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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_to_early_modern_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_to_early_modern_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient to early modern periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_to_early_modern_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Written_batik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_batik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Written batik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_batik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stamped_batik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stamped_batik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stamped batik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stamped_batik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painted_batik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painted_batik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Painted batik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painted_batik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns_and_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_and_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patterns and motifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns_and_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Batik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83" title="باتيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باتيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Батык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Батык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0tik" title="Bàtik – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bàtik" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Batikování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Batikování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batika" title="Batika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Batika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiko" title="Batiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چاپ کلاقه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاپ کلاقه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%8B%B1" title="바틱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바틱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Բատիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բատիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="בטיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בטיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathik" title="Bathik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bathik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiki" title="Batiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Batiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2th%C3%A8k" title="Bhâthèk – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâthèk" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="बाटिक काम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाटिक काम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiak_(kain)" title="Batiak (kain) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Batiak (kain)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikken" title="Batikken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Batikken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="バティック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バティック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikk" title="Batikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Batikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batic" title="Batic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Batic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiikki" title="Batiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Batiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பத்திக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பத்திக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="บาติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батик – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Батик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Батик (розпис) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Батик (розпис)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93" title="蜡染 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜡染" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A0%9F%E6%9F%93" title="蠟染 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蠟染" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93" title="蜡染 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜡染" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Batik" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q635427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cloth dyeing technique</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general wax resist dyeing method. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Batik_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Batik (disambiguation)">Batik (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the batik traditions specific to Indonesia, see <a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik in Indonesia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Batik</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NMvWereldculturen,_RV-847-81,_Batikpatroon,_%27Parang_sawut%27,_voor_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_RV-847-81%2C_Batikpatroon%2C_%27Parang_sawut%27%2C_voor_1891.jpg/220px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_RV-847-81%2C_Batikpatroon%2C_%27Parang_sawut%27%2C_voor_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_RV-847-81%2C_Batikpatroon%2C_%27Parang_sawut%27%2C_voor_1891.jpg/330px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_RV-847-81%2C_Batikpatroon%2C_%27Parang_sawut%27%2C_voor_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_RV-847-81%2C_Batikpatroon%2C_%27Parang_sawut%27%2C_voor_1891.jpg/440px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_RV-847-81%2C_Batikpatroon%2C_%27Parang_sawut%27%2C_voor_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="3158" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Parang Batik from <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, late nineteenth century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Art fabric</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambrics">Cambrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Indonesian Batik</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00170">00170</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/APA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA">Asia and the Pacific</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2009 (4th session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="line-height:150%; padding-top:0.8em; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;">Written batik (<i>batik tulis</i>) and stamped batik (<i>batik cap</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/40px-Javanese_ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/60px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/80px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains letters from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Javanese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Javanese characters.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Batik</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyeing</a> technique using <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> <a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">resist</a>. The term is also used to describe patterned textiles created with that technique. Batik is made by drawing or stamping wax on a cloth to prevent colour absorption during the dyeing process. This creates a patterned negative when the wax is removed from the dyed cloth. Artisans may create intricate coloured patterns with multiple cycles of wax application and dyeing. Patterns and motifs vary widely even within countries. Some patterns hold symbolic significance and are used only in certain occasions, while others were created to satisfy market demand and fashion trends. </p><p>Resist dyeing using wax has been practised since ancient times, and it is attested in several world cultures, such as Egypt, southern China (especially among hilltribes like the <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia peoples</a>), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. The technique developed <a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">in Indonesia</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>) is among the most sophisticated, although its antiquity is difficult to determine. It first became widely known outside of Southeast Asia when it was described in the 1817 <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">History of Java</a></i>, leading to significant collecting efforts and scholarly studies of the tradition and crafts. Javanese batik was subject to several innovations in the 19th to early-20th centuries, such as the use of stamp printing of wax to increase productivity. Many workshops and artisans are active today, creating a wide range of products and influencing other textile traditions and artists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>batik</i> is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv-Latn">bathik</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>: <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦧꦛꦶꦏ꧀</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a>: <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Arab" dir="rtl">باتيق</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English dictionaries tend to define batik as a general dyeing technique,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Batik_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that cloths with similar methods of production but culturally unrelated to Javanese batik may be labelled as <i>batik</i> in English.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> traces the Javanese word as a reflex of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> <span title="Austronesian languages collective text">*<i lang="map">batik</i></span> and its doublet <span title="Austronesian languages collective text">*<i lang="map">beCik</i></span> which means decorations and patterns in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1995496_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1995496-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Java, the word is only attested in sources post dating the Hindu–Buddhist period, from the 16th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangewis_&_Wagner196416_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangewis_&_Wagner196416-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2003325_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2003325-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of Java, the word first appears in a 1641 merchant ship's <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">bill of lading</a> as <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">batick</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGittinger197916_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGittinger197916-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term and technique came to wider public notice beyond Southeast Asia following <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a>'s description of batik process in his 1817 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardjono_&_Buckley202264_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardjono_&_Buckley202264-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial era Dutch sources record the word in various spellings, such as <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">mbatik</i></span>, <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">mbatek</i></span>, <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">batik</i></span>, and <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">batek</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_to_early_modern_periods">Ancient to early modern periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient to early modern periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Ancient pieces and representation of Resist dyeing using wax</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niya_batik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of dyed textile from Niya (Tarim Basin), China, 3rd to early 4th century"><img alt="Fragment of dyed textile from Niya (Tarim Basin), China, 3rd to early 4th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Niya_batik.jpg/250px-Niya_batik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Niya_batik.jpg/330px-Niya_batik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Niya_batik.jpg/500px-Niya_batik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of dyed textile from <a href="/wiki/Niya_(Tarim_Basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya (Tarim Basin)">Niya (Tarim Basin)</a>, China, 3rd to early 4th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_Byzantine_period,_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of hanging with Biblical scenes, from Byzantine period Egypt, early 6th century"><img alt="Fragment of hanging with Biblical scenes, from Byzantine period Egypt, early 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Egypt%2C_Byzantine_period%2C_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-194px-Egypt%2C_Byzantine_period%2C_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Egypt%2C_Byzantine_period%2C_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-291px-Egypt%2C_Byzantine_period%2C_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Egypt%2C_Byzantine_period%2C_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-388px-Egypt%2C_Byzantine_period%2C_1st_half_of_6th_century_-_Resist-Dyed_Hanging_with_Biblical_Scenes_-_1951.400_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6217" data-file-height="5774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of hanging with Biblical scenes, from Byzantine period Egypt, early 6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremonial_Banner_from_India,_possibly_14th_century,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceremonial banner from India, possibly 14th century"><img alt="Ceremonial banner from India, possibly 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ceremonial_Banner_from_India%2C_possibly_14th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/250px-Ceremonial_Banner_from_India%2C_possibly_14th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ceremonial_Banner_from_India%2C_possibly_14th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/330px-Ceremonial_Banner_from_India%2C_possibly_14th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ceremonial_Banner_from_India%2C_possibly_14th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/500px-Ceremonial_Banner_from_India%2C_possibly_14th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceremonial banner from India, possibly 14th century</div> </li> </ul> <p>Batik-like resist dyeing is an ancient art form. It existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> in the 4th century BC, where it was used to wrap mummies; linen was soaked in wax, and scratched using a stylus. It continued to be used to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Byzantine era</a>, although surviving pieces are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Asia, the technique is attested in India, the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in China, and the <a href="/wiki/Nara_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara Period">Nara Period</a> in Japan. In Africa it was practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of Nigeria, as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> of Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENava1991_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENava1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG/250px-Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG/330px-Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG/500px-Prajnaparamita_clothes_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>Clothing detail of 13th-century <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita_of_Java" title="Prajnaparamita of Java">Prajnaparamita</a> statue, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The art of batik is highly developed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia, although the antiquity of the technique is difficult to determine since batik pieces rarely survive long in the region's tropical climate. The Dutch historians G. G. Rouffaer & H. H. Juynboll argue that the technique might have been introduced during the 6th or 7th century from India or Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENava1991_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENava1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouffaer_&_Juynboll1899_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouffaer_&_Juynboll1899-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarities between some traditional batik patterns with clothing details in ancient Hindu-Buddhist statuaries, for example <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita_of_Java" title="Prajnaparamita of Java">East Javanese Prajnaparamita</a>, has made some authors attribute batik's creation to Java's Hindu-Buddhist period (8th-16th century AD).<sup id="cite_ref-Volkenkunde_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkenkunde-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars cautioned that mere similarity of pattern is not conclusive of batik, as it could be made by other non-related techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPullen202158_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPullen202158-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the word "batik" is not attested in any pre-Islamic sources, some scholars have taken the view that batik only developed at the end of Java's Hindu-Buddhist period, from the 16th century onward following the demise of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangewis_&_Wagner196416_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangewis_&_Wagner196416-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2003325_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell2003325-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view has not taken into account the oldest surviving physical Javanese batik piece, which was only identified in 2022. It is a blue-white <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/valance" class="extiw" title="wikt:valance">valance</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon date">carbon dated</a> to the 13th or 14th century, which correspond to early Majapahit period. The batik's quality and dating suggest that sophisticated batik techniques already existed at the time, but competed with the more established <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardjono_&_Buckley2022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardjono_&_Buckley2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Batik craft further flourished in the Islamic courts of Java in the following centuries. The development of prominent batik types was partly motivated by the desire to replicate prestigious foreign textiles (such as Indian <a href="/wiki/Patola_sari" title="Patola sari">patola</a>) brought in by the Indian Ocean maritime trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrussel202125–26_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrussel202125–26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies Company">Dutch East Indies Company</a> began to impose their monopolistic trade practice in 17th century Indonesia, batik cloths was one of the product which stifled their textile sales. Dutch imports of <a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">chintz</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromandel coast">Coromandel coast</a> could not compete with locally made batik due to their robust production and high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Modern pieces and representation of batik cloths</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of early 19th century Javanese citizen wearing batik sarong, from The History of Java"><img alt="Depiction of early 19th century Javanese citizen wearing batik sarong, from The History of Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg/132px-Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg/198px-Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg/263px-Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of early 19th century Javanese citizen wearing batik sarong, from <i>The History of Java</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarong,_Northern_Java,_Indonesia,_1900-1910,_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarong in the pesisir "coastal" style from northern Javanese coast, early 20th century"><img alt="Sarong in the pesisir "coastal" style from northern Javanese coast, early 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarong%2C_Northern_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_1900-1910%2C_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG/220px-Sarong%2C_Northern_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_1900-1910%2C_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarong%2C_Northern_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_1900-1910%2C_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG/330px-Sarong%2C_Northern_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_1900-1910%2C_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarong%2C_Northern_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_1900-1910%2C_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG/440px-Sarong%2C_Northern_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_1900-1910%2C_cotton_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04349.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="2789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarong in the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pesisir</i></span> "coastal" style from northern Javanese coast, early 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary inland batik from Solo, Indonesia, with sidha drajat pattern."><img alt="Contemporary inland batik from Solo, Indonesia, with sidha drajat pattern." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/220px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/330px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/440px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary inland batik from Solo, Indonesia, with <i>sidha drajat</i> pattern.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waxprint fabrics in Togo, a modern African adaption of Javanese batik"><img alt="Waxprint fabrics in Togo, a modern African adaption of Javanese batik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg/220px-Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg/330px-Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg/440px-Afrikanische_Textilien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waxprint fabrics in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, a modern African adaption of Javanese batik</div> </li> </ul> <p>Batik technique became more widely known (particularly by Europeans outside of southeast Asia) when the Javanese version was described in <i>The History of Java</i>, starting the collecting and scholarly interest in batik traditions. In 1873 the Dutch merchant Elie Van Rijckevorsel gave the pieces he collected during a trip to Indonesia to the ethnographic museum in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. Examples were displayed at Paris's <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Exposition Universelle</a> in 1900. Today the <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> houses the biggest collection of Indonesian batik in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENava1991_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENava1991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th to early 20th century, Dutch Indo–Europeans and Chinese settlers were actively involved in the production and development of Javanese batik, particularly <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pesisir</i></span> "coastal" style batik in the northern coast of Java. Scholars such as J.E. Jasper and Mas Pirngadie published books extensively documenting existing batik patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These in turn were used by Dutch and Chinese artisans to develop new patterns which blended several cultural influences, and who also introduced innovations such as <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span> (copper block stamps) to mass-produce batiks and synthetic dyes which allow brighter colours. Several prominent batik ateliers appeared, such as Eliza van Zuylen (1863–1947) and Oey Soe Tjoen (1901-1975),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al201367,_107–111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al201367,_107–111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their products catered to a wide audience in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay archipelago">Malay archipelago</a> (encompassing modern Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore). Batik skirts and sarongs for example were widely worn by indigenous, Chinese, and European women of the region, paired with the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">kebaya</a> shirt. Batik was also used for more specialized applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">peranakan</a> altar cloth called <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><i lang="nan-Latn">tok wi</i></span> (<span lang="zh-Hant">桌帷</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee_et_al2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee_et_al2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen_&_Wong2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen_&_Wong2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is in this time period as well that the Javanese batik production spread overseas. In <a href="/wiki/Subsaharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsaharan Africa">Subsaharan Africa</a>, Javanese batik was introduced in the 19th century by Dutch and English merchants. It was subsequently modified by local artisans with larger motifs, thicker lines, and more colours into what is now known as <a href="/wiki/African_wax_prints" title="African wax prints">African wax prints</a>. Modern West African versions also use <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> starch, rice paste, or mud as a resist.<sup id="cite_ref-BGAfrica_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGAfrica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, Javanese batik makers migrating to the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> introduced batik production using stamp blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaharuddin_et_al2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaharuddin_et_al2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many traditional ateliers in Java collapsed immediately following the Second World War and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian wars of independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2018_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many workshops and artisans are still active today creating a wide range of products. They still continue to influence a number of textile traditions and artists. In the 1970s for example, batik was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, where aboriginal artists at <a href="/wiki/Ernabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernabella">Ernabella</a> have developed it as their own craft.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of the English artist <a href="/wiki/Thetis_Blacker" title="Thetis Blacker">Thetis Blacker</a> were influenced by Indonesian batik; she had worked in Yogyakarta's Batik Research Institute and had travelled in Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Production begins by washing the base cloth,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soaking it, and beating it with a large mallet. Patterns are sketched with pencil and redrawn using hot wax, usually made from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">paraffin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, sometimes mixed with plant resins. The wax functions as a dye-resist which prevent colour absorption during the dyeing process. This creates a patterned negative when the wax is removed from the dyed cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefois2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefois2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott198450–59_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott198450–59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this mechanism, artisans may create intricate coloured patterns with multiple cycles of wax application and dyeing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resist_dyeing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Resist_dyeing.svg/440px-Resist_dyeing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Resist_dyeing.svg/660px-Resist_dyeing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Resist_dyeing.svg/880px-Resist_dyeing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Principle of <a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">resist dyeing</a> used in batik: a wax negative is created, enabling an area of any desired shape to be coloured. </figcaption></figure> <p>The wax can be applied with a variety of tools, including writing with a pen-like <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> tool, printing with a <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span>, or painting with a brush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefois2010_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefois2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canting is the most basic and traditional tool, creating what is known as "written batik" (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik tulis</i></span>). It allows the creation of very fine, minute patterns but the process is very labour-intensive. Stamped batik (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik cap</i></span>) allows more efficient production for larger quantities at the expense of detail.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandayani_et_al2018237_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandayani_et_al2018237-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_batik">Written batik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Written batik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canting" title="Canting">Canting</a></div> <p>Written batik or <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik tulis</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦭꦶꦱ꧀; <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a>: باتيق توليس) is made by writing molten wax on the cloth with a pen-like instrument called a <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Canting" title="Canting">canting</a></i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Javanese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʃantiŋ]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">old spelling</a> <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">tjanting</i></span>). It is a small copper reservoir with a spout on a wooden handle. The reservoir holds the resist which flows through the spout, creating dots and lines as it moves. The cloth is then dipped in a dye-bath, and left to dry. The resist is removed by boiling or scraping the cloth. The areas treated with resist keep their original colour; when the resist is removed the contrast between the dyed and undyed areas forms the pattern. The process is repeated as many times as the number of colours desired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefois201099_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefois201099-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillowSentance2000135_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillowSentance2000135-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Written batik using <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tjanting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A canting in use to draw a resist pattern in molten wax"><img alt="A canting in use to draw a resist pattern in molten wax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tjanting.jpg/200px-Tjanting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tjanting.jpg/300px-Tjanting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tjanting.jpg/400px-Tjanting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> in use to draw a resist pattern in molten wax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Written batik, drawing patterns with wax using canting in Java"><img alt="Written batik, drawing patterns with wax using canting in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg/400px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batiksters_aan_het_werk_TMnr_20017682.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Written batik, drawing patterns with wax using <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93,_Guizhou,_2016_(52411662580).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A canting variant called ladao used by the Miao people of Guizhou"><img alt="A canting variant called ladao used by the Miao people of Guizhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93%2C_Guizhou%2C_2016_%2852411662580%29.jpg/250px-Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93%2C_Guizhou%2C_2016_%2852411662580%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93%2C_Guizhou%2C_2016_%2852411662580%29.jpg/330px-Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93%2C_Guizhou%2C_2016_%2852411662580%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93%2C_Guizhou%2C_2016_%2852411662580%29.jpg/500px-Miao_batik_%E8%8B%97%E6%97%8F%E8%9C%A1%E6%9F%93%2C_Guizhou%2C_2016_%2852411662580%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> variant called <i>ladao</i> used by the <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik-coloracio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A canting variant used in Sri Lanka for thick outlines"><img alt="A canting variant used in Sri Lanka for thick outlines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Batik-coloracio.jpg/250px-Batik-coloracio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Batik-coloracio.jpg/330px-Batik-coloracio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Batik-coloracio.jpg/500px-Batik-coloracio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> variant used in Sri Lanka for thick outlines</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stamped_batik">Stamped batik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stamped batik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stamped batik or <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik cap</i></span> (Javanese script: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦕꦥ꧀; Pegon: باتيق چڤ) is batik whose manufacturing process uses a <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Javanese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʃap]</a></span>; old spelling <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">tjap</i></span>) stamp with carved motifs to print an area of the cloth with the resist. The material of the stamp can vary. Medieval Indian stamps tend to use wood. Modern Javanese stamps are made of copper strips and wires, the manufacture of which is a highly skilled process. The rest of the dyeing process is the same as for written batik. The replacement of the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> with the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span> reduces the effort needed to make a batik cloth, and hence the cost, but still requires skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajie_2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajie_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillowSentance2000136–137_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillowSentance2000136–137-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Stamped batik using <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A handmade Javanese batik cap for stamping patterns, made of copper strips and wires"><img alt="A handmade Javanese batik cap for stamping patterns, made of copper strips and wires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg/200px-A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg/300px-A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg/400px-A_handmade_Batik_Cap_copper_motif_printing_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A handmade Javanese <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik cap</i></span> for stamping patterns, made of copper strips and wires</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap,_Yogyakarta,_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand-stamping batik using a cap in Java"><img alt="Hand-stamping batik using a cap in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_1996.jpg/250px-Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_1996.jpg/330px-Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_1996.jpg/500px-Printing_wax-resin_resist_for_Batik_with_a_Tjap%2C_Yogyakarta%2C_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand-stamping batik using a <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_(26613476748).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand-stamping batik using a cap tool in a Bamako workshop, Mali"><img alt="Hand-stamping batik using a cap tool in a Bamako workshop, Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_%2826613476748%29.jpg/250px-Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_%2826613476748%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_%2826613476748%29.jpg/330px-Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_%2826613476748%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_%2826613476748%29.jpg/500px-Bamako_Fabric_Stamper_%2826613476748%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand-stamping batik using a <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cap</i></span> tool in a <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> workshop, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painted_batik">Painted batik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Painted batik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Painted batik or <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik lukis</i></span> (Javanese script: ꦧꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦸꦏꦶꦱ꧀; Pegon: باتيق لوكيس) is a technique of making batik by painting (with or without a template) on a white cloth using a combination of tools such as the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span>, brush, cotton, or sticks to apply the resist, according to the painter. Brush application is especially useful to cover large areas of a cloth. Batik painting is a development of traditional batik art, producing contemporary (free) motifs or patterns. It may use more colours that are traditional in written batik.<sup id="cite_ref-Nafiun_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nafiun-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Painted batik using brushes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A craftwoman in Yogyakarta making a Rangda wax motif using a brush."><img alt="A craftwoman in Yogyakarta making a Rangda wax motif using a brush." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg/400px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_batikster_tijdens_het_vervaardigen_van_een_doek_met_een_afbeelding_van_Rangda_TMnr_20018445.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A craftwoman in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> making a <a href="/wiki/Rangda" title="Rangda">Rangda</a> wax motif using a brush.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Craftswoman brush painting with wax in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Note the large cover area of the wax"><img alt="Craftswoman brush painting with wax in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Note the large cover area of the wax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG/250px-Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG/330px-Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG/500px-Woman_with_brush_painting_batik_Sri_Lanka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Craftswoman brush painting with wax in <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Note the large cover area of the wax</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyeing">Dyeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dyeing process is similar regardless of the wax application technique. Waxed cloths are dipped in vats of dye according to the desired colour. Wax is then scraped off or removed by boiling water, leaving a patterned negative on the cloth. The wax application and dyeing are repeated as necessary. Before the invention of synthetic dyes, dyeing is one of the more technically complicated production stages, for several reasons. Natural dyes, mostly vegetal, do not always produce consistent colours between batches. Dyers must take into account how different dye shades interact when cloths go through multiple stages of dyeing with different colours. Many dyers use proprietary dye recipes for this reason, using locally sourced plant materials. Natural dyes also take longer to produce deep shades of colour, extending the dyeing process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott198456–59_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott198456–59-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic dyes greatly simplify the process, but produce chemical waste that may be harmful for the environment. Eco-friendliness is one reason some batik producers opt to use natural dyes, despite the availability of synthetic alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandayani_et_al2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandayani_et_al2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefois2010_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefois2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patterns_and_motifs">Patterns and motifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Patterns and motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_batik_patterns" title="Indonesian batik patterns">Indonesian batik patterns</a></div> <p>The patterns of batik textiles are particular to the time, place, and culture of their producers. In textile scholarship, most studies have focused on <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_batik_patterns" title="Indonesian batik patterns">Indonesian batik patterns</a>, as these drew from a wide range of cultural influences and are often symbolically rich. Some patterns are said to have loaded meanings and deep philosophies, with their use reserved for special occasions or groups of peoples (e.g. nobles, royalties).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott198468–69_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott198468–69-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scholars have cautioned that existing literature on Indonesian textiles over-romanticises and exoticises the purported meanings behind relatively mundane patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes_et_al20204–5_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes_et_al20204–5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some batik patterns (even if they are technically demanding and intricate) were created to satisfy market demand and fashion trends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrussel202125–26_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrussel202125–26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Cultural influences on Indonesian batik patterns<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:120px;">Cultural influences </th> <th scope="col" style="width:320px;">Batik patterns </th> <th scope="col" style="width:140px;">Geographic locations </th> <th scope="col" style="width:30px; text-align:center;">Sample </th></tr> <tr> <td>Native Indonesian</td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Life_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower of Life (geometry)">Kawung</a>, ceplok, gringsing, <a href="/wiki/Parang_(batik)" title="Parang (batik)">parang</a>, lereng, truntum, sekar jagad</i></span> (combination of motifs) and other decorative motifs such as of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Riau Malay</a>.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_batik_patterns" title="Indonesian batik patterns">Respective areas with their own patterns</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pattern_-_kawung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Batik_pattern_-_kawung.jpg/120px-Batik_pattern_-_kawung.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Batik_pattern_-_kawung.jpg/250px-Batik_pattern_-_kawung.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Hindu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist culture">Buddhist</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, banji, cuwiri, <a href="/wiki/Kalpataru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpataru">kalpataru</a>, meru</i></span> or <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">gunungan, semen rama, pringgondani, sidha asih, sidha mukti, sidha luhur</i></span></td> <td>Java</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pattern_-_garuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Batik_pattern_-_garuda.jpg/120px-Batik_pattern_-_garuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Batik_pattern_-_garuda.jpg/250px-Batik_pattern_-_garuda.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Besurek</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">buraq</a></i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg/100px-Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg/150px-Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg/200px-Batik_Besurek_Bengkulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="850" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Burung hong</a></i></span> (Chinese phoenix), <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">liong</a></i></span> (Chinese dragon), <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">qilin</a>, wadasan, megamendung</i></span> (Chinese-style cloud), <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">lok tjan</i></span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasem,_Rembang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasem, Rembang (page does not exist)">Lasem</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasem,_Rembang" class="extiw" title="id:Lasem, Rembang">id</a>]</sup>, Cirebon, Pekalongan, <a href="/wiki/Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciamis" title="Ciamis">Ciamis</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg/100px-Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg/150px-Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg/200px-Batik_pattern_-_qilin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Jlamprang</i></span>, peacock, elephant</td> <td>Cirebon, <a href="/wiki/Garut" title="Garut">Garut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pekalongan" title="Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pattern_-_bangau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Batik_pattern_-_bangau.jpg/120px-Batik_pattern_-_bangau.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Batik_pattern_-_bangau.jpg/250px-Batik_pattern_-_bangau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European</a> (colonial era)</td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Buketan</i></span> (floral bouquet), European fairytale, colonial images such as house, horses, carriage, bicycle and European-dressed people</td> <td>Java</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg/100px-Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg/150px-Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg/200px-Batik_pattern_-_buketan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Sakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakura">sakura</a></i></span>, <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">hokokai</i></span>, chrysanthemum, butterfly</td> <td>Java</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg/100px-Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg/150px-Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg/200px-Batik_pattern_-_sakura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultures">Cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_wax_prints" title="African wax prints">African wax prints</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/African_wax_prints" title="African wax prints">African wax prints</a> were introduced during the colonial era, through the Dutch textile industry's effort to imitate the batik-making process. The imitation was not successful in Indonesian market, but was welcomed in West and Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemi20243_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemi20243-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kroese_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroese-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lagamma_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lagamma-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was a noted wearer of <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> during his lifetime. Mandela regularly wore patterned loose-fitting shirt to many business and political meetings during 1994–1999 and after his tenure as <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a>, subsequently dubbed as a <a href="/wiki/Madiba_shirt" title="Madiba shirt">Madiba shirt</a> based on Mandela's <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_clan_names" title="Xhosa clan names">Xhosa clan name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrantNodoba2009361_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrantNodoba2009361-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many who claim the Madiba shirt's invention. According to Yusuf Surtee, a clothing-store owner who supplied Mandela with outfits for decades, the Madiba design is based on Mandela's request for a shirt similar to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> attire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2014103_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014103-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Fabric_-_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04148_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> baby-carrying quilt</figcaption></figure> <p>Batik is made by ethnic peoples in the South-West of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and in neighbouring countries including Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, especially by hill tribes. The technique requires a <i>ladao</i> knife with two copper triangles mounted in a bamboo handle. Molten wax is held between the triangles, and can then be dripped from the knife to form a resist pattern on the cloth. Some <i>ladao</i> knives have more than two triangles, holding more wax and creating thicker lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillowSentance2000132–133_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillowSentance2000132–133-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a> people use a dye resist method for some of their traditional costumes. Almost all the Miao decorate hemp and cotton by applying hot wax, and then dipping the cloth in an indigo dye. The cloth is then used for skirts, panels on jackets, aprons and baby carriers. Like the Javanese, their traditional patterns contain symbolism; the patterns include the <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>, and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> use resist-dyeing with cotton fabrics. Initially, wax and even rice starch were used for printing on fabrics. Until recently <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> was made only for dresses and tailored garments, but modern <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> is applied in numerous items, such as murals, wall hangings, paintings, household linen, and scarves, with livelier and brighter patterns. Contemporary <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> making in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is done by the deaf women of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, who are fluent in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Sign Language">Indian Sign Language</a> and work in other vocational programs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik in Indonesia</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Batik as worn in Indonesia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_dancers_in_batik,_Surakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancers of Bedhaya, a royal dance from the palace of Surakarta, wearing costume with prescribed batik patterns"><img alt="Dancers of Bedhaya, a royal dance from the palace of Surakarta, wearing costume with prescribed batik patterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Festival_dancers_in_batik%2C_Surakarta.jpg/300px-Festival_dancers_in_batik%2C_Surakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Festival_dancers_in_batik%2C_Surakarta.jpg/450px-Festival_dancers_in_batik%2C_Surakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Festival_dancers_in_batik%2C_Surakarta.jpg/600px-Festival_dancers_in_batik%2C_Surakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancers of <a href="/wiki/Bedhaya" title="Bedhaya">Bedhaya</a>, a royal dance from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, wearing costume with prescribed batik patterns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebaya_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batik sarongs with a variety of patterns worn freely according to individual taste"><img alt="Batik sarongs with a variety of patterns worn freely according to individual taste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kebaya_1.jpg/330px-Kebaya_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kebaya_1.jpg/500px-Kebaya_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kebaya_1.jpg/960px-Kebaya_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Batik <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarongs</a> with a variety of patterns worn freely according to individual taste</div> </li> </ul> <p>Batik plays multiple roles in the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">culture of Indonesia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a>. The wax resist-dyeing technique has been used for centuries in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, where certain motifs had symbolic meaning and prescribed use, indicating a person's level in society.<sup id="cite_ref-unnes.ac.id_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unnes.ac.id-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an essential component in the attires of Javanese royal palaces,<sup id="cite_ref-Government_of_West_Java_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_of_West_Java-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worn by monarchs, nobilities, <i>abdi</i> (palace staff), guards, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese dance">dancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijanarko2021_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijanarko2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmend_et_al2013_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmend_et_al2013-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there are non-ceremonial batik which has long been treated as a trade commodity, with usage that are determined by taste, fashion, and affordability. Today in Indonesia, batik pattern is commonly seen on shirts, dresses, and other everyday attire.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2013_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2016_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumarsono_et_al2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrussel202125–26_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrussel202125–26-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 October 2009, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognized written batik (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik tulis</i></span>) and stamped batik (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">batik cap</i></span>) as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> from Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, Indonesia has celebrated a <a href="/wiki/Batik_Day" title="Batik Day">Batik Day</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Hari Batik Nasional</i></span>) annually on 2 October. In the same year, UNESCO recognized education and training in Indonesian Batik as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_batik" title="Malaysian batik">Malaysian batik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_Batik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malaysian_Batik.jpg/220px-Malaysian_Batik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malaysian_Batik.jpg/330px-Malaysian_Batik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Malaysian_Batik.jpg/440px-Malaysian_Batik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Craftsman in Malaysia creating a typical floral motif with light colouring</figcaption></figure> <p>Trade relations between the <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> kingdoms in Sumatra and Malay peninsula with Javanese coastal cities have thrived since the 13th century. The northern coastal batik-producing areas of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> (Cirebon, Lasem, Tuban, and Madura) have influenced <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> batik,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, along with Javanese batik, subsequently influenced the craft in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 1920s, a new influx of Javanese batik makers introduced stamped batik to the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaharuddin_et_al2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaharuddin_et_al2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The batik industry today provides significant benefit to the Malaysian economy, and the Malaysian government supports efforts to promote their own artisans and their products abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajura202288_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajura202288-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiona Kerlogue, of the <a href="/wiki/Horniman_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Horniman museum">Horniman museum</a>, noted several differences between Malaysian batik and traditional Indonesian batik. Malaysian batik patterns tend to be larger and simpler, making only occasional use of the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">canting</i></span> for intricate patterns. They rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a> painting to apply colours to fabrics. The colours are usually lighter and more vibrant than the deep-coloured Javanese batik popular in Indonesia. The most popular motifs are leaves and flowers; Malaysian batik often displays plants and flowers to avoid the interpretation of human and animal images as idolatry, in accordance with local Islamic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these differences, confusion between Malaysian and Indonesian batik has led to some disputes in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia relations">Indonesia-Malaysia bilateral relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batik_industry_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Batik industry in Sri Lanka">Batik industry in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>Over the past century, <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> making in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has become firmly established. The <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> industry in Sri Lanka is a small scale industry which can employ individual design talent. It mainly deals with foreign customers for profit. In the 21st century, it has become the most visible of the island's crafts; galleries and factories, large and small, have sprung up in many tourist areas. For example, rows of small batik stalls can be found all along <a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwa" title="Hikkaduwa">Hikkaduwa</a>'s Galle Road strip. <a href="/wiki/Mahawewa_Divisional_Secretariat" title="Mahawewa Divisional Secretariat">Mahawewa</a>, on the other hand, is famous for its <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">batik</i></span> factories.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SundayObserver_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SundayObserver-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_print" title="Bagh print">Bagh print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Balinese textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenun" title="Tenun">Tenun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong" title="Malong">Malong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">National costume of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27nalak" title="T'nalak">T'nalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a>, Japanese resist-dyeing using starch, not wax</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Javanese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈb̥aʈɪʔ]</a></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Indonesian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="id-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈbatɪk]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is also Javanese terms that are often used in English sources to discuss batik cloths and techniques</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources claim that the term is a contraction of two Javanese words <i>amba</i> 'to write' and <i>titik</i> 'dots' or some other variations, but invariably these claims do not have clear source and is more akin to <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk</a> derived <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only the term <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">tulis warna</i></span>, surmised to be similar with modern <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv-Latn">batik tulis</i></span> production technique, has been attested in pre-Islamic Javanese sources<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardjono_&_Buckley202266_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardjono_&_Buckley202266-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batik applies resist on weaved fabric, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> which applies resist to the yarns prior to weaving.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultural claims of batik (especially its purported "origins") is one of the disputes that has come up time to time. Malaysian made batik are prone to be accused as cultural appropriation by some Indonesian sources, while some Malaysian sources countered that these accusations only came up because Indonesian government were negligent in supporting their own batik industry and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajura202289_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajura202289-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadharminta1939" class="citation book cs1">Poerwadharminta, W.J.S. (1939). <i>Baoesastra Djawa</i>. Batavia: J.B Wolters'.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baoesastra+Djawa&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=J.B+Wolters%27&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Poerwadharminta&rft.aufirst=W.J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobsonWibisono2002" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart; Wibisono, Singgih (2002). <i>Javanese-English Dictionary</i>. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Wibisono%2C+Singgih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/batik">"Batik"</a>. <i>Cambridge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503091333/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/batik">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paramita%3A+Historical+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Makna+Simbolis+Batik+Pada+Masyarakat+Jawa+Kuna&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15294%2Fparamita.v26i1.5143&rft.aulast=Maziyah&rft.aufirst=Siti&rft.au=Mahirta%2C+Mahirta&rft.au=Atmosudiro%2C+Sumijati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.unnes.ac.id%2Fnju%2Findex.php%2Fparamita%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Government_of_West_Java-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Government_of_West_Java_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jabarprov.go.id/index.php/pages/id/300">"Sejarah Batik Indonesia"</a>. Government of West Java. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212214843/https://jabarprov.go.id/index.php/pages/id/300">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Batik+Indonesia&rft.pub=Government+of+West+Java&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjabarprov.go.id%2Findex.php%2Fpages%2Fid%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyed_ShaharuddinShamsuddinDrahmanHasan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Syed Shaharuddin, Sharifah Imihezri; Shamsuddin, Maryam Samirah; Drahman, Mohd Hafiz; Hasan, Zaimah; Mohd Asri, Nurul Anissa; Nordin, Ahmad Amri; Shaffiar, Norhashimah Mohd (July 2021). "A Review on the Malaysian and Indonesian Batik Production, Challenges, and Innovations in the 21st Century". <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 215824402110401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211040128">10.1177/21582440211040128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+the+Malaysian+and+Indonesian+Batik+Production%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Innovations+in+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215824402110401&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F21582440211040128&rft.aulast=Syed+Shaharuddin&rft.aufirst=Sharifah+Imihezri&rft.au=Shamsuddin%2C+Maryam+Samirah&rft.au=Drahman%2C+Mohd+Hafiz&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Zaimah&rft.au=Mohd+Asri%2C+Nurul+Anissa&rft.au=Nordin%2C+Ahmad+Amri&rft.au=Shaffiar%2C+Norhashimah+Mohd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijanarko2021-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijanarko2021_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijanarko2021">Wijanarko 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmend_et_al2013-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmend_et_al2013_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmend_et_al2013">Smend et al 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/education-and-training-in-indonesian-batik-intangible-cultural-heritage-for-elementary-junior-senior-vocational-school-and-polytechnic-students-in-collaboration-with-the-batik-museum-in-pekalongan-00318">"Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208035305/https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/education-and-training-in-indonesian-batik-intangible-cultural-heritage-for-elementary-junior-senior-vocational-school-and-polytechnic-students-in-collaboration-with-the-batik-museum-in-pekalongan-00318">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+and+training+in+Indonesian+Batik+intangible+cultural+heritage+for+elementary%2C+junior%2C+senior%2C+vocational+school+and+polytechnic+students%2C+in+collaboration+with+the+Batik+Museum+in+Pekalongan&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FBSP%2Feducation-and-training-in-indonesian-batik-intangible-cultural-heritage-for-elementary-junior-senior-vocational-school-and-polytechnic-students-in-collaboration-with-the-batik-museum-in-pekalongan-00318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunartoPriyono2014" class="citation book cs1">Sunarto, Azmiah Edi; Priyono, Bagus (2014). <i>Batik Jambi: Melintas Masa</i>. 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September 2009. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Traveller+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Busana+dan+Aksesori+Nusantara&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2009-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajura202288-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajura202288_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHajura2022">Hajura 2022</a>, pp. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/figs/hd_figs.htm">"Figural Representation in Islamic Art"</a>. <i>metmuseum.org</i>. October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209083853/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/figs/hd_figs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Figural+Representation+in+Islamic+Art&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ffigs%2Fhd_figs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2009" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Nick (5 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004173222/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6251806/Indonesians-tell-Malaysians-Hands-off-our-batik.html">"Indonesians tell Malaysians 'Hands off our batik'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6251806/Indonesians-tell-Malaysians-Hands-off-our-batik.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Indonesians+tell+Malaysians+%27Hands+off+our+batik%27&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2Fexpatnews%2F6251806%2FIndonesians-tell-Malaysians-Hands-off-our-batik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajura202289-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajura202289_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHajura2022">Hajura 2022</a>, pp. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.lakpura.com/pages/batik">"Sri Lankan Batik Textiles"</a>. Lakpura Travels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130102819/https://us.lakpura.com/pages/batik">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Batik+Textiles&rft.pub=Lakpura+Travels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.lakpura.com%2Fpages%2Fbatik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SundayObserver-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SundayObserver_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKannangara2012" class="citation web cs1">Kannangara, Ananda (10 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2012/06/10/fea05.asp">"Brighter future for batik industry"</a>. Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003257/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/06/10/fea05.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brighter+future+for+batik+industry&rft.pub=Sunday+Observer+%28Sri+Lanka%29&rft.date=2012-06-10&rft.aulast=Kannangara&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.sundayobserver.lk%2F2012%2F06%2F10%2Ffea05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes_et_al2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Ruth; Duggan, Geneviève; Gavin, Traude; Hamilton, Roy; Nabholz-Kartaschoff, Marie-Louise; Babcock, Tim; Niessen, Sandra (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695773">"Review of Peter ten Hoopen's Ikat Textiles of the Indonesian Archipelago"</a>. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3695773">10.2139/ssrn.3695773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Peter+ten+Hoopen%27s+Ikat+Textiles+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3695773&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Genevi%C3%A8ve&rft.au=Gavin%2C+Traude&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Roy&rft.au=Nabholz-Kartaschoff%2C+Marie-Louise&rft.au=Babcock%2C+Tim&rft.au=Niessen%2C+Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3695773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlust1995" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zorc.net/rdzorc/AUSTRONESIAN/Blust%20-%201995%20-%20Prehistory%20of%20Austronesian%20Peoples%20-%20JWP%209-4%20p%20453-510.pdf">"The Prehistory of the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples: A View from Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">453–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02221119">10.1007/BF02221119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Austronesian-Speaking+Peoples%3A+A+View+from+Language&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02221119&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzorc.net%2Frdzorc%2FAUSTRONESIAN%2FBlust%2520-%25201995%2520-%2520Prehistory%2520of%2520Austronesian%2520Peoples%2520-%2520JWP%25209-4%2520p%2520453-510.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrussel2021" class="citation thesis cs1">van Brussel, Tim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3729411/view"><i>The production of batik in eighteenth century Java</i></a> (bachelor thesis). Leiden: Universiteit Leiden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+production+of+batik+in+eighteenth+century+Java&rft.inst=Universiteit+Leiden&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=van+Brussel&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A3729411%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott1984" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Inger McCabe (1984). <i>Batik: fabled cloth of Java</i>. New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-55155-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-55155-1"><bdi>0-517-55155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batik%3A+fabled+cloth+of+Java&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarkson+N.+Potter+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-517-55155-1&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Inger+McCabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillowSentance2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillow, John; Sentance, Bryan (2000). <i>World Textiles</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01950-4"><bdi>978-0-500-01950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Textiles&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01950-4&rft.aulast=Gillow&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sentance%2C+Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrantNodoba2009" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, Terri; Nodoba, Gaontebale (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247761225">"Dress Codes in Post-Apartheid South African Workplaces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professional_Communication_Quarterly" title="Business and Professional Communication Quarterly">Business Communication Quarterly</a></i>. <b>72</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1080569909340683">10.1177/1080569909340683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167453202">167453202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dress+Codes+in+Post-Apartheid+South+African+Workplaces&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E360-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1080569909340683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167453202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Terri&rft.au=Nodoba%2C+Gaontebale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F247761225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGittinger1979" class="citation book cs1">Gittinger, Mattiebelle (1979). <i>Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia</i>. Singapore: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendid+Symbols%3A+Textiles+and+Tradition+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gittinger&rft.aufirst=Mattiebelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHajura2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hajura, Shella (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18196%2Fjhi.v10i2.12194">"Shared Heritage Diplomacy of Indonesia and Malaysia as Soft Power in The Southeast Asia Region"</a>. <i>Jurnal Hubungan Internasional</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 84-95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18196%2Fjhi.v10i2.12194">10.18196/jhi.v10i2.12194</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Hubungan+Internasional&rft.atitle=Shared+Heritage+Diplomacy+of+Indonesia+and+Malaysia+as+Soft+Power+in+The+Southeast+Asia+Region&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84-95&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18196%2Fjhi.v10i2.12194&rft.aulast=Hajura&rft.aufirst=Shella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18196%252Fjhi.v10i2.12194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandayani_et_al2018" class="citation journal cs1">Handayani, Widhi; Kristijanto, Augustinus Ign; Hunga, Arianti Ina Restiani (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol19/iss1/10?utm_source=scholarhub.ui.ac.id%2Fwacana%2Fvol19%2Fiss1%2F10&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages">"Behind the eco-friendliness of "batik warna alam"; Discovering the motives behind the production of batik in Jarum village, Klaten"</a>. <i>Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17510%2Fwacana.v19i1.673">10.17510/wacana.v19i1.673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wacana%2C+Journal+of+the+Humanities+of+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Behind+the+eco-friendliness+of+%22batik+warna+alam%22%3B+Discovering+the+motives+behind+the+production+of+batik+in+Jarum+village%2C+Klaten&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17510%2Fwacana.v19i1.673&rft.aulast=Handayani&rft.aufirst=Widhi&rft.au=Kristijanto%2C+Augustinus+Ign&rft.au=Hunga%2C+Arianti+Ina+Restiani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarhub.ui.ac.id%2Fwacana%2Fvol19%2Fiss1%2F10%3Futm_source%3Dscholarhub.ui.ac.id%252Fwacana%252Fvol19%252Fiss1%252F10%26utm_medium%3DPDF%26utm_campaign%3DPDFCoverPages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarmsen2018" class="citation conference cs1">Harmsen, Olga (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnouveau.eu/admin_ponencies/functions/upload/uploads/harmsen_olga_paper.pdf"><i>Batik – How Emancipation of Dutch Housewives in the Dutch East Indies and "Back Home" Influenced Art Nouveau Design in Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. cdf III Art Nouveau International Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626030038/http://www.artnouveau.eu/admin_ponencies/functions/upload/uploads/harmsen_olga_paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Batik+%E2%80%93+How+Emancipation+of+Dutch+Housewives+in+the+Dutch+East+Indies+and+%22Back+Home%22+Influenced+Art+Nouveau+Design+in+Europe&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Harmsen&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnouveau.eu%2Fadmin_ponencies%2Ffunctions%2Fupload%2Fuploads%2Fharmsen_olga_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangewis_&_Wagner1964" class="citation book cs1">Langewis, Laurens; Wagner, Frits A. (1964). <i>Decorative Art in Indonesian Textiles</i>. Amsterdam: CPJ van der Peet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorative+Art+in+Indonesian+Textiles&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=CPJ+van+der+Peet&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Langewis&rft.aufirst=Laurens&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Frits+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee_et_al2015" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter; Kerlogue, Fiona; Chiesa, Benjamin; Joseph, Maria Khoo (2015). <i>Auspicious Designs: Batik for Peranakan Altars</i>. Singapore: Asian Civilizations Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Designs%3A+Batik+for+Peranakan+Altars&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Asian+Civilizations+Museum&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Kerlogue%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Chiesa%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Maria+Khoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lemi, Ladu D. M. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-024-03051-z">"Commemorative textiles: an African narrative of identity and power"</a>. <i>Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-024-03051-z">10.1057/s41599-024-03051-z</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Commemorative+textiles%3A+an+African+narrative+of+identity+and+power&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=537&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-024-03051-z&rft.aulast=Lemi&rft.aufirst=Ladu+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-024-03051-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2003" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Robyn (2003). <i>Textiles of Southeast Asia: Tradition, Trade and Transformation</i>. Singapore: Periplus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Tradition%2C+Trade+and+Transformation&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Periplus&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNava1991" class="citation book cs1">Nava, Nadia (1991). <i>Il batik: come tingere e decorare i tessuti diegnando con la cera</i>. Ulisse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-414-1016-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-414-1016-7"><bdi>88-414-1016-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+batik%3A+come+tingere+e+decorare+i+tessuti+diegnando+con+la+cera&rft.pub=Ulisse&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=88-414-1016-7&rft.aulast=Nava&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPullen2021" class="citation book cs1">Pullen, Lesley (2021). <i>Patterned Splendour: Textiles Presented on Javanese Metal and Stone Sculptures, Eighth to Fifteenth Century</i>. Singapore: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterned+Splendour%3A+Textiles+Presented+on+Javanese+Metal+and+Stone+Sculptures%2C+Eighth+to+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=ISEAS+-+Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Pullen&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRouffaer_&_Juynboll1899" class="citation book cs1">Rouffaer, G. G.; Juynboll, H. H. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533878/page/n13/mode/2up"><i>De batik-kunst in Nederlandsch-Indië en haar geschiedenis</i></a>. Haarlem: H Kleinmann & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+batik-kunst+in+Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB+en+haar+geschiedenis&rft.place=Haarlem&rft.pub=H+Kleinmann+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Rouffaer&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft.au=Juynboll%2C+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533878%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSardjono_&_Buckley2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sardjono, Sandra; Buckley, Christopher (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fltjournal.libraryhost.com/index.php/flt/article/view/7/6">"A 700-years old blue-and-white batik from Indonesia"</a>. <i>Fiber, Loom and Technique: The Journal of the Tracing Patterns Foundation</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">64–</span>78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fiber%2C+Loom+and+Technique%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Tracing+Patterns+Foundation&rft.atitle=A+700-years+old+blue-and-white+batik+from+Indonesia&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Sardjono&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffltjournal.libraryhost.com%2Findex.php%2Fflt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaharuddin_et_al2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shaharuddin, Sharifah Imihezri Syed; Shamsuddin, Maryam Samirah; Drahman, Mohd Hafiz; Hasan, Zaimah; Asri, Nurul Anissa Mohd; Nordin, Ahmad Amri; Shaffiar, Norhashimah Mohd (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211040128">"A Review on the Malaysian and Indonesian Batik Production, Challenges, and Innovations in the 21st Century"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>11</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211040128">10.1177/21582440211040128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+the+Malaysian+and+Indonesian+Batik+Production%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Innovations+in+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F21582440211040128&rft.aulast=Shaharuddin&rft.aufirst=Sharifah+Imihezri+Syed&rft.au=Shamsuddin%2C+Maryam+Samirah&rft.au=Drahman%2C+Mohd+Hafiz&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Zaimah&rft.au=Asri%2C+Nurul+Anissa+Mohd&rft.au=Nordin%2C+Ahmad+Amri&rft.au=Shaffiar%2C+Norhashimah+Mohd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F21582440211040128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShen_&_Wong2023" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Yuexiu; Wong, Mei Sheong (2023). "Qilin, Rabbit and Pencils: Batik Tokwi from Northcoast Java". In James Bennett; Russel Kelty (eds.). <i>Interwoven Journeys: the Michael Abbott Collections of Asian Art</i>. Adelaide: Art Gallery of South Australia (AGSA).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qilin%2C+Rabbit+and+Pencils%3A+Batik+Tokwi+from+Northcoast+Java&rft.btitle=Interwoven+Journeys%3A+the+Michael+Abbott+Collections+of+Asian+Art&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=Art+Gallery+of+South+Australia+%28AGSA%29&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Yuexiu&rft.au=Wong%2C+Mei+Sheong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmend_et_al2013" class="citation book cs1">Smend, Rudolf G.; Majlis, Brigitte Khan; Veldhuisen, Harmen C. (2013). <i>Batik: From the Courts of Java and Sumatra</i>. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. Frontispiece. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-146290695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-146290695-6"><bdi>978-146290695-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batik%3A+From+the+Courts+of+Java+and+Sumatra&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=Frontispiece&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-146290695-6&rft.aulast=Smend&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+G.&rft.au=Majlis%2C+Brigitte+Khan&rft.au=Veldhuisen%2C+Harmen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Daniel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lx3dAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT103"><i>How to Think Like Mandela</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Mara_Books" title="Michael O'Mara Books">Michael O'Mara</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782432401" title="Special:BookSources/9781782432401"><bdi>9781782432401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Think+Like+Mandela&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781782432401&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlx3dAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumarsono_et_al2016" class="citation book cs1">Sumarsono, Hartono; Ishwara, Helen; Yahya, L.R. Supriyapto; Moeis, Xeni (2016). <i>Batik Garutan: Koleksi Hartono Sumarsono</i>. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-6208-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-6208-09-5"><bdi>978-602-6208-09-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batik+Garutan%3A+Koleksi+Hartono+Sumarsono&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-602-6208-09-5&rft.aulast=Sumarsono&rft.aufirst=Hartono&rft.au=Ishwara%2C+Helen&rft.au=Yahya%2C+L.R.+Supriyapto&rft.au=Moeis%2C+Xeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumarsono_et_al2013" class="citation book cs1">Sumarsono, Hartono; Ishwara, Helen; Yahya, L.R. Supriyapto; Moeis, Xeni (2013). <i>Benang Raja: Menyimpul Keelokan Batik Pesisir</i>. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-9106-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-9106-01-8"><bdi>978-979-9106-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benang+Raja%3A+Menyimpul+Keelokan+Batik+Pesisir&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-979-9106-01-8&rft.aulast=Sumarsono&rft.aufirst=Hartono&rft.au=Ishwara%2C+Helen&rft.au=Yahya%2C+L.R.+Supriyapto&rft.au=Moeis%2C+Xeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrefois2010" class="citation book cs1">Trefois, Rita (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4O8cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Fascinating Batik: Technique and Practice</i></a>. Belgium: Rita Trefois. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-815246-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-815246-2-9"><bdi>978-90-815246-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascinating+Batik%3A+Technique+and+Practice&rft.place=Belgium&rft.pub=Rita+Trefois&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-815246-2-9&rft.aulast=Trefois&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4O8cAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWijanarko2021" class="citation book cs1">Wijanarko, Fajar (2021). <i>Wastra-Langkara: literasi busana bangsawan Yogyakarta</i>. Jakarta: Perpusnas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-623-313-353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-623-313-353-1"><bdi>978-623-313-353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wastra-Langkara%3A+literasi+busana+bangsawan+Yogyakarta&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Perpusnas+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-623-313-353-1&rft.aulast=Wijanarko&rft.aufirst=Fajar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABatik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batik&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Batik" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Batik">Batik</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wylWYSHkzoQ"><i>UNESCO: Indonesian Batik, Representative of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</i> – 2009</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/58864">Early Indonesian textiles from three island cultures: Sumba, Toraja, Lampung</a></i>, exhibition catalogue from Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expat.or.id/info/batik.html">Batik, the Traditional Fabric of Indonesia</a></i>, an article about batik from Living in Indonesia</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwarebatik.org/">iWareBatik |Indonesian Batik Textile Heritage</a></i> A website devoted to Batik, Indonesian Textile enlisted by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. It links Batik production with Tourism and Fashion in Indonesia</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73820">Batiks, and how to make them</a></i> (1919) by Pieter Mijer through New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesian_clothing" title="Template:Indonesian clothing"><abbr title="View 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Indonesian clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Clothing identified with <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesian culture</a> and still worn today</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles and weaving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geringsing" title="Geringsing">Geringsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Kain Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">Kain Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Kain kulit kayu</a></li> <li>Lurik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)" title="Tapis (Indonesian weaving style)">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenun" title="Tenun">Tenun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulos" title="Ulos">Ulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dyeing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Jumputan</a></li> <li>Prada</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Angkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_blouse" title="Bodo blouse">Baju Bodo</a></li> <li>Baju kain rumput</li> <li>Baju Koko</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Kurung" title="Baju Kurung">Baju Kurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Melayu" title="Baju Melayu">Baju Melayu</a></li> <li>Beskap</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">Cawat</a></li> <li>Kain jarik</li> <li>Kain panjang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samping" title="Samping">Kain samping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">Kebaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemben" title="Kemben">Kemben</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kemeja Batik</a></li> <li>Koje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koteka" title="Koteka">Koteka</a></li> <li>Rok Rumbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Selendang</a></li> <li>Surjan</li> <li>Uis Gara</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headgear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beluko</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">Caping</a></li> <li>Iket</li> <li>Jamang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Kerudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kopiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)" title="Bun (hairstyle)">Konde or sanggul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations" title="Artificial hair integrations">hair extension</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa" title="Makuṭa">Makuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Peci</a></li> <li>Siger</li> <li>Suntiang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjak">Tanjak</a> (destar)</li> <li>Tengkuluk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudung</a></li> <li>Udeng</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry and ornaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Anting-anting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Cincin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Gelang</a></li> <li>Giwang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Gesper</a></li> <li>Kembang goyang (cunduk mentul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_ring" title="Arm ring">Kelat bahu</a></li> <li>Kerongsang</li> <li>Pending</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">Sabuk</a></li> <li>Subang</li> <li>Sumping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">Tusuk konde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upavita" class="mw-redirect" title="Upavita">Upawita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Empurau" title="Baju Empurau">Baju Empurau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Lamina" title="Baju Lamina">Baju Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Rantai" title="Baju Rantai">Baju Rantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a" title="Baru Lema'a">Baru Lema'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba" title="Baru Öröba">Baru Öröba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karambalangan" title="Karambalangan">Karambalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaca" title="Kawaca">Kawaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping-siping" title="Siping-siping">Siping-siping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clog" title="Clog">Bakiak (kelom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandal" title="Sandal">Sandals</a></li> <li>Selop</li> <li>Sepatu</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folk_costumes89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folk_costumes" title="Template:Folk costumes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folk_costumes" title="Template talk:Folk costumes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folk_costumes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folk costumes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folk_costumes89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk costumes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa" title="Clothing in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">Balgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agbada" title="Agbada">Boubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">Dashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_tie" title="Head tie">Head tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu">Kanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareo" title="Pareo">Pareo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan" title="Senegalese kaftan">Senegalese kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">Tagelmust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)" title="Wrapper (clothing)">Wrapper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deel_(clothing)" title="Deel (clothing)">Deel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam">Cheongsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_suit" title="Mao suit">Mao suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangzhuang" title="Tangzhuang">Tangzhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">Hachimaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_(sash)" title="Obi (sash)">Obi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheopji" title="Cheopji">Cheopji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daenggi" title="Daenggi">Daenggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gache" title="Gache">Gache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwagwan" title="Hwagwan">Hwagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokduri" title="Jokduri">Jokduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangjin" title="Wangjin">Manggeon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bhutan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gho" title="Gho">Gho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)" title="Kira (Bhutan)">Kira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">Dupatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">Lungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing" title="Newar traditional clothing">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathin" title="Pathin">Pathin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_(headdress)" title="Perak (headdress)">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawari_turban" title="Peshawari turban">Peshawari pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">Sherwani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_clothing" title="Burmese clothing">Burma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyi" title="Longyi">Longyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaung_baung" title="Gaung baung">Gaung baung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer clothing">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Krama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_blouse" title="Bodo blouse">Baju bodo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">Kebaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemben" title="Kemben">Kemben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengkolok" title="Tengkolok">Tanjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulos" title="Ulos">Ulos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits" title="Malaysian cultural outfits">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Kurung" title="Baju Kurung">Baju Kurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Melayu" title="Baju Melayu">Baju Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengkolok" title="Tengkolok">Tengkolok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntal_hat" title="Buntal hat">Buntal hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong" title="Malong">Malong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown" title="Maria Clara gown">Maria Clara gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patadyong" title="Patadyong">Patadyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Banong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_kraben" class="mw-redirect" title="Chong kraben">Chong kraben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Chut Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume" title="Formal Thai national costume">Formal Chut Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Pha khao ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pha_nung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pha nung">Pha nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_pattern" title="Raj pattern">Raj pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabai">Sabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Tabengman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba" title="Áo bà ba">Áo bà ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh" title="Áo giao lĩnh">Áo giao lĩnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n" title="Áo tứ thân">Áo tứ thân</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheitel">Sheitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit_katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallit katan">Tallit katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish clothing">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">Hejazi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balkan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Traditional Albanian clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orape" title="Çorape">Çorape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromanian traditional clothing (page does not exist)">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_costume" title="Croatian national costume">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume" title="Macedonian national costume">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian dress">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing" title="Serbian traditional clothing">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Britain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_uniform" title="Windsor uniform">Windsor uniform</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Scottish highlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboyne_dress" title="Aboyne dress">Aboyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_bonnet" title="Feather bonnet">Feather bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilt" title="Kilt">Kilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporran" title="Sporran">Sporran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">Dirndl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lederhosen" title="Lederhosen">Lederhosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland" title="National costumes of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracht" title="Tracht">Tracht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dress" title="Armenian dress">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">Kelaghayi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing" title="Ukrainian national clothing">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kobeniak" title="Kobeniak">Kobeniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhukh" title="Kozhukh">Kozhukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhushanka" title="Kozhushanka">Kozhushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharovary" title="Sharovary">Sharovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath" title="Ukrainian wreath">Ukrainian wreath</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovorotka" title="Kosovorotka">Kosovorotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bast_shoe" title="Bast shoe">Lapti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_shawl" title="Orenburg shawl">Orenburg shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarafan" title="Sarafan">Sarafan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poffer" title="Poffer">Poffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraplap" title="Kraplap">Kraplap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorijzer" title="Oorijzer">Oorijzer</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_costume" title="Breton costume">Breton costume</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca" title="Traje de flamenca">Traje de flamenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachirulo" title="Cachirulo">Cachirulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_hat" title="Cordovan hat">Cordovan hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite" title="Sombrero de catite">Sombrero de catite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">Mantilla</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciocia" title="Ciocia">Ciocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">Coppola cap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad">Bunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1kti" title="Gákti">Gákti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume" title="Icelandic national costume">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten" title="Nationella dräkten">Nationella dräkten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten" title="Bäckadräkten">Bäckadräkten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverigedräkten (page does not exist)">Sverigedräkten</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)" title="Aguayo (cloth)">Aguayo</a></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamanto" title="Chamanto">Chamanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_cap" title="Chilote cap">Chilote cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_poncho" title="Chilote poncho">Chilote poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupalla" title="Chupalla">Chupalla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayabera" title="Guayabera">Guayabera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqui_liqui" title="Liqui liqui">Liqui liqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lliklla" title="Lliklla">Lliklla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollera" title="Pollera">Pollera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_clothing" title="Inuit clothing">Inuit skin clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tignon" title="Tignon">Tignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e" title="Ceinture fléchée">Ceinture fléchée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">Chaps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huipil" title="Huipil">Huipil</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)" title="Huarache (shoe)">Huarache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots" title="Mexican pointy boots">Mexican pointy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebozo" title="Rebozo">Rebozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serape" title="Serape">Serape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">Sombrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechquemitl" title="Quechquemitl">Quechquemitl</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_skirt" title="Grass skirt">Grass skirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-sala" title="I-sala">I-sala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap-lap" title="Lap-lap">Lap-lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavalava" title="Lavalava">Lavalava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)" title="Kiekie (clothing)">Kiekie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareo" title="Pareo">Pareo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)" title="Sulu (skirt)">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">Taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">Tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupenu" title="Tupenu">Tupenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dyeing83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyeing" title="Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyeing" title="Template talk:Dyeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyeing83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/120px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/250px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods and regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_art" title="Abbasid art">Abbasid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage:_Representative_List201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage:_Representative_List201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage</a>: Representative List</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbila" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbila">Chopi timbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbofe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gbofe (page does not exist)">Afounkaha Gbofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9" title="Gẹlẹdẹ">Gẹlẹdẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyau#Dances" title="Nyau">Gule Wamkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State#Culture_and_tourism" title="Anambra State">Ijele Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaba" title="Kangaba">Kamablon re-roofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankurang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankurang">Kankurang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga" title="Kouroukan Fouga">Manden Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Mauritian Sega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Mbende Jerusarema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_dance_of_the_royal_drum" title="Ritual dance of the royal drum">Ritual dance of the royal drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_tambour_of_Rodrigues_Island" title="Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island">Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Ugandan barkcloth making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimbuza_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimbuza dance">Vimbuza healing dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaaral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaaral (page does not exist)">Yaaral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degal (page does not exist)">Degal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafimaniry" title="Zafimaniry">Zafimaniry woodcrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Makishi Festival">Zambian Makishi Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/70px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/105px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/140px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arab States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahellil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahellil">Ahellil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedu</a> culture at <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_al-iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqam al-iraqi">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaa_el-Fnaa" title="Jemaa el-Fnaa">Jemaa el-Fnaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hikaye" title="Palestinian hikaye">Palestinian hikaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Taghribat Bani Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-Tan_Moussem" title="Tan-Tan Moussem">Tan-Tan Moussem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Acupuncture_and_moxibustion" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Acupuncture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainu_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ainu dance (page does not exist)">Ainu dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiu_no_Taue_Odori" title="Akiu no Taue Odori">Akiu no Taue Odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Akyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan" title="Music of Iran">Bakhshi music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul tradition of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boysun_District" title="Boysun District">Boysun District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakkirako" title="Chakkirako">Chakkirako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheoyongmu" title="Cheoyongmu">Cheoyongmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing#Origins_in_Asia" title="Woodblock printing">Chinese block printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese paper cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_carving" title="Seal carving">Chinese seal engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play#Chinese" title="Shadow play">Chinese shadow puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemokjang" title="Daemokjang">Daemokjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimokutate" title="Daimokutate">Daimokutate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darangen_Epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Darangen Epic">Darangen Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drametse_Ngacham" title="Drametse Ngacham">Drametse Ngacham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganggangsullae" title="Ganggangsullae">Ganggangsullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung_Danoje" title="Gangneung Danoje">Gangneung Danoje Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">Gimjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival" title="Gióng Festival">Gióng Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_people#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong people">Grand Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_guqin" title="History of the guqin">Guqin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansan_Mosi" title="Hansan Mosi">Hansan Mosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayachine_Kagura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayachine Kagura">Hayachine Kagura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Furyumono" title="Hitachi Furyumono">Hitachi Furyumono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud Chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Indonesian kris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Chilmeoridang_Yeongdeunggut" title="Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut">Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jultagi" title="Jultagi">Jultagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Kashan rug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katta_Ashula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katta Ashula (page does not exist)">Katta Ashula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing" title="Tuvan throat singing">Khoomei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koshikijima_no_Toshidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koshikijima no Toshidon (page does not exist)">Koshikijima no Toshidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_Odori" title="Kumi Odori">Kumiodori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakh chant">Ladkah Buddhist chantings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakalaka" title="Lakalaka">Lakalaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenj_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenj boat (page does not exist)">Lenj boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan_celadon" title="Longquan celadon">Longquan celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_yong" title="Mak yong">Mak yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_Sankirtana" title="Meitei Sankirtana">Manipuri Sankirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra" title="Mangal Shobhajatra">Mangal Shobhajatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibu_no_Hana_Taue" title="Mibu no Hana Taue">Mibu no Hana Taue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosie_weaving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosie weaving (page does not exist)">Mosie ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiyett" title="Mudiyett">Mudiyett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsadang" title="Namsadang">Namsadang Nori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqq%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqqāli">Naqqāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan" title="Nowruz in Afghanistan">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Nuad Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oku-noto_no_Aenokoto" title="Oku-noto no Aenokoto">Oku-noto no Aenokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Pungmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramman_(festival)" title="Ramman (festival)">Ramman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal ballet of Cambodia">Royal ballet of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongren County">Regong arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Royal Ancestral Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sada_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sada Jinja">Sada Shin Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_drawing" title="Sand drawing">Sand drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbek_Toch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sbek Toch">Sbek Toch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekishu-Banshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekishu-Banshi (page does not exist)">Sekishu-Banshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_rug" title="Shiraz rug">Shiraz rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Spring Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">Taekkyeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zīye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crafts_of_India" title="Crafts of India">Thathera utensil craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Thingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juldarigi" title="Juldarigi">Tugging rituals and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Urtiin Duu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chantings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamahoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamahoko">Yamahoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeondeunghoe" title="Yeondeunghoe">Yeondeunghoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongsanjae" title="Yeongsanjae">Yeongsanjae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi" title="Yūki-tsumugi">Yūki-tsumugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunjin" title="Yunjin">Yunjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe and<br />North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iso-Polyphony" title="Iso-Polyphony">Albanian iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet" title="Azerbaijani carpet">Azerbaijani carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving" title="Azerbaijani carpet weaving">weaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li>Baltic song and dance celebrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari" title="Călușari">Călușari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of the Kalyady Tsars">Christmas Tsars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wise_Men_of_the_plain_of_Murcia" title="Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia">Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_Tribunal_of_the_plain_of_Valencia" title="Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia">Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft" title="Lahıc copper craft">Copper craftsmanship of Lahij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia" title="Lacemaking in Croatia">Croatian lacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daina (Lithuania)">Daina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach" title="Dancing procession of Echternach">Dancing procession of Echternach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Daredevils of Sassoun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li>Falles of the Pyrenees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_D%C3%A9u_de_la_Salut_Festival" title="La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival">La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivity of Saint Blaise">Festivity of Saint Blaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li>French timber framing scribing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_vocal_polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian vocal polyphony">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horezu_ceramics" title="Horezu ceramics">Horezu ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtem_Jaarmarkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Houtem Jaarmarkt">Houtem Jaarmarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Jem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">Kelaghayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek" title="Keşkek">Keşkek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihnu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kihnu culture">Kihnu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar" title="Kırkpınar">Kırkpınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cross_crafting" title="Lithuanian cross crafting">Lithuanian cross crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patum_de_Berga" title="Patum de Berga">La Patum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefkara_lace" title="Lefkara lace">Lefkaritika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licitar" title="Licitar">Licitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljelje" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljelje">Ljelje</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kraljice" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraljice">Kraljice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Makishi Festival">Makishi Festival</a></li> <li>Moldovan Christmas Carols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meddah" title="Meddah">Meddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesir_macunu" title="Mesir macunu">Mesir Macunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_Elche" title="Mystery Play of Elche">Mystery Play of Elche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijemo_Kolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nijemo Kolo">Nijemo Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li>Turkish</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olonkho" title="Olonkho">Olonkho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi" title="Opera dei Pupi">Opera dei Pupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrykivka_painting" title="Petrykivka painting">Petrykivka decorative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">Procession of the Holy Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna culture in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_leelo" title="Seto leelo">Seto leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">Sevdalinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjska_alka" title="Sinjska alka">Sinjska alka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sohbet_meetings" title="Traditional Sohbet meetings">Sohbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiti">Suiti Cultural Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutartin%C4%97s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutartinės">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_violin_craftsmanship_in_Cremona" title="Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona">Violins craftsmanship of Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wajãpi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje" title="Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje">Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za_kri%C5%BEen" title="Za križen">Za križen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari" title="Zvončari">Zvončari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean and<br />Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla%27s_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranquilla's Carnival">Carnaval de Barranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mella" title="Villa Mella">Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival" title="Blacks and Whites' Carnival">Carnaval de Negros y Blancos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrio_de_Nazar%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Círio de Nazaré">Círio de Nazaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo_(dance)" title="Cocolo (dance)">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_oxherding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Rican oxherding (page does not exist)">Costa Rican oxherding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_devils_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Dancing devils of Corpus Christi">Dancing Devils of Yare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza_de_los_Voladores" title="Danza de los Voladores">Danza de los Voladores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza_de_tijeras" title="Danza de tijeras">Danza de tijeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival" title="Gióng Festival">Gióng Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakmbut" title="Harakmbut">Harakmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaconada" title="Huaconada">Huaconada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Indigenous Day of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya" title="Kallawaya">Kallawaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Town,_Jamaica" title="Moore Town, Jamaica">Moore Town's</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Maroon Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachico" title="Parachico">Parachico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a_de_Bernal" title="Peña de Bernal">Peña de Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n_Holy_Week_processions" class="mw-redirect" title="Popayán Holy Week processions">Popayán Holy Week processions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCtchip%C3%BC%27%C3%BC" title="Pütchipü'ü">Pütchipü'ü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quyllurit%27i" title="Quyllurit'i">Quyllurit'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_Roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de Roda">Samba de Roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Basilio_de_Palenque" title="San Basilio de Palenque">San Basilio de Palenque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_Colombian_marimba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Pacific Colombian marimba (page does not exist)">South Pacific Colombian marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taquile_textiles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taquile textiles (page does not exist)">Taquile textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">Tumba francesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wajãpi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawene_Nawe" title="Enawene Nawe">Yaokwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1paro_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Záparo culture">Záparo culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_sejarah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/120px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/250px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="664" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> (2008) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semar_Kris_(alt)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg/122px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg/183px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg/243px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Keris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keris">Keris</a> (2008) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/113px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/170px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/225px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Batik</a> (2009) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angklung_(2315119130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg/113px-Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg/170px-Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg/225px-Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="946" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a> (2010) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Safari_VII,_Komodo,_2016_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg/114px-Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg/171px-Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg/227px-Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a>, art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi (2017) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tari_Pendet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/113px-Tari_Pendet.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/170px-Tari_Pendet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/225px-Tari_Pendet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span><br />Three Genres of Traditional Dance in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Bali</a> (2019) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg/113px-Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg/170px-Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg/225px-Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> (2019) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png/124px-Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png/187px-Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png/248px-Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1211" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">Pantun</a> (2020) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg/100px-Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg/151px-Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg/200px-Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> (2021) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Need_of_Urgent_Safeguarding67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Need_of_Urgent_Safeguarding67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noken_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Noken_Indonesia.jpg/120px-Noken_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Noken_Indonesia.jpg/250px-Noken_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Noken" title="Noken">Noken</a> (2011) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saman_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saman_dance.jpg/112px-Saman_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saman_dance.jpg/168px-Saman_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saman_dance.jpg/223px-Saman_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saman_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Saman dance">Saman dance</a> (2012) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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