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searchaux" style="display:none">1599 alchemical book by Basil Valentine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine&rft.author=%5B%5BBasil+Valentine%5D%5D&rft.date=1599&rft.pub=Johann+Th%C3%B6lde"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The second key. Woodcut from 1618.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ein kurtz summarischer Tractat, von dem grossen Stein der Uralten</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Johann Thölde</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1599</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</b></i> is a widely reproduced <a href="/wiki/Alchemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemical">alchemical</a> book attributed to <a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a>. It was first published in 1599 by Johann Thölde who is likely the book's true author.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is presented as a sequence of alchemical operations encoded <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorically</a> in words, to which images have been added. The first Basil Valentine book to discuss the keys is <i>Ein kurtz summarischer Tractat, von dem grossen Stein der Uralten</i> ("A Short Summary Tract: Of the great stone of the ancients"), 1599. </p><p>The first part of the book is a discussion of general alchemical principles and advice about the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a>. The second half of <i>Ein kurtz summarischer Tractat</i>, under the subtitle "The Twelve Keys", contains twelve short chapters. Each chapter, or "key", is an allegorical description of one step in the process by which the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a> may be created. With each step, the symbolic names (<i>Deckname</i>, or code name) used to indicate the critical ingredients are changed, just as the ingredients themselves are transformed. The keys are written in such a fashion as to conceal as well as to illuminate: only a knowledgeable reader or alchemical adept was expected to correctly interpret the veiled language of the allegorical text and its related images.<sup id="cite_ref-Principe2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principe2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1599 edition does not include illustrations. Woodcuts appear in the 1602 edition. Revised engravings for all twelve steps appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus Aureus</a></i> ("Golden Tripod"). This 1618 Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a> includes three works, the first of which is Basil Valentine's.<sup id="cite_ref-Principe2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principe2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the texts predate the images, the texts should be considered primary.<sup id="cite_ref-Principe2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principe2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption"><i>The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</i>, as engraved by <a href="/wiki/Matthaeus_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthaeus Merian">Matthaeus Merian</a> (1593–1650), and published in the collection <i>Musaeum hermeticum</i>, Francofurti : Apud Hermannum à Sande, 1678</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="First key."><img alt="First key." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif/lossy-page1-203px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif/lossy-page1-305px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif/lossy-page1-406px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_I._Clavis_AQ30_Key_1.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> First key.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Second key"><img alt="Second key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif/lossy-page1-213px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif/lossy-page1-320px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif/lossy-page1-426px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_II._Clavis_AQ30_Key_2.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Second key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Third key"><img alt="Third key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif/lossy-page1-189px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif/lossy-page1-284px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif/lossy-page1-378px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_p_398_III._Clavis_AQ27.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Third key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fourth key"><img alt="Fourth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif/lossy-page1-202px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif/lossy-page1-303px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif/lossy-page1-404px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IV._Clavis_AQ32_Key_4.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fourth key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fifth key"><img alt="Fifth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif/lossy-page1-217px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif/lossy-page1-325px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif/lossy-page1-433px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_V._Clavis_AQ33_Key_5.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fifth key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Sixth key"><img alt="Sixth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif/lossy-page1-199px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif/lossy-page1-298px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif/lossy-page1-397px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VI._Clavis_AQ34_Key_6.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Sixth key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Seventh key"><img alt="Seventh key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif/lossy-page1-195px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif/lossy-page1-292px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif/lossy-page1-389px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VII_Clavis_AQ35_Key_7.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Seventh key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Eighth key"><img alt="Eighth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif/lossy-page1-213px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif/lossy-page1-319px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif/lossy-page1-425px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_VIII._Clavis_AQ36_Key_8.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Eighth key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ninth key"><img alt="Ninth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif/lossy-page1-179px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif/lossy-page1-269px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif/lossy-page1-359px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_IX._Clavis_AQ37_Key_9.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ninth key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenth key"><img alt="Tenth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif/lossy-page1-186px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif/lossy-page1-279px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif/lossy-page1-372px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_X._Clavis_AQ38_Key_10.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Tenth key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Eleventh key"><img alt="Eleventh key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif/lossy-page1-211px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif/lossy-page1-316px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif/lossy-page1-421px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XI._Clavis_AQ39_Key_11.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Eleventh key</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Twelfth key"><img alt="Twelfth key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif/lossy-page1-211px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif/lossy-page1-317px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif/lossy-page1-422px-Musaeum_Hermeticum_1678_XII._Clavis_AQ40_Key_12.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Twelfth key</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physicochemical_interpretation">Physicochemical interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physicochemical interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The allegorical text and fantastic visual imagery of alchemical writings make them difficult to interpret. A <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physicochemical</a> reading was proposed in the twenty-first century. Chemist and historian <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Principe" title="Lawrence M. Principe">Lawrence M. Principe</a> has drawn on knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">chrysopoetic</a> symbolism and experimentally tested possible chemical processes and practices which may correspond to several of Basil Valentine's twelve steps. Visually he refers to the 1602 woodcuts.<sup id="cite_ref-Principe2013_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principe2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> Principe speculates that the twelve keys may involve descriptions of varying types. Some of the early keys may encode descriptions of actual laboratory techniques and observed results. Other keys may be theoretical extrapolations of what could be accomplished: ideas for experiments that had not yet been successfully carried out. The final keys may be descriptions of methods based on other writers' textual precedents.<sup id="cite_ref-Principe2013_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principe2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157–8">: 157–8 </span></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that the "father of chemistry", <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, also volatilized gold by following the steps in Basil Valentine's keys.<sup id="cite_ref-Keiger_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AspiringAdept_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AspiringAdept-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a> also seriously studied the writings attributed to 'Basil Valentine'.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewster_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_hares" title="Three hares">Three hares</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levity.com/alchemy/bas_keys.html">German edition with alternate woodcuts.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/s_12keys.html">Textual description of the twelve woodcuts.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Maxson Stillman. "Basil Valentine. A Seventeenth Century Hoax." <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>, 1912.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principe2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Principe2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Principe2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Principe2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Principe2013_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Principe2013_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrincipe2013" class="citation book cs1">Principe, Lawrence M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sR2qKWpO-ssC"><i>The Secrets of Alchemy</i></a>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226923789" title="Special:BookSources/9780226923789"><bdi>9780226923789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Alchemy&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780226923789&rft.aulast=Principe&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsR2qKWpO-ssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelve+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152–153">: 152–153 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean" class="citation web cs1">McLean, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/s_12keys.html">"12 Keys of Basil Valentine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alchemywebsite.com%2Fs_12keys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelve+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keiger-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keiger_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeiger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Keiger, Dale (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhu.edu/jhumag/0299web/glitter.html">"All that glitters"</a>. <i>Johns Hopkins Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johns+Hopkins+Magazine&rft.atitle=All+that+glitters&rft.date=1999-02&rft.aulast=Keiger&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhu.edu%2Fjhumag%2F0299web%2Fglitter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelve+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AspiringAdept-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AspiringAdept_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrincipe1998" class="citation book cs1">Principe, Lawrence M. (1998). <i>The aspiring adept : Robert Boyle and his alchemical quest : including Boyle' s "lost" Dialogue on the Transmutation of Metals</i>. Princeton: Princeton university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691050821" title="Special:BookSources/0691050821"><bdi>0691050821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+aspiring+adept+%3A+Robert+Boyle+and+his+alchemical+quest+%3A+including+Boyle%27+s+%22lost%22+Dialogue+on+the+Transmutation+of+Metals&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+university+press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0691050821&rft.aulast=Principe&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelve+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewster-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1855" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, David (1855). <i>Memoirs of the life, writings, and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton</i>. Edinburgh: T. Constable and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+life%2C+writings%2C+and+discoveries+of+Sir+Isaac+Newton&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+Constable+and+Co&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Twelve+Keys+of+Basil+Valentine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemy" title="Category:Alchemy">All articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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