles+pour+y+parvenir&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=370-382&rft.date=1782&rft.aulast=Guyton+de+Morveau&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-french-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-french_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_de_MorveauLavoisierBertholletFourcroy1787" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Guyton de Morveau, L. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier, A. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Berthollet, C. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Fourcroy, A. F. de</a> (1787), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021630/http://imgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/displayimage.php?album=692&pos=3"><i>Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique</i></a>, Paris: Cuchet, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/displayimage.php?album=692&pos=3">the original</a> on 2011-07-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9thode+de+Nomenclature+Chimique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Cuchet&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Guyton+de+Morveau&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft.au=Lavoisier%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Berthollet%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Fourcroy%2C+A.+F.+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr%2Fdisplayimage.php%3Falbum%3D692%26pos%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavoisier-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lavoisier_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoisier1801" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier, A. L.</a> (1801), <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimie" title="Traité Élémentaire de Chimie"><i>Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</i></a> (3e ed.), Paris: Deterville</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire+de+Chimie&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3e&rft.pub=Deterville&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Lavoisier&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berzelius-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berzelius_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzelius1811" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius, J. J.</a> (1811), "Essai sur la nomenclature chimique", <i>Journal de Physique</i>, <b>73</b>: 253–286</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Essai+sur+la+nomenclature+chimique&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=253-286&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Berzelius&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berzelius-2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berzelius-2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisniak2000" class="citation cs2">Wisniak, Jaime (2000), "Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist", <i>The Chemical Educator</i>, <b>5</b> (6): 343–50, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00897000430a">10.1007/s00897000430a</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98774420">98774420</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+Educator&rft.atitle=J%C3%B6ns+Jacob+Berzelius+A+Guide+to+the+Perplexed+Chemist&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=343-50&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00897000430a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98774420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wisniak&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1892-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1892_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2820064.image">"Congrès de nomenclature chimique, Genève 1892"</a>, <i>Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris</i>, Série 3, <b>8</b>: xiii–xxiv, 1892</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Chimique+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Congr%C3%A8s+de+nomenclature+chimique%2C+Gen%C3%A8ve+1892&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=xiii-xxiv&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k2820064.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+nomenclature" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_nomenclature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Interactive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/">IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a> (interactive "Gold Book")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/nomenclature.html">IUPAC Nomenclature Books Series</a> (list of all IUPAC nomenclature books, and means of accessing them)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212164525/http://www.iupac.org/publications/compendium/index.html">IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a> ("<i>Gold Book</i>") (archived 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/index.html">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</a> ("<i>Green Book</i>")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acdlabs.com/resources/iupac-blue-book/">IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</a> ("<i>Blue Book</i>")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/author/connelly.html">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005</a> ("<i>Red Book</i>")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/">IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols, Terminology, etc.</a> (includes IUBMB Recommendations for biochemistry)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicalize.org/">chemicalize.org</a> A free web site/service that extracts IUPAC names from web pages and annotates a "chemicalized" version with structure images. Structures from annotated pages can also be searched.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124182810/http://www.chemaxon.com/products/name-to-structure/">ChemAxon Name <> Structure</a> – IUPAC (& traditional) name to structure and structure to IUPAC name software. As used at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicalize.org/">chemicalize.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acdlabs.com/products/name/">ACD/Name</a> – Generates IUPAC, INDEX (CAS), InChi, Smiles, etc. for drawn structures in 10 languages and translates names to structures. Also available as batch tool and for Pipeline Pilot. Part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808144233/http://ilab.acdlabs.com/iLab2/">I-Lab 2.0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" 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id="CITEREFJensen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, William B (2007). 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