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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Branches and related topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_and_related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Physical chemistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiese_chemie" title="Fisiese chemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fisiese chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalische_Chemie" title="Physikalische Chemie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Physikalische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء فيزيائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء فيزيائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica_fisica" title="Quimica fisica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Quimica fisica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisicoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Fisicoquímica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fisicoquímica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziki_kimya" title="Fiziki kimya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiziki kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شیمی‌فیزیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمی‌فیزیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ভৌত রসায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভৌত রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AD_h%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bu̍t-lí hòa-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-lí hòa-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физик химия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Физик химия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фізічная хімія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізічная хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фізычная хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фізычная хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikang_pisikal" title="Kimikang pisikal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kimikang pisikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физикохимия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физикохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikalna_hemija" title="Fizikalna hemija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fizikalna hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_f%C3%ADsica" title="Química física – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Физикăлла хими – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Физикăлла хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzik%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_chemie" title="Fyzikální chemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzikální chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeg_ffisegol" title="Cemeg ffisegol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cemeg ffisegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysisk_kemi" title="Fysisk kemi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fysisk kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik%C3%A1la_kemiija" title="Fysikála kemiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Fysikála kemiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalische_Chemie" title="Physikalische Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physikalische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaline_keemia" title="Füüsikaline keemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Füüsikaline keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φυσικοχημεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικοχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisicoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Fisicoquímica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fisicoquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_kemio" title="Fizika kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fizika kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_fisiko" title="Kimika fisiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika fisiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شیمی‌فیزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی‌فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Physical chemistry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisevnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Alisevnafrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alisevnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_physique" title="Chimie physique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisicoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Fisicoquímica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fisicoquímica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="물리화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물리화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆիզիկական քիմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկական քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="भौतिक रसायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिक रसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikalna_kemija" title="Fizikalna kemija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fizikalna kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikokemio" title="Fizikokemio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fizikokemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_fisik" title="Kimia fisik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia fisik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimia_physic" title="Chimia physic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimia physic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0lisefnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Eðlisefnafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðlisefnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_fisica" title="Chimica fisica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כימיה פיזיקלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה פיזיקלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკური ქიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიზიკური ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физикалық химия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физикалық химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_ya_fizikia" title="Kemia ya fizikia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemia ya fizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi_fizik" title="Chimi fizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chimi fizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физикалык химия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Физикалык химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_physica" title="Chemia physica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia physica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C4%81l%C4%81_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Fizikālā ķīmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fizikālā ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikin%C4%97_chemija" title="Fizikinė chemija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fizikinė chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiosjemie" title="Fysiosjemie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fysiosjemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_fisica" title="Chimica fisica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chimica fisica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikai_k%C3%A9mia" title="Fizikai kémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizikai kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Физичка хемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Физичка хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൗതികരസതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൗതികരസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკური ქიმია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიზიკური ქიმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_fizik" title="Kimia fizik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Физикийн хими – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Физикийн хими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဓာတုဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူပဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysische_chemie" title="Fysische chemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fysische chemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物理化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCsikaalisk_chemii" title="Füsikaalisk chemii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Füsikaalisk chemii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikalsk_kjemi" title="Fysikalsk kjemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fysikalsk kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikalsk_kjemi" title="Fysikalsk kjemi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fysikalsk kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia_fisica" title="Quimia fisica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia fisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik_kimyo" title="Fizik kimyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizik kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فزیکل کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فزیکل کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikaalsche_Chemie" title="Physikaalsche Chemie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Physikaalsche Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_fizyczna" title="Chemia fizyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia fizyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsico-qu%C3%ADmica" title="Físico-química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Físico-química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_fizic%C4%83" title="Chimie fizică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie fizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Физическая химия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физическая химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Physical chemistry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_fizike" title="Kimia fizike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia fizike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica_f%C3%ACsica" title="Chìmica fìsica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chìmica fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භෞතික රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physical chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فزيڪل ڪيمسٽري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فزيڪل ڪيمسٽري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzik%C3%A1lna_ch%C3%A9mia" title="Fyzikálna chémia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzikálna chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikalna_kemija" title="Fizikalna kemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fizikalna kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کیمیای فیزیکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیای فیزیکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Физичка хемија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Физичка хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_hemija" title="Fizička hemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fizička hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_fisik" title="Kimia fisik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kimia fisik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikaalinen_kemia" title="Fysikaalinen kemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fysikaalinen kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikalisk_kemi" title="Fysikalisk kemi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fysikalisk kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikang_makapisika" title="Kimikang makapisika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimikang makapisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்பிய வேதியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பிய வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เคมีเชิงฟิสิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมีเชิงฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physics applied to chemical systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Physiological chemistry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg/220px-Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg/330px-Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg/440px-Aerogelflower_filtered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption>Between the flame and the flower is <a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">aerogel</a>, whose synthesis has been aided greatly by physical chemistry.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #A2B8BF"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:175%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/100px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/150px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/200px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0 0 0.8em;"><b>The science of matter</b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_chemistry_articles" title="Index of chemistry articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry" title="Outline of chemistry">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Key components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)"> Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond"> Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">Acid–base reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">Chemical equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_law" title="Chemical law">Chemical law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physical chemistry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #A2B8BF"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">Chemist</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chemists" title="List of chemists">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemistry_awards" title="List of chemistry awards">List of chemistry awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemistry_journals" title="List of chemistry journals">List of journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry" title="List of unsolved problems in chemistry">List of unsolved problems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-Chemistry" title="Template:TopicTOC-Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-Chemistry" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Physical chemistry</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_scale" title="Macroscopic scale">macroscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_scale" title="Microscopic scale">microscopic</a> phenomena in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a> systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">quantum chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">analytical dynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">chemical equilibria</a>. </p><p>Physical chemistry, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">chemical physics</a>, is predominantly (but not always) a supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles on which it was founded relate to the bulk rather than the molecular or atomic structure alone (for example, chemical equilibrium and <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a>). </p><p>Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives to understand include the effects of: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">Intermolecular forces</a> that act upon the physical properties of materials (<a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">tensile strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Reaction kinetics</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_rate" title="Reaction rate">rate of a reaction</a>.</li> <li>The identity of ions and the <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">electrical conductivity</a> of materials.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Interaction of one body with another in terms of quantities of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a> called <a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>.</li> <li>Transfer of heat between a chemical system and its surroundings during change of <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> taking place called <a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">thermochemistry</a></li> <li>Study of <a href="/wiki/Colligative_properties" title="Colligative properties">colligative properties</a> of number of species present in solution.</li> <li>Number of phases, number of components and degree of freedom (or variance) can be correlated with one another with help of <a href="/wiki/Phase_rule" title="Phase rule">phase rule</a>.</li> <li>Reactions of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">electrochemical cells</a>.</li> <li>Behaviour of microscopic systems using <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and macroscopic systems using <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical thermodynamics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Calculation of the energy of electron movement</a> in molecules and metal complexes.</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_concepts">Key concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> is applied to chemical problems. </p><p>One of the key concepts in classical chemistry is that all <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">chemical compounds</a> can be described as groups of <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonded</a> together and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactions">chemical reactions</a> can be described as the making and breaking of those bonds. Predicting the properties of chemical compounds from a description of atoms and how they bond is one of the major goals of physical chemistry. To describe the atoms and bonds precisely, it is necessary to know both where the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> of the atoms are, and how electrons are distributed around them.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins249_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disciplines">Disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a>, a subfield of physical chemistry especially concerned with the application of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> to chemical problems, provides tools to determine how strong and what shape bonds are,<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins249_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> how nuclei move, and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> is the related sub-discipline of physical chemistry which is specifically concerned with the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> with matter. </p><p>Another set of important questions in chemistry concerns what kind of reactions can happen spontaneously and which properties are possible for a given chemical mixture. This is studied in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">chemical thermodynamics</a>, which sets limits on quantities like how far a reaction can proceed, or how much <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> can be converted into work in an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, and which provides links between properties like the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal expansion coefficient">thermal expansion coefficient</a> and rate of change of <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can frequently be used to assess whether a reactor or engine design is feasible, or to check the validity of experimental data. To a limited extent, <a href="/wiki/Quasi-equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-equilibrium">quasi-equilibrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Non-equilibrium thermodynamics">non-equilibrium thermodynamics</a> can describe irreversible changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, classical thermodynamics is mostly concerned with systems in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)" title="Reversible process (thermodynamics)">reversible changes</a> and not what actually does happen, or how fast, away from equilibrium. </p><p>Which reactions do occur and how fast is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>, another branch of physical chemistry. A key idea in chemical kinetics is that for <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reactants</a> to react and form <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a>, most chemical species must go through <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition states</a> which are higher in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy" title="Thermodynamic free energy">energy</a> than either the reactants or the products and serve as a barrier to reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the higher the barrier, the slower the reaction. A second is that most chemical reactions occur as a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">elementary reactions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with its own transition state. Key questions in kinetics include how the rate of reaction depends on temperature and on the concentrations of reactants and <a href="/wiki/Catalysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalysts">catalysts</a> in the reaction mixture, as well as how catalysts and reaction conditions can be engineered to optimize the reaction rate. </p><p>The fact that how fast reactions occur can often be specified with just a few concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the positions and speeds of every molecule in a mixture, is a special case of another key concept in physical chemistry, which is that to the extent an engineer needs to know, everything going on in a mixture of very large numbers (perhaps of the order of the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>, 6 x 10<sup>23</sup>) of particles can often be described by just a few variables like pressure, temperature, and concentration. The precise reasons for this are described in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a specialty within physical chemistry which is also shared with physics. Statistical mechanics also provides ways to predict the properties we see in everyday life from molecular properties without relying on empirical correlations based on chemical similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg/220px-Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg/330px-Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg/440px-Lomonosov_Chymiae_Physicae_1752.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of M. Lomonosov's manuscript 'Physical Chemistry' (1752)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "physical chemistry" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Курс истинной физической химии</span>) before the students of <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg University">Petersburg University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the preamble to these lectures he gives the definition: "Physical chemistry is the science that must explain under provisions of physical experiments the reason for what is happening in complex bodies through chemical operations". </p><p>Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860s to 1880s with work on <a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">chemical thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> in solutions, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a> and other subjects. One milestone was the publication in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> of his paper, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances" title="On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances">On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances</a></i>. This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_potential" title="Chemical potential">chemical potentials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibbs%27_phase_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbs' phase rule">Gibbs' phase rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physikalische_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie">Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie</a></i>, founded in 1887 by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a>. Together with <a href="/wiki/Svante_August_Arrhenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Svante August Arrhenius">Svante August Arrhenius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> between 1901 and 1909. </p><p>Developments in the following decades include the application of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> to chemical systems and work on <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface chemistry</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> made many contributions. Another important step was the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> into <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">quantum chemistry</a> from the 1930s, where <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> was one of the leading names. Theoretical developments have gone hand in hand with developments in experimental methods, where the use of different forms of <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopy" title="Microwave spectroscopy">microwave spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">electron paramagnetic resonance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a>, is probably the most important 20th century development. </p><p>Further development in physical chemistry may be attributed to discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">nuclear chemistry</a>, especially in isotope separation (before and during World War II), more recent discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">astrochemistry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the development of calculation algorithms in the field of "additive physicochemical properties" (practically all physicochemical properties, such as boiling point, critical point, surface tension, vapor pressure, etc.—more than 20 in all—can be precisely calculated from chemical structure alone, even if the chemical molecule remains unsynthesized),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and herein lies the practical importance of contemporary physical chemistry. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Group_contribution_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Group contribution method">Group contribution method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydersen_method" title="Lydersen method">Lydersen method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joback_method" title="Joback method">Joback method</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benson_group_increment_theory" title="Benson group increment theory">Benson group increment theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship" title="Quantitative structure–activity relationship">quantitative structure–activity relationship</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_chemistry_journals" title="Category:Physical chemistry journals">Physical chemistry journals</a></div> <p>Some journals that deal with physical chemistry include </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physikalische_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie">Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Chemistry_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physical Chemistry A">Journal of Physical Chemistry A</a></i> (from 1896 as <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry</i>, renamed in 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Chemistry_Chemical_Physics" title="Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics">Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics</a></i> (from 1999, formerly <i><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Transactions">Faraday Transactions</a></i> with a history dating back to 1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macromolecular_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics">Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Physical_Chemistry" title="Annual Review of Physical Chemistry">Annual Review of Physical Chemistry</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Physics_(journal)" title="Molecular Physics (journal)">Molecular Physics</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Organic_Chemistry" title="Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry">Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Chemistry_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physical Chemistry B">Journal of Physical Chemistry B</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ChemPhysChem" title="ChemPhysChem">ChemPhysChem</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Chemistry_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physical Chemistry C">Journal of Physical Chemistry C</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physical_Chemistry_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters">Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters</a></i> (from 2010, combined letters previously published in the separate journals)</li></ul> <p>Historical journals that covered both chemistry and physics include <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i> (started in 1789, published under the name given here from 1815 to 1914). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_and_related_topics">Branches and related topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Branches and related topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">Surface chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry#Physical_chemistry" title="List of important publications in chemistry">List of important publications in chemistry#Physical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry#Physical_chemistry_problems" title="List of unsolved problems in chemistry">List of unsolved problems in chemistry#Physical chemistry problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_biochemistry" title="Physical biochemistry">Physical biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_chemists" title="Category:Physical chemists">Category:Physical chemists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTorben_Smith_Sørensen1999" class="citation book cs1">Torben Smith Sørensen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1oU13xAl6AC&pg=RA1-PA134"><i>Surface chemistry and electrochemistry of membranes</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-1922-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-1922-0"><bdi>0-8247-1922-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surface+chemistry+and+electrochemistry+of+membranes&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8247-1922-0&rft.au=Torben+Smith+S%C3%B8rensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1oU13xAl6AC%26pg%3DRA1-PA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins249-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins249_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins249_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins, Peter and Friedman, Ronald (2005). <i>Molecular Quantum Mechanics</i>, p. 249. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927498-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927498-3">0-19-927498-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins, Peter and Friedman, Ronald (2005). <i>Molecular Quantum Mechanics</i>, p. 342. Oxford University Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927498-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927498-3">0-19-927498-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. (1980). <i>Statistical Physics</i>, 3rd Ed. p. 52. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3372-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3372-7">0-7506-3372-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Terrell L. (1986). <i>Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics</i>, p. 1. Dover Publications, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-65242-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-65242-4">0-486-65242-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Lanny D. (2005). <i>The Engineering of Chemical Reactions</i>, 2nd Ed. p. 30. Oxford University Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516925-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516925-5">0-19-516925-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, Lanny D. (2005). <i>The Engineering of Chemical Reactions</i>, 2nd Ed. pp. 25, 32. Oxford University Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516925-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516925-5">0-19-516925-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler, David (1987). <i>Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics</i>, p. 54. Oxford University Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504277-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504277-1">978-0-19-504277-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVucinich1963" class="citation book cs1">Vucinich, Alexander (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoE1wsA6USQC&pg=PA388"><i>Science in Russian culture</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0738-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0738-3"><bdi>0-8047-0738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+Russian+culture&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8047-0738-3&rft.aulast=Vucinich&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoE1wsA6USQC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances" title="On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances">On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances</a>", <i>Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidler1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_J._Laidler" title="Keith J. Laidler">Laidler, Keith</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofphysicalc0000laid"><i>The World of Physical Chemistry</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofphysicalc0000laid/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-855919-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-855919-4"><bdi>0-19-855919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-855919-4&rft.aulast=Laidler&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofphysicalc0000laid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst,_Eric2005" class="citation journal cs1">Herbst, Eric (May 12, 2005). "Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions". <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>. <b>109</b> (18): 4017–4029. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JPCA..109.4017H">2005JPCA..109.4017H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp050461c">10.1021/jp050461c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16833724">16833724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+Star-Forming+Regions&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4017-4029&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16833724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp050461c&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JPCA..109.4017H&rft.au=Herbst%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Laidler, 1993)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UZjU2WfLAoC">Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling</a> (John W. Servos, 1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joachimschummer.net/jslit/physchem.htm">Physical Chemistry: neither Fish nor Fowl?</a> (Joachim Schummer, <i>The Autonomy of Chemistry</i>, Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann, 1998, pp. 135–148)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3WvWhJTTX8C">The Cambridge History of Science: The modern physical and mathematical sciences</a> (Mary Jo Nye, 2003)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" 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chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide 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href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_branches_of_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_physics" title="Template talk:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_branches_of_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_physics" title="Branches of physics">branches of physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newtonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Classical electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical optics">Classical optics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometrical_optics" title="Geometrical optics">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_optics" title="Physical optics">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Non-equilibrium thermodynamics">Non-equilibrium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern</a></th><td 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href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Ocean physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries" title="Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries">Timeline of physics discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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