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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminological_use_in_modern_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminological use in modern science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminological_use_in_modern_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contemporary literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الأنيسيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأنيسيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunkul" title="Homunkul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homunkul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гамункул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамункул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homuncle" title="Homuncle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homuncle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunkulus" title="Homunkulus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homunkulus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunkulus" title="Homunkulus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homunkulus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunkulus" title="Homunkulus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Homunkulus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%BAnculo" title="Homúnculo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homúnculo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoncule_(alchimie)" title="Homoncule (alchimie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homoncule (alchimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%BAnculo" title="Homúnculo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homúnculo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%AC%B8%EC%BF%A8%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="호문쿨루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호문쿨루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Հոմունկուլուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոմունկուլուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homunculus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus_(alchimia)" title="Homunculus (alchimia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Homunculus (alchimia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הומונקולוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומונקולוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰომუნკულუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰომუნკულუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гомункул – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гомункул" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Homunculus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus_(alchemie)" title="Homunculus (alchemie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homunculus (alchemie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ホムンクルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホムンクルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homunculus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunkulus" title="Homunkulus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homunkulus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%BAnculo" title="Homúnculo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homúnculo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homunculus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гомункул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гомункул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunkul" title="Homunkul – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homunkul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus_(alkemia)" title="Homunculus (alkemia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homunculus (alkemia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homunculus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="ฮอมุงกุลุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮอมุงกุลุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Homunculus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Гомункул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гомункул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%BC%86%E4%BA%BA%E4%BB%94" title="荷鼆人仔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷鼆人仔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E8%92%99%E5%BA%93%E9%B2%81%E5%85%B9" title="何蒙库鲁兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="何蒙库鲁兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Homunculus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homunculus (disambiguation)">Homunculus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>homunculus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hom-<span style="font-size:90%">UNK</span>-yuul-əs</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hohm-</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[hɔˈmʊŋkʊlʊs]</a></span>; "little person", <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>homunculi</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hom-<span style="font-size:90%">UNK</span>-yuul-lye</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hohm-</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[hɔˈmʊŋkʊliː]</a></span>) is a small human being.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popularized in 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and 19th-century fiction, it has historically referred to the creation of a miniature, fully formed human. The concept has roots in <a href="/wiki/Preformationism" title="Preformationism">preformationism</a> as well as earlier folklore and alchemic traditions. </p><p>The term lends its name to the <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">cortical homunculus</a>, an image of a person with the size of the body parts distorted to represent how much area of the cerebral cortex of the brain is devoted to it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alchemy">Alchemy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alchemy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paracelsus219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Paracelsus219.jpg/170px-Paracelsus219.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Paracelsus219.jpg/255px-Paracelsus219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Paracelsus219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Paracelsus is credited with the first mention of the homunculus in <i>De homunculis</i> (c. 1529–1532), and <i>De natura rerum</i> (1537).</figcaption></figure> <p>During medieval and early modern times, it was thought that homunculus, an artificial humanlike being, could be created through alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The homunculus first appears by name in <a href="/wiki/Alchemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemical">alchemical</a> writings attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> (1493–1541). <i>De natura rerum</i> (1537) outlines his method for creating homunculi: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That the sperm of a man be putrefied by itself in a sealed <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">cucurbit</a> for forty days with the highest degree of putrefaction in a horse's womb ["venter equinus", meaning "warm, fermenting horse dung"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>], or at least so long that it comes to life and moves itself, and stirs, which is easily observed. After this time, it will look somewhat like a man, but transparent, without a body. If, after this, it be fed wisely with the Arcanum of human blood, and be nourished for up to forty weeks, and be kept in the even heat of the horse's womb, a living human child grows therefrom, with all its members like another child, which is born of a woman, but much smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-Grafton1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grafton1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 328–329">: 328–329 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The fully grown homunculus was supposedly greatly skilled in "art" and can create giants, dwarves, and other marvels, as "Through art they are born, and therefore art is embodied and inborn in them, and they need learn it from no one."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparisons have been made with several similar concepts in the writings of earlier alchemists. Although the actual word "homunculus" was never used, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> believed that the concept first appeared in the <i>Visions of Zosimos</i>, written in the third century AD. In the visions, <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos</a> encounters a priest who changes into "the opposite of himself, into a mutilated <i>anthroparion</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Jung1967_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung1967-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> The Greek word "anthroparion" is similar to "homunculus" – a diminutive form of "person". Zosimos subsequently encounters other anthroparia in his dream but there is no mention of the creation of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">artificial life</a>. In his commentary, Jung equates the homunculus with the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher's Stone">Philosopher's Stone</a>, and the "inner person" in parallel with <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jung1967_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung1967-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">Islamic alchemy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">takwin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تكوين</span>) was a goal of certain Muslim alchemists, and is frequently found in writings of the <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jabirian corpus</a>. In the alchemical context, <i>takwin</i> refers to the artificial creation of life, spanning the full range of the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of being">chain of being</a>, from minerals to prophets, imitating the function of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>. One set of instructions for creating animal life found within the Jabirian <i>Kitab al-Tajmi</i> involves finding a vessel shaped like the animal and combining the animal's bodily fluids within it, then placing the vessel at the center of a model of a <a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">celestial sphere</a> as heat is applied to it. Some of the alchemists believed that these methods originated somewhere in India or Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The homunculus continued to appear in alchemical writings after Paracelsus' time. The <i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i> (1616) for example, concludes with the creation of a male and female form identified as <i>Homunculi duo</i>. The allegorical text suggests to the reader that the ultimate goal of alchemy is not <a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">chrysopoeia</a>, but it is instead the artificial generation of humans. Here, the creation of homunculi symbolically represents spiritual regeneration and <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">Christian soteriology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grafton1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grafton1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 321–338">: 321–338 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1775, Count Johann Ferdinand von Kufstein, together with Abbé Geloni, an Italian cleric, is reputed to have created ten homunculi with the ability to foresee the future, which von Kufstein kept in glass containers at his <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Dr. Emil Besetzny's Masonic handbook, <i>Die Sphinx</i>, devoted an entire chapter to the <i>wahrsagenden Geister</i> (scrying ghosts). These are reputed to have been seen by several people, including local dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann1896_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann1896-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 306">: 306 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>References to the homunculus do not appear prior to sixteenth-century alchemical writings<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but alchemists may have been influenced by earlier folk traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Mandrake" title="Mandrake">mandragora</a>, known in German as <i>Alreona</i>, <i>Alraun</i> or <i>Alraune</i> is one example; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pitois" title="Jean-Baptiste Pitois">Jean-Baptiste Pitois</a>'s <i>The History and Practice of Magic</i> makes a direct comparison to the mandragora in one excerpt: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Would you like to make a Mandragora, as powerful as the homunculus (little man in a bottle) so praised by <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>? Then find a root of the plant called <a href="/wiki/Bryonia_alba" title="Bryonia alba">bryony</a>. Take it out of the ground on a Monday (the day of the moon), a little time after the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>. Cut off the ends of the root and bury it at night in some country churchyard in a dead man's grave. For 30 days, water it with cow's milk in which three bats have been drowned. When the 31st day arrives, take out the root in the middle of the night and dry it in an oven heated with branches of <a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">verbena</a>; then wrap it up in a piece of a dead man's <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">winding-sheet</a> and carry it with you everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The homunculus has also been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">golem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a>. Though the specifics outlining the creation of the golem and homunculus are very different, the concepts both metaphorically relate man to the divine, in his construction of life in his own image.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preformationism">Preformationism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preformationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preformationism" title="Preformationism">Preformationism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preformation.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Preformation.GIF/170px-Preformation.GIF" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Preformation.GIF/255px-Preformation.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Preformation.GIF/340px-Preformation.GIF 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>A tiny person inside a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm cell">sperm cell</a> as drawn by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Hartsoeker" title="Nicolaas Hartsoeker">Nicolaas Hartsoeker</a> in 1695</figcaption></figure> <p>Preformationism is the formerly popular theory that animals developed from miniature versions of themselves. <a href="/wiki/Sperm_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm cell">Sperm cells</a> were believed to contain complete preformed individuals called "<a href="/wiki/Animalcules" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalcules">animalcules</a>". Development was therefore a matter of enlarging this into a fully formed being. The term homunculus was later used in the discussion of conception and birth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Hartsoeker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Hartsoeker">Nicolas Hartsoeker</a> postulated the existence of animalcules in the semen of humans and other animals. This was the beginning of spermists' theory, which held that the sperm was in fact a "little man" that was placed inside a woman for growth into a child, an effective explanation for many of the mysteries of conception. It was later pointed out that if the sperm was a homunculus, identical in all but size to an adult, then the homunculus may have sperm of its own. This led to a <i><a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a></i> with a chain of homunculi "<a href="/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down" title="Turtles all the way down">all the way down</a>", an idea also known as the <a href="/wiki/Homunculus_argument" title="Homunculus argument">homunculus fallacy</a>. This was not necessarily considered by spermists a fatal objection, however, as it neatly explained the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>'s claim that it was "in <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>" that all had sinned: the whole of humanity was already contained in his loins during the <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. The spermists' theory also failed to explain why children tend to resemble their mothers as well as their fathers, though some spermists suggested that the growing homunculus assimilated maternal characteristics from the womb.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminological_use_in_modern_science">Terminological use in modern science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terminological use in modern science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">Cortical homunculus</a></div> <p>The homunculus is commonly used today in scientific disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> as a teaching or memory tool to describe the distorted <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale model</a> of a human drawn or sculpted to reflect the relative space human body parts occupy on the <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">somatosensory cortex</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_homunculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory homunculus">sensory homunculus</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Motor_homunculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor homunculus">motor homunculus</a>). Both the motor and sensory homunculi usually appear as small men superimposed over the top of precentral or postcentral <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyri</a> for motor and sensory cortices, respectively. The homunculus is oriented with feet medial and shoulders lateral on top of both the <a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">precentral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">postcentral gyrus</a> (for both motor and sensory). The man's head is depicted upside down in relation to the rest of the body such that the forehead is closest to the shoulders. The lips, hands, feet and sex organs have more sensory neurons than other parts of the body, so the homunculus has correspondingly large lips, hands, feet, and genitals. The motor homunculus is very similar to the sensory homunculus, but differs in several ways. Specifically, the motor homunculus has a portion for the tongue most lateral while the sensory homunculus has an area for genitalia most medial and an area for visceral organs most lateral.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well known in the field of neurology, this is also commonly called "the little man inside the brain". This scientific model is known as the <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">cortical homunculus</a>. </p><p>In medical science, the term homunculus is sometimes applied to certain <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>-like ovarian cystic <a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">teratomae</a>. These will sometimes contain hair, sebaceous material and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bony</a> structures.<sup id="cite_ref-LeeKim2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeeKim2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a recent article published in the peer-reviewed journal Leonardo "The Missing Female Homunculus”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Haven Wright and Preston Foerder revisits the history of the Homunculus, sheds light on current research in neuroscience on the female brain, and reveals what they believe to be the first sculpture of the female Homunculus, done by the artist and first author Haven Wright, based on the current research available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">Alchemy in art and entertainment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_literature">Early literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg/170px-Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg/255px-Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg/340px-Faust_image_19thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>19th-century engraving of Wagner and Homunculus from Goethe's <i>Faust II</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Homunculi can be found in centuries worth of literature. These fictions are primarily centred around imaginative speculations on the quest for artificial life associated with <a href="/wiki/Paracelsianism" title="Paracelsianism">Paracelsian</a> alchemy. One of the very earliest literary references occurs in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Religio_Medici" title="Religio Medici">Religio Medici</a></i> (1643), in which the author states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am not of Paracelsus minde that boldly delivers a receipt to make a man without conjunction, ...<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The fable of the alchemically-created homunculus may have been central in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> (1818). Professor <a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Radu Florescu</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a>, an alchemist born in <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a>, might have been the inspiration for Victor Frankenstein. German playwright <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_Two" title="Faust, Part Two">Faust, Part Two</a></i> (1832) famously features an alchemically-created homunculus.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the character of Homunculus embodies the quest of a pure spirit to be born into a mortal form, contrasting Faust's desire to shed his mortal body to become pure spirit. The alchemical idea that the soul is not imprisoned in the body, but instead may find its brightest state as it passes through the material plane, is central to the character.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> wrote under the pen name of Homunculus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_literature">Contemporary literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The homunculus legend, <i>Frankenstein</i> and <i>Faust</i> have continued to influence works in the twentieth and twenty-first century. The theme has been used not only in <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy literature</a>, but also to illuminate social topics. For instance, the British children's writers <a href="/wiki/Mary_Norton_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Norton (author)">Mary Norton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumer_Godden" title="Rumer Godden">Rumer Godden</a> used homunculus motifs in their work, expressing various post-war anxieties about refugees, persecution of minorities in war, and the adaptation of these minorities to a "big" world.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s 1908 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Magician_(Maugham_novel)" title="The Magician (Maugham novel)"><i>The Magician</i></a> utilises the concept of the homunculus as an important plot element. <a href="/wiki/David_H._Keller" title="David H. Keller">David H. Keller</a>'s short story "A Twentieth-Century Homunculus" (1930) describes the creation of homunculi on an industrial scale by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Misogynists" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynists">misogynists</a>. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Sven_Delblanc" title="Sven Delblanc">Sven Delblanc</a>'s <i>The Homunculus: A Magic Tale</i> (1965) addresses alleged <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> and the Cold War industrial-military complexes of the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. In German children's author <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Funke" title="Cornelia Funke">Cornelia Funke</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Rider_(novel)" title="Dragon Rider (novel)">Dragon Rider</a></i>, the protagonists meet and are aided by a homunculus created by an alchemist. The homunculus, and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> broadly, is seen as more of a <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">magical</a> phenomenon in the story, however, rather than necessarily having a symbolic meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_media">Other media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homunculi appear in fantasy based television, film, and games in a manner consistent with literature. Examples can be found in numerous media, such as the podcast <i><a href="/wiki/Hello_from_the_Magic_Tavern" title="Hello from the Magic Tavern">Hello From The Magic Tavern</a>,</i> the films <i><a href="/wiki/Homunculus_(film)" title="Homunculus (film)">Homunculus</a></i> (1916), <i><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Voyage_of_Sinbad" title="The Golden Voyage of Sinbad">The Golden Voyage of Sinbad</a></i> (1973), <i>Dr. Who episode <a href="/wiki/The_Talons_of_Weng-Chiang" title="The Talons of Weng-Chiang">The Talons of Weng-Chiang</a></i> (1977), the made-for-television movie <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Afraid_of_the_Dark_(1973_film)" title="Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (1973 film)">Don't Be Afraid of the Dark</a></i> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Afraid_of_the_Dark_(2010_film)" title="Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010 film)">its theatrical remake</a> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Being_John_Malkovich" title="Being John Malkovich">Being John Malkovich</a></i> (1999), Guillermo del Toro's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Backbone" title="The Devil's Backbone">The Devil's Backbone</a></i> (2001), Shane Acker's <i><a href="/wiki/9_(2009_animated_film)" title="9 (2009 animated film)">9</a></i> (2009), Philipp Humm's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Faust" title="The Last Faust">The Last Faust</a></i> (2019), Yorgos Lanthimos' <a href="/wiki/Poor_Things_(film)" title="Poor Things (film)">Poor Things (film)</a> (2023), television shows (such as <i>Bloodfeast</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Dad" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dad">American Dad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rick_and_Morty" title="Rick and Morty">Rick and Morty</a></i> (season 2, episode 1) (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Friends" title="Smiling Friends">Smiling Friends</a></i> (season 1, episode 5) (season 2, episode 5), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i> (season 3, episode 3), played by <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Galecki" title="Johnny Galecki">Johnny Galecki</a></i>), fantasy role-playing games (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ragnarok_Online" title="Ragnarok Online">Ragnarok Online</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie_Profile" title="Valkyrie Profile">Valkyrie Profile</a></i>, <i> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Memories" title="Shadow of Memories">Shadow of Memories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Heroes" title="The Legend of Heroes">The Legend of Heroes</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Cabals:_Magic_%26_Battle_Cards" title="Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards">Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Genshin_Impact" title="Genshin Impact">Genshin Impact</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bayonetta_3" title="Bayonetta 3">Bayonetta 3</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Master_Detective_Archives:_Rain_Code" title="Master Detective Archives: Rain Code">Master Detective Archives: Rain Code</a></i>), books (such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Series" title="The Secret Series">The Secret Series</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Destiny" title="Sword of Destiny">Sword of Destiny</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Letters" title="Seventy-Two Letters">Seventy-Two Letters</a></i> by Ted Chiang), graphic novels (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bureau_for_Paranormal_Research_and_Defense" title="Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense">Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense</a></i>) and manga (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Team_in_Akihabara" title="Cyber Team in Akihabara">Akihabara Dennō Gumi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homunculus_(manga)" title="Homunculus (manga)">Homunculus</a>, </i><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ocean" title="Stone Ocean">Stone Ocean</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sorcerous_Stabber_Orphen" title="Sorcerous Stabber Orphen">Sorcerous Stabber Orphen</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mizuno2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mizuno2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fate/Zero" title="Fate/Zero">Fate/Zero</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gosick" title="Gosick">Gosick</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_theater" title="Cartesian theater">Cartesian theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastachee" title="Fastachee">Fastachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a>, a mythical living sculpture made by <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus_argument" title="Homunculus argument">Homunculus argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_sa_punso" title="Nuno sa punso">Nuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snugglepot_and_Cuddlepie" title="Snugglepot and Cuddlepie">Snugglepot and Cuddlepie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulpa" title="Tulpa">Tulpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=anat/motor-anat">the original</a> on 2012-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BrainConnection.com+-+The+Anatomy+of+Movement&rft.pub=Brainconnection.positscience.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrainconnection.positscience.com%2Ftopics%2F%3Fmain%3Danat%2Fmotor-anat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeKim2003-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeeKim2003_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKimChoiKim2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Yong Ho; Kim, Sung Gun; Choi, Sung Hyuk; Kim, In Sun; Kim, Sun Haeng (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055135">"Ovarian Mature Cystic Teratoma Containing Homunculus: A Case Report"</a>. <i>Journal of Korean Medical Science</i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">905–</span>907. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3346%2Fjkms.2003.18.6.905">10.3346/jkms.2003.18.6.905</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1011-8934">1011-8934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055135">3055135</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14676454">14676454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Korean+Medical+Science&rft.atitle=Ovarian+Mature+Cystic+Teratoma+Containing+Homunculus%3A+A+Case+Report&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E905-%3C%2Fspan%3E907&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3055135%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1011-8934&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14676454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3346%2Fjkms.2003.18.6.905&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yong+Ho&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sung+Gun&rft.au=Choi%2C+Sung+Hyuk&rft.au=Kim%2C+In+Sun&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sun+Haeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3055135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightFoerder2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Haven; Foerder, Preston (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fleon_a_02012">"The Missing Female Homunculus"</a>. <i>Leonardo</i>. <b>54</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fleon_a_02012">10.1162/leon_a_02012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227275778">227275778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=The+Missing+Female+Homunculus&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fleon_a_02012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227275778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Haven&rft.au=Foerder%2C+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fleon_a_02012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Browne. <i>Religio Medici</i>. 1643. Part 1: 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Poet lore; a quarterly of world literature</i> 1889 p. 269ff <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/poetlorequarterl13bost#page/268/mode/2up"><i>A Faust Problem: What was the Homunculus?</i></a> and Faust by Goethe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fausttragedytran00goetuoft#page/352/mode/2up/search/Homunculus">Faust p. 350ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer1974" class="citation journal cs1">Latimer, Dan (1974). "Homunculus as Symbol: Semantic and Dramatic Functions of the Figure in Goethe's Faust". <i>MLN</i>. <b>89</b> (5). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2907086">10.2307/2907086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2907086">2907086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLN&rft.atitle=Homunculus+as+Symbol%3A+Semantic+and+Dramatic+Functions+of+the+Figure+in+Goethe%27s+Faust&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=814&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2907086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2907086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011984771">John Bull and his wonderful lamp: a new reading of an old tale</a> by Homunculus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubosarsky2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dubosarsky, Ursula (2006). "Post-war place and displacement in Rumer Godden's "The Doll's house" and Mary Norton's "The Borrowers"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>CREArTA</i>. <b>6</b> (Special Issue): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.14%2F76602">1959.14/76602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CREArTA&rft.atitle=Post-war+place+and+displacement+in+Rumer+Godden%27s+%22The+Doll%27s+house%22+and+Mary+Norton%27s+%22The+Borrowers%22&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=Special+Issue&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.14%2F76602&rft.aulast=Dubosarsky&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mizuno2019-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mizuno2019_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizuno2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mizuno, Ryou (2019). <i>Sorcerous Stabber Orphen Anthology. Commentary</i> (in Japanese). TO Books. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784864728799" title="Special:BookSources/9784864728799"><bdi>9784864728799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sorcerous+Stabber+Orphen+Anthology.+Commentary&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=TO+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9784864728799&rft.aulast=Mizuno&rft.aufirst=Ryou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Montiel, L (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01">"Proles sine matre creata: The Promethean Urge in the History of the Human Body in the West"</a>. <i>Asclepio</i>. <b>65</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01">10.3989/asclepio.2013.01</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asclepio&rft.atitle=Proles+sine+matre+creata%3A+The+Promethean+Urge+in+the+History+of+the+Human+Body+in+the+West&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fasclepio.2013.01&rft.aulast=Montiel&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Fasclepio.2013.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissBurgessKaplan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, JR; Burgess, JB; Kaplan, KJ (2006). "Fetiform teratoma (homunculus)". <i>Arch Pathol Lab Med</i>. <b>130</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1552–</span>1556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5858%2F2006-130-1552-FTH">10.5858/2006-130-1552-FTH</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090201">17090201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Pathol+Lab+Med&rft.atitle=Fetiform+teratoma+%28homunculus%29&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1552-%3C%2Fspan%3E1556&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5858%2F2006-130-1552-FTH&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17090201&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Burgess%2C+JB&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+KJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watson JD, Berry A. <i>DNA: The Secret of Life</i>. New York, New York: Random House; 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottHermannScully1984" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott, TM; Hermann, WJ; Scully, RE (1984). "Ovarian fetiform teratoma (homunculus) in a 9-year-old girl". <i>Int J Gynecol Pathol</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">392–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004347-198404000-00007">10.1097/00004347-198404000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6724790">6724790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Gynecol+Pathol&rft.atitle=Ovarian+fetiform+teratoma+%28homunculus%29+in+a+9-year-old+girl&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004347-198404000-00007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6724790&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Hermann%2C+WJ&rft.au=Scully%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunoKadomatsuNakamuraMiwa-Fukuchi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kuno, N; Kadomatsu, K; Nakamura, M; Miwa-Fukuchi, T; Hirabayashi, N; Ishizuka, T (2004). "Mature ovarian cystic teratoma with a highly differentiated homunculus: a case report". <i>Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdra.10133">10.1002/bdra.10133</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14745894">14745894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birth+Defects+Research+Part+A%3A+Clinical+and+Molecular+Teratology&rft.atitle=Mature+ovarian+cystic+teratoma+with+a+highly+differentiated+homunculus%3A+a+case+report&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbdra.10133&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14745894&rft.aulast=Kuno&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Kadomatsu%2C+K&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+M&rft.au=Miwa-Fukuchi%2C+T&rft.au=Hirabayashi%2C+N&rft.au=Ishizuka%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorescu1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Florescu, Radu</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchoffranke00flor"><i>In Search of Frankenstein</i></a></span>. Boston: New York Graphic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-0614-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-0614-1"><bdi>0-8212-0614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Frankenstein&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=New+York+Graphic+Society&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8212-0614-1&rft.aulast=Florescu&rft.aufirst=Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchoffranke00flor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregory" title="Richard Gregory">Gregory, Richard L.</a> (1990). <i>Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing</i> (4th ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02456-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02456-1"><bdi>0-691-02456-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+and+Brain%3A+The+Psychology+of+Seeing&rft.place=Princeton&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-691-02456-1&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1987" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Richard L., ed. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00greg"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Mind</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866124-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866124-X"><bdi>0-19-866124-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Mind&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-866124-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaconius1980" class="citation book cs1">Maconius, S. (1980). <i>The Lore of the Homunculus</i>. Red Lion Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lore+of+the+Homunculus&rft.pub=Red+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Maconius&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyle1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle, Gilbert</a> (1984) [1949]. <i>The Concept of Mind</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73295-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73295-9"><bdi>0-226-73295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Mind&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-226-73295-9&rft.aulast=Ryle&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Waite, Arthur Edward</a>, ed. (1976) [1894]. <i>The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombast, of Hohenheim, Called Paracelsus the Great</i> (2 vols. ed.). Berkeley: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-082-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-082-2"><bdi>0-87773-082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hermetic+and+Alchemical+Writings+of+Aureolus+Philippus+Theophrastus+Bombast%2C+of+Hohenheim%2C+Called+Paracelsus+the+Great&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=2+vols.&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87773-082-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomunculus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homunculus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alchemy" title="Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alchemy" title="Template talk:Alchemy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_(general)226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy (general)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkahest" title="Alkahest">Alkahest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion_(alchemy)" title="Digestion (alchemy)">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">Spagyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in 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