CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>.eu - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"03c8fc27-e60f-4795-9262-deb509cdabf8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":".eu","wgTitle":".eu","wgCurRevisionId":1244565402,"wgRevisionId":1244565402,"wgArticleId":319563,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":".eu","wgRelevantArticleId":319563,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":".ею","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/.eu#Cyrillic_domain","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay", "autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo", "autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym": "Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym": "עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv", "autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym": "sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur", "fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn", "to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q41107","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false, "mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Logo_.eu.svg/1200px-Logo_.eu.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="691"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Logo_.eu.svg/800px-Logo_.eu.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="461"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Logo_.eu.svg/640px-Logo_.eu.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="369"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content=".eu - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu#Cyrillic_domain"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-_eu rootpage-_eu stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=.eu" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=.eu" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">.eu</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/.eu" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:.eu" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=.eu" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=.%D0%B5%D1%8E&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title=".ею">.ею</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>.eu is the <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a> (ccTLD) for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The TLD is administered by <a href="/wiki/EURid" title="EURid">EURid</a>, a consortium originally consisting of the national <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> registry operators of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, joined later by the national registry operator of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise process">sunrise period</a>, in an effort to prevent <a href="/wiki/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">cybersquatting</a>. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">.eu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_.eu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Logo_.eu.svg/220px-Logo_.eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Logo_.eu.svg/330px-Logo_.eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Logo_.eu.svg/440px-Logo_.eu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="590"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 2005; 19 years ago (2005-04-28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Country code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">Registry</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/EURid" title="EURid">EURid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sponsor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Intended use</th><td class="infobox-data">Entities connected with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Actual use</th><td class="infobox-data">Gradually increasing, mostly among sites with pan-European or cross-border intentions. (<a href="#Actual_use">details</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registered domains</th><td class="infobox-data">3,687,760 (2024-03-27)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration restrictions</th><td class="infobox-data">Registrants must be located within the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data">Names are registered directly at second level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/517/oj">Regulation (EU) 2019/517</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dispute policies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/en/register-a-eu-domain/domain-name-disputes/">EU ADR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registry website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurid.eu/">www.eurid.eu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Establishment">1.1 Establishment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sunrise_period">1.2 Sunrise period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Landrush">1.3 Landrush</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Stabilisation">1.4 Stabilisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Brexit">1.5 Brexit</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Use_by_the_European_Union_institutions">2 Use by the European Union institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Actual_use">3 Actual use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Parking_and_redirects">3.1 Parking and redirects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cyrillic_domain">4 Cyrillic domain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Greek_domain">5 Greek domain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Allegations_of_abuse">6 Allegations of abuse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Regulation 2019/517</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #ddd; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">European Union regulation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #ddd; font-weight: bold;">Text with <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> relevance</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/140px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 93px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/140px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="140" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/210px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/280px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Regulation (EU) 2019/517 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 on the implementation and functioning of the .eu top-level domain name and amending and repealing Regulation (EC) No 733/2002 and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 874/2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Made by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> & <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Journal</a> reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2019.091.01.0025.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2019:091:FULL">OJ L 91, 29.3.2019, p. 25–35 </a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaces</th><td class="infobox-data">733/2002, 874/2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data">733/2002</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #ccffcc; font-weight: bold;">Current legislation</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The .eu ccTLD was approved by <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> on 22 March 2005<a href="#cite_note-approval-6">[6]</a> and put in the Internet <a href="/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">root zone</a> on 2 May 2005.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Even though the EU is not a country (it is a <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> organisation), it has an <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2#Exceptional_reservations" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">exceptional reservation in ISO 3166</a>. The Commission and ICANN had extended negotiations lasting more than five years to secure its acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> .eu.int was the <a href="/wiki/Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomain</a> most used by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/.int" title=".int">.int</a> <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">generic top-level domain</a> (gTLD) for international bodies, until 9 May 2006. The .eu domain (ccTLD) was launched in December 2005, and because of this most .eu.int domain names changed to <a href="/wiki/.europa.eu" class="mw-redirect" title=".europa.eu">.europa.eu</a> on <a href="/wiki/Europe_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe day">Europe day</a>, 9 May 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunrise_period">Sunrise period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sunrise period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_period" title="Sunrise period">sunrise period</a> was broken into two phases. The first phase, which began on 7 December 2005 was to facilitate applications by registrants with prior rights based on trademarks and geographic names. The second phase began on 7 February 2006 and covered company, trade and personal names. In the case of all Sunrise applications, the application needed to be accompanied by documents proving the claim to ownership of a certain right. The decision was then made by <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> Belgium, which had been chosen as the validation agent by <a href="/wiki/EURid" title="EURid">EURid</a>. On 7 February 2006, the registry was opened for company, trade and personal names. In the first 15 minutes, there were 27,949 total applications, and after one hour, 71,235. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landrush">Landrush</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Landrush" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 7 April 2006 at 11 am CET registration became possible for non-trademark holders. Most people requesting domains had asked their registrars to put their requested domains in a queue, ensuring the best chance to register a domain. This way more than 700,000 domains were registered during the first 4 hours of operation. Some large registrars like <a href="/wiki/GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a> and small registrars like <a href="/wiki/Dotster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotster">Dotster</a> suffered from long queues and unresponsiveness, allowing people to 'beat the queue' by registering through a registrar that had already processed its queue. By August 2006, 2 Million .eu domains had been registered. It was then fourth-largest ccTLD in Europe, after <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a>, <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> and <a href="/wiki/.nl" title=".nl">.nl</a>, and is one of the largest internationally. The number of .eu domain registrations during the year after the landrush 7 April 2006 to 6 April 2007 seems to have peaked at approximately 2.6 million .eu domains. The market adjustment that follows a landrush in any domain name extension ensures that the number of registered domains will fall as many speculative domain registrations that failed to be resold will not be renewed. This is sometimes referred to as the Junk Dump. On the morning of 7 April 2007, the number of active .eu domains stood at 2,590,160 with approximately 15,000 domains having been deleted since 5 April 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilisation">Stabilisation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stabilisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Approximately 1.5 million .eu domains were up for renewal in April 2007. The EURid registry software is based on the DNS.be software and domains are physically renewed at the end of the month of their anniversary of registration. This process differs from more sophisticated registries like that of <a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a> <a href="/wiki/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLD</a> and other <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLDs</a> that operate on a daily basis. As with any post-landrush phase, an extension shrinks as the Junk Dump takes effect. Over one year after the launch of .eu (5 July 2007), the number of <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a> domains registered was 11,079,557 according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629120049/http://www.denic.de/en/domains/statistiken/index.html">German .de registry's statistics page</a>, while number of German owned .eu domains according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710114305/http://status.eurid.eu/registered.html">EURid's statistics page</a> was 796,561. The number of <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> domains registered was 6,038,732 according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nominet.org.uk/intelligence/statistics/registration/">.uk registry Nominet's statistics page</a>. The number of apparently UK owned .eu domains was 344,584. The extent of the shrinkage of .eu ccTLD is difficult to estimate because EURid does not publish detailed statistics on the number of new domains registered each day. Instead it provides only a single figure for the number of active domains. The number of new registrations are combined with numbers of domains registered. Approximately 250,000 .eu domains were either deleted or moved into quarantine by 30 April 2007. In the intervening years the renewal rate has stabilised to approximately 80%, which is above the industry average.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brexit">Brexit</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brexit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 29 March 2018, as a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union</a>, it was announced that "as of the withdrawal date, undertakings and organisations that are established in the United Kingdom but not in the EU, and natural persons who reside in the United Kingdom will no longer be eligible to register .eu domain names or, if they are .eu registrants, to renew .eu domain names registered before the withdrawal date".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The commission announced on 27 April 2018 that it would like to open registration to all EU and EEA citizens, including those living outside the EU.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Parliament, the council, and the Commission reached an agreement on this in December 2018,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and the corresponding regulation passed the Parliament on 31 January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The 317,000 British .eu domain names were subject to <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a> because the .eu domain is reserved for European Union use. The .eu Brexit would have occurred on 30 March 2020, in case of no deal,<a href="#cite_note-ref1-15">[15]</a> but had since been postponed to January 2021. The UK-EU free trade deal does not cover .eu domains.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom Government</a> released guidance for British citizens regarding .eu domains in October 2020,<a href="#cite_note-govuk-17">[17]</a> and .eu holders with a British address attached have been contacted twice by the domain registry regarding their domains – once in October 2020, once in December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-brexitnotice-18">[18]</a> British citizens had their .eu domains suspended on 1 January 2021 for three months, and then deleted on 1 March 2021 after a grace period to allow EU/EEA citizens to update the registration information to show their non-UK address.<a href="#cite_note-brexitnotice-18">[18]</a> This is the first case of its kind where an institution managing an internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> has withdrawn domains en masse for an entire country. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Use_by_the_European_Union_institutions">Use by the European Union institutions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use by the European Union institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa (web portal)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Second-level_domain" title="Second-level domain">second-level domain</a> .europa.eu has been reserved for EU institution sites, with institutions and agencies making the switch from .eu.int to <a href="/wiki/.europa.eu" class="mw-redirect" title=".europa.eu">.europa.eu</a> domains on the <a href="/wiki/Europe_day#Europe_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe day">Europe day</a> of 9 May 2006. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Actual_use">Actual use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Actual use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/.eu" title="Special:EditPage/.eu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22.eu%22">".eu"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22.eu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22.eu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22.eu%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22.eu%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22.eu%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2008) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The main users of .eu domains are websites with pan-European or cross-border intentions and audiences. It is often used to emphasise the 'European identity' of a website, as opposed to the website having a strictly national ccTLD or global "dotcom" nature. Alternative (<a href="/wiki/Domain_hack" title="Domain hack">opportunistic</a>) uses include <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque</a> webpages (as the initial letters of <a href="/wiki/Euskadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskadi">Euskadi</a> or the language <a href="/wiki/Euskara" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskara">Euskara</a>) and Romanian, Portuguese, or <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galician</a> personal sites, as eu is the equivalent of the English pronoun 'I' in those languages. In most countries of the EU, the national ccTLDs have the major share of the market with the remainder spread over <a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a>/<a href="/wiki/.net" title=".net">.net</a>/<a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a>/<a href="/wiki/.info" title=".info">.info</a>/<a href="/wiki/.biz" title=".biz">.biz</a>. As a result of this, .eu has had an uphill battle to gain a significant share of these national markets. The dominant players tend to be the national ccTLD and .com. The other TLDs such as <a href="/wiki/.net" title=".net">.net</a>, <a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/.info" title=".info">.info</a> and <a href="/wiki/.biz" title=".biz">.biz</a> have progressively smaller shares of these national markets. Some .eu domain names have had some popularity, such as <a href="/wiki/Torrentz2.eu" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrentz2.eu">torrentz2.eu</a>. As of November 2019, according to the Tranco rank, the top 100 thousand most popular domains in the world included over 200 .eu domains.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parking_and_redirects">Parking and redirects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parking and redirects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/.eu" title="Special:EditPage/.eu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22.eu%22">".eu"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22.eu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22.eu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22.eu%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22.eu%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22.eu%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2008) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As of around 2010, some statistics indicated a large number of .eu domains being used to direct to other domains. <ul><li>Some domain registrants use their .eu website as a web portal containing a list of their national websites with national <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLDs</a>.</li> <li>Other registrants have registered a .eu domain name to protect the brand name of their main website or domain, and redirect visitors to their pre-existing national ccTLD or .com website. (example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champagne.eu/">www.champagne.eu</a>)</li> <li>12.8% of .eu websites are parking pages with <a href="/wiki/Pay_per_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay per click">pay per click</a> (PPC) advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-eurid.eu-20">[20]</a> ISPs and web hosters will often point unused domains to a <a href="/wiki/Domain_parking" title="Domain parking">domain parking</a> webpage with PPC advertising. This percentage does not include .eu domains that are pointed to holding pages or not set up in DNS.</li> <li>26% of .eu domain names are redirects for existing national ccTLD or .com websites.<a href="#cite_note-eurid.eu-20">[20]</a></li></ul> According to page 20 of <a href="/wiki/EURid" title="EURid">EURid</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110022315/http://www.eurid.eu/files/2006_annual_report.pdf">Annual Report for 2006</a>, the breakdown of .eu domain ownership figures on 31 December 2006 was: <ul><li>Registrants with more than 10,000 domains: 6</li> <li>Registrants with 5,000–9,999 domains: 18</li> <li>Registrants with 1,000–4,999 domains: 64</li> <li>Registrants with 100-999 domains: 1,257</li> <li>Registrants with 10–99 domains: 20,886</li> <li>Registrants with 6–9 domains: 22,933</li> <li>Registrants with 5 domains: 13,200 – (66,000 domains)</li> <li>Registrants with 4 domains: 23,007 – (92,028 domains)</li> <li>Registrants with 3 domains: 42,887 – (128,661 domains)</li> <li>Registrants with 2 domains: 115,543 – (231,086 domains)</li> <li>Registrants with 1 domain: 610,679</li></ul> The number of registrants with five domains or fewer registered in .eu ccTLD was, according to these statistics, 805,316. These registrants accounted for 1,128,454 domains out of 2,444,947 .eu domains registered as of 31 December 2006. These registrations, typically those of individuals and companies protecting their brand,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] only represent 46% of the number of registered .eu domains. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Cyrillic_domain">Cyrillic domain</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cyrillic domain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> .ею, a top-level domain using <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic letters</a> was put into operation on 1 June 2016. A Cyrillic domain was needed because Bulgaria, a member of the EU, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Bulgarian" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboards</a> and smartphones used in Bulgaria have special key combinations to change script, but in order to avoid that, all-Cyrillic addresses are used. The EU is called ЕС (Европейски Съюз) in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> Cyrillic, but .ес (in Cyrillic letters) is much too similar to <a href="/wiki/.ec" title=".ec">.ec</a> (in Latin letters), the existing top-level domain of Ecuador, so .ею was chosen. (While some Latin and Cyrillic letters may look identical, they have different <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> and are distinct for data processing purposes. Consequently, there is an opportunity for misrepresentation unless steps are taken to prevent <a href="/wiki/Abusive_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive registration">abusive registration</a>). EURid has a rule that the second-level domain name must be in the same script as the top-level domain,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> so Cyrillic second-level domains must go under .ею instead of .eu, and all domain names under .ею must be spelt using Cyrillic.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Older Cyrillic domains under .eu were cloned into .ею at its launch. As of March 2024, there are 1,486 registered domains under .ею.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Greek_domain">Greek domain</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greek domain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> An application for a <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> using <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> letters, .ευ was submitted in 2016. The application was originally turned down because it was too visually similar to .eu.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Greek name of the EU is Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ), but .εε would be too visually similar to <a href="/wiki/.ee" title=".ee">.ee</a>, the top-level domain of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. In 2019 steps were taken towards approving .ευ as a domain. The proposal was to have one and the same registry manager of .eu, .ею and .ευ, which shall make sure second-level domains are not visually similar and in the long-term assign all Cyrillic domains under .eu to .ею and all Greek letters domains to .ευ.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> .ευ domain names were officially launched in November 2019.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> As of March 2024, there are 2,595 registered domains under .ευ.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Allegations_of_abuse">Allegations of abuse</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Allegations of abuse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_speculation" title="Domain name speculation">Domain name speculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_warehousing" title="Domain name warehousing">domain name warehousing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybersquatting" title="Cybersquatting">cybersquatting</a> are always features of the launch of any new TLD; however, this was more widespread in the case of the .eu launch. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Parsons" title="Bob Parsons">Bob Parsons</a>, CEO and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a>, criticized the landrush process designed by EURid. Particularly, he condemned the use of shell companies by some registrars. In his blog, he stated "These companies, instead of only registering their real active registrars, created hundreds of new "phantom" registrars."<a href="#cite_note-landrush-26">[26]</a> Parsons cited a group of about 400 companies, all with similar address and contact information based in New York, each registered as an <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLC</a>; in his opinion, these were phantom registrars "created to hijack the .EU landrush." These "phantom" registrars effectively had hundreds of opportunities of registering a domain whereas a genuine registrar effectively only had one opportunity to register the same domain. Thus some registrants were crowded out of the .eu landrush process and many generic .eu domain names are now owned by the companies using these "phantom" registrars. Patrik Lindén, spokesman for EURid at the time, denied the allegations by Parsons, stating that "[EURid] verified that each registrar was an individual legal entity. Each had to sign an agreement with us, and prepay €10,000."<a href="#cite_note-refutation-27">[27]</a> Parsons did not dispute that each registrar was a separate legal entity, but noted that creating such entities was trivial: "Mr. Linden seemed proud that the EURid registry verified that each applicant was a legal entity before it was accredited. Take a moment and think about what that means. You can form a "legal entity" for $50 – an LLC – and you are good to go. Is that what we want a registry to do? Don't we want them instead to make sure that the organization it allows to provide end-users with its domain names – especially Europe's very own domain name – are actually in the domain name registration business?"<a href="#cite_note-entity-28">[28]</a> Others claimed that .eu domain had been actively targeted during the sunrise period by speculators using fast-track Benelux trademarks to create prior rights on various high-value generic terms and during the landrush by speculators using EU front companies in the UK and Cyprus to register large numbers of domains. While speculative activity occurred with the launch of other domains, it was the scale of the activity that called into question the competence of EURid in protecting the integrity of eu ccTLD. The EURid organisation investigated some allegations of abuse, and in July 2006 announced the suspension of over 74,000 domain names and that they were suing 400 registrars for breach of contract.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The status of the domains was changed from active to on-hold. This meant that the domains could not be moved or have their ownership changed. The registrars also lost their access to the EURid registration database meaning that they could no longer register .eu domain names. The legal action relates to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_warehousing" title="Domain name warehousing">domain name warehousing</a>, whereby large numbers of domain names are registered, often by registrars, with the intention of subsequently selling them on to third parties. EURid rules state that applications for domains can only be made after a legitimate application has been made to a registrar. The 74,000 applications were made in the name of only three Cyprus registered companies – Ovidio Ltd., Fausto Ltd. and Gabino Ltd. The affected registrars, joined in the action by the affected registrants, obtained a provisional order from the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_First_Instance" class="mw-redirect" title="European Court of First Instance">Court of First Instance</a> in Brussels, Belgium on 27 September 2006. The court ordered EURid to release the blocked domain names or else pay a fine of €25,000 per hour for each affected domain name. EURid complied with the court order and changed the status of the domains from on-hold to active and restored EURid registration database access to the affected registrars. The main legal action, that of EURid seeking the registrar agreements between EURid and the registrars in question to be dissolved has still to be heard. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Europe">Internet in Europe</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-statistics-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/en/welcome-to-eurid/statistics/">"Statistics - EURid"</a>. EURid. 27 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327150249/https://eurid.eu/en/welcome-to-eurid/statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURid&rft.atitle=Statistics+-+EURid&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurid.eu%2Fen%2Fwelcome-to-eurid%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/eu.html">"IANA — .eu Domain Delegation Data"</a>. www.iana.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iana.org&rft.atitle=IANA+%E2%80%94+.eu+Domain+Delegation+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdomains%2Froot%2Fdb%2Feu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropaportalen2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Europaportalen (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/na-kan-du-registrere-domenet-eu-i-norge/id749297/">"Nå kan du registrere domenet .eu i Norge"</a>. Regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regjeringen.no&rft.atitle=N%C3%A5+kan+du+registrere+domenet+.eu+i+Norge&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.au=Europaportalen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fno%2Faktuelt%2Fna-kan-du-registrere-domenet-eu-i-norge%2Fid749297%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/en/register-a-eu-domain">"Register a domain name"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+a+domain+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurid.eu%2Fen%2Fregister-a-eu-domain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115170126/http://www.eurid.eu/en/about/facts-figures/background-timeline">"Eurid's .eu Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurid.eu/en/about/facts-figures/background-timeline">the original</a> on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurid%27s+.eu+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurid.eu%2Fen%2Fabout%2Ffacts-figures%2Fbackground-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-approval-6"><a href="#cite_ref-approval_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2005-03-23-en">".EU Update"</a>. ICANN. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=.EU+Update&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2005-03-23-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/media/filer_public/d3/85/d38538c1-dac5-4e28-a779-cc31b8259697/boek_dot_eu_v05.pdf">"Check out our domain name: .eu is now in the internet root"</a> (PDF). EURid. 2 May 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURid&rft.atitle=Check+out+our+domain+name%3A+.eu+is+now+in+the+internet+root&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurid.eu%2Fmedia%2Ffiler_public%2Fd3%2F85%2Fd38538c1-dac5-4e28-a779-cc31b8259697%2Fboek_dot_eu_v05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/liikanen-letter-2000-07-06-en">"Letter from Erkki Liikanen (EU Commission) to Mike Roberts (CEO, ICANN) regarding .eu Top-Level Domain"</a>. European Commission. 6 July 2000. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Erkki+Liikanen+%28EU+Commission%29+to+Mike+Roberts+%28CEO%2C+ICANN%29+regarding+.eu+Top-Level+Domain&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2000-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Funthemed-pages%2Fliikanen-letter-2000-07-06-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202141350/http://www.eurid.eu/files/2011_annual_report.pdf">"Annual Report 2011 - The .eu registry, EURid"</a> (PDF). EURid. 5 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurid.eu/files/2011_annual_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURid&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+2011+-+The+.eu+registry%2C+EURid&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurid.eu%2Ffiles%2F2011_annual_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/notice-stakeholders-withdrawal-united-kingdom-and-eu-rules-eu-domain-names_en">"Notice to stakeholders: withdrawal of the United Kingdom and EU rules on .eu domain names"</a>. European Commission. Retrieved 29 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+to+stakeholders%3A+withdrawal+of+the+United+Kingdom+and+EU+rules+on+.eu+domain+names&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fpublications%2Fnotice-stakeholders-withdrawal-united-kingdom-and-eu-rules-eu-domain-names_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/30/europe-brexit-eu-domains/">"UK citizens might lose .EU domains after Brexit"</a>. Engadget. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=UK+citizens+might+lose+.EU+domains+after+Brexit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2018%2F03%2F30%2Feurope-brexit-eu-domains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/commission-proposes-more-flexibility-eu-top-level-domain">"The Commission proposes more flexibility in the .eu top-level-domain"</a>. europa.eu. 27 April 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+Commission+proposes+more+flexibility+in+the+.eu+top-level-domain&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-single-market%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcommission-proposes-more-flexibility-eu-top-level-domain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/agreement-new-rules-functioning-eu-top-level-domain">"Agreement on new rules for the functioning of the .eu top level domain"</a>. europa.eu. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=Agreement+on+new+rules+for+the+functioning+of+the+.eu+top+level+domain&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-single-market%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fagreement-new-rules-functioning-eu-top-level-domain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/ficheprocedure.do?lang=en&reference=2018/0110(COD)">"2018/0110(COD): Implementation and functioning of the .eu top level domain name"</a>. europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=2018%2F0110%28COD%29%3A+Implementation+and+functioning+of+the+.eu+top+level+domain+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu%2Foeil%2Fpopups%2Fficheprocedure.do%3Flang%3Den%26reference%3D2018%2F0110%28COD%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/hightech/brexit-les-britanniques-n-auront-plus-le-droit-aux-noms-de-domaine-en-eu-1408753.html">"Brexit: Les Britanniques n'auront plus le droit aux noms de domaine en .eu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brexit%3A+Les+Britanniques+n%27auront+plus+le+droit+aux+noms+de+domaine+en+.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbfmbusiness.bfmtv.com%2Fhightech%2Fbrexit-les-britanniques-n-auront-plus-le-droit-aux-noms-de-domaine-en-eu-1408753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/draft_eu-uk_trade_and_cooperation_agreement.pdf">"EU-UK Draft Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU-UK+Draft+Free+Trade+and+Cooperation+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fsites%2Finfo%2Ffiles%2Fdraft_eu-uk_trade_and_cooperation_agreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-govuk-17"><a href="#cite_ref-govuk_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/eu-domain-names-what-you-need-to-do-before-the-end-of-the-transition-period">".eu domain names - what you need to do before the end of the transition period"</a>. GOV.UK. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=.eu+domain+names+-+what+you+need+to+do+before+the+end+of+the+transition+period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Feu-domain-names-what-you-need-to-do-before-the-end-of-the-transition-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brexitnotice-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brexitnotice_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brexitnotice_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/en/register-a-eu-domain/brexit-notice/">"Brexit notice"</a>. eurid.eu. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurid.eu&rft.atitle=Brexit+notice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurid.eu%2Fen%2Fregister-a-eu-domain%2Fbrexit-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_PochatVan_GoethemTajalizadehkhoobKorczynski" class="citation conference cs1">Le Pochat, Victor; Van Goethem, Tom; Tajalizadehkhoob, Samaneh; Korczynski, Maciej; Joosen, Wouter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_01B-3_LePochat_paper.pdf">"Tranco: A Research-Oriented Top Sites Ranking Hardened Against Manipulation"</a> (PDF). Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14722%2Fndss.2019.23386">10.14722/ndss.2019.23386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891562-55-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-891562-55-X"><bdi>1-891562-55-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Tranco%3A+A+Research-Oriented+Top+Sites+Ranking+Hardened+Against+Manipulation&rft.btitle=Network+and+Distributed+Systems+Security+%28NDSS%29+Symposium+2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14722%2Fndss.2019.23386&rft.isbn=1-891562-55-X&rft.aulast=Le+Pochat&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Van+Goethem%2C+Tom&rft.au=Tajalizadehkhoob%2C+Samaneh&rft.au=Korczynski%2C+Maciej&rft.au=Joosen%2C+Wouter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndss-symposium.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2Fndss2019_01B-3_LePochat_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurid.eu-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurid.eu_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurid.eu_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202140352/http://www.eurid.eu/files/Insights_Cat3.pdf">"Website usage trends among top-level domains"</a> (PDF). EURid. 24 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurid.eu/files/Insights_Cat3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURid&rft.atitle=Website+usage+trends+among+top-level+domains&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurid.eu%2Ffiles%2FInsights_Cat3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/mt/register-a-eu-domain/guidelines-eu-greek/">"Guidelines for .eu in Greek"</a>. eurid.eu. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurid.eu&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+.eu+in+Greek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurid.eu%2Fmt%2Fregister-a-eu-domain%2Fguidelines-eu-greek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurid.eu/en/register-a-eu-domain/guidelines-eu-cyrillic/">"Guidelines for .eu in Cyrillic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+.eu+in+Cyrillic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurid.eu%2Fen%2Fregister-a-eu-domain%2Fguidelines-eu-cyrillic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004204937/https://centr.eu/system/files/agenda/attachment/ga55-seppia_idn_delegation-20160217.pdf">".ею delegation"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centr.eu/system/files/agenda/attachment/ga55-seppia_idn_delegation-20160217.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=.%D0%B5%D1%8E+delegation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentr.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fagenda%2Fattachment%2Fga55-seppia_idn_delegation-20160217.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/eu-greek-mitigation-measures-28feb19-en.pdf">"A Case Study and Evaluation of a Sample Risk Mitigation Plan"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Case+Study+and+Evaluation+of+a+Sample+Risk+Mitigation+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Feu-greek-mitigation-measures-28feb19-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203005937/https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/launch-eu-domain-greek">"The launch of the .eu domain in Greek"</a>. Digital Single Market - European Commission. 14 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/launch-eu-domain-greek">the original</a> on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Single+Market+-+European+Commission&rft.atitle=The+launch+of+the+.eu+domain+in+Greek&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdigital-single-market%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flaunch-eu-domain-greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-landrush-26"><a href="#cite_ref-landrush_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2006" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, Bob (9 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626031747/http://www.bobparsons.com/EULandrushFiasco.html">"The .EU landrush fiasco. A bumbling registry allows Europe's very own domain name to be highjacked!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobparsons.com/EULandrushFiasco.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+.EU+landrush+fiasco.+A+bumbling+registry+allows+Europe%27s+very+own+domain+name+to+be+highjacked%21&rft.date=2006-04-09&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobparsons.com%2FEULandrushFiasco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-refutation-27"><a href="#cite_ref-refutation_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeizer2006" class="citation web cs1">Keizer, Gregg (11 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412195822/http://www.techweb.com/wire/ebiz/185300338">"New .EU Domain Name System Irks U.S. Firm"</a>. TechWeb Technology News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techweb.com/wire/ebiz/185300338">the original</a> on 12 April 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechWeb+Technology+News&rft.atitle=New+.EU+Domain+Name+System+Irks+U.S.+Firm&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.aulast=Keizer&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techweb.com%2Fwire%2Febiz%2F185300338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-entity-28"><a href="#cite_ref-entity_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2006" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, Bob (12 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626031724/http://www.bobparsons.com/EURidResponds.html">"EURid denies .EU landrush abuse. These guys couldn't spin a top"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobparsons.com/EURidResponds.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EURid+denies+.EU+landrush+abuse.+These+guys+couldn%27t+spin+a+top.&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobparsons.com%2FEURidResponds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513015343/http://www.eurid.eu/content/view/104/52/lang,en/">"EURid suspends 74 000 .eu domain names"</a>. EURud. 24 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurid.eu/content/view/104/52/lang,en/">the original</a> on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURud&rft.atitle=EURid+suspends+74+000+.eu+domain+names&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurid.eu%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F104%2F52%2Flang%2Cen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurid.eu">EURid – Registry for .eu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/root-whois/eu.htm">IANA .eu whois information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527073441/http://www.eurid.eu/en/faq/document-downloads">Domain registration regulations, policies, and terms</a>, and other related documents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124443/http://status.eurid.eu/">EURid registration status report, including breakdown of registrations by country</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwc.com/Extweb/service.nsf/docid/748B2AEF93B857E280256FA2002A43A2/">PWC Belgium's validation service for Eurid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127033607/http://www.pwc.com/Extweb/service.nsf/docid/748B2AEF93B857E280256FA2002A43A2/">Archived</a> 27 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4470797.stm">EU to launch its own web domain</a> (BBC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/21/swiss_domains/">No .eu domain for the Swiss (and Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway)</a> (The Register)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217152841/http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/doteu/index_en.htm">"The .eu Top Level Domain"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/doteu/index_en.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+.eu+Top+Level+Domain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finformation_society%2Fpolicy%2Fdoteu%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A.eu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928200616/http://www.adr-decisions.eu/wiki/index.php?title=EURid_Ovidio%2FFausto%2FGabino_litigation">ADR Decisions Wiki providing texts of Ovidio/Fausto/Gabino court order and details on litigation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europalov.no/files/jcd/2013/eos-2013-085.pdf">DECISION OF THE EEA JOINT COMMITTEE – Incorporation into the EEA agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.eu&oldid=1244565402#Cyrillic_domain">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.eu&oldid=1244565402#Cyrillic_domain</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=.eu&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 September 2024, at 21:16 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/.%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89" title=".ইইউ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title=".ইইউ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppdom%C3%A4n#E" title="Toppdomän – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toppdomän" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu" title=".eu – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title=".eu" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 September 2024, at 21:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.eu&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-vfr2b","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.047","walltime":"1.349","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15641,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":297968,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29083,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":132507,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1146.122 1 -total"," 19.92% 228.265 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.23% 185.961 28 Template:Cite_web"," 13.20% 151.274 1 Template:CcTLD"," 12.98% 148.719 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 12.70% 145.575 28 Template:Lang"," 11.67% 133.771 7 Template:Navbox"," 11.12% 127.473 1 Template:European_Union_topics"," 10.82% 123.993 1 Template:Country_topics"," 10.71% 122.720 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.568","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16676504,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-hp8jm","timestamp":"20241128023437","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":".eu","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.eu#Cyrillic_domain","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41107","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41107","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-16T06:53:19Z","dateModified":"2024-09-07T21:16:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/70\/Logo_.eu.svg","headline":"Internet country-code top level domain for the European Union"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>