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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (<a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>), began with an <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China, in December 2019. It spread to other areas of Asia, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">then worldwide</a> in early 2020. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) declared the outbreak a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern" title="Public health emergency of international concern">public health emergency of international concern</a> (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed the outbreak as having become a <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> on 11 March.<a href="#cite_note-start-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFCCCB">COVID-19 pandemic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg/300px-Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg/450px-Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg/600px-Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1602"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> in São Paulo in May 2020 </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg/330px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg/495px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg/660px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population as of 20 December 2023</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Cases per capita</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/320px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/480px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/640px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="1500"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Cumulative percentage of population infected as of 19 March 2022</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;column-gap: 0;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> >10%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 3–10%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 1–3%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 0.3–1%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 0.1–0.3%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 0.03–0.1%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 0–0.03%</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> None or no data</li></ul> </div> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disease</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">Coronavirus disease 2019</a> (COVID-19)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Virus strain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (SARS‑CoV‑2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bat_virome" title="Bat virome">Bats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> indirectly<a href="#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Worldwide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">Index case</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=COVID-19_pandemic&params=30_37_11_N_114_15_28_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-42">30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E / 30.61972°N 114.25778°E / 30.61972; 114.25778</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">Assessed by <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> as pandemic: 11 March 2020 (4 years and 8 months ago)<a href="#cite_note-start-3">[3]</a> <hr> <a href="/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern" title="Public health emergency of international concern">Public health emergency of international concern</a>: 30 January 2020 – 5 May 2023 (3 years, 3 months and 5 days)<a href="#cite_note-reuters-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Confirmed cases</th><td class="infobox-data">776,840,500<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> (true case count is expected to be much higher<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deaths</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,075,455<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> (reported) 18.2–33.5 million<a href="#cite_note-Economist2023-7">[7]</a> (estimated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatality rate</th><td class="infobox-data">As of 10 March 2023: 1.02%<a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 symptoms">COVID-19 symptoms</a> range from <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> to deadly, but most commonly include fever, <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_cough" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal cough">nocturnal cough</a>, and fatigue. <a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">Transmission of the virus</a> is often <a href="/wiki/Airborne_transmission" title="Airborne transmission">through airborne particles</a>. Mutations have <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">produced many strains</a> (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> were developed rapidly and <a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">deployed</a> to the general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international</a> programs such as <a href="/wiki/COVAX" title="COVAX">COVAX</a>, aiming to provide <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_equity" title="Vaccine equity">vaccine equity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatments</a> include <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">novel antiviral drugs</a> and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">travel restrictions</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdowns</a>, business restrictions and closures, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">workplace hazard controls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">mask mandates</a>, quarantines, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">testing</a> systems, and <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a> of the infected. The pandemic caused severe <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic disruption</a> around the world, including <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">the largest global recession</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RFXoH-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Widespread supply shortages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">food shortages</a>, were caused by <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 global supply chain crisis">supply chain disruptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_buying" title="Panic buying">panic buying</a>. Reduced human activity led to an <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">unprecedented temporary decrease in pollution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Educational institutions</a> and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Telework</a> became much more common for <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a> as the pandemic evolved. <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">Misinformation circulated</a> through <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">mass media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">political tensions intensified</a>. The pandemic raised issues of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">racial and geographic discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">health equity</a>, and the balance between <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> imperatives and <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">individual rights</a>. The WHO ended the PHEIC for COVID-19 on 5 May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-4">[4]</a> The disease has continued to circulate, but as of 2024, experts were uncertain as to whether it was still a pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-timemarch2024-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Pandemics and their ends are not well-defined, and whether or not one has ended differs according to the definition used.<a href="#cite_note-timemarch2024-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-charters2021-13">[13]</a> As of 24 November 2024, COVID-19 has caused 7,075,455<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> confirmed deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks as the fifth-<a href="/wiki/Deadliest_pandemics_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadliest pandemics in history">deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pandemic">1.1 Pandemic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Virus_names">1.2 Virus names</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Epidemiology">2 Epidemiology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Background">2.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cases">2.2 Cases</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Test_positivity_rate">2.2.1 Test positivity rate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Deaths">2.3 Deaths</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Infection_fatality_ratio_(IFR)">2.3.1 Infection fatality ratio (IFR)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Case_fatality_ratio_(CFR)">2.3.2 Case fatality ratio (CFR)</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Disease">3 Disease</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Variants">3.1 Variants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Signs_and_symptoms">3.2 Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Transmission">3.3 Transmission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cause">3.4 Cause</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Diagnosis">3.5 Diagnosis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Prevention">3.6 Prevention</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Vaccines">3.6.1 Vaccines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Treatment">3.7 Treatment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Prognosis">3.8 Prognosis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Strategies">4 Strategies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Containment">4.1 Containment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Mitigation">4.2 Mitigation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Non-pharmaceutical_interventions">4.2.1 Non-pharmaceutical interventions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Other_measures">4.2.2 Other measures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Contact_tracing">4.2.3 Contact tracing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Health_care">4.3 Health care</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Improvised_manufacturing">4.3.1 Improvised manufacturing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Herd_immunity">4.4 Herd immunity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#History">5 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#2019">5.1 2019</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#2020">5.2 2020</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#2021">5.3 2021</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#2022">5.4 2022</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#2023">5.5 2023</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Responses">6 Responses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Asia">6.1 Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Europe">6.2 Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#North_America">6.3 North America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#South_America">6.4 South America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Africa">6.5 Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Oceania">6.6 Oceania</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Antarctica">6.7 Antarctica</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#United_Nations">6.8 United Nations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#WHO">6.9 WHO</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Restrictions">7 Restrictions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Travel_restrictions">7.1 Travel restrictions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Repatriation_of_foreign_citizens">7.2 Repatriation of foreign citizens</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Impact">8 Impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Economics">8.1 Economics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Supply_shortages">8.1.1 Supply shortages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Arts_and_cultural_heritage">8.2 Arts and cultural heritage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Politics">8.3 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Brazil">8.3.1 Brazil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#China">8.3.2 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#Italy">8.3.3 Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#United_States">8.3.4 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#Other_countries">8.3.5 Other countries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Food_systems">8.4 Food systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Education">8.5 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Health">8.6 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Environment">8.7 Environment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Discrimination_and_prejudice">8.8 Discrimination and prejudice</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#Lifestyle_changes">8.9 Lifestyle changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Historiography">8.10 Historiography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="#Religion">8.11 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#Information_dissemination">9 Information dissemination</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Misinformation">9.1 Misinformation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="#Culture_and_society">10 Culture and society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-70"><a href="#Transition_to_later_phases">11 Transition to later phases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-71"><a href="#Long-term_effects">12 Long-term effects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-72"><a href="#Economic">12.1 Economic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-73"><a href="#Travel">12.2 Travel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-74"><a href="#Health_2">12.3 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-75"><a href="#Immunizations">12.4 Immunizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-76"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-77"><a href="#Notes">14 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-78"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-79"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-80"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-81"><a href="#Health_agencies">17.1 Health agencies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-82"><a href="#Data_and_graphs">17.2 Data and graphs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-83"><a href="#Medical_journals">17.3 Medical journals</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_naming" title="COVID-19 naming">COVID-19 naming</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg/210px-2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg/210px-2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg/315px-2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg/420px-2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chinese medics in <a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a>, Hubei, in 2020</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandemic">Pandemic</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The end of a pandemic or other epidemic only rarely involves the total disappearance of a disease, and historically, much less attention has been given to defining the ends of epidemics than their beginnings. The ends of particular epidemics have been defined in a variety of ways, differing according to academic field, and differently based on location and social group. An epidemic's end can be considered a social phenomenon, not just a biological one.<a href="#cite_note-charters2021-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> reported in March 2024 that expert opinions differ on whether or not COVID-19 is considered endemic or pandemic, and that the WHO continued to call the disease a pandemic on its website.<a href="#cite_note-timemarch2024-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virus_names">Virus names</h3></div> During <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">the initial outbreak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak",<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> WHO finalised the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-naming-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a> explained: CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-naming-22">[22]</a> WHO named <a href="/wiki/Variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant of concern">variants of concern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant of concern">variants of interest</a> using <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letters</a>. The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a> began as the "<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> variant") is no longer common.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages" title="Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages">PANGO lineage</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a>'s lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.<a href="#cite_note-BBC.May.31.2021-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">For country-level <a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data">data</a>, see:</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="padding:3px 0; font-size:larger;"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:732-bar-chart.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="732-bar-chart"><noscript><img alt="732-bar-chart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/80px-732-bar-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/80px-732-bar-chart.svg.png" data-alt="732-bar-chart" data-width="80" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/120px-732-bar-chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/160px-732-bar-chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr style="text-align:center"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">Cases</a> 776,840,500<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a></div><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">Deaths</a> 7,075,455<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a></div> <div>As of 24 November 2024</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist nowraplinks" style="margin:5px 10px 5px;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of COVID-19">Origin of COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei</a></div> SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to <a href="/wiki/Bat_virome#Coronaviruses" title="Bat virome">bat coronaviruses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LancetNowcasting-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolin</a> coronaviruses,<a href="#cite_note-ia56U-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang6April2020-30">[30]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECDC_risk_assessment-31">[31]</a> The first known <a href="/wiki/Outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak">outbreak</a> (the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_COVID-19_outbreak_in_mainland_China" title="2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China">2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China</a>) started in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, Hubei, China, in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market</a> there,<a href="#cite_note-Sun2020epidemiology-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-35">[35]</a> but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a> analysis suggests that the first cases were likely to have been between October and November 2019.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> origin, from bats or another closely related mammal.<a href="#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-To2021lessons-40">[40]</a> While other explanations such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2 was accidentally <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">released from a laboratory</a> have been proposed,<a href="#cite_note-CovidMayHave-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-nofact-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200208economist-43">[43]</a> as of 2021 these were not supported by evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes2021-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">COVID-19 pandemic cases</a></div> Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">tested for COVID-19</a> and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.<a href="#cite_note-1ceLG-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-J0rix-46">[46]</a> Due to the effect of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a>, studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.<a href="#cite_note-WqXOo-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-BtFLV-48">[48]</a> Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-elpais640000-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200313reuters-50">[50]</a> The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes" title="Complications of diabetes">complications of diabetes</a>, anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.<a href="#cite_note-vox21190033-52">[52]</a> A retrospective <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort study</a> in China found that <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">children</a> and adults were just as likely to be infected.<a href="#cite_note-489Q3-53">[53]</a> Among more thorough studies, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Case-Cluster-Study" title="COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study">preliminary results</a> from 9 April 2020 found that in <a href="/wiki/Gangelt" title="Gangelt">Gangelt</a>, the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-otW1O-54">[54]</a> Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">in New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood donor">blood donors</a> in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.<a href="#cite_note-rCdvL-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200416reuters-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seroprevalence" title="Seroprevalence">Seroprevalence</a>-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.<a href="#cite_note-0LgFK-57">[57]</a> Initial estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">basic reproduction number</a> (R0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5,<a href="#cite_note-WFNfK-58">[58]</a> but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> of 3.8 to 8.9).<a href="#cite_note-mmCQc-59">[59]</a> In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28 December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As of 14 April 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 500 million cases were confirmed globally.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Most cases are unconfirmed, with the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a> estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.<a href="#cite_note-57percent1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-57percent2-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/400px-Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="581"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/400px-Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" data-width="400" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/600px-Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/800px-Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the top six countries in 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Test_positivity_rate">Test positivity rate</h4></div> One measure that public health officials and policymakers have used to monitor the pandemic and guide decision-making is the test positivity rate ("percent positive"). According to Johns Hopkins in 2020, one benchmark for a "too high" per cent positive is 5%, which was used by the WHO in the past.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths">Deaths</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">COVID-19 pandemic deaths</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">List of deaths due to COVID-19</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/220px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/220px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/330px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/440px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack, New Jersey</a>, US, in April 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg/220px-Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg/220px-Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg/330px-Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg/440px-Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gravediggers bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina, east side of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, in April 2020.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100,000_population.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp/220px-Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1243"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp/220px-Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp/330px-Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp/440px-Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100%2C000_population.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Global excess and reported COVID-19 deaths and deaths per 100,000, according to the WHO study<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-65">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 10 March 2023, more than 6.88 million<a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-8">[8]</a> deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-25-66">[66]</a> These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.<a href="#cite_note-worldindata-68">[68]</a> Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.<a href="#cite_note-wBm2a-69">[69]</a> Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.<a href="#cite_note-20200331reuters-70">[70]</a> Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.<a href="#cite_note-stuff120443722-71">[71]</a> Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.<a href="#cite_note-npr841005901-72">[72]</a> Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because <a href="/wiki/Mortality_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality displacement">excess mortality</a> (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.<a href="#cite_note-:7-73">[73]</a> Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 18.2 to 33.5 million (≈27.4 million) by 18 November 2023 by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Economist2023-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-73">[73]</a> as well as over 18.5 million by 1 April 2023 by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a><a href="#cite_note-COVID-19_Projections-74">[74]</a> and ≈18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by a comprehensive international study.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3-75">[75]</a> Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).<a href="#cite_note-20200429reason-76">[76]</a> Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3-75">[75]</a> In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">people with other conditions could not access medical services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A December 2022 <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding ≈14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like <a href="/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost" title="Years of potential life lost">years of potential life lost</a> and may make the pandemic 2021's <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">leading cause of death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-65">[65]</a> The time between symptom onset and death ranges from 6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.<a href="#cite_note-pathogenesis-81">[81]</a> Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-6XONR-83">[83]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)"><noscript><img alt="Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/357px-Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/357px-Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" data-alt="Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)" data-width="238" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/535px-Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/714px-Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 407.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 405.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapping_estimated_P-scores_(excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths).webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (The patterns indicate the quality of the all-cause mortality data that were available for each respective country.)[65]"><noscript><img alt="Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (the patterns indicate the quality of the all-cause mortality data that were available for each respective country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/608px-Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="406" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="830"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 406px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/608px-Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png" data-alt="Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (the patterns indicate the quality of the all-cause mortality data that were available for each respective country)" data-width="406" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/912px-Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/1216px-Mapping_estimated_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (The patterns indicate the quality of the all-cause mortality data that were available for each respective country.)<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-65">[65]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_(excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths).webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (global and WHO region)[65]"><noscript><img alt="Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (global and WHO region)[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/309px-COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 206px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/309px-COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png" data-alt="Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (global and WHO region)[65]" data-width="206" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/464px-COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/619px-COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_-_global_and_WHO_region_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (global and WHO region)<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-65">[65]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="The 25 countries with the highest total estimated COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths between January 2020 and December 2021[65]"><noscript><img alt="The 25 countries with the highest total estimated COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths between January 2020 and December 2021[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp/335px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1011"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 224px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp/335px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp.png" data-alt="The 25 countries with the highest total estimated COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths between January 2020 and December 2021[65]" data-width="224" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp/502px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp/670px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_total_estimated_COVID-19_pandemic_excess_deaths_between_January_2020_and_December_2021.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 25 countries with the highest total estimated COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths between January 2020 and December 2021<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-65">[65]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_(excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths).webp" class="mw-file-description" title="The 25 countries with the highest mean P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths)[65]"><noscript><img alt="The 25 countries with the highest mean P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths)[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/328px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="1039"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 219px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/328px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png" data-alt="The 25 countries with the highest mean P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths)[65]" data-width="219" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/493px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp/657px-The_25_countries_with_the_highest_mean_P-scores_%28excess_deaths_relative_to_expected_deaths%29.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 25 countries with the highest mean P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths)<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-65">[65]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infection_fatality_ratio_(IFR)">Infection fatality ratio (IFR)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_disease_case_fatality_rates" title="List of human disease case fatality rates">List of human disease case fatality rates</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption class="nowrap">IFR estimate per age group<a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-84">[84]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Age group</th> <th>IFR </th></tr> <tr> <td>0–34</td> <td>0.004% </td></tr> <tr> <td>35–44</td> <td>0.068% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45–54</td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55–64</td> <td>0.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>65–74</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>75–84</td> <td>8.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>85 +</td> <td>28.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Infection_fatality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection fatality rate">infection fatality ratio</a> (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals).<a href="#cite_note-fjMw6-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOest-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ovoEx-87">[87]</a> It is expressed in percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Other studies refer to this metric as the infection fatality risk.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In November 2020, a review article in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ≈10,000 across the age groups.<a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-84">[84]</a> For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than the risk of dying from <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal influenza">seasonal influenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-84">[84]</a> In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.<a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-84">[84]</a> There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_fatality_ratio_(CFR)">Case fatality ratio (CFR)</h4></div> Another metric in assessing death rate is the <a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">case fatality ratio</a> (CFR),<a href="#cite_note-94">[a]</a> which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Hauser_2020-95">[94]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> statistics, the global CFR was 1.02 percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023.<a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-8">[8]</a> The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.<a href="#cite_note-b0L7I-96">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Disease">Disease</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants of SARS-CoV-2</a></div> Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a <a href="/wiki/Variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant of concern">variant of concern</a> (VoC) or a <a href="/wiki/Variant_of_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant of interest">variant of interest</a> (VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious <a href="/wiki/D614G" class="mw-redirect" title="D614G">D614G</a>. As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2-98">[97]</a> Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 – BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2-98">[97]</a> As of 24 September 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">variants</a> of interest as specified by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC.<a href="#cite_note-current_variants2-99">[98]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/279px--WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="279" height="157" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm/WHO_EN_3_Working_Together_03Mar2021.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> video which describes how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Variants of concern (past and present)<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Lineage</th> <th>Detected</th> <th>Countries</th> <th>Priority </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage B.1.1.7">B.1.1.7</a></td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>190</td> <td>VoC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lineage_B.1.351" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage B.1.351">B.1.351</a></td> <td>South Africa</td> <td>140</td> <td>VoC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lineage_B.1.617.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage B.1.617.2">B.1.617.2</a></td> <td>India</td> <td>170</td> <td>VoC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lineage_P.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage P.1">P.1</a></td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>90</td> <td>VoC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.529" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage B.1.1.529">B.1.1.529</a></td> <td>Botswana</td> <td>149</td> <td>VoC </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms of COVID-19</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/400px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1001"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/400px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/600px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/800px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a> of COVID-19</figcaption></figure> Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Sym-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grant_et_al_2020-103">[102]</a> Common symptoms include headache, <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">loss of smell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">taste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal obstruction">nasal congestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">runny nose</a>, cough, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle pain">muscle pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, fever, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhoea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breathing_difficulties" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing difficulties">breathing difficulties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Sym-102">[101]</a> People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.<a href="#cite_note-ECDC-104">[103]</a> In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, <a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">loss of taste</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">loss of smell</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32483687-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">Transmission of COVID-19</a></div> The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.<a href="#cite_note-Wang_2021-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR2021-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-111">[110]</a> Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.<a href="#cite_note-Wang_2021-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2021-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cause">Cause</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg/220px-Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg/220px-Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg/330px-Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg/440px-Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 <a href="/wiki/Virion" class="mw-redirect" title="Virion">virion</a></figcaption></figure> SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox2020-113">[112]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Positive-sense_single-stranded_RNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus">positive-sense single-stranded RNA</a> (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.<a href="#cite_note-V'kovskik:21-114">[113]</a> Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> to more severe diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> (MERS, fatality rate ≈34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">MERS-CoV</a>, and the original <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-Novel-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19#Diagnosis" title="COVID-19">COVID-19 § Diagnosis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg/220px-2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2795"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg/220px-2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg/330px-2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg/440px-2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A nurse at <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a> sets up the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing equipment, in September 2020.</figcaption></figure> The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test" title="Nucleic acid test">nucleic acid test</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20200130cdc-116">[115]</a> which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_InterimGuidance-117">[116]</a> As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited."<a href="#cite_note-2k0iS-118">[117]</a> The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a <a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">nasopharyngeal swab</a>; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2020Testing-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200129cdc-120">[119]</a> The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19#Prevention" title="COVID-19">COVID-19 § Prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_(COVID19.GOV.PH).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg/170px-How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg/170px-How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg/255px-How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg/340px-How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_%28COVID19.GOV.PH%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Common measures implemented to prevent the spread of the virus</figcaption></figure> Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.<a href="#cite_note-cdc-prev-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-who2023-123">[122]</a> Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaccines">Vaccines</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">History of COVID-19 vaccine development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg/220px-Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="4528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg/220px-Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg/330px-Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg/440px-Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An elderly woman receiving a COVID-19 vaccination in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> A COVID-19 <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> is intended to provide <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunity">acquired immunity</a> against <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (<a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a> causing diseases like <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS) and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccine platform">vaccine platforms</a> during early 2020.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33341119-127">[126]</a> The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> As of March 2023, more than 5.5 billion people had received one or more doses<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> (11.8 billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On 8 November 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax's booster <a href="/wiki/Nuvaxovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuvaxovid">Nuvaxovid</a>) was authorised for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorisation from the WHO, US, European Union, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> On 12 November 2022, the WHO released its Global Vaccine Market Report. The report indicated that "inequitable distribution is not unique to COVID-19 vaccines"; countries that are not economically strong struggle to obtain vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> On 14 November 2022, the first inhalable vaccine was introduced, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/CanSino_Biologics#COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="CanSino Biologics">CanSino Biologics</a>, in the city of Shanghai, China.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatment and management of COVID-19</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_(50119127303).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg/220px-Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="3466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg/220px-Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg/330px-Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg/440px-Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_%2850119127303%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Institute,_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Heart Institute, University of São Paulo">Heart Institute, University of São Paulo</a> in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a <a href="/wiki/Resuscitator" title="Resuscitator">bridge ventilator</a> is being used to automatically actuate a <a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">bag valve mask</a>.</figcaption></figure> For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available.<a href="#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdcmuseum-140">[139]</a> In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">protease inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxlovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxlovid">Paxlovid</a> (nirmatrelvir plus the HIV antiviral <a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">ritonavir</a>), to treat adult patients.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> FDA later gave it an EUA.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> or <a href="/wiki/NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">NSAIDs</a> to relieve symptoms (fever,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.<a href="#cite_note-cdcmuseum-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Good personal hygiene and a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a> are also recommended.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">Supportive care</a> in severe cases includes treatment to <a href="/wiki/Symptomatic_treatment" title="Symptomatic treatment">relieve symptoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement" title="Fluid replacement">fluid therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen support">oxygen support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prone_positioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Prone positioning">prone positioning</a>, and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a> is recommended to reduce mortality.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noninvasive_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noninvasive ventilation">Noninvasive ventilation</a> and, ultimately, admission to an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a> may be required to support breathing.<a href="#cite_note-NIHGuidelines2020-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a> (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.<a href="#cite_note-Guan_Ni_Hu_Liang_p.-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henry_2020_p.-150">[149]</a> Existing drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lopinavir/ritonavir" title="Lopinavir/ritonavir">lopinavir/ritonavir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a> are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect.<a href="#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Read_Fauci_p=2149-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement-152">[151]</a> The antiviral <a href="/wiki/Remdesivir" title="Remdesivir">remdesivir</a> is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO),<a href="#cite_note-Hsu_p=m4457-153">[152]</a> due to limited evidence of its efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19#Prognosis" title="COVID-19">COVID-19 § Prognosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></div> The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>. In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalisation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33087398-154">[153]</a> Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged <a href="/wiki/Prothrombin" class="mw-redirect" title="Prothrombin">prothrombin</a> time and elevated <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a> levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care units</a> (ICU).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience <a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">long COVID</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> a condition characterised by long-term <a href="/wiki/Sequela" title="Sequela">consequences</a> persisting after the typical convalescence period of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> The most commonly reported clinical presentations are <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a> and memory problems, as well as <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>, headaches, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, loss of smell, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">muscle weakness</a>, low fever and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive dysfunction">cognitive dysfunction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Strategies">Strategies</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation of COVID-19</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200410_Flatten_the_curve,_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_(English).gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif/330px-20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif/330px-20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif" data-width="330" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif/495px-20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif/660px-20200410_Flatten_the_curve%2C_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_%28English%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (<a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">flattening the curve</a>) and lessening overall cases and health impact.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-RnW59-165">[164]</a> Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (<a href="/wiki/Raising_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising the line">raising the line</a>) such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.<a href="#cite_note-Vox_20200407-166">[165]</a></figcaption></figure> Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as "<a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">zero-COVID</a>") that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,<a href="#cite_note-Barcelona-167">[166]</a> and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">flattening the curve</a>") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.<a href="#cite_note-Livermore-168">[167]</a> These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunity">acquired immunity phase</a> through natural and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">vaccine-induced immunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhopal2020-169">[168]</a> Nature reported in 2021 that 90% of researchers who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">endemic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Containment">Containment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></div> Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.<a href="#cite_note-f4SpW-171">[170]</a> The zero-COVID strategy involves using public health measures such as <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">mass testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic">border quarantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdowns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">mitigation software</a> to stop <a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">community transmission</a> of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.<a href="#cite_note-Barcelona-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-Li-2020-172">[171]</a> Successful containment or suppression reduces <a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number#Effective_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">Rt</a> to less than 1.<a href="#cite_note-ImpCollege16mar2020-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></div> Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society. Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_curve" title="Epidemic curve">epidemic curve</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164">[163]</a> This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164">[163]</a> Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-pharmaceutical_interventions">Non-pharmaceutical interventions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg/220px-04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg/220px-04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg/330px-04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg/440px-04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The CDC and WHO advise that masks (such as worn here by Taiwanese President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a>) reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Non-pharmaceutical_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-pharmaceutical intervention">Non-pharmaceutical interventions</a> that may reduce spread include personal actions such as wearing <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks</a>, self-quarantine, and <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand hygiene</a>; community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.<a href="#cite_note-community_mitigation-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_measures">Other measures</h4></div> More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-RwmYm-176">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia#Responses" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">Australian government approaches</a> have included many lockdowns and are widely considered the most strict. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New Zealand government response</a> included the most severe travel restrictions. As part of its <a href="/wiki/K-Quarantine" title="K-Quarantine">K-Quarantine</a> program, South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Government_response" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">Singaporean government's response</a> included so-called "<a href="/wiki/2020_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures">circuit breaker lockdowns</a>" and financial support for those affected while also imposing large fines for those who broke quarantine.<a href="#cite_note-shZdf-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contact_tracing">Contact tracing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19#Information_technology" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation of COVID-19 § Information technology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">Contact tracing</a> attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection; the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.<a href="#cite_note-web-178">[177]</a> Contact tracing was widely used during the <a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Western African Ebola virus epidemic</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.<a href="#cite_note-IngramWard20200407-180">[179]</a> On 10 April 2020, Google and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.<a href="#cite_note-0DF25-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200410apple-182">[181]</a> In Europe and in the US, <a href="/wiki/Palantir_Technologies" title="Palantir Technologies">Palantir Technologies</a> initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.<a href="#cite_note-0k3hR-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds" title="List of countries by hospital beds">list of countries by hospital beds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-WHOEuropeResponse-184">[183]</a> The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and <a href="/wiki/Primary_health_care" title="Primary health care">primary healthcare</a> services for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care</a> capabilities by training personnel and increasing <a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">ventilators</a> and beds.<a href="#cite_note-WHOEuropeResponse-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECDCresponse-185">[184]</a> The pandemic drove widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telehealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improvised_manufacturing">Improvised manufacturing</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi,_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg/220px-COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2338"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg/220px-COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg/330px-COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg/440px-COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi%2C_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a <a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">scuba mask</a> in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_ventilation" title="Artificial ventilation">artificial ventilation</a></figcaption></figure> Due to <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> capacity limitations, some manufacturers began <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.<a href="#cite_note-technologyreview615420-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-aCPem-188">[187]</a> In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Individuals and groups of <a href="/wiki/Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">makers</a> created and shared <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of <a href="/wiki/Face_shield" title="Face shield">face shields</a>, protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">powered air-purifying respirators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hand_sanitiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand sanitiser">hand sanitiser</a>. Novel devices were created such as <a href="/wiki/Ear_saver" title="Ear saver">ear savers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">non-invasive ventilation</a> helmets, and ventilator splitters.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herd_immunity">Herd immunity</h3></div> In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a> may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:1-191">[190]</a> CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[191]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">Pandemic prevention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic">Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak">outbreak</a> was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-37">[37]</a> Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.<a href="#cite_note-original_report-193">[192]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Chinese pulmonologist <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jixian" title="Zhang Jixian">Zhang Jixian</a>. She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.<a href="#cite_note-D54YB-194">[193]</a> After analysing pneumonia patient samples, a genetic sequencing company named Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Novel_coronavirus" title="Novel coronavirus">novel coronavirus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">China CDC</a> (CCDC) on 28 December.<a href="#cite_note-AP_OR-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-caixintrace-196">[195]</a> On 30 December, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to Wuhan Central Hospital reported an erroneous positive result for <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a>, causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including <a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a> (who was also punished on 3 January), were later admonished by the police for spreading false rumours. Director of the Emergency Department at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Ai Fen, was also reprimanded.<a href="#cite_note-siStf-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200311theguardian-198">[197]</a> That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".<a href="#cite_note-promedmail6864153-199">[198]</a> The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-69-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-68-201">[200]</a>—enough to trigger an investigation.<a href="#cite_note-bbc50984025-202">[201]</a> On 31 December, the WHO office in China was notified about the cluster of unknown pneumonia cases<a href="#cite_note-WHO_report-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-69-200">[199]</a> and immediately launched an investigation.<a href="#cite_note-bbc50984025-202">[201]</a> Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.<a href="#cite_note-characteristicsZH-204">[203]</a> In May 2020, CCDC director George Gao initially ruled out the market as a possible origin, as animal samples collected there had tested negative.<a href="#cite_note-ALmAQ-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto,_March_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg/220px-COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2923" data-file-height="2192"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg/220px-COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg/330px-COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg/440px-COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto%2C_March_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A highway sign discouraging travel in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, March 2020</figcaption></figure> On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_report-203">[202]</a> Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.<a href="#cite_note-Qun29Jan2020-206">[205]</a> In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Chinese provinces</a>, helped by the <a href="/wiki/Chunyun" title="Chunyun">Chinese New Year migration</a>. Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_report_28_February_2020-207">[206]</a> On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared publicly.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.<a href="#cite_note-Epidemiology17Feb2020-209">[208]</a> A 24 January report indicated human transmission was likely occurring, and recommended <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> for health workers. It also advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".<a href="#cite_note-Huang24Jan2020-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horton_18_March-211">[210]</a> On 31 January, the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions."<a href="#cite_note-pmid32014114-212">[211]</a> On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Emergency of International Concern">Public Health Emergency of International Concern</a> (PHEIC).<a href="#cite_note-WHO_PHEICSR-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_PHEIC_decl2-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> On 11 March, WHO announced its assessment that the situation could be characterised as a pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-start-3">[3]</a> By 31 January, Italy indicated its first confirmed infections had occurred, in two tourists from China.<a href="#cite_note-Corriere_20Jan-216">[215]</a> On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.<a href="#cite_note-sky11960412-217">[216]</a> By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200326-218">[217]</a> Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">New York</a>'s confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.<a href="#cite_note-20200408nytimes-219">[218]</a> Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019<a href="#cite_note-France-retest-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deslandes_2020-221">[220]</a> and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6 February.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-2wks-222">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg/220px-Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="2652"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg/220px-Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg/330px-Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg/440px-Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An exhausted <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiologist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a>, Italy, March 2020</figcaption></figure> In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780 million people, while only 35 million infections had been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_oneinten-223">[222]</a> On 9 November, Pfizer released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90 per cent effectiveness in preventing infection. That day, Novavax submitted an FDA Fast Track application for their vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-FEv4C-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPZ5P-225">[224]</a> On 14 December, <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_England" title="Public Health England">Public Health England</a> reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. The variant, later named <a href="/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant of Concern 202012/01">Alpha</a>, showed changes to the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein" title="Coronavirus spike protein">spike protein</a> that could make the virus more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> On 4 February 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services <a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a> waived liability for vaccine manufacturers in all cases except those involving "willful misconduct".<a href="#cite_note-mXTUz-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a></div> On 2 January, the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a> variant, first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> On 6 January, the <a href="/wiki/Lineage_P.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage P.1">Gamma variant</a> was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49 per cent effective against the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a> variant in a clinical trial in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="CoronaVac vaccine">CoronaVac vaccine</a> was reported to be 50.4 per cent effective in a Brazil clinical trial.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg/220px-Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg/220px-Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg/330px-Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg/440px-Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Andr%C3%A9,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santo André, São Paulo">Santo André</a>, Brazil, in March 2021</figcaption></figure> On 12 March, several countries stopped using the <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine</a> due to blood clotting problems, specifically <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis">cerebral venous sinus thrombosis</a> (CVST).<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, leading several countries to resume administering the vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.<a href="#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta variant</a> was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had become a full-fledged third wave in the country, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> On 10 November, Germany advised against the <a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna vaccine</a> for people under 30, due to a possible association with <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> On 24 November, the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> was detected in South Africa; a few days later the World Health Organization declared it a VoC (variant of concern).<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_(Omicron)_(52665469105).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg/250px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3497"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg/250px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg/375px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg/500px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_%28Omicron%29_%2852665469105%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Scanning electron micrograph (colorised) of cell infected with the Omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles green</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">January</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">February</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">April</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">July</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">August</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">September</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">October</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022">November</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022">December</a></div> On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Later that month, the WHO recommended the <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a> for severe or critical patients. It also recommended the monoclonal antibody <a href="/wiki/Sotrovimab" title="Sotrovimab">Sotrovimab</a> in patients with non-severe disease, but only those who are at highest risk of hospitalisation.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> On 24 January, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a> estimated that about 57% of the world's population had been infected by COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-57percent1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-57percent2-63">[63]</a> By 6 March, it was reported that the total worldwide death count had surpassed 6 million people.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> By 6 July, Omicron subvariants <a href="/wiki/BA.4" class="mw-redirect" title="BA.4">BA.4</a> and <a href="/wiki/BA.5" class="mw-redirect" title="BA.5">BA.5</a> had spread worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> WHO Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus stated on 14 September 2022, that "[The world has] never been in a better position to end the pandemic", citing the lowest number of weekly reported deaths since March 2020. He continued, "We are not there yet. But the end is in sight—we can see the finish line".<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> On 21 October, the United States surpassed 99 million cases of COVID-19, the most cases of any country.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> By 30 October, the worldwide daily death toll was 424, the lowest since 385 deaths were reported on 12 March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> 17 November marked the three-year anniversary since health officials in China first detected COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> On 11 November, the WHO reported that deaths since the month of February had dropped 90 per cent. Director-General Tedros said this was "cause for optimism".<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> On 3 December, the WHO indicated that, "at least 90% of the world's population has some level of immunity to Sars-CoV-2".<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> In early December, China began lifting some of its most stringent lockdown measures. Subsequent data from China's health authorities revealed that 248 million people, nearly 18 per cent of its population, had been infected in the first 20 days of that month.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> On 29 December, the US joined Italy, Japan, Taiwan and India in requiring negative COVID-19 test results from all people travelling from China due to the new surge in cases. The EU refused similar measures, stating that the BF7 omicron variant had already spread throughout Europe without becoming dominant.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023">Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023</a></div> On 4 January 2023, the World Health Organization said the information shared by China during the recent surge in infections lacked data, such as hospitalisation rates.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> On 10 January, the WHO's Europe office said the recent viral surge in China posed "no immediate threat."<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> On 16 January, the WHO recommended that China monitor excess mortality to provide "a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19."<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> On 30 January, the three-year anniversary of the original declaration, the World Health Organization determined that COVID-19 still met the criteria for a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> On 19 March, WHO Director-General Tedros indicated he was "confident" the COVID-19 pandemic would cease to be a public health emergency by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> On 5 May, the WHO downgraded COVID-19 from being a global health emergency, though it continued to refer to it as a pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The WHO does not make official declarations of when pandemics end.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-263">[262]</a> The decision came after Tedros convened with the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee, wherein the Committee noted that due to the decrease in deaths and hospitalisations, and the prevalence of vaccinations and the level of general immunity, it was time to remove the emergency designation and "transition to long-term management".<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Statement_5_May_2023-264">[263]</a> Tedros agreed, and the WHO reduced the classification to an "established and ongoing health issue".<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Statement_5_May_2023-264">[263]</a> In a press conference, Tedros remarked that the diminishing threat from COVID-19 had "allowed most countries to return to life as we knew it before COVID-19".<a href="#cite_note-npr-265">[264]</a> In September the WHO said it had observed "concerning" trends in COVID-19 case numbers and hospitalisations, although analysis was hampered because many countries were no longer recording COVID-19 case statistics.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> In November 2023, in response to viral mutations and changing characteristics of infection, the WHO adjusted its treatment guidelines. Among other changes, remdesivir and molnupiravir were now recommended only for the most severe cases, and <a href="/wiki/Deuremidevir" title="Deuremidevir">deuremidevir</a> and ivermectin were recommended against.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Responses">Responses</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-IVdfl-268">[267]</a> WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.<a href="#cite_note-58tIM-269">[268]</a> As of 26 March 2020, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian500000-270">[269]</a> This increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April—more than half the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world's population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20200403euronews-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200328businessinsider-272">[271]</a> In several countries, <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">protests rose against restrictions</a> such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase the spread of the virus.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">COVID-19 pandemic in Asia</a></div> As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> However, cumulatively they had experienced only half of the global average in cases.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg/220px-%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg/220px-%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg/330px-%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg/440px-%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fangcang_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangcang Hospital">temporary hospital</a> constructed in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> in February 2020</figcaption></figure> China opted for containment, instituting strict lockdowns to eliminate viral spread.<a href="#cite_note-:02-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> The vaccines distributed in China included the <a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">BIBP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine">WIBP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> It was reported on 11 December 2021, that China had vaccinated 1.162 billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> China's large-scale adoption of <a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">zero-COVID</a> had largely contained the first waves of infections of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-:02-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> When the waves of infections due to the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> followed, China was almost alone in pursuing the strategy of zero-Covid to combat the spread of the virus in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Lockdown continued to be employed in November to combat a new wave of cases;<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> however, <a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">protests erupted in cities across China</a> over the country's stringent measures,<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> and in December that year, the country relaxed its zero-COVID policy.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> On 20 December 2022, the Chinese State Council narrowed its definition of what would be counted as a COVID-19 death to include solely respiratory failure, which led to scepticism by health experts of the government's total death count<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> at a time when hospitals reported being overwhelmed with cases following the abrupt discontinuation of zero-COVID.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,<a href="#cite_note-mrGsK-291">[290]</a> with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported cases—<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra">Pune</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sHMHJ-292">[291]</a> Post-lockdown, the Government of India introduced a contact tracking app called <a href="/wiki/Aarogya_Setu" title="Aarogya Setu">Aarogya Setu</a> to help authorities manage contact tracing and vaccine distribution.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> India's vaccination program was considered to be the world's largest and most successful with over 90% of citizens getting the first dose and another 65% getting the second dose.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1 billion vaccinations.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg/220px-Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="635"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg/220px-Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg/330px-Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg/440px-Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-2kQpo-298">[297]</a></figcaption></figure> Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020, in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wHBRB-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-4yrqM-300">[299]</a> Early measures included the cancellation/closure of concerts and other cultural events,<a href="#cite_note-Xm5nq-301">[300]</a> Friday prayers,<a href="#cite_note-Urdn6-302">[301]</a> and school and university campuses.<a href="#cite_note-2YX6a-303">[302]</a> Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-HHOnl-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-305">[304]</a> More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-D2Xpc-306">[305]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Iranian Parliament</a> closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3 March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-fXv2K-307">[306]</a> At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-oxtUC-308">[307]</a> By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-b82186-310">[309]</a> South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.<a href="#cite_note-science20200317-311">[310]</a> Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1167376-312">[311]</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Drive-through" title="Drive-through">drive-through</a> testing,<a href="#cite_note-CvyZS-313">[312]</a> and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.<a href="#cite_note-fdhQW-314">[313]</a> Despite some early criticisms,<a href="#cite_note-imx38-315">[314]</a> South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.<a href="#cite_note-science20200317-311">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wypis-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-joins23778577-317">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic in Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg/300px-Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1457"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 304px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg/300px-Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="304" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg/450px-Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg/600px-Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deaths per 100,000 residents</figcaption></figure> The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">France</a>, on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> and all had reported at least one death, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. Italy was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy">lockdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> By 13 March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> and it remained so until the WHO announced it had been overtaken by <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a> on 22 May.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> By 18 March 2020, more than 250 million people were in <a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order" title="Stay-at-home order">lockdown</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">deployment of COVID-19 vaccines</a>, Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italian outbreak</a> began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Corriere_20Jan-216">[215]</a> Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal-flight-326">[325]</a> On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, which quarantined more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-201-327">[326]</a> On 4 March, the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.<a href="#cite_note-Kv4Ld-328">[327]</a> On 11 March, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte closed down nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.<a href="#cite_note-To26Y-329">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClzT6-330">[329]</a> On 19 April, the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.<a href="#cite_note-thehill493586-331">[330]</a> On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.<a href="#cite_note-KhaW7-332">[331]</a> On 10 November, Italy surpassed 1 million confirmed infections.<a href="#cite_note-8XEwk-333">[332]</a> On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Elderly woman rolls up sleeve as two nurses administer a vaccine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2875" data-file-height="2155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Elderly woman rolls up sleeve as two nurses administer a vaccine." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vaccinations at a <a href="/wiki/Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">retirement home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijón</a>, Spain, in December 2020</figcaption></figure> The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> in the Canary Islands.<a href="#cite_note-SanidadConfirmaEnLaGomera-335">[334]</a> Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and <a href="/wiki/Community_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Community transmission">community transmission</a> began by mid-February.<a href="#cite_note-genetic_analysis-336">[335]</a> On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.<a href="#cite_note-bbc25july-338">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-elpais6aug-339">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_aug16-340">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose).<a href="#cite_note-auto2-342">[341]</a> Italy is ranked second at 75%.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-342">[341]</a> Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20200515-343">[342]</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish constitution">Swedish constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Sweden" title="Public Health Agency of Sweden">Public Health Agency of Sweden</a> has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.<a href="#cite_note-7ys2k-344">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-I06mN-345">[344]</a> By the end of June, Sweden no longer had <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">excess mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HEUrz-346">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution in the United Kingdom</a> meant that each of its four <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries</a> developed its own response. England's restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.<a href="#cite_note-8VnMf-347">[346]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK government</a> started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-PkWGD-348">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pkx25-349">[348]</a> On 16 March, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">work from home</a> and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.<a href="#cite_note-5Q93q-350">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-hYdUy-351">[350]</a> On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,<a href="#cite_note-dmBNt-352">[351]</a> and promised to prevent unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-mV2p3-353">[352]</a> On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-pm-2403-354">[353]</a> On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than £50 million towards research.<a href="#cite_note-vKeXC-355">[354]</a> On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30 million doses would be available.<a href="#cite_note-Lbt4o-356">[355]</a> On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> In August 2022 it was reported that viral infection cases had declined in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">COVID-19 pandemic in North America</a></div> The virus arrived in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a> on 13 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> Cases were reported in all North American countries after <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire">Bonaire</a> confirmed a case on 16 April.<a href="#cite_note-FirstBonaire_local-360">[359]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg/220px-USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6905" data-file-height="4903"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg/220px-USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg/330px-USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg/440px-USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The hospital ship <a href="/wiki/USNS_Comfort" title="USNS Comfort">USNS Comfort</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> on 30 March 2020</figcaption></figure> Per Our World in Data, 103,436,829<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with 1,207,479<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> deaths, the most of any country, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">the nineteenth-highest</a> per capita worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-JH_Mortality-361">[360]</a> COVID-19 is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll" title="List of disasters in the United States by death toll">deadliest pandemic in US history</a>;<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> it was the third-leading cause of death in the US in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> From 2019 to 2020, US life expectancy dropped by 3 years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Bosman-364">[363]</a> These effects have persisted as US deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available under emergency use in December 2020, beginning the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">national vaccination program</a>. The first COVID-19 vaccine was officially approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> on 23 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> By 18 November 2022, while cases in the U.S. had declined, COVID variants BQ.1/BQ.1.1 had become dominant in the country.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed across <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a>, all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Ontario</a>, with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble" title="Atlantic Bubble">Atlantic Bubble</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">travel-restricted</a> area of the country (formed of the four <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic provinces</a>).<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> Per a report on 11 November 2022, Canadian health authorities saw a surge in influenza, while COVID-19 was expected to rise during winter.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">COVID-19 pandemic in South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(2020.04.17)_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_(49784811813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg/220px-%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="3037"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg/220px-%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg/330px-%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg/440px-%282020.04.17%29_Higieniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entrada_esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_CPTM_%2849784811813%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Disinfection of public area in <a href="/wiki/Itapevi" title="Itapevi">Itapevi</a>, Brazil, in April 2020</figcaption></figure> The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020, when Brazil confirmed a case in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.<a href="#cite_note-Stuff/Fairfax-375">[374]</a> On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">infections in Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> when a man from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> who had travelled to Italy tested positive for the virus.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> The disease had spread to every <a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">federative unit of Brazil</a> by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> One estimate of <a href="/wiki/Under-reporting#Disease" title="Under-reporting">under-reporting</a> was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> As of 24 November 2024, Brazil, with 37,511,921<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> confirmed cases and 702,116<a href="#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5">[5]</a> deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">those of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">COVID-19 pandemic in Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_(49829156488).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg/220px-Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg/220px-Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg/330px-Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg/440px-Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_%2849829156488%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a> personnel unload a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> aircraft carrying medical supplies in <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, Niger, in April 2020.</figcaption></figure> The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_51509248-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> The first confirmed case in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> was announced in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> at the end of February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_51671834-389">[388]</a> Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent; <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported its first case on 13 May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_idUSKBN22P1R4-390">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-391">[390]</a> By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian_20200526_africa-392">[391]</a> Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.<a href="#cite_note-Africa_Braces-393">[392]</a> Many preventive measures <a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">were implemented</a> by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> Despite fears, Africa reported lower death rates than other, more economically developed regions.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Africa_deaths-395">[394]</a> In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian_20210607_third-396">[395]</a> By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi">Malawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal">Senegal</a>, recorded an uptick in new cases.<a href="#cite_note-Mendez-397">[396]</a> The World Health Organization labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> In October 2022, WHO reported that most countries on the African continent will miss the goal of 70 per cent vaccination by the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane,_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg/220px-Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3963" data-file-height="2972"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg/220px-Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg/330px-Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg/440px-Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Empty shelves at a <a href="/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets" title="Coles Supermarkets">Coles</a> grocery store in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia, in April 2020</figcaption></figure> The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020, with the first confirmed case reported in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AustraliaCase1-400">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brisbane2021-401">[400]</a> It has since spread elsewhere in the region.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Dashboard-402">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brisbane2021-401">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-oz-10days-403">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-oz-tassie-price-404">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a> As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.<a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_NZ_abandons_elimination-407">[406]</a> In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up <a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">COVID-Zero</a> to open up state and international borders.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> The open borders allowed the Omicron variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly, and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> By early March 2022, with cases exceeding 1,000 a day, Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication strategy and opened its borders.<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing, and density limits by April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> On 9 September 2022, restrictions were significantly relaxed. The aircraft mask mandate was scrapped nationwide, and daily reporting transitioned to weekly reporting.<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a> On 14 September, COVID-19 disaster payment for isolating persons was extended for mandatory isolation.<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a> By 22 September, all states had ended mask mandates on public transport, including in Victoria, where the mandate had lasted for approximately 800 days.<a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a> On 30 September 2022, all Australian leaders declared the emergency response finished and announced the end of isolation requirements. These changes were due in part to high levels of 'hybrid immunity' and low case numbers.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica</a></div> Due to its remoteness and sparse population, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> was the last continent to have confirmed cases of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people were infected in the first outbreak in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> with several other outbreaks taking place in 2021 and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic">United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's <a href="/wiki/Global_ceasefire" title="Global ceasefire">global ceasefire</a>, which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-:22-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krm4a-426">[425]</a> The United Nations Security Council was criticised due to the inadequate manner in which it dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the poor ability to create international collaboration during this crisis.<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres</a> appealed for a global <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>;<a href="#cite_note-tFb4N-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-lzoeV-430">[429]</a> 172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,<a href="#cite_note-AGhvz-431">[430]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passed a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2532" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2532">resolution</a> supporting it in July.<a href="#cite_note-9rN79-432">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-nJTuX-433">[432]</a> On 29 September 2020, Guterres urged the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> to help certain countries via debt relief and also call for countries to increase contributions to develop vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WHO">WHO</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic">World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/220px-13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="639"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/220px-13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/330px-13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/440px-13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> representatives holding joint meeting with <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> city administrators in March 2020</figcaption></figure> The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Solidarity_Response_Fund" title="COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund">COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund</a> to raise money for the pandemic response, the <a href="/wiki/UN_COVID-19_Supply_Chain_Task_Force" title="UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force">UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_trial" title="Solidarity trial">solidarity trial</a> for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The <a href="/wiki/COVAX" title="COVAX">COVAX</a> program, co-led by the WHO, <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations" title="Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a> (CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg/220px-China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg/220px-China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg" data-alt="Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg/330px-China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg/440px-China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-Effect_of_COVID-19_on_food_security-438">[437]</a> A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalized groups." COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.<a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_restrictions">Travel restrictions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,<a href="#cite_note-20200326nytimes-440">[439]</a> or for all travellers.<a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.<a href="#cite_note-20200224nationalgeographic-443">[442]</a> One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other <a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">infection prevention and control</a> measures.<a href="#cite_note-DJYtB-444">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".<a href="#cite_note-283GD-446">[445]</a> The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen free travel zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw52497811-447">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200313euractiv-448">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repatriation_of_foreign_citizens">Repatriation of foreign citizens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg/220px-Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="804"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg/220px-Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg/330px-Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg/440px-Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian citizens from <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China.</figcaption></figure> Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surrounding areas, primarily through <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">charter flights</a>. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany and Thailand were among the first to do so.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-169-449">[448]</a> Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-171-450">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-6l9jG-451">[450]</a> On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-452">[451]</a> Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-20200131dialoguepakistan-453">[452]</a> On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Princess_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Princess outbreak">Diamond Princess</a> cruise ship,<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-174-454">[453]</a> and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-175-455">[454]</a> In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-czjOG-456">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes74647353-457">[456]</a> On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-USWithdraw-458">[457]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">on science and technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">on financial markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg/290px-Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg/290px-Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg/435px-Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg/580px-Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Stock_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock index">stock index</a> chart shows the <a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a>.</figcaption></figure> The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-U7teI-459">[458]</a> Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline <a href="/wiki/Flybe_(1979%E2%80%932020)" title="Flybe (1979–2020)">Flybe</a> collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-z2VrM-460">[459]</a> The cruise line industry was hard hit,<a href="#cite_note-smh20200227-461">[460]</a> and train stations and ferry ports closed.<a href="#cite_note-wnn7L-462">[461]</a> International mail stopped or was delayed.<a href="#cite_note-wsj1158868721-463">[462]</a> The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 per cent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60 per cent drop.<a href="#cite_note-20200402aislelabs-465">[464]</a> Shopping centres faced a 33–43 per cent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.<a href="#cite_note-J6Y6Z-466">[465]</a> Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost,<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2004271718-467">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200506csmonitor-468">[467]</a> including more than 40 million jobs in the US.<a href="#cite_note-20200528WaPo-469">[468]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Yelp" title="Yelp">Yelp</a>, about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.<a href="#cite_note-vLHxV-470">[469]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7%, or $3.5 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-rd8bm-471">[470]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supply_shortages">Supply shortages</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ntuc_super_store,_Singapore_(49505410793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg/220px-Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg/220px-Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg/330px-Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg/440px-Ntuc_super_store%2C_Singapore_%2849505410793%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>COVID-19 fears led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including toilet paper, instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing alcohol (picture taken in February 2020).</figcaption></figure> Pandemic fears led to <a href="/wiki/Panic_buying" title="Panic buying">panic buying</a>, emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">social influence</a> and trust).<a href="#cite_note-cSvA4-472">[471]</a> Supply <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">shortages</a> were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations; shortages were worsened by <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.<a href="#cite_note-XvcU9-473">[472]</a> Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> demand for vehicles and other products.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-263-474">[473]</a> According to WHO Secretary-General Tedros Ghebreyesus, demand for <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-275-475">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-276-476">[475]</a> PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-Mycfo-477">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> In September 2021, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> reported that food prices remained generally stable and the supply outlook remained positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-481">[480]</a> The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilised in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-481">[480]</a> By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.<a href="#cite_note-BBC,_US_oil_prices,_21_April_2020-483">[482]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 global energy crisis">2021 global energy crisis</a> was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_cultural_heritage">Arts and cultural heritage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage</a></div> The performing arts and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural heritage sector">cultural heritage sectors</a> were profoundly affected by the pandemic. Both organisations' and individuals' operations have been impacted globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.<a href="#cite_note-v5Qlx-486">[485]</a> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report estimated ten million job losses worldwide in the culture and creative industries.<a href="#cite_note-Ottone-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a> Some services continued through digital platforms,<a href="#cite_note-ZljIY-489">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burke2020-490">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-SxIEK-491">[490]</a> such as live streaming concerts<a href="#cite_note-SZ5Mc-492">[491]</a> or web-based arts festivals.<a href="#cite_note-mYlLn-493">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations</a></div> The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,<a href="#cite_note-20200313nationalpost-494">[493]</a> isolations or deaths of politicians,<a href="#cite_note-20200318foreignpolicy-495">[494]</a> and rescheduled elections.<a href="#cite_note-20200427nytimes-496">[495]</a> Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.<a href="#cite_note-74OHE-497">[496]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4></div> The pandemic (and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Responses" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">response of Brazilian politicians</a> to it) led to widespread panic, confusion, and pessimism in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-498">[497]</a> When questioned regarding record deaths in the country in April 2020, Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> said "So what? I'm sorry. What do you want me to do about it?"<a href="#cite_note-Conde_2020-499">[498]</a> Bolsonaro disregarded WHO-recommended mitigation techniques and instead <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Comments_by_Bolsonaro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">downplayed the risks of the virus</a>, promoted increased economic activity, spread <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Presidential_responses" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">misinformation</a> about the efficacy of masks, vaccines and public health measures, and distributed unproven treatments including <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic">hydroxychloroquine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">ivermectin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-498">[497]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Health_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Health of Brazil">federal health ministers</a> resigned or were dismissed after they refused to implement Bolsonaro's policies.<a href="#cite_note-Londono2020-500">[499]</a> Disagreements between federal and state governments led to a chaotic and delayed response to the rapid spread of the virus,<a href="#cite_note-Dantas2020-501">[500]</a> exacerbated by preexisting social and economic disparities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-498">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-CarnutMendesGuerra2020-502">[501]</a> Employment, investment and valuation of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a> plummeted to record lows.<a href="#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-498">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReutersBrazil2020-503">[502]</a> Brazil was also heavily affected by the Delta and Omicron variants.<a href="#cite_note-AlcantaraNogueiraShuabTosta2022-504">[503]</a> At the height of the outbreak in the spring of 2021, 3,000+ Brazilians were dying per day.<a href="#cite_note-BBCBrazilMarch2021-505">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPRBrazilApril2021-506">[505]</a> Bolsonaro's loss to <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022 presidential election</a> is widely credited to the former's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro#Response_to_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">mishandling of the pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChomskyPolychroniou2023-507">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-EconomistBolsonaroLoss2022-508">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milhorance2022October-509">[508]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations#COVID-19" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations § COVID-19</a></div> Multiple provincial-level administrators of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vLpPa-510">[509]</a> The <a href="/wiki/US_intelligence_community" class="mw-redirect" title="US intelligence community">US intelligence community</a> claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.<a href="#cite_note-20200402nytimes-511">[510]</a> The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.<a href="#cite_note-hMc3w-512">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a> Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,<a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhan" title="Zhang Zhan">Zhang Zhan</a>, who was arrested and tortured.<a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[516]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg/300px-Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg/400px-Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Palazzo Margherita lit in Italian flag to show solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic on 26 March 2020</figcaption></figure> In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.<a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-corona-520">[519]</a> On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a>, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian army</a> to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-reuters219081-521">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200328insideover-522">[521]</a> In early April, Norway and EU states like Romania and Austria started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,<a href="#cite_note-eumedicalteams-523">[522]</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> offered an official apology to the country.<a href="#cite_note-euapology-524">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_(49799974031).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg/220px-Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="1450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg/220px-Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg/330px-Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg/440px-Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anti-lockdown <a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">protesters</a> rallied at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse" title="Ohio Statehouse">Ohio Statehouse</a> 20 April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Columbus_Dispatch-525">[524]</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and assembly.<a href="#cite_note-5YqAF-526">[525]</a> Simultaneously, <a href="/wiki/Essential_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential workers">essential workers</a> protested unsafe conditions and low wages by participating in a brief <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c114M-527">[526]</a> Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> defeat.<a href="#cite_note-TrumpChances-528">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticChances-529">[528]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a> prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_child_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal child care">universal child care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paid_sick_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Paid sick leave">paid sick leave</a>, and higher levels of funding for public health.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Calls-530">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill5-531">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ddn2P-532">[531]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a> estimated that preventable hospitalisations of unvaccinated Americans in the second half of 2021 cost US$13.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Amin-533">[532]</a> There were also protest in regards to vaccine mandates in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a> In January 2022, the US Supreme Court struck down an OSHA rule that mandated vaccination or a testing regimen for all companies with greater than 100 employees.<a href="#cite_note-535">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-536">[535]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4></div> The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide; some detentions were related to the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-537">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[537]</a> The planned <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> "<a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises#2020" title="List of NATO exercises">Defender 2020</a>" military exercise in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, was held on a reduced scale.<a href="#cite_note-20200320spectator-539">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200319reuters-540">[539]</a> The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.<a href="#cite_note-D2Xpc-306">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[540]</a> Iran President <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.<a href="#cite_note-u2rRX-542">[541]</a> Saudi Arabia, which had launched a <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a> in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-20200409foreignpolicy-543">[542]</a> Diplomatic relations between <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Japan–South Korea relations">Japan and South Korea</a> worsened.<a href="#cite_note-544">[543]</a> South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-HnqN4-545">[544]</a> South Korean society was initially polarised on President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a>'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> or praising his response.<a href="#cite_note-imx38-315">[314]</a> Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.<a href="#cite_note-20200331theguardian-546">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200330nytimes-547">[546]</a> In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.<a href="#cite_note-20200330cnn-548">[547]</a> In countries such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dw53009293-549">[548]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20200401foreignpolicy-550">[549]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-551">[550]</a> opposition activists and government critics were <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic">arrested</a> for allegedly spreading <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20200410straitstimes-552">[551]</a> In <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a>, journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.<a href="#cite_note-553">[552]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_systems">Food systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-:9b-554">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[554]</a> hitting at a time when hunger and undernourishment were rising- an estimated 690 million people lacked food security in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:10-556">[555]</a> Food access fell – driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.<a href="#cite_note-557">[556]</a> In some cases, food prices rose.<a href="#cite_note-:9b-554">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-556">[555]</a> The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, 811 million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".<a href="#cite_note-558">[557]</a><a href="#cite_note-Effect_of_COVID-19_on_food_security-438">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="609"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Students take end-of-year exams in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Iran, during the pandemic.</figcaption></figure> The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by <a href="/wiki/Online_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Online education">online education</a>. Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077 billion <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learners</a> were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences.<a href="#cite_note-559">[558]</a> They shed light on social and economic issues, including <a href="/wiki/Student_debt" title="Student debt">student debt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_learning" title="Digital learning">digital learning</a>, food insecurity, and <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>, as well as access to <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">childcare</a>, health care, housing, internet, and <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability services</a>. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.<a href="#cite_note-560">[559]</a> The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-561">[560]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.<a href="#cite_note-562">[561]</a> Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-563">[562]</a> The head of cardiology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital."<a href="#cite_note-Stat_News,_with_serious_heart_symptoms_away,_April_23-564">[563]</a> People with strokes and <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> were less likely to seek treatment.<a href="#cite_note-565">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-566">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stat_News,_with_serious_heart_symptoms_away,_April_23-564">[563]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Medical supply shortages</a> impacted many people.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_Shortages-567">[566]</a> The pandemic impacted <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>,<a href="#cite_note-568">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stix_2021-569">[568]</a> increasing <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, depression, and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.<a href="#cite_note-570">[569]</a><a href="#cite_note-Santomauro_2021-571">[570]</a> In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-572">[571]</a> This formed the beginning of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2022%E2%80%932023_paediatric_care_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022–2023 paediatric care crisis (page does not exist)">2022–2023 paediatric care crisis</a> and what some experts termed a "<a href="/wiki/Tripledemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripledemic">tripledemic</a>" of seasonal influenza, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">respiratory syncytial virus</a> (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.<a href="#cite_note-573">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[573]</a> In the United Kingdom, paediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a> and resultant <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-575">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_Kingdom-576">[575]</a> As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Strep A</a> and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Strep_A_death-577">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strep_Expansion-578">[577]</a> The B/Yamagata lineage of <a href="/wiki/Influenza_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza B">influenza B</a> might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.<a href="#cite_note-Alhoufie2021-579">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koutsakos2021-580">[579]</a> There have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-WHOflu2023-581">[580]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMN2023-582">[581]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Flu_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu vaccine">flu vaccine</a>, reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.<a href="#cite_note-WHOflu2023-581">[580]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMN2023-582">[581]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png/330px-Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="595"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png/330px-Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png" data-width="330" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png/495px-Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png/660px-Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Images from the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a> show a stark drop in pollution in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, when comparing <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO2</a> levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).<a href="#cite_note-583">[582]</a></figcaption></figure> The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> as a result of reduced human activity. During the "<a href="/wiki/Anthropause" title="Anthropause">anthropause</a>", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.<a href="#cite_note-:9-584">[583]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Transportation" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Planned air travel</a> and vehicle transportation declined. In China, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei">lockdowns</a> and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:9-584">[583]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[585]</a> In 2020, a worldwide study on mammalian wildlife responses to human presence during COVID lockdowns found complex patterns of animal behaviour. Carnivores were generally less active when humans were around, while herbivores in developed areas were more active. Among other findings, this suggested that herbivores may view humans as a shield against predators, highlighting the importance of location and human presence history in understanding wildlife responses to changes in human activity in a given area.<a href="#cite_note-587">[586]</a> A <a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_that_can_get_SARS-CoV-2" title="List of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2">wide variety</a> of largely mammalian species, both captive and wild, have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, with some encountering a particularly high degree of fatal outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-588">[587]</a> In particular, both <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_in_mink" title="SARS-CoV-2 in mink">farmed and wild mink</a> have developed highly symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infections, with a mortality rate as high as 35–55% according to one study.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers_Spread-589">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[589]</a> <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_in_white-tailed_deer" title="SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a>, on the other hand, have largely avoided severe outcomes but have effectively become <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">natural reservoirs</a> of the virus, with large numbers of free-ranging deer infected throughout the US and Canada, including approximately 80% of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>'s wild deer herd.<a href="#cite_note-591">[590]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature_April-592">[591]</a> An August 2023 study appeared to confirm the status of white-tailed deer as a disease reservoir, noting that the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer occurs at triple the rate of its evolution in humans and that infection rates remained high, even in areas rarely frequented by humans.<a href="#cite_note-Triple_Evolution-593">[592]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination_and_prejudice">Discrimination and prejudice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_(49935630543).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5165" data-file-height="3640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg/330px-Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg/440px-Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_%2849935630543%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A socially distanced homeless encampment in San Francisco, California, in May 2020<a href="#cite_note-594">[593]</a></figcaption></figure> Heightened prejudice, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, and racism toward people of <a href="/wiki/Sinophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobe">Chinese and East Asian descent</a> were documented around the world.<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-251-595">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-zogcf-596">[595]</a> Reports from February 2020, when most confirmed cases were confined to China, cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.<a href="#cite_note-bangkokpost1854094-597">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday202002-598">[597]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200201telegraph-599">[598]</a> Individuals of Asian descent in Europe and North America reported increasing instances of racially-motivated abuse and assaults as a result of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Racism-600">[599]</a><a href="#cite_note-05O7n-601">[600]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_April_Racism-602">[601]</a> US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", terms which were condemned as being racist and xenophobic.<a href="#cite_note-trumpnyt-603">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200320BI-604">[603]</a><a href="#cite_note-MNCw4-605">[604]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age-based discrimination</a> against older adults increased during the pandemic. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-606">[605]</a> In a correspondence published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> in 2021, German epidemiologist Günter Kampf described the harmful effects of "inappropriate stigmatisation of unvaccinated people, who include our patients, colleagues, and other fellow citizens", noting the evidence that vaccinated individuals play a large role in transmission.<a href="#cite_note-607">[606]</a> American bioethicist Arthur Caplan responded to Kampf, writing "Criticising [the unvaccinated] who... wind up in hospitals and morgues in huge numbers, put stress on finite resources, and prolong the pandemic... is not stigmatising, it is deserved moral condemnation."<a href="#cite_note-608">[607]</a> In January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> urged <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a> to change their anti-COVID-19 restrictions to avoid discrimination against unvaccinated people, saying that "the government must continue to ensure that the entire population can enjoy its fundamental rights." The restrictions included mandatory vaccination over the age of 50, and mandatory vaccination to use public transport.<a href="#cite_note-609">[608]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_changes">Lifestyle changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wee_Annie,_Kempock_Street,_face_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg/170px-Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="2877"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg/170px-Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg/255px-Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg/340px-Wee_Annie%2C_Kempock_Street%2C_face_mask.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The "Wee Annie" statue in <a href="/wiki/Gourock,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourock, Scotland">Gourock</a>, Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.</figcaption></figure> The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the workplace. Online retailers in the US posted $791.70 billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from $598.02 billion the year before.<a href="#cite_note-DDCV1ECMR-610">[609]</a> Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.<a href="#cite_note-Fo18zrty783-611">[610]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fo18zrty784-612">[611]</a> Hackers, <a href="/wiki/Cybercriminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybercriminal">cybercriminals</a> and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new online attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Fo18zrty787-613">[612]</a> Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.<a href="#cite_note-Fo18zrty790-614">[613]</a> Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.<a href="#cite_note-Fo18zrty6966-615">[614]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fo18zrty9999-616">[615]</a> Despite most corporations implementing measures to address COVID-19 in the workplace, a poll from <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_(nonprofit_organization)" title="Catalyst (nonprofit organization)">Catalyst</a> found that as many as 68% of employees around the world felt that these policies were only performative and "not genuine".<a href="#cite_note-617">[616]</a> The pandemic led to a surge in <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, only 4% of US employees were fully remote before the pandemic, compared to 43% in May 2020. Among white collar workers, that shift was more pronounced, with 6% increasing to 65% in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2022-618">[617]</a> That trend continued in later stages of the pandemic, with many workers choosing to remain remote even after workplaces reopened.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2022-619">[618]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kagubare_2023-620">[619]</a> Many Nordic, European, and Asian companies increased their recruitment of international remote workers even as the pandemic waned, partially to save on labour costs.<a href="#cite_note-ComputerWeekly.com_2023-621">[620]</a><a href="#cite_note-Braesemann_Stephany_Teutloff_K%C3%A4ssi_2022_p=e0274630-622">[621]</a> This also led to a talent drain in the global south and in remote areas in the global north.<a href="#cite_note-Braesemann_Stephany_Teutloff_K%C3%A4ssi_2022_p=e0274630-622">[621]</a><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanStingWEF2023-623">[622]</a> High cost of living and dense urban areas also lost office real estate value due to remote worker exodus.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2022Jan-624">[623]</a> By May 2023, due to increasing layoffs and concerns over productivity, some white collar workplaces in the US had resorted to performance review penalties and indirect incentives (e.g. donations to charity) to encourage workers to return to the office.<a href="#cite_note-Peck_2023-625">[624]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> A 2021 study noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased interest in epidemics and infectious diseases among both historians and the general public. Prior to the pandemic, these topics were usually overlooked by "general" history and only received attention in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-626">[625]</a> Many comparisons were made between the COVID-19 and <a href="/wiki/1918_influenza_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 influenza pandemic">1918 influenza pandemics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-627">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[627]</a> including the development of anti-mask movements,<a href="#cite_note-629">[628]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[629]</a> the widespread promotion of misinformation<a href="#cite_note-631">[630]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[631]</a> and the impact of <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">socioeconomic disparities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-633">[632]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man wearing purple vestments and standing at an altar uses a mobile phone camera to record himself. Empty pews are visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg/220px-Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg/220px-Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg" data-alt="A man wearing purple vestments and standing at an altar uses a mobile phone camera to record himself. Empty pews are visible in the background." data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg/330px-Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg/440px-Religious_service_live-streaming_during_the_2020_coronavirus_pandemic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An American Catholic military chaplain prepares for a live-streamed <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> in an empty chapel at <a href="/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base" title="Offutt Air Force Base">Offutt Air Force Base</a> in March 2020.</figcaption></figure> In some areas, religious groups exacerbated the spread of the virus, through large gatherings and the dissemination of misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-634">[633]</a><a href="#cite_note-635">[634]</a><a href="#cite_note-636">[635]</a> Some religious leaders decried what they saw as violations of religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-637">[636]</a> In other cases, religious identity was a beneficial factor for health, increasing compliance with public health measures and protecting against the negative effects of isolation on mental wellbeing.<a href="#cite_note-638">[637]</a><a href="#cite_note-639">[638]</a><a href="#cite_note-640">[639]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Information_dissemination">Information dissemination</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism</a></div> Some news organisations removed their online paywalls for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts.<a href="#cite_note-641">[640]</a> Many scientific publishers provided pandemic-related journal articles to the public free of charge as part of the National Institutes of Health's COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-642">[641]</a><a href="#cite_note-643">[642]</a><a href="#cite_note-644">[643]</a> According to one estimate from researchers at the University of Rome, 89.5% of COVID-19-related papers were open access, compared to an average of 48.8% for the ten most deadly human diseases.<a href="#cite_note-645">[644]</a> The share of papers published on preprint servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-646">[645]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misinformation">Misinformation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">Misinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> about the pandemic have been widespread; they travel through <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">mass media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media#Misinformation" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">social media</a> and text messaging.<a href="#cite_note-FTTextMsg-647">[646]</a> In March 2020, WHO declared an "<a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">infodemic</a>" of incorrect information.<a href="#cite_note-Lowy-648">[647]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive biases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, are linked to conspiracy beliefs, including <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy">COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-649">[648]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture</a></div> The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on popular culture. It was included in the narratives of ongoing pre-pandemic television series and become a central narrative in new ones, with mixed results.<a href="#cite_note-650">[649]</a> Writing for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> about the then-upcoming <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> sitcom <a href="/wiki/Here_We_Go_(TV_series)#Pilot_(2020)" title="Here We Go (TV series)">Pandemonium</a> on 16 December 2020, <a href="/wiki/David_Segal_(journalist)" title="David Segal (journalist)">David Segal</a> asked, "Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals and rules."<a href="#cite_note-651">[650]</a> The pandemic had driven some people to seek peaceful <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapism</a> in media, while others were drawn towards fictional pandemics (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">zombie apocalypses</a>) as an alternate form of escapism.<a href="#cite_note-652">[651]</a> Common themes have included <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isolation_(health_care)" title="Isolation (health care)">isolation</a> and loss of <a href="/wiki/Control_(psychology)" title="Control (psychology)">control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-653">[652]</a> Many drew comparisons to the fictional film <a href="/wiki/Contagion_(2011_film)" title="Contagion (2011 film)">Contagion</a> (2011),<a href="#cite_note-654">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-655">[654]</a> praising its accuracies while noting some differences,<a href="#cite_note-656">[655]</a> such as the lack of an orderly vaccine rollout.<a href="#cite_note-657">[656]</a><a href="#cite_note-658">[657]</a> As people turned to music to relieve emotions evoked by the pandemic, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> listenership showed that classical, <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_music" title="Children's music">children's</a> genres grew, while pop, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> and dance remained relatively stable.<a href="#cite_note-659">[658]</a><a href="#cite_note-660">[659]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Transition_to_later_phases">Transition to later phases</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">Endemic COVID-19</a></div> A March 2022 review declared a transition to endemic status to be "inevitable".<a href="#cite_note-661">[660]</a> In June 2022, an article in <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Human Genomics</a> said that the pandemic was still "raging", but that "now is the time to explore the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase."<a href="#cite_note-662">[661]</a> Another review that month predicted that the virus that causes COVID-19 would become the fifth endemic seasonal coronavirus, alongside four other <a href="/wiki/HCoV" class="mw-redirect" title="HCoV">human coronaviruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-663">[662]</a> A February 2023 review of the four <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> coronaviruses concluded that the virus would become seasonal and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people.<a href="#cite_note-664">[663]</a> Another 2023 review stated that the transition to endemic COVID-19 may take years or decades.<a href="#cite_note-665">[664]</a> On 5 May 2023, the WHO declared that the pandemic was no longer a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern" title="Public health emergency of international concern">public health emergency of international concern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-666">[665]</a> This led several media outlets to incorrectly report that this meant the pandemic was "over". The WHO commented to <a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a> that it was unlikely to declare the pandemic over "in the near future" and mentioned <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, which it considers to have been a <a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">pandemic since 1961</a> (i.e., continuously for the last 63 years).<a href="#cite_note-ff-667">[666]</a> The WHO does not have an official category for pandemics or make declarations of when pandemics start or end.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-668">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-timemarch2024-11">[11]</a> In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kluge" title="Hans Kluge">Hans Kluge</a>, director of the WHO in Europe, commented that "While the international public health emergency may have ended, the pandemic certainly has not". The WHO in Europe launched a transition plan to manage the public health response to COVID-19 in the coming years and prepare for possible future emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-kluge-669">[668]</a> Epidemics and pandemics usually end when the disease becomes <a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">endemic</a>, and when the disease becomes "an accepted, manageable part of normal life in a given society."<a href="#cite_note-charters2021-13">[13]</a> As of March 2024, there was no widely agreed definition of when a disease is or is not a pandemic, though efforts at a formal definition were underway. Experts asked by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> that month noted that COVID-19 continued to circulate and cause disease, but expressed uncertainty as to whether it should still be described as a pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-timemarch2024-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3></div> Despite strong economic rebounds following the initial lockdowns in early 2020, towards the latter phases of the pandemic, many countries began to experience long-term economic effects. Several countries saw high <a href="/wiki/Inflation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation rate">inflation rates</a> which had global impacts, particularly in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-670">[669]</a> Some economic impacts such as <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> and trade operations were seen as more permanent as the pandemic exposed major weaknesses in these systems.<a href="#cite_note-671">[670]</a> In Australia, the pandemic caused an increase in <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">occupational burnout</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-672">[671]</a> During the pandemic, a large percentage of workers in Canada came to prefer working from home, which had an impact on the traditional work model. Some corporations made efforts to force workers to return to work on-site, while some embraced the idea.<a href="#cite_note-673">[672]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3></div> There was a "travel boom" causing air travel to recover at rates faster than anticipated, and the aviation industry became profitable in 2023 for the first time since 2019, before the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-674">[673]</a> However, economic issues meant some predicted that the boom would begin to slow down.<a href="#cite_note-675">[674]</a> Business travel on airlines was still below pre-pandemic levels and is predicted not to recover.<a href="#cite_note-676">[675]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_2">Health</h3></div> An increase in excess deaths from underlying causes not related to COVID-19 has been largely blamed on systematic issues causing delays in health care and screening during the pandemic, which has resulted in an increase of non-COVID-19 related deaths.<a href="#cite_note-677">[676]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunizations">Immunizations</h3></div> During the pandemic, millions of children missed out on vaccinations as countries focused efforts on combating COVID-19. Efforts were made to increase vaccination rates among children in <a href="/wiki/Low-income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income countries">low-income countries</a>. These efforts were successful in increasing vaccination rates for some diseases, though the UN noted that post-pandemic <a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles vaccination">measles vaccinations</a> were still falling behind.<a href="#cite_note-678">[677]</a> Some of the decrease in immunisation was driven by an increase in mistrust of public health officials. This was seen in both low-income and high-income countries. Several <a href="/wiki/African_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="African countries">African countries</a> saw a decline in vaccinations due to misinformation around the pandemic flowing into other areas.<a href="#cite_note-679">[678]</a> Immunization rates have yet to recover in the United States<a href="#cite_note-680">[679]</a> and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-681">[680]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_diseases" title="Coronavirus diseases">Coronavirus diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease" title="Emerging infectious disease">Emerging infectious disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List of epidemics and pandemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic">Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Some refer to "fatality rate"; 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Nature. 584 (7821): 325. 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Neurocritical Care. 34 (3): 1062–1071. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12028-020-01049-4">10.1007/s12028-020-01049-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358290">7358290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661794">32661794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurocritical+Care&rft.atitle=Neurological+Involvement+in+COVID-19+and+Potential+Mechanisms%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1062-1071&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7358290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32661794&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12028-020-01049-4&rft.aulast=Aghagoli&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Gallo+Marin%2C+B&rft.au=Katchur%2C+NJ&rft.au=Chaves-Sell%2C+F&rft.au=Asaad%2C+WF&rft.au=Murphy%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7358290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+pandemic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style 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<div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 39px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="39" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q81068910" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q81068910">COVID-19 pandemic (Q81068910)</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_agencies">Health agencies</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019">COVID-19</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses">Questions & Answers</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG">instructional videos</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters">Facts/MythBusters</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html">COVID-19</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china">COVID-19</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers">Q&A</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19">COVID-19</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs">Q&A</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Health (Singapore)">Ministry of Health</a>, Singapore</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html">COVID-19</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html">Q&A</a>) by the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/2019_ncov_default.html">COVID-19 Information for the Workplace</a> by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_and_graphs">Data and graphs</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/">Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19.who.int/">map</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/">COVID-19 Resource Center</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html">map</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19">historical data</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data">COVID-19 data sets</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a> (ECDC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid.observer">COVID-19 Observer</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> data</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus">COVID-19 Statistics and Research</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/covid-19-tracker/">COVID-19 Tracker</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stat_(website)" title="Stat (website)">Stat News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19.healthdata.org/global">COVID-19 Projections</a> for many countries published by <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_journals">Medical journals</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus">Coronavirus (COVID-19)</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus">Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub</a> by <a href="/wiki/BMJ_(company)" title="BMJ (company)">BMJ Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert">Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)</a> by <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/">COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924195411/https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/">Archived</a> 24 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley Publishing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.plos.org/covid-19">COVID-19 pandemic (2019–20) Collection</a> by <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a> (PLOS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/">COVID-19 Portfolio</a>, a curated collection of publications and preprints by <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus">COVID-19 Research Highlights</a> by <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus">COVID-19 Resource Centre</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center">Novel Coronavirus Information Center</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/18px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/18px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" data-alt="virus icon" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/27px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/36px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/19px-Ambox_globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/19px-Ambox_globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/29px-Ambox_globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ambox_globe.svg/38px-Ambox_globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/19px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/19px-Sida-aids.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/29px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/38px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">COVID-19 pandemic at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="c:Category:COVID-19 pandemic">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Coronavirus" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Coronavirus">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="q:COVID-19 pandemic">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="voy:COVID-19 pandemic">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=1259249486">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=1259249486</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 04:55 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19-pandemie" title="Covid-19-pandemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Covid-19-pandemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie" title="COVID-19-Pandemie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="COVID-19-Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%93%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%9D" title="2019-20 ኮሮናቫይረስ ወረርሽኝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2019-20 ኮሮናቫይረስ ወረርሽኝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/COFID-19_my%C4%8Belco%C3%BEu" title="COFID-19 myċelcoþu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="COFID-19 myċelcoþu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جائحة فيروس كورونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائحة فيروس كورونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_cr%C3%A8va_de_coronavirus_de_2019-2020" title="Pandèmia de crèva de coronavirus de 2019-2020 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pandèmia de crèva de coronavirus de 2019-2020" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ক'ভিড-১৯ বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক'ভিড-১৯ বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="२०१९-२० कोरोना भाइरस महामारी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="२०१९-२० कोरोना भाइरस महामारी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%C3%B1emosarambi_guasu" title="COVID-19 ñemosarambi guasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="COVID-19 ñemosarambi guasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemiyas%C4%B1" title="COVID-19 pandemiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="COVID-19 pandemiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کووید-۱۹ پاندمی‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کووید-۱۹ پاندمی‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_koronavirus_2019-2020" title="Pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="কোভিড-১৯ এর বৈশ্বিক মহামারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোভিড-১৯ এর বৈশ্বিক মহামারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_COVID-19" title="Pandemi COVID-19 – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pandemi COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_t%C5%8Da-li%C3%BB-h%C3%AAng" title="COVID-19 tōa-liû-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="COVID-19 tōa-liû-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_COVID-19" title="Пандэмія COVID-19 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пандэмія COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_(2019)" title="Пандэмія каранавіруснай інфэкцыі (2019) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пандэмія каранавіруснай інфэкцыі (2019)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-19_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कोविड-19 महामारी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोविड-19 महामारी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_nin_COVID-19" title="Pandemya nin COVID-19 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pandemya nin COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82_COVID-19" title="Пандемия от COVID-19 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пандемия от COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏོག་དབྱིབས་ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་རིམས་ནད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏོག་དབྱིབས་ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་རིམས་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_COVID-a_19" title="Pandemija COVID-a 19 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pandemija COVID-a 19" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedreuziad_COVID-19" title="Bedreuziad COVID-19 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bedreuziad COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Коронавирус тахал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Коронавирус тахал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandèmia de COVID-19 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pandèmia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="COVID-19 пандеми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="COVID-19 пандеми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_sa_COVID-19" title="Pandemya sa COVID-19 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pandemya sa COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie_covidu-19" title="Pandemie covidu-19 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pandemie covidu-19" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mliri_wa_kachilombo_ka_corona_2019-20" title="Mliri wa kachilombo ka corona 2019-20 – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mliri wa kachilombo ka corona 2019-20" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemig_COVID-19" title="Pandemig COVID-19 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pandemig COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19 – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviruspandemien" title="Coronaviruspandemien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Coronaviruspandemien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie" title="COVID-19-Pandemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="COVID-19-Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_koronawirusa" title="Pandemija koronawirusa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pandemija koronawirusa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="२०१९-२० कोरोनाभाइरस महामारी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="२०१९-२० कोरोनाभाइरस महामारी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroonapandeemia" title="Koroonapandeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koroonapandeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_COVID-19" title="Πανδημία COVID-19 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανδημία COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemio_de_KOVIM-19" title="Pandemio de KOVIM-19 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pandemio de KOVIM-19" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemia" title="COVID-19 pandemia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="COVID-19 pandemia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B1%DB%B9" title="دنیاگیری کووید-۱۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنیاگیری کووید-۱۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_mahamari_(Pandemic)" title="COVID-19 mahamari (Pandemic) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="COVID-19 mahamari (Pandemic)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mie_de_Covid-19" title="Pandémie de Covid-19 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pandémie de Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paind%C3%A9im_COVID-19" title="Paindéim COVID-19 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paindéim COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemagh_COVID-19" title="Pandemagh COVID-19 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pandemagh COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病疫情 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="2019冠状病毒病疫情" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_thai-li%C3%B9-h%C3%A0ng" title="COVID-19 thai-liù-hàng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="COVID-19 thai-liù-hàng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%9819_%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89" title="코로나19 범유행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코로나19 범유행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murar_Masha%C6%99o_2019" title="Murar Mashaƙo 2019 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Murar Mashaƙo 2019" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CA%BBi_laul%C4%81_kolona" title="Maʻi laulā kolona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Maʻi laulā kolona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="COVID-19 համավարակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="COVID-19 համավարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-19_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कोविड-19 विश्वमारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोविड-19 विश्वमारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_koronawirusa" title="Pandemija koronawirusa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pandemija koronawirusa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_COVID-19" title="Pandemija COVID-19 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pandemija COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19" title="Pandemi Covid-19 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandemi Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_Covid-19" title="Pandemia de Covid-19 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pandemia de Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%95%99%E1%92%A1%E1%94%AA%E1%90%8A%E1%95%90%E1%93%87%E1%96%85-19_%E1%96%83%E1%93%84%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%93%82%E1%90%85%E1%94%AA%E1%93%84%E1%91%A6" title="ᓄᕙᒡᔪᐊᕐᓇᖅ-19 ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᐅᔪᓄᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᕙᒡᔪᐊᕐᓇᖅ-19 ᖃᓄᐃᓐᓂᐅᔪᓄᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifo_se-Coronavirus_2019" title="Isifo se-Coronavirus 2019 – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isifo se-Coronavirus 2019" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifo_seCoronavirus_2019" title="Isifo seCoronavirus 2019 – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isifo seCoronavirus 2019" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_faraldurinn" title="Covid-19 faraldurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Covid-19 faraldurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19" title="Pandemia di COVID-19 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pandemia di COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מגפת הקורונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגפת הקורונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageblug_Covid-19" title="Pageblug Covid-19 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pageblug Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="COVID-19-ის პანდემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="COVID-19-ის პანდემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="COVID-19 пандемиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="COVID-19 пандемиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlipuko_wa_virusi_vya_corona_2019-20" title="Mlipuko wa virusi vya corona 2019-20 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlipuko wa virusi vya corona 2019-20" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19" title="Pandemi Covid-19 – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pandemi Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiya_v%C3%AErusa_Koronay%C3%AA" title="Pandemiya vîrusa Koronayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pandemiya vîrusa Koronayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="COVID-19 пандемиясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="COVID-19 пандемиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9E%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94-19" title="ການແພ່ເຊື້ອພະຍາດທົ່ວຂອງໂຄວິດ-19 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການແພ່ເຊື້ອພະຍາດທົ່ວຂອງໂຄວິດ-19" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemia" title="COVID-19 pandemia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="COVID-19 pandemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pand%C4%93mija" title="COVID-19 pandēmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="COVID-19 pandēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie" title="COVID-19-Pandemie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="COVID-19-Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemija" title="COVID-19 pandemija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="COVID-19 pandemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandem%C3%AEa_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemîa de COVID-19 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pandemîa de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemica_de_coronavirus_de_2019-2020" title="Pandemica de coronavirus de 2019-2020 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pandemica de coronavirus de 2019-2020" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid19-pand%C3%A9mia" title="Covid19-pandémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Covid19-pandémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%98%D0%94-19" title="Пандемија на КОВИД-19 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пандемија на КОВИД-19" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D-19_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കോവിഡ്-19 ആഗോള മഹാമാരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോവിഡ്-19 ആഗോള മഹാമാരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_tal-COVID-19" title="Pandemija tal-COVID-19 – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pandemija tal-COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कोविड-१९ महामारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोविड-१९ महामारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF-19" title="وباء كوڤيد-19 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وباء كوڤيد-19" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemik_COVID-19" title="Pandemik COVID-19 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pandemik COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%B2%EA%AF%B0%EA%AF%B1%EA%AF%B9_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯏꯔꯁ ꯂꯩꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯹ ꯂꯥꯏꯆꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯅꯥ ꯚꯥꯏꯔꯁ ꯂꯩꯅꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯹ ꯂꯥꯏꯆꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19" title="Pandemi Covid-19 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pandemi Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%C4%ADk-c%C3%ACng" title="COVID-19 ĭk-cìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="COVID-19 ĭk-cìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie_de_coronab%C3%ADrus" title="Pandemie de coronabírus – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pandemie de coronabírus" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%81%E1%81%89-%E1%81%82%E1%81%80_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="၂၀၁၉-၂၀ ကိုရိုနာဗိုင်းရပ်စ် ဖြစ်ပွားမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၂၀၁၉-၂၀ ကိုရိုနာဗိုင်းရပ်စ် ဖြစ်ပွားမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic" title="COVID-19 Pandemic – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="COVID-19 Pandemic" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronapandemie" title="Coronapandemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coronapandemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="२०१९-२० कोरोना भाइरस प्रकोप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="२०१९-२० कोरोना भाइरस प्रकोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%97%87%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C_(2019%E5%B9%B4-)" title="新型コロナウイルス感染症の世界的流行 (2019年-) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新型コロナウイルス感染症の世界的流行 (2019年-)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="COVID-19 уьнан пандеми – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="COVID-19 уьнан пандеми" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronapandemien" title="Koronapandemien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koronapandemien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronapandemien" title="Koronapandemien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koronapandemien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_Covid-19" title="Pandemia de Covid-19 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pandemia de Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemiyasi" title="COVID-19 pandemiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="COVID-19 pandemiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="2019–20 ਕੋਰੋਨਾਵਾਇਰਸ ਮਹਾਂਮਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="2019–20 ਕੋਰੋਨਾਵਾਇਰਸ ਮਹਾਂਮਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifong_no_kemi" title="Lifong no kemi – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Lifong no kemi" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%8C_2019%D8%A1_-_2020%D8%A1" title="کورونا وائرس دی عالمی وبا، 2019ء - 2020ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کورونا وائرس دی عالمی وبا، 2019ء - 2020ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19" title="Pandemia di COVID-19 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pandemia di COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%89-%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کوويډ-۱۹ وبا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوويډ-۱۹ وبا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A9" title="ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ ១៩ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ ១៩" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="COVID-19 pandemic" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_COVID-19" title="Pandemia COVID-19 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pandemia COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunawirus_lliw_unqurichiq" title="Kurunawirus lliw unqurichiq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kurunawirus lliw unqurichiq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_COVID-19" title="Пандемія COVID-19 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пандемія COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_COVID-19" title="Пандемия COVID-19 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пандемия COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="COVID-19 пандемията – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="COVID-19 пандемията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%92%E1%B1%90%E1%B1%91%E1%B1%99-%E1%B1%92%E1%B1%90_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD" title="᱒᱐᱑᱙-᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱳᱹᱨᱞᱚᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="᱒᱐᱑᱙-᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱫᱳᱹᱨᱞᱚᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandèmia de COVID-19 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pandèmia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="COVID-19 pandemic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefu_la_Coronavirus" title="Lefu la Coronavirus – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Lefu la Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolwetse_jwa_Mogare_wa_Khorona_2019" title="Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019 – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_e_COVID-19" title="Pandemia e COVID-19 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pandemia e COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A-19_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="කොවිඩ්-19 ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොවිඩ්-19 ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="COVID-19 pandemic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="2019–20 ڪوروناوائرس مها وبا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="2019–20 ڪوروناوائرس مها وبا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mia_ochorenia_COVID-19" title="Pandémia ochorenia COVID-19 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandémia ochorenia COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_covida-19" title="Pandemija covida-19 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pandemija covida-19" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandymijo_COVID-19" title="Pandymijo COVID-19 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pandymijo COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayraska_faafa_ee_Korona_2019%E2%80%9320" title="Fayraska faafa ee Korona 2019–20 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fayraska faafa ee Korona 2019–20" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A9%E2%80%93%D9%A2%D9%A0" title="گشتگیربوونی ڤایرۆسی کۆرۆنای ٢٠١٩–٢٠ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گشتگیربوونی ڤایرۆسی کۆرۆنای ٢٠١٩–٢٠" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_19" title="Пандемија ковида 19 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пандемија ковида 19" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_COVID-a_19" title="Pandemija COVID-a 19 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pandemija COVID-a 19" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronaviruspandemia_2019%E2%80%93" title="Koronaviruspandemia 2019– – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koronaviruspandemia 2019–" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin" title="Covid-19-pandemin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Covid-19-pandemin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_ng_COVID-19" title="Pandemya ng COVID-19 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandemya ng COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-19_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கோவிட்-19 பெருந்தொற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோவிட்-19 பெருந்தொற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan_n_kurunafirus_2019" title="Aṭṭan n kurunafirus 2019 – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aṭṭan n kurunafirus 2019" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwas_n_wa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan_n_Ku%E1%B9%9Bunavirus_2019-20" title="Arwas n waṭṭan n Kuṛunavirus 2019-20 – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arwas n waṭṭan n Kuṛunavirus 2019-20" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87_2019-20" title="လွင်ႈပဵၼ်တၢင်းပဵၼ် ဝၢႆးရႅတ်ႉၶူဝ်ႇရူဝ်ႇၼႃႇ 2019-20 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈပဵၼ်တၢင်းပဵၼ် ဝၢႆးရႅတ်ႉၶူဝ်ႇရူဝ်ႇၼႃႇ 2019-20" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9321_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="2019–21 కరోనావైరస్ మహమ్మారి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="2019–21 కరోనావైరస్ మహమ్మారి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-19" title="การระบาดทั่วของโควิด-19 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การระบาดทั่วของโควิด-19" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%89%A0%E1%8B%B3_%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%B5-19" title="ለበዳ ኮቪድ-19 – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ለበዳ ኮቪድ-19" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_COVID-19" title="Дунёгирии COVID-19 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дунёгирии COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhulwadze_Ha_Coronavirus_2019" title="Vhulwadze Ha Coronavirus 2019 – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Vhulwadze Ha Coronavirus 2019" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemisi" title="COVID-19 pandemisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="COVID-19 pandemisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_wirusy_(2019-2020)" title="Korona wirusy (2019-2020) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Korona wirusy (2019-2020)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yare%C9%9B_a_y%C9%9B_fr%C9%9B_no_Coronavirus" title="Yareɛ a yɛ frɛ no Coronavirus – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Yareɛ a yɛ frɛ no Coronavirus" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%89-19_%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨌᨚᨓᨗᨉ-19 ᨄᨕᨊᨉᨙᨆᨗᨀ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨌᨚᨓᨗᨉ-19 ᨄᨕᨊᨉᨙᨆᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_2019" title="Пандемія коронавірусної хвороби 2019 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пандемія коронавірусної хвороби 2019" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کورونا وائرس کی عالمی وبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کورونا وائرس کی عالمی وبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-2020_%DB%8B%DB%87%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%89_%DB%8B%DB%95%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89" title="2019-2020 ۋۇخەن تاجىسىمان ۋىرۇسنىڭ شىددەتلىك تارقىلىشى ۋەقەسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="2019-2020 ۋۇخەن تاجىسىمان ۋىرۇسنىڭ شىددەتلىك تارقىلىشى ۋەقەسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch_COVID-19" title="Đại dịch COVID-19 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại dịch COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%A4%A7%E7%96%AB" title="己亥大疫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="己亥大疫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_nga_COVID-19" title="Pandemya nga COVID-19 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pandemya nga COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A0ngoro_Koronaawiris_2019" title="Jàngoro Koronaawiris 2019 – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jàngoro Koronaawiris 2019" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%93" title="2019新型冠状病毒肺炎事体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="2019新型冠状病毒肺炎事体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntungu_wa_Khorona_ya_2019" title="Ntungu wa Khorona ya 2019 – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntungu wa Khorona ya 2019" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93-19_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="קאוויד-19 פאנדעמיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאוויד-19 פאנדעמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%C3%A0k%C3%A1y%C3%A9-%C3%A0r%C3%B9n_%C3%A8r%C3%A0nk%C3%B2r%C3%B3n%C3%A0_%E1%BB%8Dd%C3%BAn_2019-2020" title="Àjàkáyé-àrùn èrànkòrónà ọdún 2019-2020 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àjàkáyé-àrùn èrànkòrónà ọdún 2019-2020" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC" title="武漢肺炎大爆發 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="武漢肺炎大爆發" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiya_COVID-19i" title="Pandemiya COVID-19i – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pandemiya COVID-19i" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_pandem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Covid-19 pandemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Covid-19 pandemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病疫情 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2019冠状病毒病疫情" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> 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