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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zinc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Zinc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadmium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadmium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cadmium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadmium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mercury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copernicium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copernicium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Copernicium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copernicium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role_and_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role_and_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role and toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_and_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Group 12 element</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عناصر المجموعة الثانية عشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر المجموعة الثانية عشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_12_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo 12 d'a tabla periodica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo 12 d'a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_12" title="Elementos del grupu 12 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 12" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_12-ci_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 12-ci qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 12-ci qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_golongan_12" title="Datu golongan 12 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu golongan 12" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="দ্বাদশ শ্রেণীর মৌল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বাদশ শ্রেণীর মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_12_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 12 на периодичната система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 12 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="12. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="12. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_12_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup 12 de la taula periòdica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup 12 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._skupina" title="12. skupina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="12. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_12" title="Elfen Grŵp 12 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 12" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinkgruppe" title="Zinkgruppe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zinkgruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupo_12" title="Elementos del grupo 12 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del grupo 12" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_12" title="Elemento de grupo 12 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 12" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._taldeko_elementu" title="12. taldeko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="12. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B2_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه ۱۲ جدول تناوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه ۱۲ جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_12_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 12 du tableau périodique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 12 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elementos do grupo 12" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="12족 원소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="12족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="समूह १२ तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह १२ तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur golongan 12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumefni_%C3%AD_flokki_12" title="Frumefni í flokki 12 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumefni í flokki 12" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_12" title="Elementi del gruppo 12 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del gruppo 12" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_ya_kundi_la_12" title="Elementi ya kundi la 12 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elementi ya kundi la 12" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_12_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp 12 de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp 12 de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_12_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Група 12 на периодниот систем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група 12 на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_12" title="Unsur kumpulan 12 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kumpulan 12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinkgroep" title="Zinkgroep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zinkgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第12族元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第12族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinksk%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Sinkskööl – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sinkskööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_12" title="Gruppe 12 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppe 12" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_12_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 12 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 12 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynkowce" title="Cynkowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cynkowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_do_Grupo_12" title="Elementos do Grupo 12 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos do Grupo 12" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Zincului" title="Grupa Zincului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Zincului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подгруппа цинка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа цинка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_dymb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i dymbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i dymbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 12 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._skupina" title="12. skupina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="12. skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinkova_skupina" title="Cinkova skupina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cinkova skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaybta_12_ee_curiye" title="Qaybta 12 ee curiye – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaybta 12 ee curiye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="12. група хемијских елемената – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="12. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="12. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="12. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4n_12_alkuaine" title="Ryhmän 12 alkuaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmän 12 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinkgruppen" title="Zinkgruppen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zinkgruppen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_12_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 12 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 12 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_12_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రూప్ 12 మూలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రూప్ 12 మూలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_12" title="ธาตุหมู่ 12 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหมู่ 12" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_12_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 12 періодичної системи елементів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 12 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of chemical elements</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; width:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8;">Group 12 in the periodic table </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:1em; margin-top:1px; background:transparent; border:1px solid #a9a9a9;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="nowrap" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a> ←    → <a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">boron group</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; margin=0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC group number</a></th> <th>12 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Name by element</td> <td>zinc group </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS group number</a> (US, pattern A-B-A)</div></td> <td>IIB </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC" title="Group (periodic table)">old IUPAC number</a> (Europe, pattern A-B)</div></td> <td>IIB </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zinc, fragment and sublimed 99.995%"><img alt="Image: Zinc, fragment and sublimed 99.995%" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/210px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/315px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/420px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3138" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> (Zn) 30 <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cadmium, crystal bar 99.99%"><img alt="Image: Cadmium, crystal bar 99.99%" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/210px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/315px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/420px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3378" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> (Cd) 48 <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury, liquid"><img alt="Image: Mercury, liquid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/210px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/315px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/420px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1311" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> (Hg) 80 <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; width:210px; background:#f0f0f0; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> (Cn) 112 transition metal </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> Legend <table style="text-align:center; border:0; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial element</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; background:#f0f0f0; padding:0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic element</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Group 12, by modern <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC_numbering_(A/B)" title="Group (periodic table)">IUPAC</a> numbering,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">periodic table</a>. It includes <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Zn), <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> (Cd), <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (Hg),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> (Cn).<a href="#cite_note-07Ei01-5">[5]</a> Formerly this group was named IIB (pronounced as "group two B", as the "II" is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)#CAS_and_old_IUPAC_numbering_(A/B)" title="Group (periodic table)">CAS</a> and old IUPAC system.<a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a> The three group 12 elements that occur naturally are zinc, cadmium and mercury. They are all widely used in electric and electronic applications, as well as in various alloys. The first two members of the group share similar properties as they are solid metals under standard conditions. Mercury is the only <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that is known to be a liquid at room temperature – as copernicium's boiling point has not yet been measured accurately enough,<a href="#cite_note-9">[note 2]</a> it is not yet known whether it is a liquid or a gas under standard conditions. While zinc is very important in the biochemistry of living organisms, cadmium and mercury are both highly toxic. As copernicium does not occur in nature, it has to be synthesized in the laboratory. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_atomic_properties">Physical and atomic properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical and atomic properties">edit</a>]</div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">groups</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, the members of group 12 show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells, which result in trends in their chemical behavior: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">No. of electrons/shell</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>zinc</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>cadmium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>mercury</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td>copernicium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (predicted) </td></tr></tbody></table> The group 12 elements are all soft, <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Divalent">divalent</a> metals. They have the lowest melting points among all <a href="/wiki/Transition_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metals">transition metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZincMetalProps-10">[8]</a> Zinc is bluish-white and lustrous,<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-11">[9]</a> though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish.<a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p123-12">[10]</a> Zinc is also referred to in nonscientific contexts as <a href="/wiki/Spelter" title="Spelter">spelter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ingalls-13">[11]</a> Cadmium is soft, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a>, and with a bluish-white color. Mercury is a liquid, heavy, silvery-white metal. It is the only common liquid metal at ordinary temperatures, and as compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-14">[12]</a> The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 12 elements. The data for <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> is based on relativistic density-functional theory simulations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Properties of the group 12 elements </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Zinc </th> <th>Cadmium </th> <th>Mercury </th> <th>Copernicium </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>693 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (420 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>)</td> <td>594 K (321 °C)</td> <td>234 K (−39 °C)</td> <td>283±11 K<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[13]</a> (10 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>1180 K (907 °C)</td> <td>1040 K (767 °C)</td> <td>630 K (357 °C)</td> <td>340±10 K<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[13]</a> (60 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>7.14 g·cm−3</td> <td>8.65 g·cm−3</td> <td>13.534 g·cm−3</td> <td>14.0 g·cm−3 <a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Appearance </td> <td>silvery bluish-gray</td> <td>silver-gray</td> <td>silvery</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a> </td> <td>135 pm</td> <td>155 pm</td> <td>150 pm</td> <td>? 147 pm </td></tr></tbody></table> Zinc is somewhat less dense than <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and has a hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968826-16">[14]</a> The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C (212 and 302 °F).<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heiserman1992p123-12">[10]</a> Above 210 °C (410 °F), the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Zinc is a fair <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductor of electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-11">[9]</a> For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C, 787.1 °F) and boiling points (907 °C, 1,665 °F).<a href="#cite_note-ZincMetalProps-10">[8]</a> Cadmium is similar in many respects to zinc but forms <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complex</a> compounds.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Unlike other metals, cadmium is resistant to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and as a result it is used as a protective layer when deposited on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in water and is not <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammable</a>; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-19">[17]</a> Mercury has an exceptionally low melting temperature for a d-block metal. A complete explanation of this fact requires a deep excursion into <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>, but it can be summarized as follows: mercury has a unique electronic configuration where electrons fill up all the available 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d and 6s subshells. As such configuration strongly resists removal of an electron, mercury behaves similarly to <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> elements, which form weak bonds and thus easily melting solids. The stability of the 6s shell is due to the presence of a filled 4f shell. An f shell poorly screens the nuclear charge that increases the attractive <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb interaction</a> of the 6s shell and the nucleus (see <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a>). The absence of a filled inner f shell is the reason for the somewhat higher melting temperature of cadmium and zinc, although both these metals still melt easily and, in addition, have unusually low boiling points. <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> has atoms with one less 6s electron than mercury. Those electrons are more easily removed and are shared between the gold atoms forming relatively strong <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bonds">metallic bonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norrby-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Zinc, cadmium and mercury form a large range of <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>. Among the zinc containing ones, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> is an alloy of zinc and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, mercury, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ingalls-13">[11]</a> While neither zinc nor <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> are <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a>, their alloy ZrZn 2 exhibits ferromagnetism below 35 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-11">[9]</a> Cadmium is used in many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> and bearing alloys, due to a low <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a> and fatigue resistance.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-22">[20]</a> It is also found in some of the lowest-melting alloys, such as <a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_metal" title="Wood's metal">Wood's metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Because it is a liquid, mercury dissolves other metals and the alloys that are formed are called <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a>. For example, such amalgams are known with gold, zinc, sodium, and many other metals. Because iron is an exception, iron flasks have been traditionally used to trade mercury. Other metals that do not form amalgams with mercury include <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_amalgam" title="Sodium amalgam">Sodium amalgam</a> is a common reducing agent in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, and is also used in <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure sodium">high-pressure sodium</a> lamps. Mercury readily combines with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_amalgam" title="Aluminium amalgam">mercury-aluminium amalgam</a> when the two pure metals come into contact. Since the amalgam reacts with air to give aluminium oxide, small amounts of mercury corrode aluminium. For this reason, mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-CorrAl-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group 12. The chemistry of copernicium is not well established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with zinc, cadmium and mercury. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodic_trends">Periodic trends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Periodic trends">edit</a>]</div> All elements in this group are <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. The similarity of the metallic radii of cadmium and mercury is an effect of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a>. So, the trend in this group is unlike the trend in group 2, the <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth">alkaline earths</a>, where metallic radius increases smoothly from top to bottom of the group. All three metals have relatively low melting and boiling points, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bond</a> is relatively weak, with relatively little overlap between the <a href="/wiki/Valence_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence band">valence band</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conduction_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction band">conduction band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemyst-25">[23]</a> Thus, zinc is close to the boundary between metallic and <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloid</a> elements, which is usually placed between <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, though gallium participates in <a href="/wiki/Semi-conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-conductor">semi-conductors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a>. Zinc and cadmium are <a href="/wiki/Electropositivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositivity">electropositive</a> while mercury is not.<a href="#cite_note-chemyst-25">[23]</a> As a result, zinc and cadmium metal are good reducing agents. The elements of group 12 have an oxidation state of +2 in which the ions have the rather stable d10 electronic configuration, with a full <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">sub-shell</a>. However, mercury can easily be reduced to the +1 oxidation state; usually, as in the ion Hg2+ 2, two mercury(I) ions come together to form a metal-metal bond and a <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Cadmium can also form species such as [Cd2Cl6]4− in which the metal's oxidation state is +1. Just as with mercury, the formation of a metal-metal bond results in a diamagnetic compound in which there are no unpaired electrons; thus, making the species very reactive. Zinc(I) is known mostly in the gas phase, in such compounds as linear Zn2Cl2, analogous to <a href="/wiki/Calomel" title="Calomel">calomel</a>. In the solid phase, the rather exotic compound <a href="/wiki/Decamethyldizincocene" title="Decamethyldizincocene">decamethyldizincocene</a> (Cp*Zn–ZnCp*) is known. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> The elements in group 12 are usually considered to be <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> elements, but not <a href="/wiki/Transition_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition element">transition elements</a> as the d-shell is full. Some authors classify these elements as <a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">main-group elements</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> are in ns2 orbitals. Nevertheless, they share many characteristics with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11 elements</a> on the periodic table, which are almost universally considered to be transition elements. For example, zinc shares many characteristics with the neighboring transition metal, copper. Zinc complexes merit inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Irving-Williams_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Irving-Williams series">Irving-Williams series</a> as zinc forms many complexes with the same <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a> as complexes of copper(II), albeit with smaller <a href="/wiki/Stability_constants_of_complexes" title="Stability constants of complexes">stability constants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> There is little similarity between cadmium and silver as compounds of silver(II) are rare and those that do exist are very strong oxidizing agents. Likewise the common oxidation state for gold is +3, which precludes there being much common chemistry between mercury and gold, though there are similarities between mercury(I) and gold(I) such as the formation of linear dicyano complexes, [M(CN)2]−. According to <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>'s definition of transition metal as an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> zinc and cadmium are not transition metals, while mercury is. This is because only mercury is known to have a compound where its oxidation state is higher than +2, in <a href="/wiki/Mercury(IV)_fluoride" title="Mercury(IV) fluoride">mercury(IV) fluoride</a> (though its existence is disputed, as later experiments trying to confirm its synthesis could not find evidence of HgF4).<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> However, this classification is based on one highly atypical compound seen at non-equilibrium conditions and is at odds to mercury's more typical chemistry, and Jensen has suggested that it would be better to regard mercury as not being a transition metal.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_alkaline_earth_metals">Relationship with the alkaline earth metals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship with the alkaline earth metals">edit</a>]</div> Although group 12 lies in the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> of the modern 18-column periodic table, the d electrons of zinc, cadmium, and (almost always) mercury behave as core electrons and do not take part in bonding. This behavior is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">main-group elements</a>, but is in stark contrast to that of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11 elements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>), which also have filled d-subshells in their ground-state <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> but behave chemically as transition metals. For example, the bonding in <a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfide" title="Chromium(II) sulfide">chromium(II) sulfide</a> (CrS) involves mainly the 3d electrons; that in <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">iron(II) sulfide</a> (FeS) involves both the 3d and 4s electrons; but that of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a> (ZnS) involves only the 4s electrons and the 3d electrons behave as core electrons. Indeed, useful comparison can be made between their properties and the first two members of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">group 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and in earlier short-form periodic table layouts, this relationship is illustrated more clearly. For instance, zinc and cadmium are similar to beryllium and magnesium in their <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativities</a>, and also in the structure of their <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary compounds</a> and their ability to form complex ions with many <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>, such as complex <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>. However, beryllium and magnesium are small atoms, unlike the heavier <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a> and like the group 12 elements (which have a greater nuclear charge but the same number of <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic trend">periodic trends</a> down group 2 from beryllium to <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> (similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>) are not as smooth when going down from beryllium to mercury (which is more similar to that of the p-block main groups) due to the <a href="/wiki/D-block_contraction" title="D-block contraction">d-block</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contractions</a>. It is also the d-block and lanthanide contractions that give mercury many of its distinctive properties.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-31">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Comparison of the properties of the alkaline earth metals and the group 12 elements (predictions for copernicium)<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-31">[29]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Beryllium </th> <th>Magnesium </th> <th>Calcium </th> <th>Strontium </th> <th>Barium </th> <th>Radium </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">Valence electron</a> configuration </td> <td>2s2</td> <td>3s2</td> <td>4s2</td> <td>5s2</td> <td>6s2</td> <td>7s2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Core electron configuration </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a><a href="#cite_note-oxidation-states-32">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2</td> <td>+2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>1560 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1287 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>)</td> <td>923 K (650 °C)</td> <td>1115 K (842 °C)</td> <td>1050 K (777 °C)</td> <td>1000 K (727 °C)</td> <td>973 K (700 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>2742 K (2469 °C)</td> <td>1363 K (1090 °C)</td> <td>1757 K (1484 °C)</td> <td>1655 K (1382 °C)</td> <td>2170 K (1897 °C)</td> <td>2010 K (1737 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Appearance </td> <td>white-gray metallic</td> <td>shiny gray metallic</td> <td>dull silver-gray</td> <td>silvery white metallic</td> <td>silvery gray</td> <td>silvery white metallic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.85 g·cm−3</td> <td>1.738 g·cm−3</td> <td>1.55 g·cm−3</td> <td>2.64 g·cm−3</td> <td>3.51 g·cm−3</td> <td>5.5 g·cm−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Pauling <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> </td> <td>1.57</td> <td>1.31</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>0.95</td> <td>0.89</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a> </td> <td>105 pm</td> <td>150 pm</td> <td>180 pm</td> <td>200 pm</td> <td>215 pm</td> <td>215 pm </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Crystal <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a> </td> <td>59 pm</td> <td>86 pm</td> <td>114 pm</td> <td>132 pm</td> <td>149 pm</td> <td>162 pm </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">Flame test</a> color </td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-31">[29]</a></td> <td>brilliant white<a href="#cite_note-rsc-33">[30]</a></td> <td>brick-red<a href="#cite_note-rsc-33">[30]</a></td> <td>crimson<a href="#cite_note-rsc-33">[30]</a></td> <td>apple green<a href="#cite_note-rsc-33">[30]</a></td> <td>crimson red<a href="#cite_note-35">[note 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> </td> <td>good</td> <td>good</td> <td>poor</td> <td>very poor</td> <td>very poor</td> <td>extremely poor </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">Hydroxide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a></td> <td>basic</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>strongly basic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxide</a> </td> <td>amphoteric</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>strongly basic </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Beryllium </th> <th>Magnesium </th> <th>Zinc </th> <th>Cadmium </th> <th>Mercury </th> <th>Copernicium </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Valence electron configuration </td> <td>2s2</td> <td>3s2</td> <td>4s2</td> <td>5s2</td> <td>6s2</td> <td>? 7s2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Core electron configuration </td> <td>[He]</td> <td>[Ne]</td> <td>[Ar]3d10</td> <td>[Kr]4d10</td> <td>[Xe]4f145d10</td> <td>? [Rn]5f146d10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Oxidation states<a href="#cite_note-oxidation-states-32">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>+2, +1</td> <td>? +4, +2, +1, 0<a href="#cite_note-superheavy_chemistry-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haire-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-BFricke-38">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Melting point </td> <td>1560 K (1287 °C)</td> <td>923 K (650 °C)</td> <td>693 K (420 °C)</td> <td>594 K (321 °C)</td> <td>234 K (−39 °C)</td> <td>283±11 K (10 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Boiling point </td> <td>2742 K (2469 °C)</td> <td>1363 K (1090 °C)</td> <td>1180 K (907 °C)</td> <td>1040 K (767 °C)</td> <td>630 K (357 °C)</td> <td>340±10 K (60 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Appearance </td> <td>white-gray metallic</td> <td>shiny gray metallic</td> <td>silvery bluish-gray metallic</td> <td>silver-gray</td> <td>silvery</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Density </td> <td>1.85 g·cm−3</td> <td>1.738 g·cm−3</td> <td>7.14 g·cm−3</td> <td>8.65 g·cm−3</td> <td>13.534 g·cm−3</td> <td>14.0 g·cm−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Pauling electronegativity </td> <td>1.57</td> <td>1.31</td> <td>1.65</td> <td>1.69</td> <td>2.00</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Atomic radius </td> <td>105 pm</td> <td>150 pm</td> <td>135 pm</td> <td>155 pm</td> <td>150 pm</td> <td>? 147 pm<a href="#cite_note-Haire-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Crystal ionic radius </td> <td>59 pm</td> <td>86 pm</td> <td>88 pm</td> <td>109 pm</td> <td>116 pm</td> <td>? 75 pm<a href="#cite_note-Haire-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Flame test color </td> <td>white</td> <td>brilliant white</td> <td>bluish-green<a href="#cite_note-39">[note 5]</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Organometallic chemistry </td> <td>good</td> <td>good</td> <td>good</td> <td>good</td> <td>good</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Hydroxide </td> <td>amphoteric</td> <td>basic</td> <td>amphoteric</td> <td>weakly basic</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgrey; text-align:left;">Oxide </td> <td>amphoteric</td> <td>strongly basic</td> <td>amphoteric</td> <td>mildly basic</td> <td>mildly basic</td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Compounds_of_zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compounds of zinc">Compounds of zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organozinc_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozinc compounds">Organozinc compounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organocadmium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organocadmium compound">Organocadmium compound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organomercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomercury">Organomercury</a></div> All three metal ions form many <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral</a> species, such as MCl2− 4. Both zinc and cadmium can also form octahedral complexes such as the <a href="/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution" title="Metal ions in aqueous solution">aqua ions</a> [M(H2O)6]2+ which are present in aqueous solutions of salts of these metals.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Covalent character is achieved by using the s and p orbitals. Mercury, however, rarely exceeds a <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination number</a> of four. Coordination numbers of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 are also known. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The elements of group 12 have been found throughout history, being used since ancient times to being discovered in laboratories. The group itself has not acquired a <a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">trivial name</a>, but it has been called group IIB in the past. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinc">Zinc</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zinc">edit</a>]</div> Zinc has been found being used in impure forms in ancient times as well as in alloys such as brass that have been found to be over 2000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks193320-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971201-42">[37]</a> Zinc was distinctly recognized as a metal under the designation of Fasada in the medical Lexicon ascribed to the Hindu king Madanapala (of Taka dynasty) and written about the year 1374.<a href="#cite_note-Ray1903-43">[38]</a> The metal was also of use to <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> The name of the metal was first documented in the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-iza-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> and is probably derived from the German zinke for the needle-like appearance of metallic crystals.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/220px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/330px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/440px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Alchemical symbol for the element zinc</figcaption></figure> The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been achieved independently by several people in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001502-48">[43]</a> German chemist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Marggraf</a> is usually given credit for discovering pure metallic zinc in a 1746 experiment by heating a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a> and charcoal in a closed vessel without copper to obtain a metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks193321-49">[44]</a> Experiments on frogs by the Italian doctor <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> in 1780 with brass paved the way for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">electrical batteries</a>, galvanization and <a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ExcelPhysics-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-IntEncyl-51">[46]</a> In 1799, Galvani's friend, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, invented the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ExcelPhysics-50">[45]</a> The biological importance of zinc was not discovered until 1940 when <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>, an enzyme that scrubs carbon dioxide from blood, was shown to have zinc in its <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999626-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadmium">Cadmium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cadmium">edit</a>]</div> In 1817, cadmium was discovered in Germany as an impurity in <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a> minerals (calamine) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Friedrich Stromeyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Samuel_Leberecht_Hermann" title="Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann">Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> It was named after the Latin cadmia for "<a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a>", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was in turn named after the Greek mythological character, Κάδμος <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Stromeyer eventually isolated cadmium metal by <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> and reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cadold-57">[52]</a> In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau International des Poids et Mesures">International Conference on Weights and Measures</a> redefined the meter in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths).<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> This definition has since been changed (see <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>). At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/International_Prototype_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="International Prototype Meter">International Prototype Meter</a> was used as standard for the length of a meter until 1960,<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> when at the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> the meter was defined in terms of the orange-red <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission line</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>-86 atom in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marion-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury">Mercury</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mercury">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/120px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/180px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mercury_symbol.svg/240px-Mercury_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>The symbol for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">the planet Mercury</a> (☿) has been used since ancient times to represent the element.</figcaption></figure> Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs which have been dated back to 1500 BC,<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> where mercury was used in cosmetics. It was also used by the ancient Chinese who believed it would improve and prolong health.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> By 500 BC mercury was used to make <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a> (Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury") with other metals.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> thought of mercury as the <a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">First Matter</a> from which all metals were formed. They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was called for in attempts at the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Transmutation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Transmutation">transmutation</a> of base (or impure) metals into gold, which was the goal of many alchemists.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman-64">[59]</a> Hg is the modern <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> for mercury. It comes from hydrargyrum, a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word Ύδραργυρος (hydrargyros), which is a compound word meaning "water-silver" (hydr- = water, argyros = silver) — since it is liquid like water and shiny like silver. The element was named after the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, known for speed and mobility. It is associated with the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>; the astrological symbol for the planet is also one of the <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbols</a> for the metal.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the common name.<a href="#cite_note-Stillman-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copernicium">Copernicium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Copernicium">edit</a>]</div> The heaviest known group 12 element, copernicium, was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">first created</a> on February 9, 1996, at the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (GSI) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ninov" title="Victor Ninov">Victor Ninov</a> et al.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-66">[61]</a> It was then officially named by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) after <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> on February 19, 2010, the 537th anniversary of Copernicus' birth.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> Like in most other <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> groups, the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundance in Earth's crust</a> of group 12 elements decreases with higher atomic number. Zinc is with 65 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm) the most abundant in the group while cadmium with 0.1 ppm and mercury with 0.08 ppm are orders of magnitude less abundant.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Copernicium, as a synthetic element with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of a few minutes, may only be present in the laboratories where it was produced. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphalerite4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black shiny lump of solid with uneven surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/170px-Sphalerite4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/255px-Sphalerite4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/340px-Sphalerite4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a> (ZnS), an important zinc ore</figcaption></figure> Group 12 metals are <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Chalcophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">chalcophiles</a>, meaning the elements have low affinities for <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> and prefer to bond with <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971202-69">[64]</a> The commercially most important minerals of group 12 elements are sulfide minerals.<a href="#cite_note-chemyst-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a>, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60–62% zinc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968826-16">[14]</a> No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. <a href="/wiki/Greenockite" title="Greenockite">Greenockite</a> (CdS), the only cadmium <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused by the geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makes geological separation unlikely. As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-price-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-lifecycle-71">[66]</a> One place where metallic cadmium can be found is the <a href="/wiki/Vilyuy_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilyuy River">Vilyuy River</a> basin in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Although mercury is an extremely rare element in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> because it does not blend <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemically</a> with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be highly concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury (12,000 times average crustal abundance). It is found either as a native metal (rare) or in <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (HgS), <a href="/wiki/Corderoite" title="Corderoite">corderoite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingstonite" title="Livingstonite">livingstonite</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, with cinnabar being the most common ore.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> While mercury and zinc minerals are found in large enough quantities to be mined, cadmium is too similar to zinc and therefore is always present in small quantities in zinc ores from where it is recovered. Identified world zinc resources total about 1.9 billion <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-75">[70]</a> Large deposits are in Australia, Canada and the United States with the largest reserves in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971202-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> At the current rate of consumption, these reserves are estimated to be depleted sometime between 2027 and 2055.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> About 346 million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to 2002, and one estimate found that about 109 million tonnes of that remains in use.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> In 2005, China was the top producer of mercury with almost two-thirds global share followed by <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Several other countries are believed to have unrecorded production of mercury from copper <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a> processes and by recovery from effluents. Because of the high toxicity of mercury, both the mining of cinnabar and refining for mercury are hazardous and historic causes of mercury poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> with an annual production of about 10 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-ZincUSGS2006-83">[78]</a> Worldwide, 95% of the zinc is mined from <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfidic</a> ore deposits, in which sphalerite (ZnS) is nearly always mixed with the sulfides of copper, lead and iron. Zinc metal is produced using <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">extractive metallurgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenqvist1922-84">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">Roasting</a> converts the zinc sulfide concentrate produced during processing to zinc oxide.<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-85">[80]</a> For further processing two basic methods are used: <a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">pyrometallurgy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a>. Pyrometallurgy processing reduces zinc oxide with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> at 950 °C (1,740 °F) into the metal, which is distilled as zinc vapor.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> The zinc vapor is collected in a condenser.<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-85">[80]</a> Electrowinning processing leaches zinc from the ore concentrate by <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> After this step <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> is used to produce zinc metal.<a href="#cite_note-Zinchand-85">[80]</a> Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and it is most isolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentrates from sulfidic zinc ores contain up to 1.4% of cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-Cd-Trend-88">[83]</a> Cadmium is isolated from the zinc produced from the flue dust by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitated</a> out of the electrolysis solution.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury, with cinnabar (HgS) being the most common ore in the deposits.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a> such as copernicium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a> that induces <a href="/wiki/Fusion_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion reaction">fusion reactions</a>. Whereas most of the isotopes of copernicium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fusion-92">[87]</a> The first fusion reaction to produce copernicium was performed by GSI in 1996, who reported the detection of two decay chains of copernicium-277 (though one was later retracted, as it had been based on data fabricated by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ninov" title="Victor Ninov">Victor Ninov</a>):<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-66">[61]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lead-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-208">208 82Pb </a> + <a href="/wiki/Zinc-70" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-70">70 30Zn </a> → 277 112Cn + <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron"> n </a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Due to the physical similarities which they share, the group 12 elements can be found in many common situations. Zinc and cadmium are commonly used as <a href="/wiki/Anti-corrosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corrosion">anti-corrosion</a> (galvanization) agents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997-2">[2]</a> as they will attract all local <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> until they completely corrode.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStwertka1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-93">[88]</a> These protective coatings can be applied to other metals by <a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanizing">hot-dip galvanizing</a> a substance into the molten form of the metal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001499–505-94">[89]</a> or through the process of <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> which may be <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivated</a> by the use of <a href="/wiki/Monochromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromate">chromate</a> salts.<a href="#cite_note-fff-95">[90]</a> Group 12 elements are also used in <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> as they may act as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a> in addition to being a secondary reference electrode.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> In the US, zinc is used predominantly for <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanizing</a> (55%) and for <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and other alloys (37%).<a href="#cite_note-USGS-yb2006-97">[92]</a> The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial anode">sacrificial anode</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a> (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968829-98">[93]</a> Zinc acts as the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968829-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[note 6]</a> Zinc is used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStwertka199899-101">[95]</a> Zinc is used as an anode material for batteries such as in <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">zinc–carbon batteries</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">zinc–air battery</a>/fuel cells.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> A widely used alloy which contains zinc is brass, in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 3% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968829-98">[93]</a> Brass is generally more <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> and stronger than copper and has superior <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968829-98">[93]</a> These properties make it useful in communication equipment, hardware, musical instruments, and water valves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto1968829-98">[93]</a> Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">nickel silver</a>, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a>, and commercial <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-11">[9]</a> Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in <a href="/wiki/Die_casting" title="Die casting">die casting</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Spin_casting" title="Spin casting">spin casting</a>, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries.<a href="#cite_note-CRCp4-41-11">[9]</a> These alloys are marketed under the name <a href="/wiki/Zamak" title="Zamak">Zamak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009) is consumed in the form of zinc compounds, a variety of which are used industrially.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-yb2006-97">[92]</a> Cadmium has many common industrial uses as it is a key component in battery production, is present in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">cadmium pigments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-colors-108">[102]</a> coatings,<a href="#cite_note-fff-95">[90]</a> and is commonly used in electroplating.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-22">[20]</a> In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>, predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-cadmium battery">nickel-cadmium batteries</a>. The European Union banned the use of cadmium in electronics in 2004 with several exceptions but reduced the allowed content of cadmium in electronics to 0.002%.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Cadmium <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, consuming 6% of the global production, can be found in the aircraft industry due to the ability to resist <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> when applied to steel components.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-22">[20]</a> Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some thermometers, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures. A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lamps">fluorescent lamps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> while most of the other applications are slowly phased out due to health and safety regulations,<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> and is in some applications replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive <a href="/wiki/Galinstan" title="Galinstan">Galinstan</a> alloy.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> It is still used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">dental amalgams</a>. In the late 20th century the largest use of mercury<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-USEPA-115">[109]</a> was in the mercury cell process (also called the <a href="/wiki/Castner-Kellner_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Castner-Kellner process">Castner-Kellner process</a>) in the production of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> Copernicium has no use other than research due to its very high radioactivity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role_and_toxicity">Biological role and toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biological role and toxicity">edit</a>]</div> The group 12 elements have multiple effects on biological organisms as cadmium and mercury are toxic while zinc is required by most plants and animals in trace amounts. Zinc is an essential <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a>, necessary for plants,<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-117">[111]</a> animals,<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> It is "typically the second most abundant transition metal in organisms" after <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and it is the only metal which appears in all <a href="/wiki/Enzyme#Naming_conventions" title="Enzyme">enzyme classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-117">[111]</a> There are 2–4 grams of zinc<a href="#cite_note-Rink2000-120">[114]</a> distributed throughout the human body,<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> and it plays "ubiquitous biological roles".<a href="#cite_note-Hambridge2007-122">[116]</a> A 2006 study estimated that about 10% of human proteins (2800) potentially bind zinc, in addition to hundreds which transport and traffic zinc.<a href="#cite_note-Broadley2007-117">[111]</a> In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">Recommended Dietary Allowance</a> (RDA) is 8 mg/day for women and 11 mg/day for men.<a href="#cite_note-rda-123">[117]</a> Harmful excessive supplementation may be a problem and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people,<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Mercury and cadmium are toxic and may cause environmental damage if they enter rivers or rain water. This may result in contaminated crops<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> of mercury in a food chain leading to an increase in illnesses caused by <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">cadmium poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mozaffarian_D,_Rimm_EB_2006_1885–99-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The name volatile metals for group 12 has occasionally been used,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> although this much more commonly refers to any metal having a high <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatility</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> 340±10 K predicted, 357+112 −108 K experimentally<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxidation-states-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxidation-states_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxidation-states_32-1">b</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oxidation states of the elements">list of oxidation states of the elements</a>. Oxidation states in bold are common. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds.<a href="#cite_note-RaFlameTest-34">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Sometimes reported as white.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen-31">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Electric current will naturally flow between zinc and steel but in some circumstances inert anodes are used with an external DC source. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFluck1988" class="citation journal cs1">Fluck, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf">"New Notations in the Periodic Table"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure Appl. Chem.</a> 60 (3): 431–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198860030431">10.1351/pac198860030431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96704008">96704008</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=New+Notations+in+the+Periodic+Table&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-436&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac198860030431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96704008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fluck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F1988%2Fpdf%2F6003x0431.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999">Cotton et al. 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. 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Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superheavy+elements%3A+a+prediction+of+their+chemical+and+physical+properties&rft.series=Structure+and+Bonding&rft.pages=89-144&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0116498&rft.isbn=978-3-540-07109-9&rft.aulast=Fricke&rft.aufirst=Burkhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecentimpactofph0000unse%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichens1997" class="citation book cs1">Richens, David T. 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"Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Trace_Elements_in_Medicine_and_Biology" title="Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology">Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</a>. 20 (1): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JTEMB..20....3M">2006JTEMB..20....3M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtemb.2006.01.006">10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632171">16632171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Trace+Elements+in+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Zinc+requirements+and+the+risks+and+benefits+of+zinc+supplementation&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16632171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtemb.2006.01.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JTEMB..20....3M&rft.aulast=Maret&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Sandstead%2C+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Panel_on_Micronutrients2001" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10026&page=442">Zinc – Summary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a>, Food and Nutrition Board. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10026">10.17226/10026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07279-3"><bdi>978-0-309-07279-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25057538">25057538</a>. Retrieved 2010-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zinc+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=Institute+of+Medicine%2C+Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25057538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10026&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07279-3&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine+%28US%29+Panel+on+Micronutrients&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D10026%26page%3D442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNogawaKobayashiOkuboSuwazono2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nogawa, Koji; Kobayashi, E.; Okubo, Y.; Suwazono, Y. (2004). "Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan". Biometals. 17 (5): 581–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ABIOM.0000045742.81440.9c">10.1023/B:BIOM.0000045742.81440.9c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15688869">15688869</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8053594">8053594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biometals&rft.atitle=Environmental+cadmium+exposure%2C+adverse+effects%2C+and+preventative+measures+in+Japan&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=581-587&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8053594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15688869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ABIOM.0000045742.81440.9c&rft.aulast=Nogawa&rft.aufirst=Koji&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+E.&rft.au=Okubo%2C+Y.&rft.au=Suwazono%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mozaffarian_D,_Rimm_EB_2006_1885–99-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Mozaffarian_D,_Rimm_EB_2006_1885–99_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozaffarianRimm2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.296.15.1885">"Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits"</a>. JAMA. 296 (15): 1885–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.296.15.1885">10.1001/jama.296.15.1885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17047219">17047219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Fish+intake%2C+contaminants%2C+and+human+health%3A+evaluating+the+risks+and+the+benefits&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1885-99&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.296.15.1885&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17047219&rft.aulast=Mozaffarian&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Rimm%2C+EB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.296.15.1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-19957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-19957-1"><bdi>978-0-471-19957-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-471-19957-1&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=F.+Albert&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Murillo%2C+Carlos+A.&rft.au=Bochmann%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/499">"Zinc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/499">499</a>–505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=499-505&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl%2Fpage%2F499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehto1968" class="citation book cs1">Lehto, R. S. (1968). "Zinc". In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp">The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</a>. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/822">822</a>–830. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-15598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-15598-8"><bdi>978-0-442-15598-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-29938">68-29938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=822-830&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-29938&rft.isbn=978-0-442-15598-8&rft.aulast=Lehto&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStwertka1998" class="citation book cs1">Stwertka, Albert (1998). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508083-4&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements00stwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroup+12+element" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1933). "III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals". The Discovery of the Elements. 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href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_12_elements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Group_12_elements" title="Template:Group 12 elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Group_12_elements" title="Template talk:Group 12 elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Group_12_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Group 12 elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_12_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Group 12 elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Weight: 65.38 Melting Point: 692.88 K Boiling Point: 1180 K Specific mass: 7.134 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.65 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Weight: 112.411 Melting Point: 594.33 K Boiling Point: 1040 K Specific mass: 8.69 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.69 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> Hg Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Weight: 200.59 Melting Point: 234.43 K Boiling Point: 630 K Specific mass: 13.5336 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.00 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> Cn Atomic Number: 112 Atomic Weight: [285] Melting Point: ? K Boiling Point: ? K Specific mass: ? 23.7 g/cm3 Electronegativity: ? </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&oldid=1252633056">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_12_element&oldid=1252633056</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Groups_(periodic_table)" title="Category:Groups (periodic table)">Groups (periodic table)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2023">Articles with dead external links from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 07:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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[\"CITEREFCooperFlemingHargroveKoopman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox,_R.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulter1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_R._Lide2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrlich,_H._L.Newman_D._K.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichlerAksenovBelozerovBozhikov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFDA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleischer1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFluck1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFricke1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFthenakis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhartz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonBertramGraedel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaMukherjee1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._W._Gäggeler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabashi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaire2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambidge,_K._M.Krebs,_N._F.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiserman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermann1818\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHesse,_R._W.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann,_S.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinson,_G._R.Goodman,_T._M.Prince,_S._R.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngalls1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Panel_on_Micronutrients2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirbySalutsky1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehto1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeopold,_B._R.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindbergStratton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaretSandstead2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarion1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMewesSmitsKresseSchwerdtfeger2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoss,_Alex2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMozaffarianRimm2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council,_Panel_on_Cadmium,_Committee_on_Technical_Aspects_of_Critical_and_Strategic_Material1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNogawaKobayashiOkuboSuwazono2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorrby,_L.J.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlachy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad_A._S.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichens1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinkGabriel2000\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFWiauxWaefler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright,_David_Curtis2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Chem\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Element cell image\"] = 4,\n [\"Element color\"] = 4,\n [\"GoldBookRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw\"] = 1,\n [\"Group 12 elements\"] = 1,\n [\"Housecroft3rd\"] = 1,\n [\"Hyphen\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox periodic table group/header\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Navbox periodic table\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuclide\"] = 3,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"RubberBible86th\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"SubatomicParticle\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 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