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</a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Findings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Findings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Findings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khara-Khoto_Christian_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khara-Khoto_Christian_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Khara-Khoto Christian manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khara-Khoto_Christian_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chara-choto" title="Chara-choto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chara-choto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chara-Choto" title="Chara-Choto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chara-Choto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Խարա Խոտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խարա Խոտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хара-Хото – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хара-Хото" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chara_Chotas" title="Chara Chotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chara Chotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хар хот – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар хот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Hot" title="Har Hot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Har Hot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%88" title="カラ・ホト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラ・ホト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaraxoto" title="Xaraxoto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaraxoto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хара-Хото – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хара-Хото" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto" title="Khara-Khoto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khara-Khoto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara-Hoto" title="Hara-Hoto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hara-Hoto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хара-Хото – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хара-Хото" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="黑城遗址 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑城遗址" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1584528#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khara-Khoto&params=41_45_54_N_101_08_42_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°45′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">101°08′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.76500°N 101.14500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.76500; 101.14500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ruined city in Inner Mongolia, China</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khara-khoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Khara-khoto.jpg/290px-Khara-khoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Khara-khoto.jpg/435px-Khara-khoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Khara-khoto.jpg/580px-Khara-khoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>The walls of Khara-Khoto</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Khara-Khoto</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">哈拉浩特</span>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Хар хот</span> (<i>Khar Khot</i>); 'black city'),<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhardt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhardt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Heishuicheng</b> or <b>Heishui City</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">黑水城</span>), is an abandoned city in the <a href="/wiki/Ejin_Banner" title="Ejin Banner">Ejin Banner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alxa League</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, China, near the <a href="/wiki/Juyan_Lake_Basin" title="Juyan Lake Basin">Juyan Lake Basin</a>. Built in 1032, the city thrived under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia dynasty</a>. It has been identified as the city of <b>Etzina</b>, which appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Ejin_Banner" title="Ejin Banner">Ejin Banner</a> is named after this city. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khara-Khoto is known by many names, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">黑城</span> Hēichéng <i>"black castle(city)"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1065318431">.mw-parser-output .Tangut{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Noto Serif Tangut"}</style><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L3058 L0176">𗋽𗰞</span> /*zjɨ̱r²-nja̱¹/ <i>"black water"</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (transcribed into Chinese as 亦集乃 <i>Yijinai</i>), Modern Mongolian <i><b>Khar khot</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol language</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠷᠠ<br />ᠬᠣᠲᠠ</span> Khara Khoto, 'black city') and to Chinese as <b>Heishui City</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">黑水城</span> Hēishuǐchéng, 'black water city'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city was founded in 1032 and became a thriving centre of <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> trade in the 11th century. There are remains of 30 ft (9.1 m)-high ramparts and 12 ft (3.7 m)-thick outer walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer walls ran for some 421 m (1,381 ft) east-west by 374 m (1,227 ft) north-south.<sup id="cite_ref-Shatz2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shatz2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The walled fortress was first taken by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in 1226,<sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but—contrary to a widely circulated misunderstanding—the city continued to flourish under Mongol rule. During <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s time, the city was expanded, reaching a size three times larger than during the Western Xia dynasty. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a> concentrated its preparation for the reconquest of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plain</a> at Khara-Khoto. The city was located on the crossroads connecting <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Kumul</a>. </p><p>In <i>The Travels of Marco Polo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> describes a visit to a city called <i>Etzina</i> or <i>Edzina</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been identified with Khara-Khoto.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When you leave the city of <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Campichu</a> you ride for twelve days, and then reach a city called Etzina, which is towards the north on the verge of the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Sandy Desert</a>; it belongs to the Province of Tangut. The people are Idolaters, and possess plenty of camels and cattle, and the country produces a number of good falcons, both Sakers and Lanners. The inhabitants live by their cultivation and their cattle, for they have no trade. At this city you must needs lay in victuals for forty days, because when you quit Etzina, you enter on a desert which extends forty days' journey to the north, and on which you meet with no habitation nor baiting-place.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, translated by Henry Yule, 1920</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg/220px-Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg/330px-Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg/440px-Kharakhoto_BLP221_PHOTO392-29-85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Image from <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a>'s visit. A tomb (possibly a mosque) at the southeast corner, viewed from the east.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a legend of the local <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a> population, in 1372 a Mongol military general named Khara Bator<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was surrounded with his troops by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Diverting the <a href="/wiki/Ruo_Shui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruo Shui">Ejin River</a>, the city's water source that flowed just outside the fortress, the Ming dynasty denied Khara-Khoto water for its gardens and wells. As time passed and Khara Bator realised his fate, he murdered his family and then himself. After his suicide, Khara Bator's soldiers waited within the fortress until Ming troops finally attacked and killed the remaining inhabitants. Another version of the legend holds that Khara Bator made a breach in the northwestern corner of the city wall and escaped through it. The remains of the city have a breach through which a rider can pass. </p><p>The defeat of the Mongols at Khara-Khoto is described in the Ming dynasty annals: "In the fifth year of Hungu (1372), General <a href="/wiki/Feng_Sheng_(general)" title="Feng Sheng (general)">Feng Sheng</a> and his army reached Edzina. The town's defender Buyan'temur surrendered, and Chinese troops reached the mountains of Bojiashan. The ruler of Yuan, Gyardzhipan', fled. His minister... and 27 others were captured, together with ten or more thousand head of horses and cattle."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat, and also possibly due to a water shortage,<sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city was abandoned and left in ruins. Its exceedingly remote location preserved it from looters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg/220px-Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg/330px-Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg/440px-Kharakhoto_BLM9_S3-PLAN-KK-I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Khara-Khoto, <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>Russian explorers <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Potanin" title="Grigory Potanin">Grigory Potanin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Obruchev" title="Vladimir Obruchev">Vladimir Obruchev</a> heard rumours that somewhere downstream the Ejin River an ancient city was waiting. This knowledge gave impetus to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Oriental_Studies_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Asian Museum, St. Petersburg</a>, to launch a new Mongol-Sichuan expedition under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kuzmich_Kozlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov">Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kychanov_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kychanov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg/220px-Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg/330px-Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg/440px-Khara_Khoto_Kozlov_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kuzmich_Kozlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov">Kozlov</a> expedition map of Khara-Khoto. The mosque is in the extreme bottom-left corner of the map just outside the city walls, indicated by a rectangular shape labeled with the words "Раз. мечети".</figcaption></figure> <p>However, Khara-Khoto was earlier discovered by a <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryat</a> person called <a href="/wiki/Tsogto_Garmayevich_Badmazhapov" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsogto Garmayevich Badmazhapov">Tsokto Badmazhapov</a> in the spring of 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Galambos_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galambos-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badmazhapov sent photographs and a handwritten description of Khara-Khoto to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society" title="Russian Geographical Society">Geographical Society in St Petersburg</a>. On May 1, 1908, during his 1907–1909 expedition to Central Asia, Kozlov arrived at Khara-Khoto and, with a dinner and gift of a gramophone to a local <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a> lord Dashi Beile, obtained permission to dig at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Kychanov_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kychanov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 2,000 books, scrolls and manuscripts in the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a> were uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozlov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kozlov initially sent ten chests of manuscripts and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> objects to St. Petersburg, returning again in May 1909 for more objects. The books and <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> were found in June, while excavating a stupa outside city walls some 400 m (1,300 ft) westward.<sup id="cite_ref-Kychanov_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kychanov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> excavated Khara-Khoto during his third Central Asian expedition from July 1913 to February 1916, surveying Khara-Khoto for eight days at the end of May 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings from this research was incorporated in chapter 13 of Stein's first volume of <i>Innermost Asia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Warner" title="Langdon Warner">Langdon Warner</a> visited Khara-Khoto in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Folke_Bergman" title="Folke Bergman">Folke Bergman</a> first traveled to Khara-Khoto in 1927, returning in 1929 and staying for a year and a half in the area. He made maps of Khara-Khoto and the Ejin River area, surveyed watchtowers and fortresses, finding a large number of <a href="/wiki/Xylograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylograph">xylographs</a>. Bergman noted that Kozlov's and Stein's visits were cursory and some of their published documentation was partially incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlanger_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlanger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sven_Hedin" title="Sven Hedin">Sven Hedin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xusheng" title="Xu Xusheng">Xu Xusheng</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Swedish_Expedition" title="Sino-Swedish Expedition">Sino-Swedish Expedition</a> on archaeological excavations of the site between 1927–31.<sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Hedin, <a href="/wiki/John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">John DeFrancis</a> visited in 1935. </p><p>Further Chinese excavations between 1983 and 1984 by Li Yiyou, Inner Mongolian Institute of Archaeology, have produced some 3,000 more manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhardt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhardt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to books, these excavations unearthed building materials, daily items, production instruments and religious art.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongyin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongyin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Findings">Findings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahasthamaprapta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mahasthamaprapta.jpg/170px-Mahasthamaprapta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mahasthamaprapta.jpg/255px-Mahasthamaprapta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Mahasthamaprapta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>A silk painting from Khara-Khoto, now located in <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Kozlov's findings, some 3,500 paintings and other objects, are in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, St. Petersburg, while the books and xylographs are at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Oriental_Studies_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Institute of Oriental Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IDP02_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDP02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These survived the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a> and some of them were even lost until their rediscovery in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the basis for research of the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a> in subsequent years. The books and manuscripts sent back to St. Petersburg by Kozlov were studied by <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Ivanovich_Ivanov" title="Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov">Aleksei Ivanovich Ivanov</a>, who identified several Tangut dictionaries, including a Chinese-Tangut glossary titled <i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_in_the_Palm" title="Pearl in the Palm">Pearl in the Palm</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">番汉合时掌中珠</span>), compiled in 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-Hongyin_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hongyin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to written artifacts, the Khara-Khoto collection in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> includes paintings on silk, mainly of Buddhist subjects in Chinese and Tibetan styles. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a>-dyed silk fragments have also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheares_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheares-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small mud wall painting fragment confirms use of cobalt as a pigment in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_glass" title="Cobalt glass">smalt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hermitage curator Kira Samosyuk, "Most of the paintings in the collection date from the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, while the majority of the fragments of porcelain with cobalt decorative glazing are from the fourteenth century. No painting is of a later date than 1378–1387; no Chinese text – later than 1371; no Tangut text – later than 1212. So it seems that the life of the town ceased sometime around 1380."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the puzzles of Khara-Khoto is that there was one building just outside the castle walls. Judging by its shape, it seems to be a mosque. It seems there were Muslims among the people that were ruled by the Tangut. Due to the polytheistic belief of the local people, the Muslims built their mosques outside. Traders from India and the further west would have prayed in the mosque and found relief after their arduous journey along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khara-Khoto_Christian_manuscripts">Khara-Khoto Christian manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khara-Khoto Christian manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">East Syriac Christianity</a> reached the Tangut area at least during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), which was before the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangut Empire">Tangut Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church flourished under the Mongol rule, and a <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318#China" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">metropolitan province bearing the name of Tangut</a> was created in the end of the 13th century. A large number of East Syriac Christian manuscripts were discovered in Khara-Khoto, among which, several were uncovered by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kozlov" title="Pyotr Kozlov">Pyotr Kozlov</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Mongol</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> expedition of 1907–1909; several were brought to light by <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a> during his third Central Asian expedition in 1914; and about 3000 manuscripts were found by an Inner-Mongolian archaeological research team between 1983 and 1984. The languages used in these documents include <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 228 of the 3000-odd manuscripts were studied by Japanese and Chinese researchers. One Syriac piece (H 101) was studied in detail by Shinichi Muto and given content analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingqing_Prefecture" title="Xingqing Prefecture">Äriqaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">List of cities with defensive walls</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Steinhardt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinhardt_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinhardt_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinhardt1997" class="citation book cs1">Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXGJKMfoHtsC&pg=PA432"><i>Liao Architecture</i></a>. Hawaii, USA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%27i_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawai'i Press">University of Hawai'i Press</a>. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1843-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-1843-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liao+Architecture&rft.place=Hawaii%2C+USA&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1843-2&rft.aulast=Steinhardt&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Shatzman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXGJKMfoHtsC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2013" class="citation web cs1">West, Andrew (2013-04-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2013/04/a-fragment-of-tangut-geography.html">"BabelStone: A Fragment of Tangut Geography"</a>. <i>BabelStone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BabelStone&rft.atitle=BabelStone%3A+A+Fragment+of+Tangut+Geography&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabelstone.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F04%2Fa-fragment-of-tangut-geography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster,_Donovan2002" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Donovan (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125230551/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/alashan-plateau-article.html">"Alashan Plateau—China's Unknown Gobi"</a>. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/alashan-plateau-article.html">the original</a> on January 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alashan+Plateau%E2%80%94China%27s+Unknown+Gobi&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.date=2002-02&rft.au=Webster%2C+Donovan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fsurface-of-the-earth%2Falashan-plateau-article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shatz2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shatz2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhardt1999" class="citation book cs1">Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in68DmD8YVoC&pg=PA136"><i>Chinese Imperial City Planning</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%27i_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawai'i Press">University of Hawai'i Press</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2196-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2196-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5914">1354-5914</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/downloads/newsletters/IDPNews02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mikhail Piotrovsky, Milano: Electra, 1999, p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kychanov-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kychanov_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kychanov_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kychanov_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKychanov1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kychanov, E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalstudies.ru/eng/images/pdf/a_kychanov_1995.pdf">"Wen-Hai Bao-Yun: The book and its fate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Manuscripta Orientalia</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 39–44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1238-5018">1238-5018</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mikhail Piotrovsky, Milano: Electra, 1999, p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"The Dark Castle". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silk_Road_(Japanese_TV_series)" title="The Silk Road (Japanese TV series)">The Silk Road</a></i>. Season 1. Episode 4. 1990. <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+4&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2022" class="citation book cs1">Li, Tang (5 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004517981/BP000026.xml">"Traces of Christianity in the Land of the Tangut from the 8th to the 14th Century"</a>. In Parry, Ken; Mikkelsen, Gunner (eds.). <i>Byzantium to China: Religion, History and Culture on the Silk Roads</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43460-8"><bdi>978-90-04-43460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Traces+of+Christianity+in+the+Land+of+the+Tangut+from+the+8th+to+the+14th+Century&rft.btitle=Byzantium+to+China%3A+Religion%2C+History+and+Culture+on+the+Silk+Roads&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43460-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004517981%2FBP000026.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Zhou, Yixing (2020). "Christian manuscript fragments from Khara-Khoto". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/18449/956331-1217920.pdf"><i>Studies on Nestorian Iconology in China and part of Central Asia during the 13th and 14th Centuries</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Ca' Foscari University of Venice. pp. 27–28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Studies+on+Nestorian+Iconology+in+China+and+part+of+Central+Asia+during+the+13th+and+14th+Centuries&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Ca%27+Foscari+University+of+Venice&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yixing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.unive.it%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10579%2F18449%2F956331-1217920.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuto2016" class="citation book cs1">Muto, Shinichi (2016). "The Exorcism in the Newly Found Khara-Khoto Syriac Document". In Li, Tang; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler" title="Dietmar W. Winkler">Winkler, Dietmar W.</a> (eds.). <i>Winds of Jingjiao: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia</i>. "orientalia – patristica – oecumenica" series (vol. 9). Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 147–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643907547" title="Special:BookSources/9783643907547"><bdi>9783643907547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Exorcism+in+the+Newly+Found+Khara-Khoto+Syriac+Document&rft.btitle=Winds+of+Jingjiao%3A+Studies+on+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.series=%22orientalia+%E2%80%93+patristica+%E2%80%93+oecumenica%22+series+%28vol.+9%29&rft.pages=147-151&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783643907547&rft.aulast=Muto&rft.aufirst=Shinichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrovsky1993" class="citation book cs1">Piotrovsky, Mikhail, ed. (1993). <i>Lost Empire of the Silk Road: Buddhist Art from Khara Khoto (X–XIIIth century)</i>. Electra, Milan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-435-4412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-435-4412-7"><bdi>978-88-435-4412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Empire+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+Buddhist+Art+from+Khara+Khoto+%28X%E2%80%93XIIIth+century%29&rft.pub=Electra%2C+Milan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-88-435-4412-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamosyuk2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samosyuk, K.F. (2006). <i>Buddhist Painting from Khara-Khoto, XII-XIVth Centuries: Between China and Tibet</i> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93572-234-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-93572-234-8"><bdi>5-93572-234-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Painting+from+Khara-Khoto%2C+XII-XIVth+Centuries%3A+Between+China+and+Tibet&rft.pub=Hermitage+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=5-93572-234-8&rft.aulast=Samosyuk&rft.aufirst=K.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarswell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Carswell, John (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731003405/http://www.rsaa.org.uk/journal.htm">"A month in Mongolia: Kharakhoto revisited"</a>. <i>Asian Affairs</i>. <b>29</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_Asian_Affairs" title="Royal Society for Asian Affairs">Royal Society for Asian Affairs</a>: 287–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714041361">10.1080/714041361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-8374">0306-8374</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsaa.org.uk/journal.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+month+in+Mongolia%3A+Kharakhoto+revisited&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-298&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714041361&rft.issn=0306-8374&rft.aulast=Carswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsaa.org.uk%2Fjournal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhara-Khoto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khara-Khoto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kharakhoto" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kharakhoto">Kharakhoto</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~small/Alashan2005/014_KharaKhoto/index.htm">Pictures of Khara-Khoto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903043321/http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/studypages/internal/690.02ArtofTibet/KharakhotoIndex.html">Paintings from Khara Khoto</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output 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