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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EU_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EU (disambiguation)">EU (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The European Union (EU) is a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> of 27 <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">located primarily</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-oecdcc-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> The Union has a total area of 4,233,255 km2 (1,634,469 sq mi) and an estimated total population of over 449 million. The EU has often been described as a <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> political entity combining the characteristics of both a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">European Union</div><div class="ib-country-names"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%;font-size: 88%;text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 0px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(in other official languages) </th></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </th> <td>Европейски съюз </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> </th> <td>Evropská unie </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </th> <td>Den Europæiske Union </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </th> <td>Europäische Union </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </th> <td>Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th> <td>Unión Europea </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> </th> <td>Euroopa Liit </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </th> <td>Euroopan unioni </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <td>Union européenne </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </th> <td>An tAontas Eorpach </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> </th> <td>Europska unija </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </th> <td>Európai Unió </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <td>Unione europea </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </th> <td>Europos Sąjunga </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </th> <td>Eiropas Savienība </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> </th> <td>Unjoni Ewropea </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </th> <td>Europese Unie </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </th> <td>Unia Europejska </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <td>União Europeia </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <td>Uniunea Europeană </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </th> <td>Európska únia </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </th> <td>Evropska unija </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <th style="padding-left:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </th> <td>Europeiska unionen </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the European Union"><img alt="Circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/125px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/188px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/250px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the European Union">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "<a href="/wiki/Motto_of_the_European_Union" title="Motto of the European Union">In Varietate Concordia</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)<div>"United in Diversity"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe" title="Anthem of Europe">Anthem of Europe</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_Europe_(US_Navy_instrumental_short_version).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Anthem_of_Europe_%28US_Navy_instrumental_short_version%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_and_the_European_Union.svg/420px-Europe_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_and_the_European_Union.svg/560px-Europe_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a> Show globe</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg/280px-Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg/420px-Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg/560px-Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="258"></a> Show <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">special territories</a></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of the European Union (dark green)in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">de facto</a>)<a href="#cite_note-capital-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Brussels</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the EU</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">Parliament</a> (secondary) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central Bank</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">Court of Auditors</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Council of the EU (April, June and October sessions) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat of the Parliament</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Commission (various departments and services) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Parliament </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">24 languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official scripts</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-EB2015-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>71.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a> <ul><li>45.3% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Catholic Church in Europe">Catholic</a></li> <li>11.1% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Europe">Protestant</a></li> <li>9.6% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li>5.6% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>24.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion in Europe">no religion</a></li> <li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li>2.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">27 members</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mixed <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">intergovernmental</a> directorial parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Roberta Metsola</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">The European Parliament and the Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">Formation</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1951</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1987</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Treaty of Maastricht</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1993</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 2009</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,225,104 km2 (1,631,322 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.93</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 449,206,579<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">106.3/km2 (275.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $28.044 trillion<a href="#cite_note-GDP-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $62,660<a href="#cite_note-GDP-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $19.403 trillion<a href="#cite_note-GDP-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $43,194</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 29.6<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>) (EUR) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Others</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a> (BGN) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a> (CZK) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a> (DKK) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a> (HUF) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a> (PLN) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> (RON) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> (SEK) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> to UTC+2 (<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">WET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 to UTC+3 (<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time" title="Western European Summer Time">WEST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data">(see also <a href="/wiki/Summer_time_in_Europe" title="Summer time in Europe">Summer time in Europe</a>)<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a>, <a href="/wiki/.%CE%B5%CF%85" class="mw-redirect" title=".ευ">.ευ</a>, <a href="/wiki/.%D0%B5%D1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title=".ею">.ею</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu">europa.eu</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Containing 5.8% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a> EU member states generated a nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of around US$16.6 trillion in 2022, constituting approximately one sixth of global <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Additionally, all EU states except Bulgaria have a very high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. Its cornerstone, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a>, paved the way to establishing <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">an internal single market</a> based on standardised <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">legal framework and legislation</a> that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market;<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Internal_Market-18">[15]</a> enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on <a href="/wiki/Common_Commercial_Policy_(EU)" title="Common Commercial Policy (EU)">trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">agriculture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">regional development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Passport controls have been abolished for travel within the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Internal_borders-22">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> is a group composed of the 20 EU member states that have fully implemented the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">economic and monetary union</a> and use the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro currency</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>, the union has developed a role in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">external relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the European Union">defence</a>. It maintains permanent <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_European_Union" title="Diplomatic missions of the European Union">diplomatic missions</a> throughout the world and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">represents itself</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_G7" title="European Union and the G7">G7</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>. Due to its global influence, the European Union <a href="/wiki/European_Union_as_an_emerging_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union as an emerging superpower">has been described by some scholars as an emerging superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2007-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> The EU was established, along with <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">its citizenship</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> came into force in 1993, and was incorporated as an <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international legal</a> <a href="/wiki/Juridical_person" title="Juridical person">juridical person</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] upon entry into force of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> in <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigDe_Burca201115-26">[23]</a> Its beginnings can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">Inner Six</a> states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>) at the start of modern <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> in 1948, and to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a>, which were established by treaties. These increasingly amalgamated bodies grew, with their legal successor the EU, both in size through <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">the accessions of a further 22 states</a> from 1973 to 2013, and in power through acquisitions of policy areas. In 2012, the EU was awarded <a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">the Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> The United Kingdom became <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">the only member state to leave the EU</a>, in 2020;<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> ten countries are <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">aspiring or negotiating to join it</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background:_World_Wars_and_aftermath">2.1 Background: World Wars and aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Initial_years_and_the_Paris_Treaty_(1948%E2%80%8D%E2%80%93%E2%80%8D1957)">2.2 Initial years and the Paris Treaty (1948‍–‍1957)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Treaty_of_Rome_(1958%E2%80%8D%E2%80%93%E2%80%8D1972)">2.3 Treaty of Rome (1958‍–‍1972)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#First_enlargement_and_European_co-operation_(1973%E2%80%8D%E2%80%93%E2%80%8D1993)">2.4 First enlargement and European co-operation (1973‍–‍1993)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Treaties_of_Maastricht,_Amsterdam_and_Nice_(1993%E2%80%8D%E2%80%93%E2%80%8D2004)">2.5 Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam and Nice (1993‍–‍2004)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Treaty_of_Lisbon_and_Brexit_(2004%E2%80%8D%E2%80%93%E2%80%8Dpresent)">2.6 Treaty of Lisbon and Brexit (2004‍–‍present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Timeline">2.7 Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Politics">3 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Budget">3.1 Budget</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Governance">3.2 Governance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Branches_of_power">3.3 Branches of power</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Executive_branch">3.3.1 Executive branch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Legislative_branch">3.3.2 Legislative branch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Judicial_branch">3.3.3 Judicial branch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Additional_branches">3.3.4 Additional branches</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Law">3.4 Law</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Primary_law">3.4.1 Primary law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Secondary_law">3.4.2 Secondary law</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Foreign_relations">3.5 Foreign relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Humanitarian_aid">3.5.1 Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#International_cooperation_and_development_partnerships">3.5.2 International cooperation and development partnerships</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Defence">3.6 Defence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Member_states">4 Member states</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Subdivisions">4.1 Subdivisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Schengen_Area">4.2 Schengen Area</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Candidate_countries">4.3 Candidate countries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Former_members">4.4 Former members</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Geography">5 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Climate">5.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Environment">5.2 Environment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Economic_and_monetary_union">6.1 Economic and monetary union</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Capital_Markets_Union_and_financial_institutions">6.1.1 Capital Markets Union and financial institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Eurozone_and_banking_union">6.1.2 Eurozone and banking union</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Trade">6.2 Trade</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Single_market">6.2.1 Single market</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Customs_union">6.2.2 Customs union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_trade">6.2.3 External trade</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Competition_and_consumer_protection">6.3 Competition and consumer protection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Energy">6.4 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Transport">6.5 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Telecommunications_and_space">6.6 Telecommunications and space</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Agriculture_and_fisheries">6.7 Agriculture and fisheries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Regional_development">6.8 Regional development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Labour">6.9 Labour</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Social_rights_and_equality">6.10 Social rights and equality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Freedom,_security_and_justice">6.11 Freedom, security and justice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Urbanisation">7.1 Urbanisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Languages">7.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Religion">7.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Education_and_research">7.4 Education and research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Health">7.5 Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Sport">8.1 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Symbols">8.2 Symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Media">8.3 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Influence">8.4 Influence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Works_cited">11.2 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Europe#Name" title="Europe">Europe § Name</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe&action=edit#Name">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The place name Evros was first used by the ancient Greeks to refer to their northernmost province, which bears the same name today. The principal river there – Evros (today's <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a>) – flows through the fertile valleys of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> which itself was also called Europe, before the term meant the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Europe_BBC_News_2013_o022-30">[27]</a></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline of European Union history</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background:_World_Wars_and_aftermath">Background: World Wars and aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">visions of European unity had existed</a> since well before the 19th century, but gained particularly as a reaction to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and its aftermath. In this light the first advances for the idea of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> were made. In 1920 <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/European_customs_union" class="mw-redirect" title="European customs union">European customs union</a> for the struggling post-war European economies,<a href="#cite_note-Taussig_Keynes_1920_p._381-31">[28]</a> and in 1923 the oldest organisation for European integration, the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a> was founded, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, who later would found in June 1947 the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Union" title="European Parliamentary Union">European Parliamentary Union</a> (EPU). <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>—who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a>, a follower of the Paneuropean Union, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Nobel Peace Prize laureate</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a>—delivered a widely recognized speech at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 5 September 1929 for a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">federal Europe</a> to secure Europe and settle the historic <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_enmity" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German enmity">Franco-German enmity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schulz_2010_g046-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nelsson_2019_n549-33">[30]</a> With large-scale war being waged in Europe once again in the 1930s and becoming <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the question of what to fight against and what for, had to be agreed on. A first agreement was the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> of 1941, when <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II resistance">Europe's resistance</a> gathered in London. This was expanded on by the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and their common goals, inciting a new wave of global international institutions like the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">founded 1945</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods System">Bretton Woods System</a> (1944).<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Historian_1946_r351-34">[31]</a> In 1943 at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a>, plans to establish joint institutions for a post-war world and Europe increasingly became a part of the agenda. This led to a decision at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in 1944 to form a <a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a>, later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>, following the German surrender and the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> in 1945. By the end of the war, European integration became seen as an antidote to the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme nationalism">extreme nationalism</a> that had caused the war.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> On 19 September 1946, in a much recognized speech, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, speaking at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Zürich">University of Zürich</a>, reiterated his calls since 1930 for a "European Union" and "Council of Europe", coincidentally<a href="#cite_note-Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)-36">[33]</a> parallel[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to the <a href="/wiki/Hertensteiner_Cross" title="Hertensteiner Cross">Hertenstein Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> one of the then founded and later constituting members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement</a>. One month later, the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> was installed by the new <a href="/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth French Republic">Fourth French Republic</a> to direct the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonies">its colonies</a> so that they would become parts of a European community.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> By 1947 a growing rift between the western Allied Powers and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> became evident as a result of the rigged <a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a>, which constituted an open breach of the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta Agreement">Yalta Agreement</a>. March of that year saw two important developments. First was the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk" title="Treaty of Dunkirk">Treaty of Dunkirk</a> between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The treaty assured mutual assistance in the event of future military aggression against either nation. Though it officially named Germany as a threat, in reality the actual concern was for the Soviet Union. A few days later came the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> which pledged American support for democracies to counter the Soviets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_years_and_the_Paris_Treaty_(1948‍–‍1957)">Initial years and the Paris Treaty (1948‍–‍1957)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" title="History of European integration (1948–1957)">History of European integration (1948–1957)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Schuman_Declaration.ogg/200px--Schuman_Declaration.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Schuman_Declaration.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/0/00/Schuman_Declaration.ogg/Schuman_Declaration.ogg.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/00/Schuman_Declaration.ogg" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="384" data-height="288"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/0/00/Schuman_Declaration.ogg/Schuman_Declaration.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/0/00/Schuman_Declaration.ogg/Schuman_Declaration.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASchuman_Declaration.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASchuman_Declaration.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASchuman_Declaration.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASchuman_Declaration.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">An excerpt of the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> on the 9 May 1950 (<a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg/200px-1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg/200px-1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg/300px-1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg/400px-1951_CECA_ECSC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1951), establishing the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">ECSC</a></div></div></div></div></div> Immediately following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">February 1948 coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Six-Power_Conference" title="London Six-Power Conference">London Six-Power Conference</a> was held, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> boycott of the Allied Control Council and its incapacitation, an event marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. In March 1948 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a> was signed, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a> (WU), followed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_European_Economic_Co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for European Economic Co-operation">Organisation for European Economic Co-operation</a> (OEEC), the predecessor of the OECD, was also founded in 1948 to manage the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, which led to the Soviets creating <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> in response. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Congress (1948)">Hague Congress</a> of May 1948 was a pivotal moment in European integration, as it led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Europe" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> and most importantly to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> on 5 May 1949 (which is now <a href="/wiki/Europe_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe day">Europe Day</a>). The Council of Europe was one of the first institutions to bring the sovereign states of (then only Western) Europe together, raising great hopes and fevered debates in the following two years for further European integration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It has since been a broad forum to further cooperation and shared issues, achieving for example the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> in 1950. Essential for the actual birth of the institutions of the EU was the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> on 9 May 1950 (the day after the fifth <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a>) and the decision by six nations (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, West Germany and Italy) to follow <a href="/wiki/Schuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuman">Schuman</a> and draft the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a>. This treaty was created in 1952 the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> (ECSC), which was built on the <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a>, installed by the Western Allies in 1949 to regulate the coal and steel industries of the Ruhr area in West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Backed by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> with large funds coming from the United States since 1948, the ECSC became a milestone organisation, enabling European economic development and integration and being the origin of the main institutions of the EU such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a> understood that coal and steel were the two industries essential for waging war, and believed that by tying their national industries together, a future war between their nations became much less likely.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_History_45-59-42">[39]</a> In parallel with Schuman, the <a href="/wiki/Pleven_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleven Plan">Pleven Plan</a> of 1951 tried but failed to tie the institutions of the developing European community under the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community_(1952)" title="European Political Community (1952)">European Political Community</a>, which was to include the also proposed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">European Defence Community</a>, an alternative to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> which was established in 1949 under the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>. In 1954 the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Brussels_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Brussels Treaty">Modified Brussels Treaty</a> transformed the Western Union into the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> (WEU). <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> eventually joined both the WEU and NATO in 1955, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1955 as an institutional framework for its military domination in the countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. Assessing the progress of European integration the <a href="/wiki/Messina_Conference" title="Messina Conference">Messina Conference</a> was held in 1955, ordering the <a href="/wiki/Spaak_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaak report">Spaak report</a>, which in 1956 recommended the next significant steps of European integration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Rome_(1958‍–‍1972)">Treaty of Rome (1958‍–‍1972)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">History of the European Communities (1958–1972)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001,_Rom,_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-45653-0001%2C_Rom%2C_Vertr%C3%A4ge_%C3%BCber_Zollpakt_und_Eurotom_unterzeichnet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Signing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> (1957), establishing the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></figcaption></figure> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) and established a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a>. They also signed another pact creating the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (Euratom) for cooperation in developing nuclear power. Both treaties came into force in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_History_45-59-42">[39]</a> Although the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Commission" title="Hallstein Commission">Hallstein Commission</a>) and Euratom was headed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand" title="Louis Armand">Louis Armand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armand_Commission" title="Armand Commission">Armand Commission</a>) and then <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Hirsch" title="Étienne Hirsch">Étienne Hirsch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hirsch_Commission" title="Hirsch Commission">Hirsch Commission</a>).<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The OEEC was in turn reformed in 1961 into the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) and its membership was extended to states outside of Europe, the United States and Canada. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached, and on 1 July 1967 the <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_Merge-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rey_(politician)" title="Jean Rey (politician)">Jean Rey</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">presided over</a> the first merged commission (<a href="/wiki/Rey_Commission" title="Rey Commission">Rey Commission</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_enlargement_and_European_co-operation_(1973‍–‍1993)">First enlargement and European co-operation (1973‍–‍1993)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">History of the European Communities (1973–1993)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Members_of_the_American_Delegation_Taking_a_Break_at_the_Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe_in_Helsinki,_Finland_-_NARA_-_7462031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Members_of_the_American_Delegation_Taking_a_Break_at_the_Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_NARA_-_7462031.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4682" data-file-height="3250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Members_of_the_American_Delegation_Taking_a_Break_at_the_Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_NARA_-_7462031.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Members_of_the_American_Delegation_Taking_a_Break_at_the_Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_NARA_-_7462031.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Members_of_the_American_Delegation_Taking_a_Break_at_the_Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_NARA_-_7462031.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and the American delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">CSCE</a> (1975)</figcaption></figure> In 1973, the communities were enlarged to include <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (including Greenland), Ireland, and the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_First_enlargement-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a <a href="/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum">referendum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a> and the ensuing détente led to establishment of a first truly pan-European body, the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (CSCE), predecessor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE). In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">first direct elections</a> to the European Parliament were held.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_New_Parliament-49">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> joined in 1981. In 1985, Greenland <a href="/wiki/1982_Greenlandic_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum">left the Communities</a>, following a dispute over fishing rights. During the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> was signed. Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Accession_Treaty_of_Spain_to_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community">Spain</a> joined in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_Enlargement_negotiations-51">[48]</a> In 1990, after <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">the fall of the Eastern Bloc</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> became part of the communities as part of a <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_History_80-89-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_of_Maastricht,_Amsterdam_and_Nice_(1993‍–‍2004)">Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam and Nice (1993‍–‍2004)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">History of the European Union (1993–2004)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_(Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte;_Vertrag_von_Maastricht)_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="1817"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992), establishing the EU</figcaption></figure> The European Union was formally established when the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>—whose main architects were <a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>—came into force on 1 November 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraigDe_Burca201115-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The treaty also gave the name <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> to the EEC, even if it was referred to as such before the treaty. With further enlargement planned to include the former <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Copenhagen criteria</a> for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden <a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">joined</a> the EU. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> has increased to encompass 20 countries. The euro currency became the second-largest reserve currency in the world. In 2004, the EU saw <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">its biggest enlargement to date</a> when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> joined the union.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_History_00-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Lisbon_and_Brexit_(2004‍–‍present)">Treaty of Lisbon and Brexit (2004‍–‍present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(2004%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the European Union (2004–present)">History of the European Union (2004–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Signing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. Later that year, Slovenia adopted the euro,<a href="#cite_note-Europa_History_00-56">[53]</a> followed by Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. On 1 December 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a> entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">EU three pillars</a> system into a single legal entity provisioned with a <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a>, created a permanent <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">president of the European Council</a>, the first of which was <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a>, and strengthened the position of the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiris2010448-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> In 2012, the EU received the <a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> became the 28th EU member.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> From the beginning of the 2010s, the cohesion of the European Union has been tested by several issues, including <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">a surge in asylum seekers in 2015</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCUKREFRESLT-62">[59]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union</a> was held in 2016, with 51.9 per cent of participants voting to leave.<a href="#cite_note-NYTEUBrexit-63">[60]</a> The UK formally notified the European Council of its decision to leave on 29 March 2017, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU</a>; following extensions to the process, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> left the European Union on 31 January 2020, though most areas of EU law continued to apply to the UK for a transition period which lasted until 31 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The early 2020s saw Denmark <a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_European_Union_opt-out_referendum" title="2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum">abolishing one of its three opt-outs</a> and Croatia <a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro">adopting the Euro</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">economic crisis</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the EU leaders agreed for the first time to create common debt to finance the European Recovery Program called <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_EU" title="Next Generation EU">Next Generation EU</a> (NGEU).<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> On 24 February 2022, after massing on the borders of Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> undertook an attempt for a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> The European Union imposed <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#EU_sanctions" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">heavy sanctions on Russia</a> and agreed on a pooled military aid package to Ukraine for lethal weapons funded via the <a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a> off-budget instrument.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event,_in_Athens,_Greece,_on_June_16,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/250px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/250px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/375px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg/500px-The_ancient_Roman_Agora_is_illuminated_during_the_Next_Gen_EU_event%2C_in_Athens%2C_Greece%2C_on_June_16%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a> in Athens illuminated with a Next Generation EU sign</figcaption></figure>Next Generation EU (NGEU) is a <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_recovery" title="Economic recovery">economic recovery</a> package to support the EU member states to recover from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, in particular those that have been particularly hard hit. It is sometimes styled NextGenerationEU and Next Gen EU, and also called the European Union Recovery Instrument.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Agreed in principle by the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> on 21 July 2020 and adopted on 14 December 2020, the instrument is worth <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>750 billion. NGEU will operate from 2021 to 2026,<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> and will be tied to the regular <a href="/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework#2021%E2%80%932027_Financial_Framework_and_recovery_package" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">2021–2027 budget of the EU's Multiannual Financial Framework</a> (MFF). The comprehensive NGEU and MFF packages are projected to reach €1824.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Preparing the Union for a new great enlargement is a political priority for the Union, with the goal of achieving over 35 member states by 2030. Institutional and budgetary reforms are being discussed in order to the Union to be ready for the new members.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> In May 2024, concerns rise, that the outcome of the elections in June, can undermine some of the crucial policies of the EU in the domain of environment, diplomacy, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">The war in Ukraine</a> by creating inflation, lowering life level created a possibility of strong changes in the 2024 elections.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3></div> Since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration project</a> or the construction of Europe (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union</a> (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a>. <table cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" rowspan="8" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%;">Legend: S: signing F: entry into force T: termination E: expiry <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> supersession Rel. w/ EC/EU framework: de facto inside <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #F5F5F5 0, #F5F5F5 3px, gainsboro 3px, gainsboro 6px); text-align:center; margin-right:4px"> outside </td> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:left;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#003399; border-left:3px solid #003399; font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union</a> (EU) </td> <td rowspan="11" style="color:white; background:#003399; background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(95deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(85deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%); font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">Cont.</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#464646; border-left:3px solid #464646; border-right:3px solid #464646; font-variant:small-caps"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC) </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#464646; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-right:3px solid #464646"><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">(Pillar I)</a> </td> <td style="background:#003399"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#42B995;"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#42B995; border-left:3px solid #464646"><a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (EAEC or Euratom) </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#42B995; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-right:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td style="background:#42B995; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-top:3px dotted #003399; border-bottom:3px dotted #003399; background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(70deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, #003399 71%, #003399 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(110deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, #003399 71%, #003399 100%); padding:0; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/Euratom#History" title="Euratom">Cont.</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#93DAE7;"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#93DAE7; border-left:3px solid #464646;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_6_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_9_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_10_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_12_Star_Version.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> (ECSC) </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; background:#93DAE7; padding-right:3px; border-left:3px solid #003399"> </td> <td style="background:#44B72E; border-right:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle is-normal" style="background:#003399"><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences">(Distr. of competences)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#5FCF4D"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#5FCF4D; border-left:3px solid #464646;"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) </td> <td style="background:#44B72E; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-bottom:3px solid #464646; border-bottom:3px solid #003399;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#44B72E; border-right:3px solid #464646;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="4"> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; border-top:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td style="border-top:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; border-top:3px solid #464646"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #ff8c8c 0, #ff8c8c 3px, #FF6666 3px, #FF6666 6px); border-top:3px solid #464646; border-right:3px solid #003399"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Rules</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#44B72E; border-right:3px solid #464646; border-left:3px solid #464646"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community (EC)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background:#FFFF97; border:3px dotted #464646"><a href="/wiki/TREVI" class="mw-redirect" title="TREVI">'TREVI'</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E600; border-top:3px solid #003399; border-left:3px solid #003399"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Justice and Home Affairs</a> (JHA, <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">pillar II)</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#44B72E; border-left:3px solid #464646; border-bottom:3px solid #464646; border-right:3px solid #464646;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #174196 0, #174196 3px, #002776 3px, #002776 6px)"> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #174196 0, #174196 3px, #002776 3px, #002776 6px)"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/41px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9726" data-file-height="4860"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 41px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/41px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png" data-width="41" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/61px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg/81px-Flag_of_Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_NATO" title="Flag of NATO"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/27px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/27px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" data-width="27" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/53px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a> (NATO) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(100deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(80deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #174196 0, #174196 3px, #002776 3px, #002776 6px); padding:0; color:white; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/History_of_NATO" title="History of NATO">Cont.</a>] </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D4BE00;"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_Judicial_Co-operation_in_Criminal_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters">Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters</a> (PJCC, <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">pillar II</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #abc9e0, #abc9e0 3px, #cddeeb 3px, #cddeeb 6px)"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#20th_century" title="France–United Kingdom relations">Anglo-French alliance</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #85b1d6 0, #85b1d6 3px, #a4c2db 3px, #a4c2db 6px); text-align:right; border-left:5px solid orange; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Defence_Organisation" title="Western Union Defence Organisation">Defence arm</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)#Cannibalisation_and_marginalisation" title="Western Union (alliance)">handed</a> to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>] </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#CA7FC8; border:3px dotted #464646"><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Co-operation" title="European Political Co-operation">European Political Co-operation</a> (EPC) </td> <td style="background:#AD76C9; border-left:3px solid #003399; border-bottom:3px solid #003399"> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#AD76C9; border-bottom:3px solid #003399"><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> (CFSP, <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">pillar III</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="3" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #85b1d6 0, #85b1d6 3px, #a4c2db 3px, #a4c2db 6px); border-left:5px solid orange"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union" title="Flag of the Western Union"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png" data-width="32" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/47px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/63px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a> (WU) </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px)"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union" title="Flag of the Western European Union"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union_%281993-1995%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union" title="Flag of the Western European Union"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> (WEU) </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px); text-align:right; font-size:90%; border-right:3px solid #003399">[<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union#1984%E2%80%931998:_Revival" title="Western European Union">Tasks</a> defined following the WEU's 1984 <a href="/wiki/Rome_Declaration" title="Rome Declaration">reactivation</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union#1998%E2%80%932009:_Transfer_of_tasks_to_the_EU" title="Western European Union">handed</a> to the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">EU</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px)"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px)"> </td> <td style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px); border-right:5px solid orange"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #8bafcc 0, #8bafcc 3px, #7AA7CB 3px, #7AA7CB 6px); text-align:right; font-size:90%;">[Social, cultural tasks <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy#1954_%E2%80%93_1970:_A_dormant_WEU_is_established" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">handed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">CoE</a>] </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(100deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(80deg, transparent 0, transparent 70%, white 71%, white 100%), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #275ac2 0, #275ac2 3px, #003399 3px, #003399 6px); padding:0; color:white; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe#History" title="Council of Europe">Cont.</a>] </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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evolution of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Structural evolution of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_evolution_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural evolution of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, #275ac2 0, #275ac2 3px, #003399 3px, #003399 6px)"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (CoE) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:2em; width:2em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> S: 8 April 1904</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dunkirk" title="Treaty of Dunkirk">Dunkirk Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-78">[i]</a> S: 4 March 1947 F: 8 September 1947 E: 8 September 1997</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Brussels Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-78">[i]</a> S: 17 March 1948 F: 25 August 1948 T: 30 June 2011</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Statute of the Council of Europe">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">Washington</a> treaties<a href="#cite_note-ref-1-78">[i]</a> S: 5 May/4 April 1949 F: 3 August/24 August 1949</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Paris treaties: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">ECSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">EDC</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-6-79">[ii]</a> S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952 F: 23 July 1952/— E: 23 July 2002/—</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:4em; width:4em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification" title="Treaty of Brussels">Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-78">[i]</a> S: 23 October 1954 F: 6 May 1955</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606">Rome treaties: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">EEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">EAEC</a> S: 25 March 1957 F: 1 January 1958</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy#1954_%E2%80%93_1970:_A_dormant_WEU_is_established" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">WEU-CoE agreement</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-1-78">[i]</a> S: 21 October 1959 F: 1 January 1960</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Brussels (Merger) Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-3-80">[iii]</a> S: 8 April 1965 F: 1 July 1967</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:2em; width:2em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Davignon_report" title="Davignon report">Davignon report</a> S: 27 October 1970</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:2em; width:2em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/TREVI" class="mw-redirect" title="TREVI">European Council conclusions</a> S: 2 December 1975</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (SEA) S: 17/28 February 1986 F: 1 July 1987</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Treaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#The_Schengen_Agreement_and_the_Schengen_Convention" title="Schengen Area">Convention</a> S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990 F: 26 March 1995</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-2-81">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-4-82">[v]</a> S: 7 February 1992 F: 1 November 1993</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam Treaty</a> S: 2 October 1997 F: 1 May 1999</div> </td> <td class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice Treaty</a> S: 26 February 2001 F: 1 February 2003</div> </td> <td colspan="3" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-normal" style="max-width:3em; width:3em; border-left:1px solid #C7C7C7; width:7%"><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-ref-5-83">[vi]</a> S: 13 December 2007 F: 1 December 2009</div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-collapsetext="hide notes" data-expandtext="show notes"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref-1-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-1_78-4">e</a> Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="History of the Common Security and Defence Policy">development</a> of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was de facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Modified Brussels Treaty</a> (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union#2009%E2%80%932011:_Dissolution" title="Western European Union">terminated</a> in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_V:_General_Provisions_on_the_Union%27s_External_Action_Service_and_Specific_Provisions_on_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy#Article_42" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy">mutual defence clause</a> that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus de facto superseded the WEU. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-6-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ref-6_79-0">^</a> Plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Political_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty establishing the European Political Community">European Political Community</a> (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">Treaty establishing the European Defence Community</a> (EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-3-80"><a href="#cite_ref-ref-3_80-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> obtained common institutions and a shared <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right). </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-2-81"><a href="#cite_ref-ref-2_81-0">^</a> The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">legal basis</a>, and are also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaty on European Union">Treaty on European Union</a> (TEU) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a> (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-4-82"><a href="#cite_ref-ref-4_82-0">^</a> Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">three pillars</a>, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-5-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ref-5_83-0">^</a> The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities' <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal personality</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_the_European_Union" title="Three pillars of the European Union">pillar system was abolished</a>, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a <a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences">distribution of competencies</a> between <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and <a href="/wiki/Double_majority#European_Union" title="Double majority">qualified majority voting</a> is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> and partly <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">intergovernmental</a> nature. </li> </ol></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics </h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></div> The European Union operates through a hybrid system of <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">intergovernmental</a> decision-making,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-84">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-85">[76]</a> and according to the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_conferral" title="Principle of conferral">principle of conferral</a> (which says that it should act only within the limits of the competences conferred on it by the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">treaties</a>) and of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">subsidiarity</a> (which says that it should act only where an objective cannot be sufficiently achieved by the member states acting alone). <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Laws made by the EU institutions</a> are passed in a variety of forms.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> Generally speaking, they can be classified into two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures (regulations) and those which specifically require national implementation measures (directives).<a href="#cite_note-87">[d]</a> EU policy is in general promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a>, which are then implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">domestic legislation</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">EU regulations</a>, which are immediately enforceable in all member states. <a href="/wiki/Lobbying#European_Union" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a> at the EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision-making process.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget of the European Union</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:lightblue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 932.64236482217px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 179.22262277715px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:47.070393216533px 88.229122643495px 0 0; border-top-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:10.661115427526px 99.4300790397px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 114.87477060344px 100px 0; border-right-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div style="text-align:center;">EU funding programmes 2014–2020 (€1,087 billion)<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Sustainable Growth/Natural Resources (38.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Competitiveness for Growth and Jobs (13.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Global Europe (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Economic, Territorial and Social Cohesion (34.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Administration (6.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Security and Citizenship (1.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> The European Union had an agreed budget of €170.6 billion in 2022. The EU had a long-term budget of €1,082.5 billion for the period 2014–2020, representing 1.02% of the EU-28's GNI. In 1960, the budget of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> was 0.03 per cent of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> Of this, €54bn subsidised <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">agriculture enterprise</a>, €42bn was spent on <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_European_Union" title="Transport in the European Union">transport</a>, building and the environment, €16bn on <a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">education and research</a>, €13bn on welfare, €20bn on foreign and defence policy, €2bn in <a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">finance</a>, €2bn in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">energy</a>, €1.5bn in communications, and €13bn in administration. In November 2020, two members of the union, Hungary and Poland, blocked approval to the EU's budget at a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives" title="Committee of Permanent Representatives">Committee of Permanent Representatives</a> (Coreper), citing a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_Conditionality_Regulation" title="Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation">proposal that linked funding with adherence to the rule of law</a>. The budget included a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> recovery fund of €750 billion. The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetoes after further negotiations in the council and the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Bodies combatting fraud have also been established, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Anti-fraud_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="European Anti-fraud Office">European Anti-fraud Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a>. The latter is a decentralized independent body of the European Union (EU), established under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">enhanced cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> The European Public Prosecutor's Office investigate and prosecute fraud against the <a href="/wiki/EU_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="EU budget">budget of the European Union</a> and other crimes against the EU's financial interests including fraud concerning EU funds of over €10,000 and cross-border <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">VAT</a> fraud cases involving damages above €10 million. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions of the European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)#EU_competences" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">Subsidiarity (European Union) § EU competences</a></div> Member states retain in principle all powers except those that they have agreed collectively to delegate to the Union as a whole, though the exact delimitation has on occasions become a subject of scholarly or legal disputes.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> In certain fields, members have awarded <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)#EU_competences" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">exclusive competence and exclusive mandate</a> to the Union. These are areas in which member states have entirely renounced their own capacity to enact legislation. In other areas, the EU and its member states share the competence to legislate. While both can legislate, the member states can only legislate to the extent to which the EU has not. In other policy areas, the EU can only co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising national laws.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislature of the European Union">legislative procedure</a> is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Different legislative procedures are used within the same category of competence, and even with the same policy area. The distribution of competences in various policy areas between member states and the union is divided into the following three categories: <table style="width:100%;background:none;"> <caption>Competences of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union</a> in relation to those of its <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist" style="float:right;font-size:100%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:EU competences">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_competences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EU competences">edit</a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:25%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;border:1px solid #9db0f6;background:#becdf1; padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Exclusive competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:50%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50%;border:1px solid #bac6f4;background:#d7dff4;padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Shared competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;border:1px solid #e6ecfd;background:#f3f5fd;padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Supporting competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#9db0f6;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;">The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act as to … </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#9db0f6;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the establishing of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">competition rules</a> necessary for the functioning of the internal market</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the conservation of marine biological resources under the <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">common fisheries policy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/EU_Common_Commercial_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Common Commercial Policy">Common Commercial Policy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">conclusion of certain <a href="/wiki/International_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International agreement">international agreements</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;">Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so, that is … </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">internal market</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">social policy, for the aspects defined in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">this Treaty</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">economic, social and territorial cohesion</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">fisheries</a>, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment in the European Union">environment</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">consumer protection</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_European_Union" title="Transport in the European Union">transport</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Networks" title="Trans-European Networks">trans-European networks</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">energy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">area of freedom, security and justice</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;">Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in … </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;border-bottom:4px solid white;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">research, technological development and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Policy">(outer) space</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">development cooperation, humanitarian aid</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;">The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to their common policies not covered elsewhere in … </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the coordination of economic, employment and social policies</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">common <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">foreign, security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">defence</a> policies</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e6ecfd;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;">The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in … </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#e6ecfd;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the protection and improvement of human health</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">industry</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">culture</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">tourism</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">education</a>, youth, <a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">sport</a> and vocational training</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">civil protection (disaster prevention)</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">administrative cooperation</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a>. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union). The <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches_of_power">Branches of power</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Michel_(49467991288).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Charles Michel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg/160px-Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg/160px-Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Charles Michel" data-width="160" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg/240px-Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg/320px-Charles_Michel_%2849467991288%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula_von_der_Leyen_(49468709252).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Ursula von der Leyen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/160px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/160px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Ursula von der Leyen" data-width="160" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/240px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg/320px-Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2849468709252%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Union's executive branch is organised as a <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial system</a>, where the executive power is jointly exercised by several people. The executive branch consists of the European Council and European Commission. The European Council sets the broad political direction of the Union. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">president of the European Council</a> (presently <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a>), the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">president of the European Commission</a> and one representative per <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state</a> (either its <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>). The <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy</a> (presently <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>) also takes part in its meetings. Described by some as the union's "supreme political leadership",<a href="#cite_note-How_work-98">[88]</a> it is actively involved in the negotiation of <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">treaty changes</a> and defines the EU's policy agenda and strategies. Its leadership role involves solving disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolving any political crises or disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts as a "<a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">collective head of state</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratifies</a> important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-99">[89]</a> Tasks for the president of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU,<a href="#cite_note-Council_Press_Release-100">[90]</a> driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them. The European Council should not be mistaken for the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, an international organisation independent of the EU and based in Strasbourg. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> acts both as the EU's <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive arm</a>, responsible for the day-to-day running of the EU, and also the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_initiative_(legislative)" title="Right of initiative (legislative)">legislative initiator</a>, with the sole power to propose laws for debate.<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_European_Parliament-102">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> The commission is 'guardian of the Treaties' and is responsible for their efficient operation and policing.<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> It has 27 <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">European commissioners</a> for different areas of policy, one from each member state, though commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. The leader of the 27 is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">president of the European Commission</a> (presently <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> for 2019–2024, reelected for the 2024-2029 term), <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission#Appointment" title="President of the European Commission">proposed by the European Council</a>, following and taking into account the result of the European elections, and is then elected by the European Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> The President retains, as the leader responsible for the entire cabinet, the final say in accepting or rejecting a candidate submitted for a given portfolio by a member state, and oversees the commission's permanent civil service. After the President, the most prominent commissioner is the high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy, who is ex-officio a <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">vice-president of the European Commission</a> and is also chosen by the European Council.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> The other 25 commissioners are subsequently appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> in agreement with the nominated president. The 27 commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or otherwise) by a vote of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. All commissioners are first nominated by the government of the respective member state.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberta_Metsola_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Roberta Metsola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Roberta Metsola" data-width="160" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Roberta_Metsola_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Roberta Metsola</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a></div></div></div></div></div> The council, as it is now simply called<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> (also called the Council of the European Union<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> and the "Council of Ministers", its former title),<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> forms one half of the EU's legislature. It consists of a representative from each member state's government and meets in <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union#Configurations" title="Council of the European Union">different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed</a>. Notwithstanding its different configurations, it is considered to be one single body. In addition to the legislative functions, members of the council also have <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> responsibilities, such as the development of a <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> and the coordination of broad economic policies within the Union.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions_Council-111">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the council</a> rotates between member states, with each holding it for six months. Beginning on 1 July 2024, the position is held by Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> The European Parliament is one of three <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislature of the European Union">legislative institutions</a> of the EU, which together with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> is tasked with amending and approving the European Commission's proposals. 705 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">members of the European Parliament</a> (MEPs) are directly <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the European Union">elected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">EU citizens</a> every five years on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. MEPs are elected on a national basis and they sit according to <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">political groups</a> rather than their nationality. Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">sub-national constituencies</a> where this does not affect the proportional nature of the voting system.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_legislative_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary legislative procedure">ordinary legislative procedure</a>, the European Commission proposes legislation, which requires the joint approval of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union to pass. This process applies to nearly all areas, including the <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">EU budget</a>. The parliament is the final body to approve or reject the proposed membership of the commission, and can attempt motions of censure on the commission by appeal to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">president of the European Parliament</a> carries out the role of speaker in Parliament and represents it externally. The president and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_European_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the European Parliament">vice-presidents</a> are elected by MEPs every two and a half years.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Institutions_Parliament-114">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Koen_Lenaerts_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Koen Lenaerts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="902"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Koen Lenaerts" data-width="160" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Koen_Lenaerts_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Koen_Lenaerts" title="Koen Lenaerts">Koen Lenaerts</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice#President" title="European Court of Justice">President of the Court of Justice</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branch</a> of the European Union is formally called the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> (CJEU) and consists of two courts: the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a> of the European Union in matters of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a>. As a part of the CJEU, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a> under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Court was established in 1952, and is based in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>. It is composed of one judge per <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state</a> – currently 27 – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president <a href="/wiki/Koen_Lenaerts" title="Koen Lenaerts">Koen Lenaerts</a> since 2015. The CJEU is the highest court of the European Union in matters of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Union law</a>. Its case-law provides that EU law has supremacy over any national law that is inconsistent with EU law.<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the CJEU, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the CJEU. However, it is ultimately for the national court to apply the resulting interpretation to the facts of any given case. Although, only courts of final appeal are bound to refer a question of EU law when one is addressed. The treaties give the CJEU the power for consistent application of EU law across the EU as a whole. The court also acts as an administrative and constitutional court between the other EU institutions and the Member States and can annul or invalidate unlawful acts of EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. The <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a> is a constituent court of the European Union. It hears actions taken against the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a> by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for the Court of Justice. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law. Prior to the coming into force of the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> on 1 December 2009, it was known as the Court of First Instance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_branches">Additional branches</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/European Union">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_Lagarde_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Christine Lagarde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1174"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Christine Lagarde" data-width="160" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Christine_Lagarde_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President of the European Central Bank</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB) is one of the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">monetary branch</a> of the European Union, the prime component of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> and the European System of Central Banks. It is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(banking)#International_use" title="Big Four (banking)">most important central banks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Governing_Council_of_the_European_Central_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Governing Council of the European Central Bank">ECB Governing Council</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> and the European Union, administers the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU. The <a href="/wiki/Executive_Board_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="Executive Board of the European Central Bank">ECB Executive Board</a> enforces the policies and decisions of the Governing Council, and may direct the national central banks when doing so. The ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a>. Member states can issue <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a>, but the volume must be approved by the ECB beforehand. The bank also operates the <a href="/wiki/TARGET2" title="TARGET2">TARGET2</a> payments system. The <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a> (ESCB) consists of the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of all 27 member states of the European Union. The ESCB is not the monetary authority of the eurozone, because not all EU member states have joined the euro. The ESCB's objective is price stability throughout the European Union. Secondarily, the ESCB's goal is to improve monetary and financial cooperation between the Eurosystem and member states outside the eurozone. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/220px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/220px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/330px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/440px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Member states participating in the <a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Member states not participating</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> (ECA) is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">auditory branch</a> of the European Union. It was established in 1975 in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> in order to improve EU financial management. It has 27 members (1 from each EU member-state) supported by approximately 800 civil servants. The <a href="/wiki/European_Personnel_Selection_Office" title="European Personnel Selection Office">European Personnel Selection Office</a> (EPSO) is the EU's <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">civil service recruitment body</a> and operates its selection of candidates via generalist and specialist competitions. Each institution is then able to recruit staff from among the pool of candidates selected by EPSO. On average, EPSO receives around 60,000–70,000 applications a year with around 1,500–2,000 candidates recruited by the European Union institutions. The <a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman branch</a> of the European Union that holds the institutions, bodies and agencies of the EU to account, and promotes good administration. The Ombudsman helps people, businesses and organisations facing problems with the EU administration by investigating complaints, as well as by proactively looking into broader systemic issues. The current Ombudsman is <a href="/wiki/Emily_O%27Reilly" title="Emily O'Reilly">Emily O'Reilly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a> (EPPO) is the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general" title="Attorney general">prosecutory branch</a> of the union with juridical personality, established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 23 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation. It is based in Kirchberg, Luxembourg City alongside the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Auditors. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">European Union legislative procedure</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg/440px-Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="311"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg/440px-Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg/660px-Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg/880px-Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Organigram of the political system of the Union</figcaption></figure> Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> but has not formally defined itself as either. (It does not have a formal constitution: its status is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of European Union">Treaty of European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a>). It is more integrated than a traditional confederation of states because the general level of government widely employs <a href="/wiki/Qualified_majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified majority voting">qualified majority voting</a> in some decision-making among the member states, rather than relying exclusively on unanimity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> It is less integrated than a federal state because it is not a state in its own right: sovereignty continues to flow 'from the bottom up', from the several peoples of the separate member states, rather than from a single undifferentiated whole. This is reflected in the fact that the member states remain the 'masters of the Treaties', retaining control over the allocation of competences to the union through constitutional change (thus retaining so-called Kompetenz-kompetenz); in that they retain control of the use of armed force; they retain control of taxation; and in that they retain a right of unilateral withdrawal under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. In addition, the principle of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a> requires that only those matters that need to be determined collectively are so determined. Under the principle of <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_(European_Union_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacy (European Union law)">supremacy</a>, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions.<a href="#cite_note-Supremacy-121">[e]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Direct_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct effect">direct effect</a> and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lecourt" title="Robert Lecourt">Robert Lecourt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[111]</a> The question whether the secondary law enacted by the EU has a comparable status in relation to national legislation, has been a matter of debate among legal scholars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_law">Primary law</h4></div> The European Union is based on a series of <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">treaties</a>. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties.<a href="#cite_note-123">[112]</a> These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation<a href="#cite_note-art249-124">[f]</a> which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Direct_Effect-125">[g]</a> The EU has <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a>, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties.<a href="#cite_note-126">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_law">Secondary law</h4></div> The main legal acts of the European Union come in three forms: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">regulations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decision_(European_Union)" title="Decision (European Union)">decisions</a>. Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,<a href="#cite_note-127">[h]</a> and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions.<a href="#cite_note-art249-124">[f]</a> Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states.<a href="#cite_note-128">[i]</a> When the time limit for implementing directives passes, they may, under certain conditions, have <a href="/wiki/Direct_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct effect">direct effect</a> in national law against member states. Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. They are most often used in <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition law</a>, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-129">[114]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Josep_Borrell_(49468484246)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Josep Borrell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="2001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Josep Borrell" data-width="160" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Josep_Borrell_%2849468484246%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a></div></div></div></div></div> Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the <a href="/wiki/EU%27s_common_commercial_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="EU's common commercial policy">EU's common commercial policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[115]</a> Steps for more wide-ranging co-ordination in foreign relations began in 1970 with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Political Cooperation">European Political Cooperation</a> which created an informal consultation process between member states with the aim of forming common foreign policies. In 1987 the European Political Cooperation was introduced on a formal basis by the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>. EPC was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> (CFSP) by the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPC-131">[116]</a> The stated aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-art11_Union-132">[117]</a> The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">war in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Iraq_statement-133">[118]</a> The coordinator and representative of the CFSP within the EU is the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy</a> who speaks on behalf of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters, and has the task of articulating the positions expressed by the member states on these fields of policy into a common alignment. The high representative heads up the <a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a> (EEAS), a unique EU department<a href="#cite_note-23Oct-134">[119]</a> that has been officially implemented and operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of the first anniversary of the entry into force of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a> The EEAS serves as a foreign ministry and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">diplomatic corps</a> for the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_EEAS-136">[121]</a> Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international influence of the EU is also felt through <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a>. The perceived benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of European formerly Communist countries.<a href="#cite_note-137">[122]</a>: 762 This influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>", as opposed to military "hard power".<a href="#cite_note-Soft_Power-138">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanitarian_aid">Humanitarian aid</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_European_Civil_Protection_and_Humanitarian_Aid_Operations" title="Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations">Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/ECHO_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHO (European Commission)">European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department</a>, or "ECHO", provides <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> from the EU to <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. In 2012, its budget amounted to €874 million, 51 per cent of the budget went to Africa and 20 per cent to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20 per cent to the Middle East and Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> Humanitarian aid is financed directly by the budget (70 per cent) as part of the financial instruments for external action and also by the <a href="/wiki/European_Development_Fund" title="European Development Fund">European Development Fund</a> (30 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-ODI-140">[125]</a> The EU's external action financing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-140">[125]</a> The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the <a href="/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Instrument" title="Development Cooperation Instrument">Development Cooperation Instrument</a> (DCI, €16.9 billion, 2007–2013), which must spend 95 per cent of its budget on <a href="/wiki/Official_development_assistance" title="Official development assistance">official development assistance</a> (ODA), and from the <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_and_Partnership_Instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument">European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument</a> (ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-140">[125]</a> The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7 per cent target and allow the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> greater oversight.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-140">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[126]</a> In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4 per cent and five had met or exceeded the 0.7 per cent target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_cooperation_and_development_partnerships">International cooperation and development partnerships</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_International_Partnerships" title="Directorate-General for International Partnerships">Directorate-General for International Partnerships</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACP%E2%80%93EU_development_cooperation" title="ACP–EU development cooperation">ACP–EU development cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Solidarity_Corps" title="European Solidarity Corps">European Solidarity Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">European Union Global Strategy</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Europe">Global Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg/220px-Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg/220px-Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg/330px-Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg/440px-Ilham_Aliyev_attended_EU_Eastern_Partnership_Summit_in_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> Summit 2017, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></figcaption></figure> The European Union uses foreign relations instruments like the <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the union. These countries, primarily developing countries, include some who seek to one day become either a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a>, or more closely integrated with the European Union. The EU offers financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive transformation. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan, as agreed by both Brussels and the target country. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Membreupm.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Membreupm.png/220px-Membreupm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Membreupm.png/220px-Membreupm.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Membreupm.png/330px-Membreupm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Membreupm.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a> meeting in Barcelona</figcaption></figure> There is also the worldwide <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">European Union Global Strategy</a>. International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is growing steadily. Its role was recognised in three major UN summits on sustainable development: the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">UN Conference on Environment and Development</a> (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>; and the 2012 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro. Other key global agreements are the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a> (United Nations, 2015). The SDGs recognise that all countries must stimulate action in the following key areas – people, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, prosperity, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a> – in order to tackle the global challenges that are crucial for the survival of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a>. EU development action is based on the European Consensus on Development, which was endorsed on 20 December 2005 by EU Member States, the council, the European Parliament and the commission.<a href="#cite_note-143">[128]</a> It is applied from the principles of <a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">Capability approach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rights-based_approach_to_development" title="Rights-based approach to development">Rights-based approach to development</a>. Funding is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_for_Pre-Accession_Assistance" title="Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance">Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Europe">Global Europe</a> programmes. Partnership and cooperation agreements are bilateral agreements with non-member nations.<a href="#cite_note-pca-144">[129]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence">Defence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="European Union Institute for Security Studies">European Union Institute for Security Studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">European Union Satellite Centre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_and_NATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EU_and_NATO.svg/220px-EU_and_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EU_and_NATO.svg/220px-EU_and_NATO.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EU_and_NATO.svg/330px-EU_and_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EU_and_NATO.svg/440px-EU_and_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map showing European membership of the EU and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> EU member only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> NATO member only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> EU and NATO member</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="327"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">Military Staff</a></figcaption></figure> The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2007100-145">[130]</a> 23 EU members are members of NATO while the remaining member states follow policies of <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, closed in 2011<a href="#cite_note-147">[132]</a> as its role had been transferred to the EU.<a href="#cite_note-148">[133]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in 1999, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> agreed that "the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to actions by NATO". To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Headline_Goal" title="Helsinki Headline Goal">Helsinki Headline Goal</a> process. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the <a href="/wiki/EU_Battlegroup" title="EU Battlegroup">EU Battlegroups</a> initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Council_Capabilities-149">[134]</a> The EU Strategic Compass adopted in 2022 reaffirmed the bloc's partnership with NATO, committed to increased military mobility and formation of a 5,000-strong EU Rapid Deployment Capacity<a href="#cite_note-150">[135]</a> Since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, France is the only member officially recognised as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear weapon state</a> and the sole holder of a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent seat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. France and Italy are also the only EU countries that have <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">power projection capabilities</a> outside of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-151">[136]</a> Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium participate in NATO <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[137]</a> Most EU member states opposed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/EUFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFOR">EU forces</a> have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Balkans">western Balkans</a> and western Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Council_Operations-154">[139]</a> EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">European Union Satellite Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Council_Structures-155">[140]</a> The European Union Military Staff is the highest military institution of the European Union, established within the framework of the European Council, and follows on from the decisions of the Helsinki European Council (10–11 December 1999), which called for the establishment of permanent political-military institutions. The European Union Military Staff is under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> and the Political and Security Committee. It directs all military activities in the EU context, including planning and conducting military missions and operations in the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> and the development of military capabilities, and provides the Political and Security Committee with military advice and recommendations on military issues. In an EU consisting of 27 members, substantial security and defence co-operation is increasingly relying on collaboration among all member states.<a href="#cite_note-156">[141]</a> The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (<a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">agency of the EU</a> aiming to detect and stop illegal immigration, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and terrorist infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-157">[142]</a> The EU also operates the <a href="/wiki/European_Travel_Information_and_Authorisation_System" title="European Travel Information and Authorisation System">European Travel Information and Authorisation System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Entry/Exit_System" title="Entry/Exit System">Entry/Exit System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visa_Information_System" title="Visa Information System">Visa Information System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_European_Asylum_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common European Asylum System">Common European Asylum System</a> which provide common databases for police and immigration authorities. The impetus for the development of this co-operation was the advent of open borders in the Schengen Area and the associated cross-border crime.<a href="#cite_note-Internal_borders-22">[19]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Member_states">Member states</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member state of the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg/440px-Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="407" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="409" usemap="#ImageMap_6fa8d13be4815559" resource="/wiki/File:Member_States_of_the_European_Union_(polar_stereographic_projection)_EN.svg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 407px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg/440px-Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="407" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg/660px-Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg/880px-Member_States_of_the_European_Union_%28polar_stereographic_projection%29_EN.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_6fa8d13be4815559"> <map name="ImageMap_6fa8d13be4815559"><area href="/wiki/Croatia" shape="poly" coords="229,283,228,286,232,290,236,283,240,286,241,292,247,301,249,304,251,305,262,311,262,310,257,306,258,304,248,294,244,289,245,284,250,287,256,285,262,286,269,286,272,288,273,284,275,283,271,280,270,276,267,278,261,278,257,274,253,271,251,270,246,273,245,277,243,278,243,282,238,283,236,280,235,282,231,281,229,283" alt="Croatia" title="Croatia"><area href="/wiki/Finland" shape="poly" coords="260,28,272,39,278,59,283,61,285,66,270,97,274,105,274,115,283,121,307,110,318,83,307,75,309,71,301,60,304,54,296,46,297,36,289,32,290,16,281,16,276,22,279,28,274,33,269,32,263,26" alt="Finland" title="Finland"><area href="/wiki/Sweden" shape="poly" coords="259,29,258,38,251,37,251,42,247,41,243,54,237,64,237,72,234,77,236,83,225,83,222,100,226,106,229,110,226,114,228,120,222,126,219,140,228,159,226,162,230,172,237,170,237,167,241,163,249,163,253,134,260,129,261,116,251,114,256,93,269,83,270,66,278,59,272,39" alt="Sweden" title="Sweden"><area href="/wiki/Estonia" shape="poly" coords="311,141,306,130,310,122,293,122,278,131,279,141,289,136,294,137,303,140" alt="Estonia" title="Estonia"><area href="/wiki/Latvia" shape="poly" coords="309,163,318,154,317,147,312,141,294,139,297,152,287,148,281,141,276,160,294,157" alt="Latvia" title="Latvia"><area href="/wiki/Lithuania" shape="poly" coords="287,179,294,183,300,183,308,177,306,169,311,167,307,161,293,156,278,160,278,173,288,173" alt="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><area href="/wiki/Poland" shape="poly" coords="299,197,293,181,289,179,269,182,264,183,263,178,249,181,247,185,237,189,237,196,233,198,238,202,240,222,248,224,250,228,254,225,260,229,264,231,267,234,269,236,272,234,275,239,280,236,282,236,288,235,295,241,296,238,296,233,300,222,304,221,303,216,300,213,295,200" alt="Poland" title="Poland"><area href="/wiki/Slovakia" shape="poly" coords="253,249,256,244,260,243,268,235,271,234,275,239,278,237,288,234,296,242,273,249,268,252,268,256,258,253" alt="Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><area href="/wiki/Hungary" shape="poly" coords="298,250,290,244,269,251,268,256,257,251,248,267,253,270,259,278,267,277,274,273,289,271,293,257" alt="Hungary" title="Hungary"><area href="/wiki/Romania" shape="poly" coords="353,290,352,279,359,273,353,268,347,271,344,269,341,258,330,247,328,242,326,241,322,246,313,249,311,247,300,249,293,254,291,264,287,270,281,273,287,280,292,283,292,287,295,289,301,286,300,290,307,293,307,296,316,296,320,296,327,294,337,286,345,287" alt="Romania" title="Romania"><area href="/wiki/Bulgaria" shape="poly" coords="308,325,311,320,308,317,304,315,304,309,307,304,301,297,303,293,308,294,309,297,326,296,338,286,352,290,348,296,350,300,346,303,353,308,346,313,345,310,338,315,337,316,337,319,327,322,321,319,315,323" alt="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><area href="/wiki/Greece" shape="poly" coords="307,381,304,374,305,372,292,366,293,357,288,349,288,342,293,337,294,331,300,330,303,326,309,324,316,324,320,320,327,323,338,319,338,315,340,318,338,326,326,327,318,329,323,333,337,338,334,340,346,342,348,346,345,356,342,351,346,350,347,346,341,345,343,342,332,339,333,336,326,333,316,339,312,335,310,340,318,348,330,357,337,363,356,357,338,375,329,378,333,374,335,376,340,371,338,368,343,370,351,360,335,364,326,361,325,365,318,365,324,370,318,372,318,380,332,391,353,391,370,370,370,376,366,381,366,375,362,382,363,388,359,385,353,394,338,398,337,393,327,395,327,391,330,390,318,378,313,382,310,376" alt="Greece" title="Greece"><area href="/wiki/Cyprus" shape="poly" coords="417,382,413,379,419,376,419,371,426,369,433,363,428,372,432,374,422,381" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><area href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" shape="poly" coords="235,247,223,237,220,230,224,226,235,220,239,219,248,224,253,225,259,230,265,229,266,235,260,242,248,244,243,242" alt="Czech Republic" title="Czech Republic"><area href="/wiki/Austria" shape="poly" coords="197,262,200,256,203,259,206,257,212,259,223,254,232,247,237,247,240,243,244,243,247,245,254,245,252,249,255,253,249,264,248,267,237,271,228,270,219,267,217,262,209,263,207,265" alt="Austria" title="Austria"><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="poly" coords="248,266,252,272,241,278,243,283,235,281,229,280,226,276,228,270,237,271" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><area href="/wiki/Italy" shape="poly" coords="178,297,179,292,173,291,175,286,172,282,177,281,177,277,175,274,180,273,184,272,188,268,188,272,194,272,196,268,198,271,203,268,206,266,209,264,217,262,219,268,229,270,225,280,218,282,221,288,218,289,219,296,230,303,235,318,246,321,252,323,249,325,273,339,272,347,268,339,259,339,256,346,261,353,260,356,256,358,256,362,250,369,247,367,243,375,243,376,243,384,236,384,236,381,229,379,221,373,218,374,218,368,225,366,237,368,244,365,249,363,252,356,247,344,245,345,240,340,240,339,236,338,233,334,229,330,223,329,183,355,180,353,182,341,181,331,184,331,189,327,192,328,195,337,193,338,192,350,223,329,210,316,208,316,202,308,203,307,201,297,189,291,183,296" alt="Italy" title="Italy"><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="223,392,250,403" alt="Malta" title="Malta"><area href="/wiki/Portugal" shape="poly" coords="14,331,21,332,24,335,27,337,29,331,36,327,33,323,40,318,39,310,43,311,49,297,57,294,54,291,55,288,43,283,42,280,39,279,36,290,36,291,19,312,24,313,20,316,23,317,19,322,19,325" alt="Portugal" title="Portugal"><area href="/wiki/Spain" shape="poly" coords="41,356,38,353,35,353,37,343,32,336,28,336,29,331,37,327,33,324,39,318,39,310,42,311,49,299,56,294,55,291,54,289,43,282,39,279,42,269,39,268,45,265,50,267,51,263,58,265,69,273,71,271,80,278,89,279,95,282,99,286,102,286,113,298,118,300,119,297,123,300,123,303,126,304,134,307,139,308,139,313,144,337,139,335,132,341,125,337,115,347,112,340,119,343,127,335,131,333,135,336,142,333,138,311,135,315,130,316,127,316,113,318,115,320,104,329,100,336,106,343,98,344,92,351,92,354,85,352,76,359,73,355,71,359,66,355,53,352,53,355,46,353" alt="Spain" title="Spain"><area href="/wiki/France" shape="poly" coords="100,285,110,296,117,299,118,297,125,301,127,301,127,304,138,306,139,300,143,297,151,295,154,299,156,297,164,303,168,304,188,326,194,317,194,305,191,311,187,310,186,325,169,304,177,297,179,293,172,291,175,287,173,283,178,280,175,275,178,271,174,265,169,266,174,261,179,257,177,254,181,255,185,243,189,239,177,233,172,231,168,226,168,224,164,224,161,219,156,215,154,211,150,211,146,217,141,221,136,220,136,223,132,222,124,219,120,217,123,224,120,229,112,226,110,222,106,223,101,222,97,222,97,231,108,240,110,250,114,257,106,283" alt="France" title="France"><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="poly" coords="201,177,208,177,210,180,217,181,215,184,217,186,230,180,234,183,230,186,237,188,237,196,234,200,237,202,239,221,235,219,233,223,222,227,220,229,223,237,231,246,223,254,216,257,210,258,206,256,202,260,198,255,188,254,182,255,184,243,189,240,180,234,177,223,180,213,179,206,184,200,189,194,191,186,196,186,198,188,201,185" alt="Germany" title="Germany"><area href="/wiki/Luxembourg" shape="poly" coords="176,224,173,228,171,234,179,236,179,228" alt="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><area href="/wiki/Belgium" shape="poly" coords="154,209,156,219,165,224,174,231,172,225,177,224,176,214,170,209,163,211,159,208" alt="Belgium" title="Belgium"><area href="/wiki/Netherlands" shape="poly" coords="190,187,177,188,161,208,166,208,170,206,169,209,178,214,179,206,187,203,183,199,187,197" alt="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><area href="/wiki/Denmark" shape="poly" coords="200,176,208,176,221,180,227,175,226,158,218,169,220,176,215,174,213,162,217,157,214,142,201,156" alt="Denmark" title="Denmark"><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="poly" coords="102,180,92,178,82,180,79,178,75,172,78,167,89,161,84,158,89,150,98,153,100,152,97,149,104,145,108,146,100,155,107,165,106,173,103,176" alt="Ireland" title="Ireland"></map><figcaption>Map showing the member states of the European Union (clickable)</figcaption></figure> Through successive <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargements</a>, the EU and its predecessors have grown from the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">six founding states</a> of the EEC to 27 members. Countries accede to the union by becoming a party to the founding <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">treaties</a>, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-158">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[144]</a> In some policies, there are several member states that ally with strategic partners within the union. Examples of such alliances include the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Benelux Union">Benelux Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EU_Med_Group" title="EU Med Group">EU Med Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Triangle" title="Weimar Triangle">Weimar Triangle</a>. To become a member, a country must meet the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Copenhagen criteria</a>, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>; a functioning <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Accession_Criteria-160">[145]</a> The four countries forming the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) are not EU members, but have partly committed to the EU's economy and regulations: Iceland, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and Norway, which are a part of the <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> through the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, which has similar ties through <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">bilateral treaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EEA-161">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-CH-162">[147]</a> The relationships of the <a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">European microstates</a> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-euro_use_world-163">[148]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>List of member states </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">State</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Detail" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Accession to EU</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Detail" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Accession to EU predecessor</a> </th> <th scope="col">Population<a href="#cite_note-164">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-population-165">[149]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Area </th> <th scope="col">Population density </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> </th> <th scope="col">People/MEP </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 January 1995 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">8,978,929 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">83,855 km2 (32,377 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">107/km2 (280/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">19 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">472575 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 July 1952 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">11,617,623 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">381/km2 (990/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">553220 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 January 2007 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,838,937 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">110,994 km2 (42,855 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">62/km2 (160/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">17 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">402290 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 July 2013 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,862,305 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">68/km2 (180/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">321859 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">904,705 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">98/km2 (250/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">150784 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,516,707 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">78,866 km2 (30,450 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">133/km2 (340/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">500796 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 January 1973 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,873,420 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">43,075 km2 (16,631 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">136/km2 (350/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">419530 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,331,796 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">29/km2 (75/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">190257 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 January 1995 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,548,241 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">338,424 km2 (130,666 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">16/km2 (41/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">396303 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 July 1952 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">67,871,925 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">640,679 km2 (247,368 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">106/km2 (270/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">79 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">859138 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 July 1952<a href="#cite_note-166">[k]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">83,237,124 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">233/km2 (600/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">96 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">867053 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 January 1981 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,459,782 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">131,990 km2 (50,960 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">79/km2 (200/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">498085 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">9,689,010 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">93,030 km2 (35,920 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">104/km2 (270/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">461381 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 January 1973 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,060,004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">72/km2 (190/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">389231 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 July 1952 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">58,968,501 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">196/km2 (510/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">76 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">775901 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,862,700 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">29/km2 (75/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">232838 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,805,998 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">65,200 km2 (25,200 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">43/km2 (110/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">255091 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 July 1952 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">645,397 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,586 km2 (998 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">250/km2 (650/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">107566 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">520,971 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">316 km2 (122 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,649/km2 (4,270/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">86829 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23 July 1952 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">17,590,672 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">423/km2 (1,100/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">29 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">606575 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">37,654,247 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">120/km2 (310/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">52 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">724120 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 January 1986 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,352,042 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">92,390 km2 (35,670 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">112/km2 (290/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">492954 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 January 2007 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">19,042,455 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">80/km2 (210/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">33 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">577044 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,434,712 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">111/km2 (290/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">14 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">388194 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 May 2004 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,107,180 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">104/km2 (270/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">263398 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"> Founder (1993) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1 January 1986 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">48,946,035 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">504,030 km2 (194,610 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">97/km2 (250/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">829594 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">1 January 1995 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,452,326 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">449,964 km2 (173,732 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">23/km2 (60/sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align: right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">497730 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right;"> <th colspan="3">27 total </th> <th>446,735,291 </th> <th>4,233,262 km2 (1,634,472 sq mi) </th> <th>106/km2 (270/sq mi) </th> <th>705 </th> <td>633667 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Country_subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Country subdivision">Subdivisions of member-states</a> are based on the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), a <a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">geocode</a> standard for statistical purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a>, adopted in 2003, is developed and regulated by the European Union, and thus only covers the <a href="/wiki/Member_State_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member State of the European Union">member states of the EU</a> in detail. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics is instrumental in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Structural_Funds_and_Cohesion_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund">Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund</a> delivery mechanisms and for locating the area where goods and services subject to European <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">public procurement</a> legislation are to be delivered. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Maps of Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) subdivisions (prior to 2018, including non-EU member states)</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_1_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NUTS 1"><noscript><img alt="NUTS 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_1_regions.svg/180px-NUTS_1_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_1_regions.svg/180px-NUTS_1_regions.svg.png" data-alt="NUTS 1" data-width="180" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_1_regions.svg/270px-NUTS_1_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_1_regions.svg/360px-NUTS_1_regions.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">NUTS 1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_2_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NUTS 2"><noscript><img alt="NUTS 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/NUTS_2_regions.svg/180px-NUTS_2_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/NUTS_2_regions.svg/180px-NUTS_2_regions.svg.png" data-alt="NUTS 2" data-width="180" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/NUTS_2_regions.svg/270px-NUTS_2_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/NUTS_2_regions.svg/360px-NUTS_2_regions.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">NUTS 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_3_region_(2017).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NUTS 3"><noscript><img alt="NUTS 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/180px-NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/180px-NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png" data-alt="NUTS 3" data-width="180" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/270px-NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/360px-NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">NUTS 3</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schengen_Area">Schengen Area</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the Schengen Area <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Schengen Area</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Members of the Schengen Area (air and maritime borders only)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Countries de facto participating</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Members of the EU committed by treaty to join the Schengen Area in the future</div> </figcaption></figure> The Schengen Area is an area comprising 27 European countries that have officially abolished all passport and all other types of <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider <a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">area of freedom, security and justice</a> policy of the EU, it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under <a href="/wiki/Visa_policies_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policies in the European Union">a common visa policy</a> for international travel purposes. The area is named after the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> and the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen Convention">Schengen Convention</a>, both signed in <a href="/wiki/Schengen,_Luxembourg" title="Schengen, Luxembourg">Schengen, Luxembourg</a>. Of the 27 EU member states, 25 participate in the Schengen Area, although two—<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria and the European Union">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania and the European Union">Romania</a>— are currently only partial members. Of the EU members that are not part of the Schengen Area, one—<a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus and the European Union">Cyprus</a>—is legally obligated to join the area in the future; <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland and the European Union">Ireland</a> maintains an <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-out</a>, and instead operates <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Ireland" title="Visa policy of Ireland">its own visa policy</a>. The four <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) member states, <a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein-European Union relations">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway-European Union relations">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland-European Union relations">Switzerland</a>, are not members of the EU, but have signed agreements in association with the Schengen Agreement. Also, three <a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a> - <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> - maintain open borders for passenger traffic with their neighbours, and are therefore considered de facto members of the Schengen Area due to the practical impossibility of travelling to or from them without transiting through at least one Schengen member country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidate_countries">Candidate countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a></div> There are nine countries that are recognised as <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">candidates for membership</a>: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Enlargement-167">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Iceland_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Iceland to the European Union">Iceland</a> have submitted membership applications in the past, but subsequently frozen or withdrawn them.<a href="#cite_note-icelandover-172">[155]</a> Additionally <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo</a> is officially recognised as a potential candidate,<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Enlargement-167">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[156]</a> and submitted a membership application.<a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_members">Former members</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 50</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon Treaty</a> provides the basis for a member to <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">leave the EU</a>. Two territories have left the union: <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous province</a> of Denmark) withdrew in 1985;<a href="#cite_note-175">[158]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> formally invoked Article 50 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union in 2017, and became the only sovereign state to leave when it <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrew</a> from the EU in 2020. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography of the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg/220px-European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg/220px-European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg/330px-European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg/440px-European_Union_relief_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topographic map of Europe (EU highlighted)</figcaption></figure> The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-Area.and.population.figure-176">[l]</a> and therefore a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a>. The EU's highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Graian_Alps" title="Graian Alps">Graian Alps</a>, 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[159]</a> The lowest points in the EU are <a href="/wiki/Lammefjorden" title="Lammefjorden">Lammefjorden</a>, Denmark, and <a href="/wiki/Zuidplaspolder" title="Zuidplaspolder">Zuidplaspolder</a>, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-178">[160]</a> The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometres (41,006 mi) long. In addition to national territories in Europe, there are 32 <a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">special territories of members of the European Economic Area</a>, not all of which are part of the EU. The largest by area is <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Greenland_and_the_European_Union" title="Greenland and the European Union">not part of the EU but whose citizens are EU citizens</a>, while the largest by population are the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> off Africa, which are part of the EU and the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen area">Schengen area</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> in South America is part of the EU and the Eurozone, as is <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map of Europe (including non-EU member states)</figcaption></figure> The climate of the European Union is of a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> nature, with a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> prevailing on the western coasts and a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">mediterranean climate</a> in the south. The climate is strongly conditioned by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, which warms the western region to levels unattainable at similar latitudes on other continents. Western Europe is oceanic, while eastern Europe is continental and dry. Four seasons occur in western Europe, while southern Europe experiences a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>. Southern Europe is hot and dry during the summer months. The heaviest precipitation occurs downwind of water bodies due to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a>, with higher amounts also seen in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change in Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_(1900-2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/220px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/220px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/330px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/440px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Increase of average yearly temperature in selected cities in Europe (1900–2017)<a href="#cite_note-179">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1957, when the European Economic Community was founded, it had no environmental policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanAdelle2012-180">[162]</a> Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards, and biotechnology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanAdelle2012-180">[162]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_European_Environmental_Policy" title="Institute for European Environmental Policy">Institute for European Environmental Policy</a>, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics.<a href="#cite_note-European_Environmental_Policy_2012-181">[163]</a> European policy-makers originally increased the EU's capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanAdelle2012-180">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barriers</a> and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state.<a href="#cite_note-182">[164]</a> In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-European_Environmental_Policy_2012-181">[163]</a> Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe. More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e.g. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> despite opposition from the United States. This international dimension is reflected in the EU's Sixth Environmental Action Programme,<a href="#cite_note-183">[165]</a> which recognises that its objectives can only be achieved if key international agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level and worldwide. The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanAdelle2012-180">[162]</a> EU law has played a significant role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe, as well as contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste management.<a href="#cite_note-European_Environmental_Policy_2012-181">[163]</a> Mitigating <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states agreed that, in the future, 20 per cent of the energy used across the EU must be <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a>, and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20 per cent compared to 1990 levels.<a href="#cite_note-EUO_energy-184">[166]</a> In 2017, the EU emitted 9.1 per cent of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse-gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse-gas emissions">greenhouse-gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Emissions-185">[167]</a> The European Union claims that already in 2018, its GHG emissions were 23% lower than in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-186">[168]</a> The EU has adopted an <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading system</a> to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> into the economy.<a href="#cite_note-187">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="European Green Capital">European Green Capital</a> is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy efficiency, and quality of life in urban areas to create <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart city</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 elections to the European Parliament</a>, the green parties increased their power, possibly because of the rise of post materialist values.<a href="#cite_note-188">[170]</a> Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by 2050 were suggested in 2018 – 2019. Almost all member states supported that goal at an EU summit in June 2019. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-189">[171]</a> In June 2021, the European Union passed a <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Climate_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Climate Law (page does not exist)">European Climate Law</a> with targets of 55% GHG emissions reduction by 2030 and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-190">[172]</a> Also in the same year, the European Union and the United States pledged to cut <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> by 30% by 2030. The pledge is considered as a big achievement for climate change mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-191">[173]</a> A recent research report declared that the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> is the EU's most toxic country in Europe for care emissions.<a href="#cite_note-192">[174]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/220px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1957"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/220px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/330px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png/440px-Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (PPP) per capita in 2021 (including non-EU countries)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP), a measure of economic activity, of EU member states was US$16.64 trillion in 2022, around 16.6 percent of the world GDP.<a href="#cite_note-193">[175]</a> There is a significant variation in GDP per capita between and within individual EU states. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a>) ranged, in 2017, from 31 per cent (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average (€30,000) to 253 per cent (Luxembourg), or from €4,600 to €92,600.<a href="#cite_note-194">[176]</a> EU member states own the estimated third largest after the United States (US$140 trillion) and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (US$84 trillion) <a href="/wiki/Net_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Net wealth">net wealth</a> in the world, equal to around one sixth (US$76 trillion) of the US$454 trillion global wealth.<a href="#cite_note-databook2023-195">[177]</a> Of the top <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue</a> in 2010, 161 had their headquarters in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-196">[178]</a> In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9 per cent<a href="#cite_note-UNEMP-197">[179]</a> while inflation was at 2.2 per cent, and the account balance at −0.9 per cent of GDP. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around €25,000<a href="#cite_note-198">[180]</a> in 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_monetary_union">Economic and monetary union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/220px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/220px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/330px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/440px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Economic and Monetary Union <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Members of the Eurozone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> ERM II member</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> ERM II member with opt-out (Denmark)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Other EU members</div> </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> is the official currency in 20 member states of the EU. The creation of a <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European single currency</a> became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a> if they wanted to join the <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">monetary union</a>. The states wanting to participate had first to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a>. To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level, as agreed in the <a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="European Fiscal Pact">European Fiscal Pact</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_Markets_Union_and_financial_institutions">Capital Markets Union and financial institutions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">European Banking Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Insurance_and_Occupational_Pensions_Authority" title="European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority">European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authority" title="European Securities and Markets Authority">European Securities and Markets Authority</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Board" title="Single Resolution Board">Single Resolution Board</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg/220px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="1923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg/220px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg/330px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg/440px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Investitionsbank.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>.</figcaption></figure> Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Single_Market_C-199">[181]</a> Until the drive towards <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">economic and monetary union</a> the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. The <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a> is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities: the <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">European Banking Authority</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Insurance_and_Occupational_Pensions_Authority" title="European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority">European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Securities_and_Markets_Authority" title="European Securities and Markets Authority">European Securities and Markets Authority</a>. To complement this framework, there is also a <a href="/wiki/European_Systemic_Risk_Board" title="European Systemic Risk Board">European Systemic Risk Board</a> under the responsibility of the central bank. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.<a href="#cite_note-200">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurozone_and_banking_union">Eurozone and banking union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_banknotes,_Europa_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/220px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/220px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png" data-width="220" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/330px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/440px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a> from the Europa series (since 2013)</figcaption></figure> In 1999, the currency union started to materialise through introducing a common accounting (virtual) currency in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">eleven of the member states</a>. In 2002, it was turned into a fully-fledged conventible currency, when <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro notes</a> and coins were issued, while the phaseout of national currencies in the eurozone (consisting by then of 12 member states) was initiated. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 20 countries.<a href="#cite_note-201">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[184]</a> The 20 EU member states known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> have fully implemented the currency union by superseding their national currencies with the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. The currency union represents 345 million EU citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Single_Market-203">[185]</a> The euro is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[188]</a> The euro, and the monetary policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the control of the ECB.<a href="#cite_note-207">[189]</a> The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> in that area with an agenda to maintain <a href="/wiki/Price_stability" title="Price stability">price stability</a>. It is at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>, which comprehends all the Eurozone national central banks.<a href="#cite_note-ECB_org-208">[190]</a> The ECB is also the central institution of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking Union">Banking Union</a> established within the eurozone, as the hub of <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a>. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a> in case of a bank default. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> As a political entity, the European Union is represented in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO). Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a> between its member states. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_market">Single market</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Single_Market" title="Digital Single Market">Digital Single Market</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_Single_Market.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/EU_Single_Market.svg/220px-EU_Single_Market.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/EU_Single_Market.svg/220px-EU_Single_Market.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/EU_Single_Market.svg/330px-EU_Single_Market.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/EU_Single_Market.svg/440px-EU_Single_Market.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Non-EU states which participate</div> </figcaption></figure> The single market involves <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Single_Market-203">[185]</a> The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. While services account for 60 per cent to 70 per cent of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. This lacuna has been addressed by the <a href="/wiki/Services_in_the_Internal_Market_Directive_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006">Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006</a> which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Single_Market_S-209">[191]</a> According to the treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Customs_union">Customs union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_Customs_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EU_Customs_Union.svg/220px-EU_Customs_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EU_Customs_Union.svg/220px-EU_Customs_Union.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EU_Customs_Union.svg/330px-EU_Customs_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/EU_Customs_Union.svg/440px-EU_Customs_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Customs Union">European Customs Union</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Non-EU states which participate</div> </figcaption></figure> The customs union involves the application of a <a href="/wiki/Common_external_tariff" title="Common external tariff">common external tariff</a> on all goods entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">import quotas</a>, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> participate in the single market but not in the customs union.<a href="#cite_note-EEA-161">[146]</a> Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Single_Market_G-210">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a> does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. The European Union represents all its members at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government.<a href="#cite_note-Se-jeong-211">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_trade">External trade</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Common_Commercial_Policy_(EU)" title="Common Commercial Policy (EU)">Common Commercial Policy (EU)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_FTAs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/400px-EU_FTAs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/400px-EU_FTAs.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/600px-EU_FTAs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/800px-EU_FTAs.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>EU Free trade agreements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> European Union</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Agreement in force</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Agreement (in part) provisionally applied</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Agreement signed, but not applied</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Agreement initialed, not signed</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Agreement being negotiated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Agreement negotiations on hold/suspended</div></figcaption></figure> The European Union has concluded <a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">free trade agreements</a> (FTAs)<a href="#cite_note-212">[194]</a> and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.<a href="#cite_note-213">[195]</a> The European Union's services trade surplus rose from $16 billion in 2000 to more than $250 billion in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-214">[196]</a> In 2020, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic, China became the EU's largest trading partner, displacing the United States.<a href="#cite_note-215">[197]</a> The European Union is the largest exporter in the world<a href="#cite_note-216">[198]</a> and in 2008 was the largest importer of goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-217">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[200]</a> Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border controls</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members.<a href="#cite_note-Se-jeong-211">[193]</a> Externally, the EU's free-trade agreement with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is perhaps its most notable one. The <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations#Political_relations_and_agreements" title="Japan–European Union relations">EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement</a> was officially signed on July 17, 2018, becoming the world's largest bilateral free trade deal when it went into effect on February 1, 2019, creating an open trade zone covering nearly one-third of global GDP.<a href="#cite_note-219">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[202]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_and_consumer_protection">Competition and consumer protection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">European Union competition law</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_consumer_law" title="European consumer law">European consumer law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Intellectual_Property_Office" title="European Union Intellectual Property Office">European Union Intellectual Property Office</a></div> The EU operates a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">competition policy</a> intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market.<a href="#cite_note-221">[m]</a> In 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (<a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>) which had already been approved by their national authority.<a href="#cite_note-222">[203]</a> Another high-profile case, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Microsoft_competition_case" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Microsoft competition case">against Microsoft</a>, resulted in the commission fining <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> over €777 million following nine years of legal action.<a href="#cite_note-223">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Cooperation_of_Energy_Regulators" title="European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators">European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:#668B22"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#668B22"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#668B22"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 36.002215309576px; border-left-color:#ffeeaa"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ffeeaa"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ffeeaa"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:88.523131133246px 46.515107807746px 0 0; border-top-color:#8B3333"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#8B3333"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:39.13736668372px 92.023184736587px 0 0; border-top-color:#8B8888"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#8B8888"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 44.774059537341px 100px 0; border-right-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Total energy supply (2019)<a href="#cite_note-224">[205]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Oil (31.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Natural gas (24.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Coal (10.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Nuclear (13.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Biofuels, waste, electricity, heat (19.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> The total energy supply of the EU was 59 billion <a href="/wiki/Joule_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule (unit)">GJ</a> in 2019, about 10.2 per cent of the world total. Approximately three fifths of the energy available in the EU came from imports (mostly of fossil fuels). <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> contributed 18.1 per cent of the EU's total energy supply in 2019, and 11.1 per cent of the final energy consumption.<a href="#cite_note-225">[206]</a> The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the original <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_Q&A-226">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_Community_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/220px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/220px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/330px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/440px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a>.</figcaption></figure> The EU has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">internal market</a>, encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central Asia<a href="#cite_note-oies-227">[208]</a> and North Africa; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy commercialisation">renewable energy commercialisation</a>; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_Q&A-226">[207]</a> In 2007, EU countries as a whole imported 82 per cent of their oil, 57 per cent of their natural gas<a href="#cite_note-low_carb_prop-228">[209]</a> and 97.48 per cent of their uranium<a href="#cite_note-Euratom2007-229">[210]</a> demands. The three largest suppliers of natural gas to the European Union are Russia, Norway and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, that amounted for about three quarters of the imports in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-230">[211]</a> There is a strong <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">dependence on Russian energy</a> that the EU has been attempting to reduce.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_Russia-231">[212]</a> However, in May 2022, it was reported that the European Union is preparing another sanction against Russia over its invasion of Ukraine. It is expected to target Russian oil, Russian and Belarusian banks, as well as individuals and companies. According to an article by Reuters, two diplomats stated that the European Union may impose a ban on imports of Russian oil by the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-232">[213]</a> In May 2022, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> published the 'RePowerEU' initiative, a €300 billion plan outlining the path towards the end of EU dependence on Russian fossil fuels by 2030 and the acceleration on the clean energy transition.<a href="#cite_note-233">[214]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_European_Union" title="Transport in the European Union">Transport in the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Transport_Network" title="Trans-European Transport Network">Trans-European Transport Network</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Maritime_Safety_Agency" title="European Maritime Safety Agency">European Maritime Safety Agency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Railways" title="European Union Agency for Railways">European Union Agency for Railways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans-European_Transport_Network_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png/220px-Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9932" data-file-height="10681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png/220px-Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png/330px-Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png/440px-Trans-European_Transport_Network_%282024%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Transport_Network" title="Trans-European Transport Network">Trans-European Transport Network</a></figcaption></figure> The European Union manages cross-border road, railway, airport and water infrastructure through the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Transport_Network" title="Trans-European Transport Network">Trans-European Transport Network</a> (TEN-T), created in 1990,<a href="#cite_note-Axes_page_7-234">[215]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Combined_Transport_network" title="Trans-European Combined Transport network">Trans-European Combined Transport network</a>. TEN-T comprises two network layers: the Core Network, which is to be completed by 2030; and the Comprehensive Network, which is to be completed by 2050. The network is currently made up of 9 core corridors: the <a href="/wiki/Baltic%E2%80%93Adriatic_Corridor" title="Baltic–Adriatic Corridor">Baltic–Adriatic Corridor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Corridor" title="North Sea–Baltic Corridor">North Sea–Baltic Corridor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Corridor" title="Mediterranean Corridor">Mediterranean Corridor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orient/East%E2%80%93Med_Corridor" title="Orient/East–Med Corridor">Orient/East–Med Corridor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian%E2%80%93Mediterranean_Corridor" title="Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor">Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Alpine_Corridor" title="Rhine–Alpine Corridor">Rhine–Alpine Corridor</a>, the Atlantic Corridor, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea%E2%80%93Mediterranean_Corridor" title="North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor">North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Danube_Corridor" title="Rhine–Danube Corridor">Rhine–Danube Corridor</a>. Road transportation was organised under the TEN-T by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_road_network" title="Trans-European road network">Trans-European road network</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_7" title="Bundesautobahn 7">Bundesautobahn 7</a> is the longest national <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> in the EU at 963 km (598 mi). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg/220px-Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="1578"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 69px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg/220px-Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="69" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg/330px-Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg/440px-Port_of_Rotterdam_Landsat_8_Photo_8_May_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite photo of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a></figcaption></figure> Maritime transportation is organised under the TEN-T by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Inland_Waterway_network" title="Trans-European Inland Waterway network">Trans-European Inland Waterway network</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Seaport_network" title="Trans-European Seaport network">Trans-European Seaport network</a>. European <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> are categorized as international, community, or regional. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a> is the busiest in the EU, and the world's largest seaport outside of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, located in and near the city of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Maritime_Safety_Agency" title="European Maritime Safety Agency">European Maritime Safety Agency</a> (EMSA), founded in 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal, is charged with reducing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">maritime accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> from ships and the <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">loss of human lives at sea</a> by helping to enforce the pertinent EU legislation. Air transportation is organised under the TEN-T by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Airport_network" title="Trans-European Airport network">Trans-European Airport network</a>. European <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a> are categorized as international, community, or regional. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> is the busiest in the EU, located in and near the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, in France.<a href="#cite_note-:FR2021-237">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a> (ECAA) is a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>. ECAA agreements were signed on 5 May 2006 in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Austria between the EU and some third countries. The ECAA liberalises the air transport industry by allowing any company from any ECAA member state to fly between any ECAA member states airports, thereby allowing a "foreign" airline to provide domestic flights. The <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Sky" title="Single European Sky">Single European Sky</a> (SES) is an initiative that seeks to reform the European <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_management" title="Air traffic management">air traffic management</a> system through a series of actions carried out in four different levels (institutional, operational, technological and control and supervision) with the aim of satisfying the needs of the European airspace in terms of capacity, safety, efficiency and environmental impact. Civil <a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">aviation safety</a> is under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a> (EASA). It carries out <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">certification</a>, regulation and standardisation and also performs investigation and monitoring. The idea of a European-level aviation safety authority goes back to 1996, but the agency was only legally established in 2002, and began operating in 2003. Rail transportation is organised under the TEN-T by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Rail_network" title="Trans-European Rail network">Trans-European Rail network</a>, made up of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_high-speed_rail_network" title="Trans-European high-speed rail network">high-speed rail network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_conventional_rail_network" title="Trans-European conventional rail network">conventional rail network</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a> railway station is the busiest in the EU, located in and near the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, in France.<a href="#cite_note-SNCF-238">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-RATP-239">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Europe" title="Rail transport in Europe">Rail transport in Europe</a> is being synchronised with the <a href="/wiki/European_Rail_Traffic_Management_System" title="European Rail Traffic Management System">European Rail Traffic Management System</a> (ERTMS) with the goal of greatly enhancing safety, increase efficiency of train transports and enhance cross-border interoperability. This is done by replacing former national <a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">signalling</a> equipment and operational procedures with a single new Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems. This system is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Railways" title="European Union Agency for Railways">European Union Agency for Railways</a> (ERA). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Transport documents used in the European Union</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatian_driving_licence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European driving licence (Croatian version pictured)"><noscript><img alt="European driving licence (Croatian version pictured)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Croatian_driving_licence.jpg/180px-Croatian_driving_licence.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Croatian_driving_licence.jpg/180px-Croatian_driving_licence.jpg" data-alt="European driving licence (Croatian version pictured)" data-width="180" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Croatian_driving_licence.jpg/270px-Croatian_driving_licence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Croatian_driving_licence.jpg/360px-Croatian_driving_licence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">European driving licence</a> (Croatian version pictured)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European vehicle registration plate (Slovak version pictured)"><noscript><img alt="European vehicle registration plate (Slovak version pictured)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg/180px-Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 39px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg/180px-Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg" data-alt="European vehicle registration plate (Slovak version pictured)" data-width="180" data-height="39" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg/270px-Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg/360px-Slovak_car_registration_plate_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_vehicle_registration_plate" title="European vehicle registration plate">European vehicle registration plate</a> (Slovak version pictured)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European vehicle registration certificate (Austrian version pictured)"><noscript><img alt="European vehicle registration certificate (Austrian version pictured)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg/180px-Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="646"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg/180px-Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg" data-alt="European vehicle registration certificate (Austrian version pictured)" data-width="180" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg/270px-Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg/360px-Scheckkartenzulassungsschein_Vorderseite.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">European <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_certificate" title="Vehicle registration certificate">vehicle registration certificate</a> (Austrian version pictured)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European disabled parking permit (Polish version pictured)"><noscript><img alt="European disabled parking permit (Polish version pictured)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg/180px-2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg/180px-2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg" data-alt="European disabled parking permit (Polish version pictured)" data-width="180" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg/270px-2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg/360px-2016_Karta_parkingowa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">European <a href="/wiki/Disabled_parking_permit" title="Disabled parking permit">disabled parking permit</a> (Polish version pictured)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications_and_space">Telecommunications and space</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications in the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union Space Programme</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_roaming_regulations" title="European Union roaming regulations">European Union roaming regulations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Support_for_BEREC" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency for Support for BEREC">Agency for Support for BEREC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Agency for the Space Programme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div> Mobile communication <a href="/wiki/European_Union_roaming_regulations" title="European Union roaming regulations">roaming charges</a> are abolished throughout the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg/220px-Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="997"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg/220px-Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg/330px-Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg/440px-Galileo_Control_Centre_at_the_DLR_Oberpfaffenhofen_site.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> control centre in <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Agency for the Space Programme</a> (EUSPA), headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic, was established in 2021 to manage the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union Space Programme</a> in order to implement the pre-existing European Space Policy, established on 22 May 2007 between the EU and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), known collectively as the European Space Council. This was the first common political framework for space activities established by the EU. Each member state has pursued to some extent their own national space policy, though often co-ordinating through the ESA. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen" title="Günter Verheugen">Günter Verheugen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Enterprise_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry">European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry</a>, has stated that even though the EU is "a world leader in the technology, it is being put on the defensive by the United States and Russia and that it only has about a 10-year technological advantage on China and India, which are racing to catch up." <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">global navigation satellite system</a> (GNSS) that went live in 2016, created by the EU through the ESA, operated by the EUSPA, with two ground operations centres in <a href="/wiki/Fucine_Lake" title="Fucine Lake">Fucino</a>, Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a>, Germany. The €10 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. One of the aims of Galileo is to provide an independent high-precision positioning system so European political and military authorities do not have to rely on the US <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>, or the Russian <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> systems, which could be disabled or degraded by their operators at any time. The <a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service</a> (EGNOS) is a <a href="/wiki/Satellite-based_augmentation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite-based augmentation system">satellite-based augmentation system</a> (SBAS) developed by the ESA and <a href="/wiki/EUROCONTROL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUROCONTROL">EUROCONTROL</a>. Currently, it supplements the GPS by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of their positioning data and sending out corrections. The system will supplement Galileo in a future version. The <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a> is the EU's Earth observation programme coordinated and managed by EUSPA in partnership with ESA. It aims at achieving a global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity, providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information to, among other things, improve the management of the environment, understand and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate the effects of climate change</a>, and ensure civil security. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fisheries">Agriculture and fisheries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG/220px-European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="3576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG/220px-European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG/330px-European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG/440px-European_Union_Exclusive_Economic_Zones.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The EU's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ). At 25 million square kilometres, it is the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-240">[221]</a></figcaption></figure> The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">agricultural policy</a> of the European Union. It implements a system of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">agricultural subsidies</a> and other programmes. It was introduced in 1962 and has since then undergone several changes to reduce the EEC budget cost (from 73% in 1985 to 37% in 2017) and consider rural development in its aims. It has, however, been criticised on the grounds of its cost and its environmental and humanitarian effects. Likewise, the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is the <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> policy of the European Union. It sets quotas for which member states are allowed to catch each type of fish, as well as encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> by various market interventions and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing subsidies">fishing subsidies</a>. It was introduced in 2009 with the Treaty of Lisbon, which formally enshrined fisheries conservation policy as one of the handful of "exclusive competences" reserved for the European Union. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_development">Regional development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional policy of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_regional_policy_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/European_regional_policy_2021.svg/220px-European_regional_policy_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/European_regional_policy_2021.svg/220px-European_regional_policy_2021.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/European_regional_policy_2021.svg/330px-European_regional_policy_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/European_regional_policy_2021.svg/440px-European_regional_policy_2021.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Classification of regions from 2021 to 2027 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Less developed regions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Transition regions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> More developed regions</div> </figcaption></figure> The five <a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a> are supporting the development of the EU regions, primarily the underdeveloped ones, located mostly in the states of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central</a> and southern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-241">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Business2000_Funds-242">[223]</a> Another fund (the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_for_Pre-Accession_Assistance" title="Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance">Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance</a>) provides support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard. Demographic transition to a society of ageing population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour">Labour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_the_Development_of_Vocational_Training" title="European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training">European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_for_the_Improvement_of_Living_and_Working_Conditions" title="European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions">European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Labour_Authority" title="European Labour Authority">European Labour Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Training_Foundation" title="European Training Foundation">European Training Foundation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EURES" title="EURES">EURES</a></div> The free movement of persons means that <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">EU citizens</a> can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.<a href="#cite_note-Europa_Single_Market_P-243">[224]</a> The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7 per cent in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-244">[225]</a> The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-244">[225]</a> Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.3 per cent), Germany and Poland (both 3.4 per cent), and the highest in Spain (11.27 per cent in 2024) and Greece (19.0 in July 2018). The European Union has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers' rights and preventing <a href="/wiki/Social_dumping" title="Social dumping">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_dumping" title="Environmental dumping">environmental dumping</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To this end it has adopted laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. These included the <a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Working Time Directive">Working Time Directive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Directive_2011" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2011">Environmental Impact Assessment Directive</a>. The European Directive about Minimum Wage, which looks to lift minimum wages and strengthen collective bargaining was approved by the European Parliament in September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-245">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_rights_and_equality">Social rights and equality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_social_model" title="European social model">European social model</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Fund_Plus" title="European Social Fund Plus">European Social Fund Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare State">Welfare State</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Voluntary_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="European Voluntary Service">European Voluntary Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_labour_law" title="European labour law">European labour law</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_guaranteed_minimum_income" title="List of countries by guaranteed minimum income">List of countries by guaranteed minimum income</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Pillar_of_Social_Rights" title="European Pillar of Social Rights">European Pillar of Social Rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">List of European Union member states by minimum wage</a></div> The EU has also sought to coordinate the social security and health systems of member states to facilitate individuals exercising free movement rights and to ensure they maintain their ability to access social security and health services in other member states. Since 2019 there has been a European commissioner for equality and the <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_for_Gender_Equality" title="European Institute for Gender Equality">European Institute for Gender Equality</a> has existed since 2007. A Directive on countering gender-based violence has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-246">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[228]</a> In September 2022, a European Care strategy was approved in order to provide "quality, affordable and accessible care services".<a href="#cite_note-248">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a> is the main body that recognises the social rights of European citizens. In 2020, the first ever European Union Strategy on LGBTIQ equality was approved under <a href="/wiki/Helena_Dalli" title="Helena Dalli">Helena Dalli</a> mandate.<a href="#cite_note-249">[230]</a> In December 2021, the commission announced the intention of codifying a union-wide law against LGBT hate crimes.<a href="#cite_note-250">[231]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom,_security_and_justice">Freedom, security and justice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eu-LISA" title="Eu-LISA">eu-LISA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurojust" title="Eurojust">Eurojust</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_for_Gender_Equality" title="European Institute for Gender Equality">European Institute for Gender Equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Asylum" title="European Union Agency for Asylum">European Union Agency for Asylum</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Cybersecurity" title="European Union Agency for Cybersecurity">European Union Agency for Cybersecurity</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Law_Enforcement_Training" title="European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training">European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/220px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1787"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/220px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/330px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg/440px-04CFREU-Article2-Crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> contains a wide range of political, social, and economic rights for EU citizens.</figcaption></figure> Since the creation of the European Union in 1993, it has developed its competencies in the area of justice and home affairs; initially at an intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism. Accordingly, the union has legislated in areas such as <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">extradition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[232]</a> family law,<a href="#cite_note-252">[233]</a> asylum law,<a href="#cite_note-253">[234]</a> and criminal justice.<a href="#cite_note-254">[235]</a> The EU has also established agencies to co-ordinate police, prosecution and civil litigations across the member states: <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a> for police co-operation, <a href="/wiki/CEPOL" class="mw-redirect" title="CEPOL">CEPOL</a> for training of police forces<a href="#cite_note-255">[236]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurojust" title="Eurojust">Eurojust</a> for co-operation between prosecutors and courts.<a href="#cite_note-256">[237]</a> It also operates the <a href="/wiki/EUCARIS" title="EUCARIS">EUCARIS</a> database of vehicles and drivers, the <a href="/wiki/Eurodac" title="Eurodac">Eurodac</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Criminal_Records_Information_System" title="European Criminal Records Information System">European Criminal Records Information System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Cybercrime_Centre" title="European Cybercrime Centre">European Cybercrime Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/FADO" title="FADO">FADO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Register_of_Travel_and_Identity_Documents_Online" title="Public Register of Travel and Identity Documents Online">PRADO</a> and others. Prohibitions against discrimination have a long standing in the treaties. In more recent years, these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-art2(7)_Amsterdam-257">[n]</a> The treaties declare that the European Union itself is "founded on the values of respect for <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>, democracy, <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> ... in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail."<a href="#cite_note-258">[238]</a> By virtue of these powers, the EU has enacted legislation on <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> in the work-place, <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">age discrimination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[o]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> gave legal effect to the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>. The charter is a codified catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental rights</a> against which the EU's legal acts can be judged. It consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by the Court of Justice and derived from the "constitutional traditions common to the member states".<a href="#cite_note-260">[239]</a> The Court of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has, on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those fundamental rights.<a href="#cite_note-europarl-rights-261">[240]</a> Signing the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-262">[p]</a> Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state<a href="#cite_note-263">[q]</a> nor had the competence to accede.<a href="#cite_note-264">[r]</a> The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the convention while the latter formally permits it. The EU is independent from the Council of Europe, although they share purpose and ideas, especially on the rule of law, human rights and democracy. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Source_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Source of law">source of law</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> are created by the Council of Europe. The EU has also promoted human rights issues in the wider world. The EU opposes the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-265">[241]</a> On 19 October 2020, the European Union revealed new plans to create a legal structure to act against <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> worldwide. The new plan was expected to provide the European Union with greater flexibility to target and sanction those responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses around the world.<a href="#cite_note-266">[242]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of identity, travel and health documents used in the EU</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Personalausweis_(2021_Version).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="EU national identity card (German version pictured)"><noscript><img alt="EU national identity card (German version pictured)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg/180px-Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg/180px-Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg" data-alt="EU national identity card (German version pictured)" data-width="180" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg/270px-Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg/360px-Deutscher_Personalausweis_%282021_Version%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_national_identity_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union national identity cards">EU national identity card</a> (German version pictured)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schengen visa (German version)"><noscript><img alt="Schengen visa (German version)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png/180px-Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="729"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png/180px-Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png" data-alt="Schengen visa (German version)" data-width="180" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png/270px-Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png/360px-Schengen_uniform_visa_format_Germany_2018.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Schengen visa</a> (German version)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eirepas.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title='A passport, displaying the name of the member state, the national coat of arms and the words "European Union" given in their official language(s) (Irish version pictured)'><noscript><img alt='A passport, displaying the name of the member state, the national coat of arms and the words "European Union" given in their official language(s) (Irish version pictured)' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eirepas.JPG/128px-Eirepas.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="842"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eirepas.JPG/128px-Eirepas.JPG" data-alt='A passport, displaying the name of the member state, the national coat of arms and the words "European Union" given in their official language(s) (Irish version pictured)' data-width="128" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eirepas.JPG/192px-Eirepas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Eirepas.JPG/256px-Eirepas.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passport</a>, displaying the name of the member state, the national <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> and the words "European Union" given in their official language(s) (Irish version pictured)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EHIC_Slovenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Health Insurance Card (Slovenian version pictured)"><noscript><img alt="European Health Insurance Card (Slovenian version pictured)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EHIC_Slovenia.jpg/180px-EHIC_Slovenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="261"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EHIC_Slovenia.jpg/180px-EHIC_Slovenia.jpg" data-alt="European Health Insurance Card (Slovenian version pictured)" data-width="180" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EHIC_Slovenia.jpg/270px-EHIC_Slovenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EHIC_Slovenia.jpg/360px-EHIC_Slovenia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">European Health Insurance Card</a> (Slovenian version pictured)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union citizenship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_(2017).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/220px-Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="830"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/220px-Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/330px-Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg/440px-Population_density_by_NUTS_3_region_%282017%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map showing the population density by <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS3 region</a>, 2017, including non-EU countries</figcaption></figure> The population of the EU in 2021 was about 447 million people, corresponding to 5.8 per cent of the world population.<a href="#cite_note-population-165">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> across the EU was 106 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is more than the world average.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-268">[244]</a> It is highest in areas in central and western Europe, sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Blue_banana" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue banana">blue banana</a>", while <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in the north are much more sparsely populated. The total population of the EU has been slightly decreasing for several years, contracting by 0.04 per cent in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-269">[245]</a> This is due to a low birth rate of about 1.5 children per woman, less than the world average of 2.3.<a href="#cite_note-270">[246]</a> In total, 4.1 million babies were born in the EU in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-271">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration to Europe</a> partially compensates for the natural population decrease. 5.3 per cent of the people residing in the EU are not <a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">EU citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-268">[244]</a> There were 31 non-EU citizenships that each accounted for at least 1 per cent of non-EU citizens living in the EU, of which the largest were <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[248]</a> Around 1.9 million people <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">immigrated to one of the EU member states</a> from a non-EU country during 2020, and a total of 956,000 people emigrated from a member state to go to a non-EU country during the same year.<a href="#cite_note-273">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">List of urban areas in the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques,_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/220px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/220px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/330px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg/440px-La_Tour_Eiffel_vue_de_la_Tour_Saint-Jacques%2C_Paris_ao%C3%BBt_2014_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris metropolitan area</a> is the most populous urban area in the EU.</figcaption></figure> More than two thirds (68.2%) of EU inhabitants lived in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> in 2020, which is slightly less than the world average.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-268">[244]</a> Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[250]</a> The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over 1 million. With a population of over 13 million,<a href="#cite_note-paris_AAV20_pop-275">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is the largest metropolitan area and the only <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-eurostat-276">[252]</a> Paris is followed by <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, all with a metropolitan population of over 4 million. The EU also has numerous <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">polycentric</a> urbanised regions like <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> et al.), <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> et al.), <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Frankfurt Rhine-Main</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> et al.), the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Diamond" title="Flemish Diamond">Flemish Diamond</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> et al.) and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian-Moravian_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesian-Moravian metropolitan area">Upper Silesian-Moravian area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> et al.).<a href="#cite_note-eurostat-276">[252]</a> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest population centres of the European Union <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">metropolitan regions, <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> 2023<a href="#cite_note-277">[253]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone#List_of_larger_urban_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Rank</a> </th> <th>City name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone#List_of_larger_urban_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone#List_of_larger_urban_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Rank</a> </th> <th>City name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone#List_of_larger_urban_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone"> Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="">12,388,388</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td align="">3,395,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="">6,871,903</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td align="">3,269,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="">5,797,356</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="">3,183,476 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="">5,481,613</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td align="">3,031,887 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="">5,147,820</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="">2,980,338 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="">4,329,748</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="">2,981,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="">4,227,059</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td align="">2,971,753 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td align="">3,626,216</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td align="">2,899,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="">3,423,121</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="">2,816,924 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td align="">3,397,323</td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td align="">2,796,717 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Translation_Centre_for_the_Bodies_of_the_European_Union" title="Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union">Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;"> <caption>Official languages by percentage of speakers, 2012<a href="#cite_note-280">[s]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="2020 source gives "the overall number of EU citizens who can speak English has only dropped to 44% – if we apply the 2012 data to the EU's new population. English is still the most spoken language in the EU by far, with German now spoken by 36% of citizens and French spoken by 29%" (March 2023)">failed verification</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 60%;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20%;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Native speakers</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[t]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20%;">Total<a href="#cite_note-284">[u]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </th> <td>18% </td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <td>13% </td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </th> <td>12% </td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Spanish </th> <td>8% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </th> <td>8% </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <td>5% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </th> <td>4% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </th> <td>3% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </th> <td>3% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <td>2% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> </th> <td>2% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </th> <td>2% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </th> <td>2% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">English </th> <td>1% </td> <td>51% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </th> <td>1% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </th> <td>1% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </th> <td>1% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </th> <td>1% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> </th> <td>1% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </th> <td><1% </td> <td><1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> </th> <td><1% </td> <td><1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </th> <td><1% </td> <td><1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </th> <td><1% </td> <td><1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> </th> <td><1% </td> <td><1% </td></tr></tbody></table> The EU has 24 official languages: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> provides translation for documents and plenary sessions.<a href="#cite_note-Official_Languages-285">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[259]</a> Most EU institutions use only a handful of working languages: the European Commission conducts its internal business in three procedural languages: English, French, and German;<a href="#cite_note-procedural-287">[260]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice</a> uses French as the working language,<a href="#cite_note-288">[261]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> conducts its business primarily in English.<a href="#cite_note-289">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[263]</a> Even though <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a> is the responsibility of member states, EU institutions promote multilingualism among its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-art249-124">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[264]</a> The most widely spoken language in the EU is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>; the language is spoken by 44 per cent of the population (2016 data) and studied by 95 per cent of school students,<a href="#cite_note-292">[265]</a> although following the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal of the United Kingdom</a> less than 1 per cent of the population speak it natively. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> are spoken by 36 per cent and 30 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-293">[266]</a> More than half (56 per cent) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages_P3-294">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> (in Luxembourg) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (in Cyprus) are the only two national languages that are not official languages of the EU. <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> are not recognised official languages of the EU but have official status in Spain. Therefore, official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions in these languages.<a href="#cite_note-295">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[269]</a> There are about 150 <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a> in the EU, spoken by up to 50 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Many_tongues,_one_family-297">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. The <a href="/wiki/European_Day_of_Languages" title="European Day of Languages">European Day of Languages</a> is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-298">[271]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Religious affiliation in the EU (2015)<a href="#cite_note-EB2015-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Affiliation </th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">Per cent of EU population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">71.6 </td> <td align="left">71.6<div style="width:143.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">45.3 </td> <td align="left">45.3<div style="width:90.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">11.1 </td> <td align="left">11.1<div style="width:22.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">9.6 </td> <td align="left">9.6<div style="width:19.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;">Other Christian </th> <td align="right">5.6 </td> <td align="left">5.6<div style="width:11.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">1.8 </td> <td align="left">1.8<div style="width:3.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other faiths </th> <td style="text-align: right;">2.6 </td> <td align="left">2.6<div style="width:5.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">24.0 </td> <td align="left">24<div style="width:48px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:grey"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;">Non-believer/<a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostic</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">13.6 </td> <td align="left">13.6<div style="width:27.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgrey"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right;">10.4 </td> <td align="left">10.4<div style="width:20.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgrey"> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The EU has no formal connection to any religion. Article 17 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[272]</a> recognises the "status under national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional organisations".<a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Treaties-300">[273]</a> The preamble to the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Treaty on European Union</a> mentions the "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Treaties-300">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[274]</a> Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> included proposals to mention <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a>, or both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-EUO_Merkel_God-302">[275]</a> Christians in the EU include <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations with <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> forming the majority of Protestant affiliations, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. In 2009, the EU had an estimated <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Muslim_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Muslim population">Muslim population</a> of 13 million,<a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-303">[276]</a> and an estimated <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population">Jewish population</a> of over a million.<a href="#cite_note-304">[277]</a> The other world religions of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> are also represented in the EU population. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52 per cent of EU citizens believed in a god, 27 per cent in "some sort of spirit or life force", and 18 per cent had no form of belief.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Religion-305">[278]</a> Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-About_SecE-306">[279]</a> The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16 per cent) and the Czech Republic (19 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Religion-305">[278]</a> The most religious countries were Malta (95 per cent, predominantly Catholic) as well as Cyprus and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with about 90 per cent of citizens professing a belief in God. Across the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale".<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Religion-305">[278]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holbein-erasmus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/110px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="2290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/110px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/165px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/220px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanist</a> after whom the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a> is named</figcaption></figure> Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a>, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.<a href="#cite_note-307">[280]</a> There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education and training</a>, and for adult learners in the <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013" title="Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013">Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013</a>. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU.<a href="#cite_note-308">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[282]</a> Through its support of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe. Scientific development is facilitated through the EU's <a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">Framework Programmes</a>, the first of which started in 1984. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. The independent <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a> allocates EU funds to European or national research projects.<a href="#cite_note-310">[283]</a> EU <a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">research and technological framework programmes</a> deal in a number of areas, for example energy where the aim is to develop a diverse mix of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> to help the environment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels.<a href="#cite_note-311">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Europe" title="Healthcare in Europe">Healthcare in Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction</a></div> Article 35 of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Health and Consumers (European Commission)">Directorate-General for Health and Consumers</a> seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products.<a href="#cite_note-312">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[287]</a> All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free <a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">European Health Insurance Card</a> which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries.<a href="#cite_note-315">[288]</a> A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients.<a href="#cite_note-316">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[291]</a> The life expectancy in the EU was 80.1 year at birth in 2021, among the highest in the world and around nine years higher than the world average.<a href="#cite_note-319">[292]</a> In general, life expectancy is lower in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[293]</a> In 2018, the EU region with the highest life expectancy was <a href="/wiki/Comunidad_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidad de Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain at 85.2 years, followed by the Spanish regions of <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">La Rioja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilla y León">Castilla y León</a> both at 84.3 years, <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> in Italy at 84.3 years and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> in France at 84.2 years.<a href="#cite_note-321">[294]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies of the European Union</a></div> Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the European Union since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Bozoki-322">[295]</a> Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the <a href="/wiki/Culture_2000" title="Culture 2000">Culture 2000</a> seven-year programme,<a href="#cite_note-Bozoki-322">[295]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Cultural_Month" title="European Cultural Month">European Cultural Month</a> event,<a href="#cite_note-Culture_Month-323">[296]</a> and orchestras such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Youth_Orchestra" title="European Union Youth Orchestra">European Union Youth Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">cultural development</a> of that city.<a href="#cite_note-Capital_Culture-325">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies of the European Union</a></div> Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or other international organisations, rather than of the EU. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was at the core of the <a href="/wiki/Bosman_ruling" title="Bosman ruling">Bosman ruling</a> that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with EU member state citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Boseman-326">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity.<a href="#cite_note-327">[300]</a> This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, due to objections over the application of free market principles to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs.<a href="#cite_note-IHT_RT-328">[301]</a> The EU does fund a programme for Israeli, Jordanian, Irish, and British football coaches, as part of the Football 4 Peace project.<a href="#cite_note-329">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Heritage_Label" title="European Heritage Label">European Heritage Label</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europa_copy.jpg/170px-Europa_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1081"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europa_copy.jpg/170px-Europa_copy.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europa_copy.jpg/255px-Europa_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europa_copy.jpg/340px-Europa_copy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a> and the Bull on a Greek vase, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480 BC. <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia_National_Museum" title="Tarquinia National Museum">Tarquinia National Museum</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">flag of Europe</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_stars" title="Circle of stars">circle of</a> 12 golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, the predecessors of the present European Union, in 1986. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms,<a href="#cite_note-36th-330">[303]</a> though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":<a href="#cite_note-1996guide-331">[304]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolise the peoples of Europe in a form of a circle, the sign of union. The number of stars is invariably <a href="/wiki/12_(number)#Religion" title="12 (number)">twelve</a>, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Council of Europe. Paris, 7–9 December 1955.</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Motto_of_the_European_Union" title="Motto of the European Union">United in Diversity</a> was adopted as the motto of the union in 2000, having been selected from <a href="/wiki/A_motto_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="A motto for Europe">proposals</a> submitted by school pupils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2002110-332">[305]</a> Since 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag day">flag day</a> of the union has been <a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a>, on 9 May (the date of the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Schuman_declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuman declaration">Schuman declaration</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Europe" title="Anthem of Europe">anthem of the EU</a> is an instrumental version of the prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>, the 4th movement of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">ninth symphony</a>. The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on official occasions.<a href="#cite_note-333">[306]</a> Besides naming the continent, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythological</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a> has frequently been employed as a <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">personification</a> of Europe. Known from the myth in which <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the EU's institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a>. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey2007387-334">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles the Great</a>, also known as Charlemagne (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Carolus Magnus) and later recognised as Pater Europae ("Father of Europe"),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-335">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[310]</a> has a symbolic relevance to Europe. The commission has named <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">one of its central buildings</a> in Brussels after Charlemagne and the city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> has since 1949 awarded the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a> to champions of European unification.<a href="#cite_note-338">[311]</a> Since 2008, the organisers of this prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have awarded the <a href="/wiki/European_Charlemagne_Youth_Prize" title="European Charlemagne Youth Prize">Charlemagne Youth Prize</a> in recognition of similar efforts led by young people.<a href="#cite_note-339">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom in the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Euronews.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom">Media freedom</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental right</a> that applies to all <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the European Union and its <a href="/wiki/EU_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="EU citizens">citizens</a>, as defined in the <a href="/wiki/EU_Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Charter of Fundamental Rights">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eprs-340">[313]</a>: 1 Within the <a href="/wiki/EU_enlargement" class="mw-redirect" title="EU enlargement">EU enlargement</a> process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU".<a href="#cite_note-341">[314]</a> The majority of media in the European Union are national-orientated, although some EU-wide media focusing on European affairs have emerged since the early 1990s, such as <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurosport" title="Eurosport">Eurosport</a>, <a href="/wiki/EUobserver" title="EUobserver">EUobserver</a>, <a href="/wiki/EURACTIV" class="mw-redirect" title="EURACTIV">EURACTIV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> is a public Franco-German TV network that promotes programming in the areas of culture and the arts. 80 per cent of its programming are provided in equal proportion by the two member companies, while the remainder is being provided by the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Interest_Grouping" class="mw-redirect" title="European Economic Interest Grouping">European Economic Interest Grouping</a> ARTE GEIE and the channel's European partners.<a href="#cite_note-344">[317]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MEDIA_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDIA Programme">MEDIA Programme</a> of the European Union has supported the European popular film and audiovisual industries since 1991. It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-345">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Eiffel_Tower_wearing_Europe_colors_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">European emblem</a> emblazoned on the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></figcaption></figure> The European Union has had a significant positive economic effect on most member states.<a href="#cite_note-JoME-346">[319]</a> According to a 2019 study of the member states who joined from 1973 to 2004, "without European integration, per capita incomes would have been, on average, approximately 10% lower in the first ten years after joining the EU".<a href="#cite_note-JoME-346">[319]</a> Greece was the exception reported by the study, which analysed up to 2008, "to avoid confounding effects from the global financial crisis".<a href="#cite_note-JoME-346">[319]</a> A 2021 study in the Journal of Political Economy found that the 2004 enlargement had aggregate beneficial economic effects on all groups in both the old and new member states. The largest winners were the new member states, in particular unskilled labour in the new member states.<a href="#cite_note-347">[320]</a> The European Union is frequently cited as having made a major contribution to peace in Europe, in particular by pacifying border disputes,<a href="#cite_note-348">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[322]</a> and to the spread of democracy, especially by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring Eastern European member states after the collapse of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-350">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Risse-2009-351">[324]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Risse" title="Thomas Risse">Thomas Risse</a> wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a huge anchoring effects for the new democracies."<a href="#cite_note-Risse-2009-351">[324]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/R._Daniel_Kelemen" title="R. Daniel Kelemen">R. Daniel Kelemen</a> argues that the EU has proved beneficial to leaders who are overseeing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>, as the EU is reluctant to intervene in domestic politics, gives authoritarian governments funds which they can use to strengthen their regimes, and because freedom of movement within the EU allows dissenting citizens to leave their backsliding countries. At the same time, the union might provide through <a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union</a> an external constraint that prevents <a href="/wiki/Electoral_autocracy" title="Electoral autocracy">electoral autocracies</a>, currently Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-352">[325]</a> from progressing into <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">closed autocracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[326]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories of members of the European Economic Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_groupings" title="List of country groupings">List of country groupings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multilateral free-trade agreements">List of multilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union#Outermost_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">outermost regions</a> observe different time zones not shown: <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a> (UTC−4); <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (UTC−3); <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> (UTC−1 / UTC); <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (UTC+3); and <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="La Réunion">La Réunion</a> (UTC+4); which, other than the Azores, do not observe DST. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> .eu, .ευ, and .ею are representative of the whole of the EU; member states also have their own TLDs. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> This figure is from February 2020, and takes account of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union. The population of the UK is roughly 0.9% of the world's population.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> These legislative instruments are dealt with in more detail <a href="#Acts">below</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Supremacy-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Supremacy_121-0">^</a> According to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union#Supremacy" title="Law of the European Union">supremacy</a> as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585. See Craig and de Búrca, ch. 7. See also: <a href="/wiki/Factortame_litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Factortame litigation">Factortame litigation</a>: Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, Solange II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft, BVerfG decision of 22 October 1986 [1987] 3 CMLR 225,265) and Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze [1974] 2 CMLR 372; Raoul George Nicolo [1990] 1 CMLR 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-art249-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art249_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art249_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art249_124-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117094809/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%253AC%253A2010%253A083%253A0047%253A0200%253AEN%253APDF">"Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"</a>. Official Journal of the European Union. EUR-Lex. 30 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ%253AC%253A2010%253A083%253A0047%253A0200%253AEN%253APDF">the original</a> on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Consolidated+Version+of+the+Treaty+on+the+Functioning+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%25253AC%25253A2010%25253A083%25253A0047%25253A0200%25253AEN%25253APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Direct_Effect-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Direct_Effect_125-0">^</a> According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in <cite><a href="/wiki/Van_Gend_en_Loos_v_Nederlandse_Administratie_der_Belastingen" title="Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen">Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:NOT"> Eur-Lex</a> (European Court of Justice 1963). See: Craig and de Búrca, ch. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%253A61973J0034">"?"</a>. EUR-Lex. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-Lex&rft.atitle=%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%25253A61973J0034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states. See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">acceded</a> to the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, automatically becoming part of the EU. </li> <li id="cite_note-Area.and.population.figure-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Area.and.population.figure_176-0">^</a> This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states that are part of the EU, and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Special member state territories and the European Union</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome </li> <li id="cite_note-art2(7)_Amsterdam-257"><a href="#cite_ref-art2(7)_Amsterdam_257-0">^</a> See Article 2 (7) of the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Treaty">Amsterdam Treaty</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11997D/htm/11997D.html#0001010001">eur-lex.europa.eu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217024604/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11997D/htm/11997D.html#0001010001">Archived</a> 17 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19 July 2000, pp. 22–26); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2 December 2000, pp. 16–22). </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> And is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta08/ERES1610.htm">Assembly.coe.int.</a> This is a political and not a legal requirement for membership. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626175941/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta08%2FERES1610.htm">Archived</a> 26 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list">"Full list - Treaty Office - publi.coe.int"</a>. Treaty Office. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treaty+Office&rft.atitle=Full+list+-+Treaty+Office+-+publi.coe.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fconventions%2Ffull-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/ALL/?uri=CELEX%253A61994V0002">"?"</a>. EUR-Lex. Retrieved 21 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-Lex&rft.atitle=%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FFR%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%25253A61994V0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Reference article dated February 2020,<a href="#cite_note-278">[254]</a> taking survey data from 2012<a href="#cite_note-279">[255]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Native language<a href="#cite_note-nativeLanguages-281">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> EU citizens able to hold a conversation in this language<a href="#cite_note-totalLanguages-283">[257]</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-capital-1"><a href="#cite_ref-capital_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-248-9</bdi></a>. <q>Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Cities+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-248-9&rft.aulast=Cybriwsky&rft.aufirst=Roman+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2015-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB2015_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2015_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess">"Discrimiation in the EU in 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a>. 437. 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Retrieved 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competences+and+consumers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcompetition%2Fconsumers%2Fevents%2F2009%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> As outlined in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#TITLE_I:_CATEGORIES_AND_AREAS_OF_UNION_COMPETENCE" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union/Part One: Principles">Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_work-98"><a href="#cite_ref-How_work_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/12lessons/lesson_4/index_en.htm">How does the EU work</a>. Europa (web portal). 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789279205125" title="Special:BookSources/9789279205125"><bdi>9789279205125</bdi></a>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928395-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928395-8</bdi></a>. <q>Fourth, the European Council acts a "collective head of state" for the EU.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+US+Or+Against+US%3F%3A+European+Trends+in+American+Perspective&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928395-8&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Jabko%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMsWxEnaqrUC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_Press_Release-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Council_Press_Release_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/111298.pdf">"President of the European Council"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 13 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Parliament&rft.atitle=Legislative+powers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fabout-parliament%2Fen%2Fpowers-and-procedures%2Flegislative-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_European_Parliament-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_European_Parliament_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130619/LDM_BRI(2013)130619_REV2_EN.pdf">"Parliament's legislative initiative"</a> (PDF). Library of the European Parliament. 24 October 2013. 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Citizens Information Ireland. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizens+Information+Ireland&rft.atitle=European+commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensinformation.ie%2Fen%2Fgovernment_in_ireland%2Feuropean_government%2Feu_institutions%2Feuropean_commission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT">"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+on+the+Functioning+of+the+European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3Dcelex%253A12012E%252FTXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/">"Home"</a>. www.consilium.europa.eu. 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European Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/general_information/legal_information_and_eu_law/sources_eu_law/index_en.htm">the original</a> on 28 February 2008. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/european-union-and-border-conflicts/A266F908B4C67C91C17F511DD9BB9AF3">The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Power of Integration and Association</a>. Cambridge Core. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511491337">10.1017/cbo9780511491337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49133-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49133-7"><bdi>978-0-511-49133-7</bdi></a>. 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International Politics. 57 (3): 471–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41311-020-00236-6">10.1057/s41311-020-00236-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-3898">1740-3898</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219012478">219012478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Politics&rft.atitle=Good+for+democracy%3F+Evidence+from+the+2004+NATO+expansion&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-490&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219012478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1740-3898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41311-020-00236-6&rft.aulast=Poast&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Chinchilla%2C+Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risse-2009-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risse-2009_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risse-2009_351-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisse2009" class="citation book cs1">Risse, Thomas (2009). "Conclusions: Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion?". In Magen, Amichai; Risse, Thomas; McFaul, Michael A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/promotingdemocra00mage">Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies</a>. Governance and Limited Statehood Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/promotingdemocra00mage/page/n262">244</a>–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230244528_9">10.1057/9780230244528_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24452-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24452-8"><bdi>978-0-230-24452-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusions%3A+Towards+Transatlantic+Democracy+Promotion%3F&rft.btitle=Promoting+Democracy+and+the+Rule+of+Law%3A+American+and+European+Strategies&rft.series=Governance+and+Limited+Statehood+Series&rft.pages=244-271&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230244528_9&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24452-8&rft.aulast=Risse&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpromotingdemocra00mage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Civil_Liberties,_Justice_and_Home_Affairs2022" class="citation report cs1">Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0217_EN.html">INTERIM REPORT on the proposal for a Council decision determining, pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the existence of a clear risk of a serious breach by Hungary of the values on which the Union is founded</a> (Report). European Parliament.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=INTERIM+REPORT+on+the+proposal+for+a+Council+decision+determining%2C+pursuant+to+Article+7%281%29+of+the+Treaty+on+European+Union%2C+the+existence+of+a+clear+risk+of+a+serious+breach+by+Hungary+of+the+values+on+which+the+Union+is+founded&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.au=Committee+on+Civil+Liberties%2C+Justice+and+Home+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdoceo%2Fdocument%2FA-9-2022-0217_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelemen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kelemen, R. Daniel (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2020.1712455">"The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium"</a>. Journal of European Public Policy. 27 (3): 481–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2020.1712455">10.1080/13501763.2020.1712455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-1763">1350-1763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+European+Union%27s+authoritarian+equilibrium&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-499&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501763.2020.1712455&rft.issn=1350-1763&rft.aulast=Kelemen&rft.aufirst=R.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13501763.2020.1712455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigDe_Burca2011" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Paul; De Burca, Grainne (2011). EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957699-9"><bdi>978-0-19-957699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+Law%3A+Text%2C+Cases+and+Materials&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957699-9&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=De+Burca%2C+Grainne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemey2007" class="citation book cs1">Demey, Thierry (2007). Brussels, capital of Europe. S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9600414-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9600414-6-0"><bdi>978-2-9600414-6-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brussels%2C+capital+of+Europe&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Badeaux&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-9600414-6-0&rft.aulast=Demey&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanAdelle2012" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, A.J.; Adelle, Camilla, eds. (2012). Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84971-469-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84971-469-3"><bdi>978-1-84971-469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Policy+in+the+European+Union%3A+Contexts%2C+Actors+and+Policy+Dynamics&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84971-469-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McCormick_(political_scientist)" title="John McCormick (political scientist)">McCormick, John</a> (2007). The European superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9845-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9845-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-9845-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71266552">71266552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+superpower&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71266552&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9845-3&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiris2010" class="citation book cs1">Piris, Jean-Claude (2010). The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19792-2"><bdi>978-0-521-19792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lisbon+Treaty%3A+A+Legal+and+Political+Analysis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19792-2&rft.aulast=Piris&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2002" class="citation book cs1">Simons, George F., ed. (2002). EuroDiversity. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87719-381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87719-381-4"><bdi>978-0-87719-381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EuroDiversity&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87719-381-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalrel00wilk_012">International Relations: A Very Short Introduction</a> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280157-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280157-9&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalrel00wilk_012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBort2001" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, M.; Bort, E. (2001). Frontiers of the European Union. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50797-5"><bdi>978-0-230-50797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-230-50797-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Bort%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Barnard" title="Catherine Barnard">Barnard, Catherine</a> (2010). The Substantive Law of the EU: The four freedoms (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956224-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956224-4"><bdi>978-0-19-956224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Substantive+Law+of+the+EU%3A+The+four+freedoms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956224-4&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombergPetersonCorbett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bomberg, Elizabeth; Peterson, John; Corbett, Richard, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanunionhow0000unse">The European Union: How Does it Work? (New European Union)</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957080-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+How+Does+it+Work%3F+%28New+European+Union%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957080-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanunionhow0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend2017" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Ivan T. (2017). The Contemporary Crisis of the European Union: Prospects for the Future. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-24419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-24419-1"><bdi>978-1-138-24419-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+Crisis+of+the+European+Union%3A+Prospects+for+the+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-24419-1&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Ivan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrethertonVogler2005" class="citation book cs1">Bretherton, Charlotte; Vogler, John (2005). The European Union as a Global Actor. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45882-0"><bdi>978-1-134-45882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+as+a+Global+Actor&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-45882-0&rft.aulast=Bretherton&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Vogler%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiniBorragán2019" class="citation book cs1">Cini, Michelle; Borragán, Nieves Pérez-Solórzano (2019). European Union Politics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880653-0"><bdi>978-0-19-880653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880653-0&rft.aulast=Cini&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Borrag%C3%A1n%2C+Nieves+P%C3%A9rez-Sol%C3%B3rzano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbettJacobsShackleton2011" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jacobs" title="Francis Jacobs">Jacobs, Francis</a>; Shackleton, Michael (2011). The European Parliament (8th ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">John Harper Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564508-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9564508-5-2"><bdi>978-0-9564508-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Parliament&rft.place=London&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=John+Harper+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9564508-5-2&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Francis&rft.au=Shackleton%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederiga2010" class="citation book cs1">Federiga, Bindi, ed. (2010). The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2252-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-2252-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+the+European+Union%3A+Assessing+Europe%27s+Role+in+the+World&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2252-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareisHauserKernic2013" class="citation book cs1">Gareis, Sven; Hauser, Gunther; Kernic, Franz, eds. (2013). The European Union – A Global Actor?. Leverkusen, Germany: Barbara Budrich Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-0040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-0040-0"><bdi>978-3-8474-0040-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+%E2%80%93+A+Global+Actor%3F&rft.place=Leverkusen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Barbara+Budrich+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-8474-0040-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrininKorotayevTausch2016" class="citation book cs1">Grinin, L.; Korotayev, A.; Tausch, A. (2016). Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17780-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-17780-9"><bdi>978-3-319-17780-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Cycles%2C+Crises%2C+and+the+Global+Periphery&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+New+York%2C+Dordrecht%2C+London&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-17780-9&rft.aulast=Grinin&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+A.&rft.au=Tausch%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesAnandWeatherill2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Erik; Anand, Menon; Weatherill, Stephen (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954628-2"><bdi>978-0-19-954628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+European+Union&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954628-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Anand%2C+Menon&rft.au=Weatherill%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49705-6"><bdi>978-0-511-49705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+and+the+Origins+of+European+Union&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-511-49705-6&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiserVarsori2010" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Wolfram; Varsori, A. (2010). European Union History: Themes and Debates. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28150-9"><bdi>978-0-230-28150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union+History%3A+Themes+and+Debates&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28150-9&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft.au=Varsori%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_GalesKing2017" class="citation book cs1">Le Gales, Patrick; King, Desmond (2017). Reconfiguring European States in Crisis. Corby: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879337-3"><bdi>978-0-19-879337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconfiguring+European+States+in+Crisis&rft.place=Corby&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879337-3&rft.aulast=Le+Gales&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=King%2C+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather2006" class="citation book cs1">Mather, J. (2006). Legitimating the European Union: Aspirations, Inputs and Performance. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62562-4"><bdi>978-0-230-62562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legitimating+the+European+Union%3A+Aspirations%2C+Inputs+and+Performance&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62562-4&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuley2019" class="citation news cs1">McAuley, James (15 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/08/15/europe-more-perfect-union">"A More Perfect Union?"</a>. New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=A+More+Perfect+Union%3F&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=McAuley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2F08%2F15%2Feurope-more-perfect-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2014" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, John (2014). Understanding the European Union: A Concise Introduction. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36234-6"><bdi>978-1-137-36234-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+European+Union%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-36234-6&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2013" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0">The European Union: Politics and Policies</a> (5th ed.). Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4202-3"><bdi>978-0-8133-4202-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+Politics+and+Policies&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaren2005" class="citation book cs1">McLaren, L. (2005). Identity, Interests and Attitudes to European Integration. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50424-0"><bdi>978-0-230-50424-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%2C+Interests+and+Attitudes+to+European+Integration&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-230-50424-0&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2012" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Fiona (2012). The European Union and Member State Territories: A New Legal Framework Under the EU Treaties. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6704-825-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6704-825-5"><bdi>978-90-6704-825-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+and+Member+State+Territories%3A+A+New+Legal+Framework+Under+the+EU+Treaties&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-6704-825-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2006" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Neill (2006). The Government and Politics of the European Union. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3870-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-3870-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3870-3&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Neill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brennan2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Brennan, John (2006). The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23440-0"><bdi>978-1-134-23440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Enlargement+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-23440-0&rft.aulast=O%27Brennan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagdenHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Pagden, Anthony; Hamilton, Lee H. (2002). The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79552-4"><bdi>978-0-521-79552-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Europe%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79552-4&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Lee+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinderUsherwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Pinder, John; Usherwood, Simon (2013). The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968169-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968169-3"><bdi>978-0-19-968169-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968169-3&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Usherwood%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2019" class="citation news cs1">Mount, Ferdinand (6 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v41/n11/ferdinand-mount/why-we-go-to-war">"Why we go to war"</a>. London Review of Books. Vol. 41, no. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Why+we+go+to+war&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv41%2Fn11%2Fferdinand-mount%2Fwhy-we-go-to-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifkin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rifkin, Jeremy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeandreamhow00rifk_0">The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group#Imprints" title="Penguin Group">TarcherPerigee</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-435-1"><bdi>978-1-58542-435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Dream%3A+How+Europe%27s+Vision+of+the+Future+Is+Quietly+Eclipsing+the+American+Dream&rft.place=City+of+Westminster%2C+London&rft.pub=TarcherPerigee&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-435-1&rft.aulast=Rifkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeandreamhow00rifk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosamond2000" class="citation book cs1">Rosamond, Ben (2000). Theories of European Integration. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23120-0"><bdi>978-0-312-23120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+European+Integration&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23120-0&rft.aulast=Rosamond&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheuer2005" class="citation book cs1">Scheuer, Angelika (2005). How Europeans See Europe: Structure and Dynamics of European Legitimacy Beliefs. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-408-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-408-3"><bdi>978-90-5629-408-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Europeans+See+Europe%3A+Structure+and+Dynamics+of+European+Legitimacy+Beliefs&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5629-408-3&rft.aulast=Scheuer&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emrys_Smith" title="Charles Emrys Smith">Smith, Charles</a> (2007). International Trade and Globalisation (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stocksfield" title="Stocksfield">Stocksfield</a>: Anforme Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905504-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905504-10-7"><bdi>978-1-905504-10-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trade+and+Globalisation&rft.place=Stocksfield&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Anforme+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905504-10-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Hazel Knowles (2002). European Union Foreign Policy: What it is and What it Does. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1870-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-1870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union+Foreign+Policy%3A+What+it+is+and+What+it+Does&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1870-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hazel+Knowles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Karen E. (2008). European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4018-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4018-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-4018-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Union+Foreign+Policy+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4018-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaab2011" class="citation book cs1">Staab, Andreas (2011). The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Bloomington, IN: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22303-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22303-6"><bdi>978-0-253-22303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+Explained%3A+Institutions%2C+Actors%2C+Global+Impact&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22303-6&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0253220181">Excerpt and text search</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerWoodsTwigg-Flesner2006" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Josephine; Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2006). EU Law (9th ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927959-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927959-3"><bdi>978-0-19-927959-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927959-3&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft.au=Woods%2C+Lorna&rft.au=Twigg-Flesner%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2012" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno (2012). Globalization, the Human Condition, and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand (1st ed.). Anthem Press, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-410-5"><bdi>978-0-85728-410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization%2C+the+Human+Condition%2C+and+Sustainable+Development+in+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+Cross-national+Perspectives+and+European+Implications.+With+Almas+Heshmati+and+a+Foreword+by+Ulrich+Brand&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Anthem+Press%2C+London&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-410-5&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch,_ArnoNeriyah,_Jacques2023" class="citation cs2">Tausch, Arno; Neriyah, Jacques (2023), Destabilizing forces and resilience in the current world crisis : comparisons of global opinion data and a Middle East analysis, Nova Science Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798891131224" title="Special:BookSources/9798891131224"><bdi>9798891131224</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destabilizing+forces+and+resilience+in+the+current+world+crisis+%3A+comparisons+of+global+opinion+data+and+a+Middle+East+analysis&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9798891131224&rft.au=Tausch%2C+Arno&rft.au=Neriyah%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrwin2014" class="citation book cs1">Urwin, Derek W. (2014). The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration Since 1945. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89252-6"><bdi>978-1-317-89252-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Community+of+Europe%3A+A+History+of+European+Integration+Since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89252-6&rft.aulast=Urwin&rft.aufirst=Derek+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigallStirk1992" class="citation book cs1">Weigall, David; Stirk, Peter M.R. (1992). The Origins and development of the European Community. Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1428-0"><bdi>978-0-7185-1428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+development+of+the+European+Community&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1428-0&rft.aulast=Weigall&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Stirk%2C+Peter+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesiladaWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Yesilada, Birol A.; Wood, David M. (2009). The Emerging European Union (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-72380-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-72380-5"><bdi>978-0-205-72380-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+European+Union&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-205-72380-5&rft.aulast=Yesilada&rft.aufirst=Birol+A.&rft.au=Wood%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Union" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 07:20 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Еуро Зэкъотыныгъэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Еуро Зэкъотыныгъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europese Unie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Union" title="Europäische Union – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Europäische Union" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8D%93_%E1%88%85%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="አውሮፓ ህብረት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አውሮፓ ህብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroop_union" title="Euroop union – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Euroop union" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="यूरोपीय संघ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यूरोपीय संघ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europisce_Gesamnung" title="Europisce Gesamnung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Europisce Gesamnung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Европатәи Аидгыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Европатәи Аидгыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الاتحاد الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Unión Europea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եւրոպական Միութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եւրոպական Միութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83" title="Uniunea Europeană – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Uniunea Europeană" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_erop%C3%A8%C3%A8na" title="Union eropèèna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Union eropèèna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউৰোপিয়ান ইউনিয়ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউৰোপিয়ান ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Xunión Europea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión Europea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa_Joaju" title="Európa Joaju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Európa Joaju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Европаялъул цолъи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Европаялъул цолъи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1" title="Avropa İttifaqı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa İttifaqı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اوروپا بیرلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوروپا بیرلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_%C3%89ropa" title="Uni Éropa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uni Éropa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa_J%C9%9Bkulu" title="Eropa Jɛkulu – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Eropa Jɛkulu" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-chiu_Li%C3%A2n-b%C3%AAng" title="Au-chiu Liân-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Au-chiu Liân-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Европа берлеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Европа берлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Еўрапейскі Саюз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўрапейскі Саюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7" title="Эўрапейскі Зьвяз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўрапейскі Зьвяз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="यूरोपियन यूनियन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूरोपियन यूनियन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europea" title="Union Europea – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Union Europea" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Европейски съюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европейски съюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirop%C3%A4ische_Union" title="Eiropäische Union – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eiropäische Union" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_unija" title="Evropska unija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evropska unija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaniezh_Europa" title="Unaniezh Europa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unaniezh Europa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Европын холбоон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Европын холбоон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Europea" title="Unió Europea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió Europea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Европа Пĕрлешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Европа Пĕрлешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Uropeyo" title="Unyong Uropeyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Unyong Uropeyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_unie" title="Evropská unie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evropská unie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Unión Europea – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="European Union" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_auropea" title="Unione auropea – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Unione auropea" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Europ%C3%A6iske_Union" title="Den Europæiske Union – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Europæiske Union" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="ليتيحاد لؤروپي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليتيحاد لؤروپي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohp%C3%A1_uniovdna" title="Eurohpá uniovdna – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eurohpá uniovdna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropeeische_Union" title="Eiropeeische Union – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Eiropeeische Union" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Union" title="Europäische Union – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europäische Union" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%95%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%94%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޔޫރަޕިއަން ޔޫނިއަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔޫރަޕިއަން ޔޫނިއަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europska_unija" title="Europska unija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Europska unija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="युरोपेली संघ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="युरोपेली संघ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_Liit" title="Euroopa Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Европань Вейсэндявкс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Европань Вейсэндявкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Unión Europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Unio" title="Eŭropa Unio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropa Unio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Uropea" title="Unión Uropea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Unión Uropea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar_Batasuna" title="Europar Batasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europar Batasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اتحادیه اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="European Union" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropeiska_Samveldi%C3%B0" title="Evropeiska Samveldið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evropeiska Samveldið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Union européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeropeeske_Uny" title="Jeropeeske Uny – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jeropeeske Uny" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europeane" title="Union Europeane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Union Europeane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAontas_Eorpach" title="An tAontas Eorpach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAontas Eorpach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Unnaneys_Oarpagh" title="Yn Unnaneys Oarpagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Unnaneys Oarpagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Birlii" title="Evropa Birlii – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Evropa Birlii" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Aonadh_E%C3%B2rpach" title="An t-Aonadh Eòrpach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Aonadh Eòrpach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" title="Unión Europea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unión Europea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%B1%DB%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اۊرۊپا ايتحاديه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اۊرۊپا ايتحاديه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Au-ch%C3%BB_Li%C3%A8n-m%C3%A8n" title="Êu-chû Lièn-mèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Êu-chû Lièn-mèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" title="유럽 연합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 연합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarayyar_Turai" title="Tarayyar Turai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarayyar Turai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUnionlelo_%CA%BBEulopa" title="ʻUnionlelo ʻEulopa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻUnionlelo ʻEulopa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եվրոպական միություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպական միություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="यूरोपीय संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोपीय संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europska_unija" title="Europska unija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Europska unija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europska_unija" title="Europska unija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europska unija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europana_Uniono" title="Europana Uniono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Europana Uniono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappon_ti_Europa" title="Kappon ti Europa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kappon ti Europa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europee" title="Union Europee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Union Europee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europan_Union" title="Europan Union – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Europan Union" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Европæйы Цæдис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Европæйы Цæдис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pusambandi%C3%B0" title="Evrópusambandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Evrópusambandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_europea" title="Unione europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="האיחוד האירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיחוד האירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_%C3%89ropa" title="Uni Éropa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uni Éropa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/UE_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B" title="UE ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="UE ŋgbɛyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU" title="EU – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="EU" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F" title="ಯುರೋಪಿನ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುರೋಪಿನ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Европа бирлик – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Европа бирлик" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ევროკავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროკავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B9ropejsk%C3%B4_%C3%99nij%C3%B4" title="Eùropejskô Ùnijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Eùropejskô Ùnijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Еуропа одағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуропа одағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyans_Europek" title="Unyans Europek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Unyans Europek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango_w%E2%80%99Ubumwe_bw%E2%80%99Ibihugu_by%E2%80%99i_Burayi" title="Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Ulaya" title="Umoja wa Ulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umoja wa Ulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Европаса Союз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Европаса Союз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europafa_Tanara" title="Europafa Tanara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Europafa Tanara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_Ewopey%C3%A8n" title="Inyon Ewopeyèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Inyon Ewopeyèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linyon_%C3%A9rop%C3%A9yen" title="Linyon éropéyen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Linyon éropéyen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekîtiya Ewropayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Европа бирлиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Европа бирлиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europea" title="Union Europea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Union Europea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Evropea" title="Union Evropea – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Union Evropea" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ສະຫະພາບເອີຣົບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະພາບເອີຣົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europys_Sav%C4%ABneiba" title="Europys Savīneiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Europys Savīneiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_Europaea" title="Unio Europaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio Europaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropas_Savien%C4%ABba" title="Eiropas Savienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropas Savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4esch_Unioun" title="Europäesch Unioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Europäesch Unioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%80" title="Европадин ГалкӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Европадин ГалкӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_S%C4%85junga" title="Europos Sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europos Sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europea" title="Union Europea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Union Europea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Europese Unie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Er%C3%B3pa" title="Lisangá lya Erópa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisangá lya Erópa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_European" title="Uni European – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uni European" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevroupan_unioni" title="Jevroupan unioni – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jevroupan unioni" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ropno_gunma" title="ropno gunma – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ropno gunma" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europea" title="Union Europea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Union Europea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_Uni%C3%B3" title="Európai Unió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai Unió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="युरोपेली सङ्घ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="युरोपेली सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Европска Унија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европска Унија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondrona_Eor%C3%B4peana" title="Vondrona Eorôpeana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondrona Eorôpeana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="യൂറോപ്യൻ യൂണിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോപ്യൻ യൂണിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjoni_Ewropea" title="Unjoni Ewropea – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Unjoni Ewropea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotahitanga_o_%C5%AAropi" title="Kotahitanga o Ūropi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kotahitanga o Ūropi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="युरोपियन संघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोपियन संघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3" title="ევროპაშ რსხუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევროპაშ რსხუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%89" title="الاتحاد الاوروپى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاتحاد الاوروپى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اروپای اتحادیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اروپای اتحادیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94u-ci%C5%AD_Li%C3%A8ng-m%C3%A8ng" title="Ĕu-ciŭ Lièng-mèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĕu-ciŭ Lièng-mèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounion_Ouropeia" title="Ounion Ouropeia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ounion Ouropeia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Эуропонь соткс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эуропонь соткс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Европын Холбоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Европын Холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82" title="ဥရောပ သမဂ္ဂ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥရောပ သမဂ္ဂ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europese Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeeske_Uny" title="Europeeske Uny – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Europeeske Uny" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="युरोपेली सङ्घ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरोपेली सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="युरोपेली संघ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युरोपेली संघ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88" title="欧州連合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州連合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunione_europea" title="Aunione europea – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aunione europea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Европин барт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Европин барт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4isch_Unjoon" title="Europäisch Unjoon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Europäisch Unjoon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_europeiske_union" title="Den europeiske union – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den europeiske union" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_europeiske_unionen" title="Den europeiske unionen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den europeiske unionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnion_%C3%9Brop%C3%A9enne" title="Unnion Ûropéenne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Unnion Ûropéenne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europan_Unione" title="Europan Unione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Europan Unione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europ%C3%A8a" title="Union Europèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Union Europèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Европа Ушем – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Европа Ушем" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropa_Ittifoqi" title="Yevropa Ittifoqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropa Ittifoqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98" title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪੀ ਸੰਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یورپی یونین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپی یونین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Oropeo" title="Union Oropeo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Union Oropeo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="اروپايي ټولنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اروپايي ټولنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Yuurop_Yuunian" title="Wes Yuurop Yuunian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wes Yuurop Yuunian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ӧтласа Европа – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ӧтласа Европа" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94" title="សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_urop%C3%A9yine" title="Union uropéyine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Union uropéyine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europenga" title="Union Europenga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Union Europenga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4%C3%A4sche_Union" title="Europääsche Union – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Europääsche Union" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Europejska" title="Unia Europejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia Europejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ευρωπαϊκόν Σύνδεσμον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκόν Σύνδεσμον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia" title="União Europeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa_Awqam%C4%B1" title="Evropa Awqamı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Evropa Awqamı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_Birligi" title="Avropa Birligi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avropa Birligi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83" title="Uniunea Europeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Europeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europikano_Ekipen" title="Europikano Ekipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Europikano Ekipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uniun europeica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwrupa_Hu%C3%B1u" title="Iwrupa Huñu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iwrupa Huñu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Европска унія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Европска унія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Европейский союз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европейский союз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B1%D1%80%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BF%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0" title="Өбрүөпэ Сойууһа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өбрүөпэ Сойууһа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Cuo_a_malasacabayay" title="O-Cuo a malasacabayay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="O-Cuo a malasacabayay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuni_a_Europa" title="Iuni a Europa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iuni a Europa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Europea" title="Unione Europea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Unione Europea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="European Union" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4iske_Union" title="Europäiske Union – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Europäiske Union" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkimi_Evropian" title="Bashkimi Evropian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkimi Evropian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unioni_Europea" title="Unioni Europea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Unioni Europea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="යුරෝපියානු සංගමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරෝපියානු සංගමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="European Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="يورپي اتحاد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يورپي اتحاد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pska_%C3%BAnia" title="Európska únia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Európska únia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_unija" title="Evropska unija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evropska unija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%AB%EA%99%81%D1%8A" title="Єѵрѡпьскъ съвѫꙁъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѵрѡпьскъ съвѫꙁъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojropejsko_U%C5%84ijo" title="Ojropejsko Uńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ojropejsko Uńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midowga_Yurub" title="Midowga Yurub – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midowga Yurub" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="یەکێتیی ئەورووپا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکێتیی ئەورووپا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Европска унија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европска унија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_unija" title="Evropska unija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evropska unija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_%C3%89ropa" title="Uni Éropa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uni Éropa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_unioni" title="Euroopan unioni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan unioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeiska_unionen" title="Europeiska unionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeiska unionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Europeo" title="Unyong Europeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unyong Europeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadukli_Tu%E1%B9%9Bufit" title="Tadukli Tuṛufit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadukli Tuṛufit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aun%C3%ACone_europ%C3%A8e" title="Aunìone europèe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Aunìone europèe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Европа Берлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Европа Берлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BD%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၸုမ်းၽွမ်ႉႁူမ်ႈ ယူးရူပ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸုမ်းၽွမ်ႉႁူမ်ႈ ယူးရူပ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniaun_Europeia" title="Uniaun Europeia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Uniaun Europeia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="สหภาพยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Иттиҳоди Аврупо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттиҳоди Аврупо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Avrupa Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dewropa_Bilele%C5%9Figi" title="Ýewropa Bileleşigi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýewropa Bileleşigi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Европа союз – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Европа союз" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Європейський Союз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європейський Союз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="یورپی اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپی اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89" title="ياۋروپا ئىتتىپاقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياۋروپا ئىتتىپاقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouhcouh_Lenzmungz" title="Ouhcouh Lenzmungz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ouhcouh Lenzmungz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Eoropea" title="Union Eoropea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Union Eoropea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropan_%C3%9Chti%C5%A1tuz" title="Evropan Ühtištuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evropan Ühtištuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_minh_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Liên minh châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên minh châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balatam_Yuropik" title="Balatam Yuropik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Balatam Yuropik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95uruupa_Liit" title="Õuruupa Liit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õuruupa Liit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Uropeyinne" title="Union Uropeyinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Union Uropeyinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" title="歐盟 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="歐盟" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Europese Unie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyon_Europea" title="Unyon Europea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unyon Europea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲联盟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhlangono_wa_matiko_ya_Yuropa" title="Nhlangono wa matiko ya Yuropa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nhlangono wa matiko ya Yuropa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אייראפעאישער פאראיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייראפעאישער פאראיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan_Europe" title="Ìṣọ̀kan Europe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣọ̀kan Europe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="歐洲聯盟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐洲聯盟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewiya_Ewropa" title="Yewiya Ewropa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yewiya Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe%C3%AAse_Unie" title="Europeêse Unie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Europeêse Unie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euruopas_S%C4%81jonga" title="Euruopas Sājonga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Euruopas Sājonga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntitiin%CC%84_Yurop" title="Ntitiin̄ Yurop – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ntitiin̄ Yurop" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ropa_Rempug" title="Èropa Rempug – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èropa Rempug" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serakup_Eropah" title="Serakup Eropah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Serakup Eropah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 07:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6xdtf","wgBackendResponseTime":454,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.366","walltime":"5.096","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41649,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1368928,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":120138,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":187,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1416453,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4174.564 1 -total"," 34.54% 1441.980 4 Template:Reflist"," 20.29% 846.826 226 Template:Cite_web"," 10.46% 436.801 1 Template:Infobox_geopolitical_organisation"," 7.34% 306.283 57 Template:Cite_book"," 3.95% 164.906 11 Template:Sfn"," 3.65% 152.396 40 Template:Cite_news"," 3.15% 131.292 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.04% 127.047 1 Template:Commons_category"," 3.00% 125.039 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.475","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23760784,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbnettNasralla2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAldred2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonBort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristovnikČeč2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthanassiou2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakardjieva_EngelbrektLeijonMichalskiOxelheim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerend2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBildt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlocker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBombergPetersonCorbett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozoki\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrethertonVogler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaliendoParroOpromollaSforza2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamposCoricelliMoretti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiniBorragán2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommittee_on_Civil_Liberties,_Justice_and_Home_Affairs2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbettJacobsShackleton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouncil_of_the_European_Union\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouncil_of_the_European_Union2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouncil_of_the_European_Union2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraigDe_Burca2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCybriwsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Smith.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutschPronina2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiezAlbertStetter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiezStetterAlbert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEUR-Lex2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuobserver2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission\"] = 11,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Parliament\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Parliament2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Research_Council2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropeans_and_their_Languages2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEurostat2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederiga2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordyce2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrontex\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGareisHauserKernic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrininKorotayevTausch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansenJonsson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHlavac2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Sébastien2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesAnandWeatherill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanAdelle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJournal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiserVarsori2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayser-Bril2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelemen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimczak-Pawlak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuchler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandlerCastleMueller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaursen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_GalesKing2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke_McGee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLähdesmäki2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahnckeBekemansPicht1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMather2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaren2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoravcsik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMount2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaschert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugent2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brennan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagdenHamilton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonsJabko2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinderUsherwood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoastChinchilla2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlinsonToppingMurphyHenley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRifkin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRifkin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosamond2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheuer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSe-jeong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelect_Committee_on_European_Union2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamil_Midkhatovich_Yenikeyeff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpston2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorrocksDaviesLluberas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaab2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinerWoodsTwigg-Flesner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch,_ArnoNeriyah,_Jacques2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaussigKeynes1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeng2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_European_commission\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrwin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Hoof2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeigallStirk1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellfire_Interactive2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYesiladaWood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZglinski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_SchoutheeteAndoura2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Details_of_member_states\"] = 1,\n [\"competence\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 10,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Break\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 224,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 18,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 56,\n [\"Date table sorting\"] = 39,\n [\"EU competences\"] = 1,\n [\"EU evolution timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"EUnum\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Euro\"] = 12,\n [\"European Union topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Europefooter\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 55,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 7,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of the European Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"G20\"] = 1,\n [\"G8 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 3,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox geopolitical organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest population centres\"] = 1,\n [\"Leftlegend\"] = 18,\n [\"Legend\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 48,\n [\"Map_caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Member states of the European Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Name in various languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 14,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobel Peace Prize laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Non breaking en dash\"] = 5,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 14,\n [\"Number table sorting\"] = 28,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Paragraph break\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Princess of Asturias Award for Concord\"] = 1,\n [\"Quartet on the Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Regional organisations\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 19,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 9,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 5,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n 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