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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_and_Middle_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_and_Middle_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Old and Middle Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_and_Middle_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_and_vernacular_written_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_and_vernacular_written_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical and vernacular written forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_vernacular_written_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_northern_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_northern_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rise of northern dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_northern_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Grouping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Standard Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_borrowings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_borrowings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Modern borrowings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_borrowings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Chinese characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_phonetic_transcriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_phonetic_transcriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other phonetic transcriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_phonetic_transcriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>As a foreign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 224 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-224" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">224 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Cina" title="Bahsa Cina – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Cina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъутейбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутейбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቻይንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मानक मंदारिन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानक मंदारिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акитаи бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акитаи бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chinés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chinés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Չինարէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chinu" title="Idioma chinu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Chinañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chinañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_dili" title="Çin dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD" title="Hàn-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Intsik" title="Tataramon na Intsik – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Intsik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Китайски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A4sisch" title="Kinäsisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinäsisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="རྒྱ་སྐད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_sinaek" title="Yezhoù sinaek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù sinaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хитад хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_sin%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües sinítiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües sinítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Китай чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inintsik" title="Inintsik – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inintsik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichayina" title="Chichayina – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chichayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieineeg" title="Tsieineeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieineeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_(sproggruppe)" title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشينوية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1giella" title="Kiinnágiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinnágiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ސީނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_keel" title="Hiina keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κινεζική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Китаень кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chino" title="Idioma chino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_lingvaro" title="Ĉina lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_china" title="Luenga china – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga china" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان چینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bhasa" title="Chinese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chinese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Kinesiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinesiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chinoises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineesk" title="Sineesk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADnis" title="An tSínis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSínis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Sheenagh" title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AConais" title="Sìonais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìonais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chinesa" title="Lingua chinesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="چيني زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چيني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9D_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE" title="Hon-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="중국어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanci" title="Sinanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_P%C4%81k%C4%93" title="ʻŌlelo Pākē – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pākē" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չինարեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniana_linguo" title="Chiniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chiniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Insik" title="Pagsasao nga Insik – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%93%AF%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Китайаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShayina" title="IsiShayina – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnverska" title="Kínverska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínverska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות סיניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות סיניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیٖنی زبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖنی زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қытай тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinek" title="Chinek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chinek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishinwa" title="Gishinwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gishinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichina" title="Kichina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Китай кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisinw%C3%A1" title="Kisinwá – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisinwá" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniafa_ava" title="Siniafa ava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Siniafa ava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_chinwa" title="Lang chinwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang chinwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng_chinwaz" title="Lanng chinwaz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng chinwaz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кытай тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_cinesc" title="Lingaz cinesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz cinesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Китай маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຈີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABn%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Ķīnīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīnīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Sinicae" title="Linguae Sinicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Sinicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Китай чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kinų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cineise" title="Lengua cineise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua cineise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinwa" title="Lisinwa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisinwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xines" title="Linguas xines – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas xines" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_kieli" title="Kitain kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitain kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jugbau" title="jugbau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jugbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cinesa" title="Lengua cinesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua cinesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nyelv" title="Kínai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Tiongkok" title="Bhâsa Tiongkok – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sinoa" title="Fiteny sinoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sinoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%8Aini%C5%BCi" title="Lingwi Ċiniżi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ċiniżi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hainamana" title="Reo Hainamana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hainamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه صينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="چینی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Cino" title="Bahaso Cino – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_chinesa" title="Lhéngua chinesa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хятад хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनियाँ भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनियाँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनिया भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Цийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinese" title="Shiinese – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shiinese" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinum" title="Chinum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chinum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9s" title="Chinés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chinés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayiniffa" title="Chaayiniffa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayiniffa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_tili" title="Xitoy tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaping_a_sowal" title="Kuwaping a sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuwaping a sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چینی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چینی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چينايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaini_languij" title="Chaini languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaini languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%C3%A9s" title="Chinoés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Saina" title="Tok Saina – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Spraken" title="Chineesche Spraken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_chi%C5%84ski" title="Język chiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chinesa" title="Língua chinesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_tili" title="Qıtay tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tili" title="Çin tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tinit%C5%8D" title="Reo Tinitō – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_simi" title="Chunwa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кітайскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Китайский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кытай тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Saina" title="Faʻa Saina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinu%C3%A4a" title="Shinuäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Shinuäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenese_leid" title="Cheenese leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tlu" title="Kari Tlu – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tlu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinesiske_Sproaken" title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-china" title="Se-china – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Se-china" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C5%A1haena" title="Setšhaena – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Setšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kineze" title="Gjuha kineze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinisa" title="Lingua cinisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua cinisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චීන භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چيني ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kitajščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Chińskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی چینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kieli" title="Kiinan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tsino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சீன மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кытай теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="చైనీస్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони чинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони чинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%B3%27x%C4%97ho%27en%C3%B3tse" title="Hesó'xėho'enótse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hesó'xėho'enótse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ince" title="Çince – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD_dili" title="Hytaý dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыдат дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Китай кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Китайська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="خەنزۇچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgun" title="Vahgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_cineze" title="Łéngua cineze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajan_kel%27" title="Kitajan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitajan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tiếng Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin" title="Tsyin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_kiil" title="Hiina kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Chinwès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chinwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsino_(yinaknan)" title="Tsino (yinaknan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsino (yinaknan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כינעזיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Èdè Ṣáínà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="中文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87inki" title="Çinki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97nu_kalba" title="Kėnu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Sina" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until May 19, 2025 at 05:03 UTC, due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National language of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Chinese language, which includes many varieties. For the standardized form, see <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>. For other languages in China, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a>. For different varieties, see <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Chinese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chineselanguage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chineselanguage.svg/110px-Chineselanguage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chineselanguage.svg/165px-Chineselanguage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chineselanguage.svg/220px-Chineselanguage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="831" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Hànyǔ</i></span> written in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> (middle) forms, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngwén</i></span> (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul></div><sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.35 billion (2017–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chinese</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Standard Cantonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="hlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_braille_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chinese braille (disambiguation)">Chinese Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>China<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Singapore</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">Malaysia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div><ul><li>China: <a href="/wiki/State_Language_Commission" title="State Language Commission">State Language Commission</a></li><li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Affairs_Council" title="Hakka Affairs Council">Hakka Affairs Council</a></li><li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Language_Standardisation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Language Standardisation Council">Chinese Language Standardisation Council</a></li><li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promote_Mandarin_Council" title="Promote Mandarin Council">Promote Mandarin Council</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=zh">zh</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=84">chi</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=84">zho</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zho" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zho">zho</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sini1245">sini1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Sinophone_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/220px-Map-Sinophone_World.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/330px-Map-Sinophone_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/440px-Map-Sinophone_World.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the Chinese-speaking world <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A800; color:black;"> </span> Majority Chinese-speaking</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80C534; color:black;"> </span> Significant Chinese-speaking population</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b1ff72; color:black;"> </span> Status as an official or educational language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese language</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:汉语">汉语</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢語">漢語</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> language</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hànyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄏㄢˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄩˇ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hannyeu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Han<sup>4</sup>-yu<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hàn-yǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hàn-yǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân.ỳ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn"><span>Hoe<sup>3</sup> nyiu<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Hon Ngi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon yúh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon3 jyu5</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span>Hon<sup>3</sup> yü<sup>5</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Cantonese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hɔ̄ːn.jy̬ː]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hàn-gí</li><li>Hàn-gú</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Háng-ngṳ̄</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:中文">中文</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Chinese</a> writing</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngwén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄓㄨㄥ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄨㄣˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jongwen</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chung<sup>1</sup>-wen<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jhong-wún</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jūng-wén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.wə̌n]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn"><span>Tson<sup>1</sup> ven<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Chung-Vun</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūng mán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zung1 man4*2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zung<sup>1</sup> men<sup>4</sup>*<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsɔŋ˥ mɐn˩]</a></span></li><li><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsɔŋ˥ mɐn˧˥]</a></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiong-bûn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Dṳng-ùng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:汉文">汉文</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢文">漢文</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Han writing</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hànwén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄏㄢˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄨㄣˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hannwen</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Han<sup>4</sup>-wen<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hàn-wún</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân.wə̌n]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">汉语</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漢語</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hànyǔ</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> language' or <span lang="zh">中文</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngwén</span></i>; 'Chinese writing') is a group of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-dialect-perspective_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialect-perspective-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken natively by the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> majority and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">many minority ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Approximately 1.35 billion people, or 17% of the global population, speak a <a href="/wiki/Variety_of_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety of Chinese">variety of Chinese</a> as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="218" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Ying_speaking_Henan_Chinese.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Ying, a speaker of Henan Chinese</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese languages form the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan language">Sino-Tibetan language</a> family. The spoken varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of a single language. However, their lack of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> means they are sometimes considered to be separate languages in a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigation of the historical relationships among the varieties of Chinese is ongoing. Currently, most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups based on phonetic developments from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, of which the most spoken by far is <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> with 66%, or around 800 million speakers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> (75 million, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> (74 million, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> (68 million, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These branches are unintelligible to each other, and many of their subgroups are unintelligible with the other varieties within the same branch (e.g. Southern Min). There are, however, transitional areas where varieties from different branches share enough features for some limited intelligibility, including <a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New Xiang</a> with <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_Chinese" title="Xuanzhou Wu Chinese">Xuanzhou Wu Chinese</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Lower Yangtze Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a> with <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains Mandarin</a> and certain divergent dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>. All varieties of Chinese are <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> at least to some degree, and are largely <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a>. </p><p>The earliest attested <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bone inscriptions">oracle bone inscriptions</a> created during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BCE</span>. The phonetic categories of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> can be reconstructed from the rhymes of ancient poetry. During the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern period">Northern and Southern period</a>, Middle Chinese went through several <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> and split into several varieties following prolonged geographic and political separation. The <i><a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">rime dictionary</a>, recorded a compromise between the pronunciations of different regions. The royal courts of the Ming and early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing dynasties">Qing dynasties</a> operated using a <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné language</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Guanhua</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing dialect</a> of Mandarin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> is an official language of both the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan), one of the four <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">official languages of Singapore</a>, and one of the six <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>. Standard Chinese is based on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a> of Mandarin and was first officially adopted in the 1930s. The language is written primarily using a <a href="/wiki/Logography" class="mw-redirect" title="Logography">logography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, largely shared by readers who may otherwise speak mutually unintelligible varieties. Since the 1950s, the use of <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a> has been promoted by the government of the People's Republic of China, with Singapore officially adopting them in 1976. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a> are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and among Chinese-speaking <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">communities overseas</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>Linguists classify all varieties of Chinese as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan language family">Sino-Tibetan language family</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> and many other languages spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Massif" title="Southeast Asian Massif">Southeast Asian Massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198812–13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198812–13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the relationship was first proposed in the early 19th century and is now broadly accepted, reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan is much less developed than that of families such as <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> or <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> in many of them, and the effects of language contact. In addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach and are often also sensitive border zones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008422,_434–436_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008422,_434–436-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without a secure reconstruction of Proto-Sino-Tibetan, the higher-level structure of the family remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008426_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008426-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A top-level branching into Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> is often assumed, but has not been convincingly demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History of the Chinese language</a></div> <p>The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. As the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have repeatedly sought to promulgate a unified standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988183–185_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988183–185-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_and_Middle_Chinese">Old and Middle Chinese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Old_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Old Chinese">Reconstruction of Old Chinese</a></div> <p>The earliest examples of Old Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a> dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BCE</span>, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchüssler20071_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchüssler20071-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next attested stage came from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">inscriptions on bronze artifacts</a> dating to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period (1046–771 BCE), the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i> and portions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter19922–3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter19922–3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have attempted to reconstruct the <a href="/wiki/Phonology_of_Old_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonology of Old Chinese">phonology of Old Chinese</a> by comparing later varieties of Chinese with the rhyming practice of the <i>Classic of Poetry</i> and the phonetic elements found in the majority of Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198842–45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198842–45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many of the finer details remain unclear, most scholars agree that Old Chinese differs from Middle Chinese in lacking retroflex and palatal obstruents but having initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> of some sort, and in having voiceless nasals and liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992177_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most recent reconstructions also describe an atonal language with consonant clusters at the end of the syllable, developing into <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> distinctions in Middle Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992181–183_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992181–183-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Derivational_affix" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivational affix">derivational affixes</a> have also been identified, but the language lacks <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, and indicated grammatical relationships using word order and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchüssler200712_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchüssler200712-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Middle Chinese was the language used during <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties (6th–10th centuries CE). It can be divided into an early period, reflected by the <i><a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a></i> rime dictionary (601 CE), and a late period in the 10th century, reflected by <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyme table">rhyme tables</a> such as the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yunjing" title="Yunjing">Yunjing</a></i></span> constructed by ancient Chinese philologists as a guide to the <i>Qieyun</i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199214–15_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199214–15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works define phonological categories but with little hint of what sounds they represent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987125_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987125-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists have identified these sounds by comparing the categories with pronunciations in modern <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_vocabularies" title="Sino-Xenic vocabularies">borrowed Chinese words</a> in Japanese, Vietnamese, and Korean, and transcription evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198834–42_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198834–42-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting system is very complex, with a large number of consonants and vowels, but they are probably not all distinguished in any single dialect. Most linguists now believe it represents a <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">diasystem</a> encompassing 6th-century northern and southern standards for reading the classics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198824_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_and_vernacular_written_forms">Classical and vernacular written forms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Written vernacular Chinese</a></div> <p>The complex relationship between spoken and written Chinese is an example of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>: as spoken, Chinese varieties have evolved at different rates, while the written language used throughout China changed comparatively little, crystallizing into a prestige form known as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical or Literary Chinese</a>. Literature written distinctly in the Classical form began to emerge during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. Its use in writing remained nearly universal until the late 19th century, culminating with the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> with the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> beginning in 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_northern_dialects">Rise of northern dialects</h3></div> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> dynasty and subsequent reign of the Jurchen <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> and Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> dynasties in northern China, a common speech (now called <a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a>) developed based on the dialects of the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> around the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198848_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198848-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1324 <i><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i> was a dictionary that codified the rhyming conventions of new <i><a href="/wiki/Sanqu" title="Sanqu">sanqu</a></i> verse form in this language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198848–49_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198848–49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the slightly later <i><a href="/wiki/Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i>, this dictionary describes a language with many of the features characteristic of modern Mandarin dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198849–51_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198849–51-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to the early 20th century, most Chinese people only spoke their local variety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_247_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, as a practical measure, officials of the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">common language based on Mandarin varieties</a>, known as <span lang="zh-Hans">官话</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">官話</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guānhuà</span></i>; 'language of officials'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988136_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988136-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of this period, this language was a koiné based on dialects spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> area, though not identical to any single dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2000549–550_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2000549–550-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 19th century, the Beijing dialect had become dominant and was essential for any business with the imperial court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2000540–541_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2000540–541-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">standard national language</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">国语</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">國語</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guóyǔ</span></i>), was adopted. After much dispute between proponents of northern and southern dialects and an abortive attempt at an artificial pronunciation, the <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Language Unification Commission</a> finally settled on the Beijing dialect in 1932. The People's Republic founded in 1949 retained this standard but renamed it <span lang="zh-Hans">普通话</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">普通話</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pǔtōnghuà</span></i>; 'common speech'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey19873–15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey19873–15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national language is now used in education, the media, and formal situations in both mainland China and Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988133_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, Cantonese is the dominant spoken language due to cultural influence from Guangdong immigrants and colonial-era policies, and is used in education, media, formal speech, and everyday life—though Mandarin is increasingly taught in schools due to the mainland's growing influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption of Chinese literary culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_vocabularies" title="Sino-Xenic vocabularies">Sino-Xenic vocabularies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg/220px-Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg/330px-Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg/440px-Tripitaka_Koreana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a></i>, a Korean collection of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the Chinese language has spread to its neighbors through a variety of means. Northern Vietnam was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BCE – 220 CE) in 111 BCE, marking the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">period of Chinese control</a> that ran almost continuously for a millennium. The <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a> were established in northern Korea in the 1st century BCE but disintegrated in the following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohnLee200323_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohnLee200323-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> spread over East Asia between the 2nd and 5th centuries CE, and with it the study of scriptures and literature in Literary Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller196729–30_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller196729–30-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, strong central governments modeled on Chinese institutions were established in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, with Literary Chinese serving as the language of administration and scholarship, a position it would retain until the late 19th century in Korea and (to a lesser extent) Japan, and the early 20th century in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornicki201175–77_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornicki201175–77-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars from different lands could communicate, albeit only in writing, using Literary Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornicki201167_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornicki201167-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they used Chinese solely for written communication, each country had its own tradition of reading texts aloud using what are known as <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a>. Chinese words with these pronunciations were also extensively imported into the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> languages, and today comprise over half of their vocabularies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake200498–99_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake200498–99-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This massive influx led to changes in the phonological structure of the languages, contributing to the development of <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic</a> structure in Japanese<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990120–121_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990120–121-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the disruption of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> in Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn200189_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn200189-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borrowed Chinese morphemes have been used extensively in all these languages to coin compound words for new concepts, in a similar way to the use of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> roots in European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990146_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990146-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new compounds, or new meanings for old phrases, were created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to name Western concepts and artifacts. These coinages, written in shared Chinese characters, have then been borrowed freely between languages. They have even been accepted into Chinese, a language usually resistant to loanwords, because their foreign origin was hidden by their written form. Often different compounds for the same concept were in circulation for some time before a winner emerged, and sometimes the final choice differed between countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200043_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200043-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of vocabulary of Chinese origin thus tends to be greater in technical, abstract, or formal language. For example, in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Japanese words">Sino-Japanese words</a> account for about 35% of the words in entertainment magazines, over half the words in newspapers, and 60% of the words in science magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990143_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990143-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vietnam, Korea, and Japan each developed writing systems for their own languages, initially based on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, but later replaced with the <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a></i></span> alphabet for Korean and supplemented with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i></span> syllabaries for Japanese, while Vietnamese continued to be written with the complex <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a></i></span> script. However, these were limited to popular literature until the late 19th century. Today Japanese is written with a composite script using both Chinese characters called <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>, and kana. Korean is written exclusively with hangul in North Korea, although knowledge of the supplementary Chinese characters called <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> is still required, and hanja are increasingly rarely used in South Korea. As a result of its historical colonization by France, Vietnamese now uses the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Chinese_origin" title="List of English words of Chinese origin">English words of Chinese origin</a> include <i>tea</i> from <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <span lang="zh">茶</span> (<i><span lang="nan-Latn">tê</span></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a></i> from Cantonese <span lang="zh">點心</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">dim2 sam1</span></i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Kumquat" title="Kumquat">kumquat</a></i> from Cantonese <span lang="zh">金橘</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">gam1 gwat1</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 400px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 300px; width: 400px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 400px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-zoom="7" data-lat="23" data-lon="112" data-overlays="["_1e9cd360c602b52c7e4b699f1a96a7c4a1f57291"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/23/112/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,7,23,112,400x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chinese_language&revid=1258400710&groups=_1e9cd360c602b52c7e4b699f1a96a7c4a1f57291" width="400" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,7,23,112,400x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chinese_language&revid=1258400710&groups=_1e9cd360c602b52c7e4b699f1a96a7c4a1f57291 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -50px; left: 0px; width: 400px; height: 400px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 143px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 282px; left: 387px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 282px; left: 290px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 256px; left: 338.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 255.875px; left: 384px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 75km<br />50miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 125.21555619114px; left: 307.50542611838px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/32px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 130.21555619114px; left: 325.00542611838px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Guangzhou</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 91.02997396777px; left: 128.26356172115px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/32px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 96.02997396777px; left: 145.76356172115px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Wuzhou</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 211.32333602102px; left: 265.34151455397px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/32px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 216.32333602102px; left: 282.84151455397px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Taishan</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 364px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/23/112/en" data-zoom="8" data-lat="23" data-lon="112" data-overlays="["_dfdc7e17ac1d9d144b99b76bf85de761366d0566"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The sinologist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Jerry Norman</a> has estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200372_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200372-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These varieties form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, in which differences in speech generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though the rate of change varies immensely. Generally, mountainous South China exhibits more linguistic diversity than the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>. Until the late 20th century, Chinese emigrants to Southeast Asia and North America came from southeast coastal areas, where Min, Hakka, and Yue dialects were spoken. Specifically, most Chinese immigrants to North America until the mid-20th century spoke <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a>, a variety of Yue from a small coastal area around <a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan, Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988189–191Ramsey198798_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988189–191Ramsey198798-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parts of South China, the dialect of a major city may be only marginally intelligible to its neighbors. For example, <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a> and Taishan are located approximately 260 km (160 mi) and 190 km (120 mi) away from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> respectively, but the Yue variety spoken in Wuzhou is more similar to the Guangzhou dialect than is Taishanese. Wuzhou is located directly upstream from Guangzhou on the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River" title="Pearl River">Pearl River</a>, whereas Taishan is to Guangzhou's southwest, with the two cities separated by several river valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198723_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198723-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, the speech of some neighbouring counties or villages is mutually unintelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988188_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988188-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grouping">Grouping</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg/240px-Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg/360px-Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg/480px-Map_of_sinitic_languages_cropped-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Range of dialect groups in <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> and Taiwan according to the <i>Language Atlas of China</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Local varieties of Chinese are conventionally classified into seven dialect groups, largely based on the different evolution of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> voiced initials:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988181_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988181-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201053–55_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201053–55-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese Mandarin">Sichuanese</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a>, including Cantonese and <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a></li></ul> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#946565; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:#9b987f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9b987f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#9b987f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:#a5ae87"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#a5ae87"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#a5ae87"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 410.83968437177px; border-left-color:#eeb36a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#eeb36a"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#eeb36a"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 202.51256191925px; border-left-color:#fbd98d"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#fbd98d"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#fbd98d"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 117.83254560581px; border-left-color:#96642c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#96642c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#96642c"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 59.991083666714px; border-left-color:#bf6e7b"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#bf6e7b"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#bf6e7b"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19.076020221857px; border-left-color:#c8c8a8"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#c8c8a8"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#c8c8a8"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.109051744333px 19.354946805086px 0 0; border-top-color:#b1bab6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#b1bab6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:83.407843361317px 55.164587062843px 0 0; border-top-color:#ac8761"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ac8761"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Proportions of first-language speakers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ac8761; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (65.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b1bab6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> (6.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c8c8a8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bf6e7b; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> (5.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#96642c; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a> (5.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbd98d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a> (3.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eeb36a; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> (3.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a5ae87; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> (3.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9b987f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#946565; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a>, others (0.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The classification of <a href="/wiki/Li_Rong_(linguist)" title="Li Rong (linguist)">Li Rong</a>, which is used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Atlas_of_China" title="Language Atlas of China">Language Atlas of China</a></i> (1987), distinguishes three further groups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmLiBaumannLee1987-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201055–56_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201055–56-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a>, previously included in Mandarin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a>, previously included in Wu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a>, previously included in Yue.</li></ul> <p>Some varieties remain unclassified, including the <a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou dialect</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waxianghua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waxianghua">Waxianghua</a> spoken in western <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a> spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201072–73_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurpaska201072–73-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Chinese">Standard Chinese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language">List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language</a></div> <p>Standard Chinese is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> of China (where it is called <span lang="zh-Hans">普通话</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pǔtōnghuà</span></i>) and Taiwan, and one of the four official languages of Singapore (where it is called either <span lang="zh-Hans">华语</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">華語</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huáyǔ</span></i> or <span lang="zh-Hans">汉语</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">漢語</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hànyǔ</span></i>). Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. The governments of both China and Taiwan intend for speakers of all Chinese speech varieties to use it as a common language of communication. Therefore, it is used in government agencies, in the media, and as a language of instruction in schools. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a> is common among Chinese speakers. For example, a Shanghai resident may speak both Standard Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>; if they grew up elsewhere, they are also likely fluent in the dialect of their home region. In addition to Standard Chinese, a majority of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a> also speak <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> (also called <span lang="zh-Hant">台語</span>; 'Taiwanese'<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Hakka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka language">Hakka</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter2004_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2004-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A speaker in Taiwan may mix pronunciations and vocabulary from Standard Chinese and other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">languages of Taiwan</a> in everyday speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuo2005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuo2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part due to traditional cultural ties with <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, Cantonese is used as an everyday language in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3></div> <p>The designation of various Chinese branches remains controversial. Some linguists and most ordinary Chinese people consider all the spoken varieties as one single language, as speakers share a common national identity and a common written form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter19927–8_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter19927–8-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others instead argue that it is inappropriate to refer to major branches of Chinese such as Mandarin, Wu, and so on as "dialects" because the mutual unintelligibility between them is too great.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198455–57_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198455–57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomason198827–28_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomason198827–28-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, calling major Chinese branches "languages" would also be wrong under the same criterion, since a branch such as Wu, itself contains many mutually unintelligible varieties, and could not be properly called a single language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200372_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200372-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also viewpoints pointing out that linguists often ignore mutual intelligibility when varieties share intelligibility with a central variety (i.e. prestige variety, such as Standard Mandarin), as the issue requires some careful handling when mutual intelligibility is inconsistent with language identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2008_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese government's official Chinese designation for the major branches of Chinese is <span lang="zh">方言</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fāngyán</span></i>; 'regional speech', whereas the more closely related varieties within these are called <span lang="zh-Hans">地点方言</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">地點方言</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dìdiǎn fāngyán</span></i>; 'local speech'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the difficulties involved in determining the difference between language and dialect, other terms have been proposed. These include <i>topolect</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair19917_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair19917-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lect">lect</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaugen1966927_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaugen1966927-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Language_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Language variety">variety</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson199622_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson199622-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair199117_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair199117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Standard Chinese phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical Chinese phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese#Phonology" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese § Phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Edmund_Yeo_-_voice_-_ch_150127_1828.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A man speaking Mandarin with a Malaysian accent</figcaption></figure> <p>Syllables in the Chinese languages have some unique characteristics. They are tightly related to the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and also to the characters of the writing system, and <a href="/wiki/Phonologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonologically">phonologically</a> they are structured according to fixed rules. </p><p>The structure of each syllable consists of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a> that has a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> (which can be a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or even a <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthong</a> in certain varieties), preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> (a single <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, or consonant + <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a>; a zero onset is also possible), and followed (optionally) by a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a> consonant; a syllable also carries a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>. There are some instances where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal sonorant consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> can stand alone as their own syllable. </p><p>In Mandarin much more than in other spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open syllables, meaning they have no coda (assuming that a final glide is not analyzed as a coda), but syllables that do have codas are restricted to nasals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, the retroflex approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɻ/</span>, and voiceless stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. Some varieties allow most of these codas, whereas others, such as Standard Chinese, are limited to only <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɻ/</span>. </p><p>The number of sounds in the different spoken dialects varies, but in general, there has been a tendency to a reduction in sounds from Middle Chinese. The Mandarin dialects in particular have experienced a dramatic decrease in sounds and so have far more polysyllabic words than most other spoken varieties. The total number of syllables in some varieties is therefore only about a thousand, including tonal variation, which is only about an eighth as many as English.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFrancis_p42_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFrancis_p42-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3></div> <p>All varieties of spoken Chinese use tones to distinguish words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198852_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198852-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few dialects of north China may have as few as three tones, while some dialects in south China have up to 6 or 12 tones, depending on how one counts. One exception from this is Shanghainese which has reduced the set of tones to a two-toned <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> system much like modern Japanese. </p><p>A very common example used to illustrate the use of tones in Chinese is the application of the four tones of Standard Chinese, along with the neutral tone, to the syllable <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">ma</i></span>. The tones are exemplified by the following five Chinese words: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:56px;max-width:56px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_tone_(Mandarin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/First_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/54px-First_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/First_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/81px-First_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/First_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/108px-First_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:56px;max-width:56px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_tone_(Mandarin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Second_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/54px-Second_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Second_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/81px-Second_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Second_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/108px-Second_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:56px;max-width:56px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_tone_(Mandarin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Third_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/54px-Third_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Third_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/81px-Third_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Third_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/108px-Third_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:56px;max-width:56px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourth_tone_(Mandarin).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fourth_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/54px-Fourth_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fourth_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/81px-Fourth_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fourth_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg/108px-Fourth_tone_%28Mandarin%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The syllable <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">ma</i></span> with each of the primary tones in Standard Chinese<div style="width:100%; height:10px"></div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="FourMandarinTones.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/FourMandarinTones.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/FourMandarinTones.ogg/FourMandarinTones.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Examples of Standard Chinese tones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone</th> <th scope="col">Character</th> <th scope="col">Gloss</th> <th scope="col">Pinyin </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chao_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao tone">Chao tone</a></th> <th scope="col">Pitch contour </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">妈</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">媽</span> </td> <td>'mother'</td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">mā</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">high, level </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><span lang="zh">麻</span> </td> <td>'hemp'</td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">má</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">high, rising </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">马</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">馬</span> </td> <td>'horse'</td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">mǎ</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˦</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">low falling, then rising </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">骂</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">罵</span> </td> <td>'scold'</td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">mà</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˩</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">high falling </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral tone">Neutral</a> </th> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">吗</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">嗎</span> </td> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INTR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTC</abbr></td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">ma</i></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><i>varies</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><i>varies</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In contrast, Standard Cantonese has six tones. Historically, finals that end in a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonant</a> were considered to be "<a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">checked tones</a>" and thus counted separately for a total of nine tones. However, they are considered to be duplicates in modern linguistics and are no longer counted as such:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip199420–22_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip199420–22-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Examples of Standard Cantonese tones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone</th> <th scope="col">Character</th> <th scope="col">Gloss</th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chao_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao tone">Chao tone</a></th> <th scope="col">Pitch contour </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">诗</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">詩</span></td> <td>'poem'</td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si1</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sī</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></td> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>high, level</li><li>high, falling</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><span lang="zh">史</span></td> <td>'history'</td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si2</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sí</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">high, rising </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><span lang="zh">弒</span></td> <td>'assassinate'</td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si3</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">mid, level </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">时</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">時</span></td> <td>'time'</td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si4</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sìh</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">low, falling </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td><span lang="zh">市</span></td> <td>'market'</td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si5</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">síh</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˧</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">low, rising </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 </th> <td><span lang="zh">是</span></td> <td>'yes'</td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si6</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sih</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨</span></td> <td style="text-align:left">low, level </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Chinese grammar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classifiers">Chinese classifiers</a></div> <p>Chinese is often described as a 'monosyllabic' language. However, this is only partially correct. It is largely accurate when describing Old and Middle Chinese; in Classical Chinese, around 90% of words consist of a single character that corresponds one-to-one with a <i><a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a></i>, the smallest unit of meaning in a language. In modern varieties, it usually remains the case that morphemes are monosyllabic—in contrast, English has many multi-syllable morphemes, both <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound and free</a>, such as 'seven', 'elephant', 'para-' and '-able'. Some of the more conservative modern varieties, usually found in the south, have largely monosyllabic <em><a href="/wiki/Words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words">words</a></em>, especially with basic vocabulary. However, most nouns, adjectives, and verbs in modern Mandarin are disyllabic. A significant cause of this is <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic erosion">phonetic erosion</a>: sound changes over time have steadily reduced the number of possible syllables in the language's inventory. In modern Mandarin, there are only around 1,200 possible syllables, including the tonal distinctions, compared with about 5,000 in Vietnamese (still a largely monosyllabic language), and over 8,000 in English.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFrancis_p42_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFrancis_p42-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern varieties tend to form new words through polysyllabic <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compounds</a>. In some cases, monosyllabic words have become disyllabic formed from different characters without the use of compounding, as in <span lang="zh">窟窿</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">kūlong</span></i> from <span lang="zh">孔</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">kǒng</span></i>; this is especially common in Jin varieties. This phonological collapse has led to a corresponding increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a>. As an example, the small <i>Langenscheidt Pocket Chinese Dictionary</i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists six words that are commonly pronounced as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shí</i></span> in Standard Chinese: </p> <table cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <th>Character</th> <th>Gloss</th> <th><abbr title="Middle Chinese">MC</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Cantonese </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">十</span> </td> <td>'ten'</td> <td><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="ltc-Latn">dzyip</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sap6</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">实</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">實</span> </td> <td>'actual'</td> <td><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="ltc-Latn">zyit</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sat6</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">识</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">識</span> </td> <td>'recognize'</td> <td title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization" lang="ltc-Latn"><span title="Limilngan-language romanization"><i lang="lmc-Latn">dzyek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sik1</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">石</span> </td> <td>'stone'</td> <td><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="ltc-Latn">dzyi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sek6</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">时</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">時</span> </td> <td>'time'</td> <td><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="ltc-Latn">dzyi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">si4</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">食</span> </td> <td>'food'</td> <td><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="ltc-Latn">zyik</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">sik6</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In modern spoken Mandarin, however, tremendous ambiguity would result if all of these words could be used as-is. The 20th century <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Lion-Eating_Poet_in_the_Stone_Den" title="Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den">Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den</a></i> exploits this, consisting of 92 characters all pronounced <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">shi</i></span>. As such, most of these words have been replaced in speech, if not in writing, with less ambiguous disyllabic compounds. Only the first one, <span lang="zh">十</span>, normally appears in monosyllabic form in spoken Mandarin; the rest are normally used in the polysyllabic forms of </p> <table cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">实际</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">實際</span> </td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">shíjì</i></span></td> <td>'actual-connection' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">认识</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">認識</span> </td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">rènshi</i></span></td> <td>'recognize-know' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">石头</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">石頭</span> </td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">shítou</i></span></td> <td>'stone-head' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">时间</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">時間</span> </td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">shíjiān</i></span></td> <td>'time-interval' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">食物</span> </td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">shíwù</i></span></td> <td>'foodstuff' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>respectively. In each, the homophone was disambiguated by the addition of another morpheme, typically either a near-synonym or some sort of generic word (e.g. 'head', 'thing'), the purpose of which is to indicate which of the possible meanings of the other, homophonic syllable is specifically meant. </p><p>However, when one of the above words forms part of a compound, the disambiguating syllable is generally dropped and the resulting word is still disyllabic. For example, <span lang="zh">石</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shí</span></i> alone, and not <span lang="zh-Hans">石头</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">石頭</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shítou</span></i>, appears in compounds as meaning 'stone' such as <span lang="zh">石膏</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shígāo</span></i>; 'plaster', <span lang="zh">石灰</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shíhuī</span></i>; 'lime', <span lang="zh">石窟</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shíkū</span></i>; 'grotto', <span lang="zh">石英</span>; 'quartz', and <span lang="zh">石油</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shíyóu</span></i>; 'petroleum'. Although many single-syllable morphemes (<span lang="zh">字</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zì</span></i>) can stand alone as individual words, they more often than not form multi-syllable compounds known as <span lang="zh-Hans">词</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">詞</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">cí</span></i>, which more closely resembles the traditional Western notion of a word. A Chinese <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cí</i></span> can consist of more than one character–morpheme, usually two, but there can be three or more. </p><p>Examples of Chinese words of more than two syllables include <span lang="zh-Hans">汉堡包</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">漢堡包</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hànbǎobāo</span></i>; 'hamburger', <span lang="zh-Hans">守门员</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">守門員</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shǒuményuán</span></i>; 'goalkeeper', and <span lang="zh-Hans">电子邮件</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">電子郵件</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">diànzǐyóujiàn</span></i>; 'e-mail'. </p><p>All varieties of modern Chinese are <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a>: they depend on <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> (word order and sentence structure), rather than <a href="/wiki/Inflectional_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional morphology">inflectional morphology</a> (changes in the form of a word), to indicate a word's function within a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198810_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198810-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Chinese has very few <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_inflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical inflection">grammatical inflections</a>—it possesses no <a href="/wiki/Tenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenses">tenses</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voices</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only a few <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They make heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particles</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>. In Mandarin, this involves the use of particles such as <span lang="zh">了</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">le</span></i>; '<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps', 'font-variant-numeric: lining-nums', 'text-transform: lowercase', '">PFV</abbr>', <span lang="zh-Hans">还</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">還</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">hái</span></i>; 'still', and <span lang="zh-Hans">已经</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">已經</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yǐjīng</span></i>; 'already'. </p><p>Chinese has a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">subject–verb–object word order</a>, and like many other languages of East Asia, makes frequent use of the <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a> construction to form sentences. Chinese also has an extensive system of <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a>, another trait shared with neighboring languages such as Japanese and Korean. Other notable grammatical features common to all the spoken varieties of Chinese include the use of <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pronoun dropping</a>, and the related <a href="/wiki/Null_subject_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Null subject language">subject dropping</a>. Although the grammars of the spoken varieties share many traits, they do possess differences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <p>The entire Chinese character corpus since antiquity comprises well over 50,000 characters, of which only roughly 10,000 are in use and only about 3,000 are frequently used in Chinese media and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Chinese characters should not be confused with Chinese words. Because most Chinese words are made up of two or more characters, there are many more Chinese words than characters. A more accurate equivalent for a Chinese character is the morpheme, as characters represent the smallest grammatical units with individual meanings in the Chinese language. </p><p>Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and lexicalized phrases vary greatly. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Zidian" title="Hanyu Da Zidian">Hanyu Da Zidian</a></i>, a compendium of Chinese characters, includes 54,678 head entries for characters, including oracle bone versions. The <i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Zihai" title="Zhonghua Zihai">Zhonghua Zihai</a></i> (1994) contains 85,568 head entries for character definitions and is the largest reference work based purely on character and its literary variants. The <a href="/wiki/CC-CEDICT" class="mw-redirect" title="CC-CEDICT">CC-CEDICT</a> project (2010) contains 97,404 contemporary entries including idioms, technology terms, and names of political figures, businesses, and products. The 2009 version of the Webster's Digital Chinese Dictionary (WDCD),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on CC-CEDICT, contains over 84,000 entries. </p><p>The most comprehensive pure linguistic Chinese-language dictionary, the 12-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Cidian" title="Hanyu Da Cidian">Hanyu Da Cidian</a></i>, records more than 23,000 head Chinese characters and gives over 370,000 definitions. The 1999 revised <i><a href="/wiki/Cihai" title="Cihai">Cihai</a></i>, a multi-volume encyclopedic dictionary reference work, gives 122,836 vocabulary entry definitions under 19,485 Chinese characters, including proper names, phrases, and common zoological, geographical, sociological, scientific, and technical terms. </p><p>The 2016 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Cidian</a></i>, an authoritative one-volume dictionary on modern standard Chinese language as used in mainland China, has 13,000 head characters and defines 70,000 words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3></div> <p>Like many other languages, Chinese has absorbed a sizable number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other cultures. Most Chinese words are formed out of native Chinese morphemes, including words describing imported objects and ideas. However, direct phonetic borrowing of foreign words has gone on since ancient times. </p><p>Some early Indo-European loanwords in Chinese have been proposed, notably 'honey' (<span lang="zh">蜜</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mì</span></i>), 'lion' (<span lang="zh-Hans">狮</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">獅</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shī</span></i>), and perhaps 'horse' (<span lang="zh-Hans">马</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">馬</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mǎ</span></i>), 'pig' (<span lang="zh-Hans">猪</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">豬</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhū</span></i>), 'dog' (<span lang="zh">犬</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">quǎn</span></i>), and 'goose' (<span lang="zh-Hans">鹅</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">鵝</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">é</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient words borrowed from along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> during the Old Chinese period include 'grape' (<span lang="zh">葡萄</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pútáo</span></i>), 'pomegranate' (<span lang="zh">石榴</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shíliú</span></i>), and 'lion' (<span lang="zh-Hans">狮子</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">獅子</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shīzi</span></i>). Some words were borrowed from Buddhist scriptures, including 'Buddha' (<span lang="zh">佛</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fó</span></i>) and 'bodhisattva' (<span lang="zh-Hans">菩萨</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">菩薩</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Púsà</span></i>). Other words came from nomadic peoples to the north, such as '<a href="/wiki/Hutong" title="Hutong">hutong</a>' (<span lang="zh">胡同</span>). Words borrowed from the peoples along the Silk Road, such as 'grape' (<span lang="zh">葡萄</span>), generally have Persian etymologies. Buddhist terminology is generally derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, the liturgical languages of northern India. Words borrowed from the nomadic tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a>, Mongolian or northeast regions generally have <a href="/wiki/Altaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaic">Altaic</a> etymologies, such as <span lang="zh">琵琶</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">pípá</span></i>), the Chinese lute, or 'cheese or yogurt' (<span lang="zh">酪</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lào</span></i>), but from exactly which source is not always clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane2006161_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2006161-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_borrowings">Modern borrowings</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_language&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Translation_of_neologisms_into_Chinese" title="Translation of neologisms into Chinese">Translation of neologisms into Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese characters</a></div> <p>Modern neologisms are primarily translated into Chinese in one of three ways: free translation (<a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a>), phonetic translation (by sound), or <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">a combination of the two</a>. Today, it is much more common to use existing Chinese morphemes to coin new words to represent imported concepts, such as technical expressions and <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a>, wherein the Latin and Greek components are usually converted one-for-one into the corresponding Chinese characters. The word 'telephone' was initially loaned phonetically as <span lang="zh-Hans">德律风</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">德律風</span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">délǜfēng</i></span>; Shanghainese <span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="wuu-Latn">télífon</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təlɪfoŋ]</span>)—this word was widely used in Shanghai during the 1920s, but the later <span lang="zh-Hans">电话</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">電話</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">diànhuà</span></i>; 'electric speech'), built out of native Chinese morphemes became prevalent. Other examples include </p> <table cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">电视</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">電視</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">diànshì</span></i>; 'electric vision')</td> <td>'television' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">电脑</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">電腦</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">diànnǎo</span></i>; 'electric brain')</td> <td>'computer' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">手机</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">手機</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">shǒujī</span></i>; 'hand machine')</td> <td>'mobile phone' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">蓝牙</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">藍牙</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">lányá</span></i>; 'blue tooth')</td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">网志</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">網誌</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">wǎngzhì</span></i>; 'internet logbook')<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>'blog' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Occasionally, compromises between the transliteration and translation approaches become accepted, such as <span lang="zh-Hans">汉堡包</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">漢堡包</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">hànbǎobāo</span></i>; 'hamburger') from <span lang="zh-Hans">汉堡</span>; 'Hamburg' + <span lang="zh">包</span> ('bun'). Sometimes translations are designed so that they sound like the original while incorporating Chinese morphemes (<a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic matching</a>), such as <span lang="zh-Hans">马利奥</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">馬利奧</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mǎlì'ào</span></i>) for the video game character '<a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a>'. This is often done for commercial purposes, for example <span lang="zh-Hans">奔腾</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">奔騰</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">bēnténg</span></i>; 'dashing-leaping') for '<a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a>' and <span lang="zh-Hans">赛百味</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">賽百味</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sàibǎiwèi</span></i>; 'better-than hundred tastes') for '<a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a>'. </p><p>Foreign words, mainly <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>, continue to enter the Chinese language by transcription according to their pronunciations. This is done by employing Chinese characters with similar pronunciations. For example, 'Israel' becomes <span lang="zh">以色列</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yǐsèliè</span></i>), and 'Paris' becomes <span lang="zh">巴黎</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bālí</span></i>). A rather small number of direct transliterations have survived as common words, including <span lang="zh-Hans">沙发</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">沙發</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">shāfā</span></i>; 'sofa'), <span lang="zh-Hans">马达</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">馬達</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">mǎdá</span></i>; 'motor'), <span lang="zh">幽默</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">yōumò</span></i>; 'humor'), <span lang="zh-Hans">逻辑</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">邏輯</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">luóji, luójí</span></i>; 'logic'), <span lang="zh-Hans">时髦</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">時髦</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">shímáo</span></i>; 'smart (fashionable)'), and <span lang="zh">歇斯底里</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiēsīdǐlǐ</span></i>; 'hysterics'). The bulk of these words were originally coined in Shanghai during the early 20th century and later loaned from there into Mandarin, hence their Mandarin pronunciations occasionally being quite divergent from the English. For example, in Shanghainese <span lang="zh-Hans">沙发</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">沙發</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">sofa</span></i>) and <span lang="zh-Hans">马达</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">馬達</span> ('motor') sound more like their English counterparts. Cantonese differs from Mandarin with some transliterations, such as <span lang="zh">梳化</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">so1 faa3,2</span></i>; 'sofa') and <span lang="zh">摩打</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">mo1 daa2</span></i>; 'motor'). </p><p>Western foreign words representing Western concepts have influenced Chinese since the 20th century through transcription. From French, <span lang="zh">芭蕾</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">bālěi</span></i>) and <span lang="zh-Hans">香槟</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">香檳</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiāngbīn</span></i>) were borrowed for 'ballet' and 'champagne' respectively; <span lang="zh">咖啡</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">kāfēi</span></i>) was borrowed from Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">caffè</i></span> 'coffee'. The influence of English is particularly pronounced: from the early 20th century, many English words were borrowed into Shanghainese, such as <span lang="zh-Hans">高尔夫</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">高爾夫</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">gāo'ěrfū</span></i>; 'golf') and the aforementioned <span lang="zh-Hans">沙发</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">沙發</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">shāfā</span></i>; 'sofa'). Later, American <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> gave rise to <span lang="zh">迪斯科</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">dísīkē</span></i>; 'disco'), <span lang="zh-Hans">可乐</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">可樂</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">kělè</span></i>; 'cola'), and <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mínǐ</span></i> ('miniskirt'). Contemporary colloquial Cantonese has distinct loanwords from English, such as <span lang="zh">卡通</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">kaa1 tung1</span></i>; 'cartoon'), <span lang="zh">基佬</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">gei1 lou2</span></i>; 'gay people'), <span lang="zh">的士</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">dik1 si6,2</span></i>; 'taxi'), and <span lang="zh">巴士</span> (<i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">baa1 si6,2</span></i>; 'bus'). With the rising popularity of the Internet, there is a current vogue in China for coining English transliterations, for example, <span lang="zh-Hans">粉丝</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">粉絲</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">fěnsī</span></i>; 'fans'), <span lang="zh">黑客</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">hēikè</span></i>; 'hacker'), and <span lang="zh">博客</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">bókè</span></i>; 'blog'). In Taiwan, some of these transliterations are different, such as <span lang="zh">駭客</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">hàikè</span></i>; 'hacker') and <span lang="zh">部落格</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">bùluògé</span></i>; 'interconnected tribes') for 'blog'. </p><p>Another result of English influence on Chinese is the appearance of so-called <span lang="zh-Hans">字母词</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">字母詞</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">zìmǔcí</span></i>; 'lettered words') spelled with letters from the English alphabet. These have appeared in colloquial usage, as well as in magazines and newspapers, and on websites and television: </p> <table cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">三G手机</span> 'third generation of cell phones'</td> <td>←</td> <td><span lang="zh">三</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">sān</span></i>; 'three')</td> <td>+</td> <td><i>G</i>; 'generation'</td> <td>+</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">手机</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shǒujī</span></i> ('cell phone') </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">IT界</span> 'IT circles'</td> <td>←</td> <td><i>IT</i></td> <td>+</td> <td><span lang="zh">界</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiè</span></i>; 'industry') </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">CIF价</span> 'Cost, Insurance, Freight'</td> <td>←</td> <td><i>CIF</i></td> <td>+</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">价</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jià</span></i>; 'price' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">e家庭</span> 'e-home'</td> <td>←</td> <td><i>e</i>; 'electronic'</td> <td>+</td> <td><span lang="zh">家庭</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiātíng</span></i>; 'home' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">W时代</span> 'wireless era'</td> <td>←</td> <td><i>W</i>; 'wireless'</td> <td>+</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">时代</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shídài</span></i>; 'era' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">TV族</span> 'TV-watchers'</td> <td>←</td> <td><i>TV</i>; 'television'</td> <td>+</td> <td><span lang="zh">族</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">TV zú</span></i>; 'clan' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the 20th century, another source of words has been kanji: Japan re-molded European concepts and inventions into <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和製漢語</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">wasei-kango</a></i></span>, 'Japanese-made Chinese', and many of these words have been re-loaned into modern Chinese. Other terms were coined by the Japanese by giving new senses to existing Chinese terms or by referring to expressions used in classical Chinese literature. For example, <span lang="zh-Hans">经济</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">經濟</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jīngjì</span></i>; <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">経済</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">keizai</i></span> in Japanese, which in the original Chinese meant 'the workings of the state', narrowed to 'economy' in Japanese; this narrowed definition was then re-imported into Chinese. As a result, these terms are virtually indistinguishable from native Chinese words: indeed, there is some dispute over some of these terms as to whether the Japanese or Chinese coined them first. As a result of this loaning, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese share a corpus of linguistic terms describing modern terminology, paralleling the similar corpus of terms built from Greco-Latin and shared among European languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Braille</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XingshuLantingxv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/XingshuLantingxv.jpg/220px-XingshuLantingxv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/XingshuLantingxv.jpg/330px-XingshuLantingxv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/XingshuLantingxv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Lantingji_Xu" title="Lantingji Xu">Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xizhi" title="Wang Xizhi">Wang Xizhi</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">semi-cursive style</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> centers on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, which are written within imaginary square blocks, traditionally arranged in vertical columns, read from top to bottom down a column, and right to left across columns, despite alternative arrangement with rows of characters from left to right within a row and from top to bottom across rows (like English and other Western writing systems) having become more popular since the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese characters denote <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> independent of phonetic variation in different languages. Thus the character <span lang="zh">一</span> ('one') is pronounced as <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">yī</i></span> in Standard Chinese, <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">yat1</i></span> in Cantonese and <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">it</i></span> in Hokkien, a form of Min. </p><p>Most modern written Chinese is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a>, based on spoken Standard Chinese, regardless of dialectical background. Written vernacular Chinese largely replaced Literary Chinese in the early 20th century as the country's standard written language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2014_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2014-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, vocabularies from different Chinese-speaking areas have diverged, and the divergence can be observed in written Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to the divergence of variants, some unique morphemes are not found in Standard Chinese. Characters rarely used in Standard Chinese have also been created or inherited from archaic literary standards to represent these unique morphemes. For example, characters like <span lang="zh">冇</span> and <span lang="zh">係</span> are actively used in Cantonese and Hakka, while being archaic or unused in standard written Chinese. The most prominent example of a non-Standard Chinese orthography is <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a>, which is used in tabloids and on the internet among Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chinese had no uniform system of phonetic transcription until the mid-20th century, although enunciation patterns were recorded in early <a href="/wiki/Rime_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime book">rime books</a> and dictionaries. Early Indian translators, working in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, were the first to attempt to describe the sounds and enunciation patterns of Chinese in a foreign language. After the 15th century, the efforts of Jesuits and Western court missionaries resulted in some Latin character transcription/writing systems, based on various variants of Chinese languages. Some of these Latin character-based systems are still being used to write various Chinese variants in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, women in certain areas write their local Chinese language variant in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> derived from Chinese characters. The <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan language</a>, considered by many a dialect of Mandarin, is nowadays written in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> and was previously written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan people</a> are primarily Muslim and live mainly in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia; many <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a>, living mainly in China, also speak the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_characters">Chinese characters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">Chinese character classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg/220px-8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg/330px-8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg/440px-8_strokes_of_%E6%B0%B8-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><span lang="zh">永</span> is often used to illustrate the eight basic types of strokes of Chinese characters</figcaption></figure> <p>Each Chinese character represents a monosyllabic Chinese word or morpheme. In 100 CE, the famed Han dynasty scholar <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shen" title="Xu Shen">Xu Shen</a> classified characters into six categories: <a href="/wiki/Pictograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograph">pictographs</a>, simple <a href="/wiki/Ideograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograph">ideographs</a>, compound ideographs, phonetic loans, phonetic compounds, and derivative characters. Only 4% were categorized as pictographs, including many of the simplest characters, such as <span lang="zh">人</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">rén</span></i>; 'human'), <span lang="zh">日</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">rì</span></i>; 'Sun'), <span lang="zh">山</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">shān</span></i>; 'mountain'), and <span lang="zh">水</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">shuǐ</span></i>; 'water'). Between 80% and 90% were classified as phonetic compounds such as <span lang="zh">沖</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">chōng</span></i>; 'pour'), combining a phonetic component <span lang="zh">中</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhōng</span></i>) with a semantic component of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese character)">radical</a> <span lang="zh">氵</span>, a reduced form of <span lang="zh">水</span>; 'water'. Almost all characters created since have been made using this format. The 18th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i> classified characters under a now-common set of 214 radicals. </p><p>Modern characters are styled after the <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a>. Various other written styles are also used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">cursive script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">clerical script</a>. Calligraphy artists can write in Traditional and Simplified characters, but they tend to use Traditional characters for traditional art. </p><p>There are currently two systems for Chinese characters. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a>, used in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau, and many overseas Chinese-speaking communities, largely take their form from received character forms dating back to the late Han dynasty and standardized during the Ming. <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified characters</a>, introduced by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1954 to promote mass literacy, simplifies most complex traditional <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> to fewer strokes, especially by adopting common cursive <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> variants and merging characters with similar pronunciations to the one with the least strokes, among other methods. Singapore, which has a large Chinese community, was the second nation to officially adopt simplified characters—first by <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Chinese_characters" title="Singapore Chinese characters">creating its own simplified characters</a>, then by adopting entirely the PRC simplified characters. It has also become the de facto standard for younger ethnic Chinese in Malaysia. </p><p>The Internet provides practice reading each of these systems, and most Chinese readers are capable of, if not necessarily comfortable with, reading the alternative system through experience and guesswork.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-educated Chinese reader today recognizes approximately 4,000 to 6,000 characters; approximately 3,000 characters are required to read a <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers of the People's Republic of China">mainland newspaper</a>. The PRC defines literacy amongst workers as a knowledge of 2,000 characters, though this would be only functional literacy. School children typically learn around 2,000 characters whereas scholars may memorize up to 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann201027–43_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann201027–43-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large unabridged dictionary like the <i>Kangxi</i> dictionary, contains over 40,000 characters, including obscure, variant, rare, and archaic characters; fewer than a quarter of these characters are now commonly used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwoyu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gwoyu.svg/130px-Gwoyu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gwoyu.svg/195px-Gwoyu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gwoyu.svg/260px-Gwoyu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><span lang="zh-Hans">国语</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">國語</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guóyǔ</span></i>; 'National language' written in traditional and simplified forms, followed by various romanizations</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> is the process of transcribing a language into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. There are many systems of romanization for the Chinese varieties, due to the lack of a native phonetic transcription until modern times. Chinese is first known to have been written in Latin characters by Western <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christian missionaries</a> in the 16th century. </p><p>Today the most common romanization for Standard Chinese is <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, introduced in 1956 by the PRC, and later adopted by Singapore and Taiwan. Pinyin is almost universally employed now for teaching standard spoken Chinese in schools and universities across the Americas, Australia, and Europe. Chinese parents also use Pinyin to teach their children the sounds and tones of new words. In school books that teach Chinese, the pinyin romanization is often shown below a picture of the thing the word represents, with the Chinese character alongside. </p><p>The second-most common romanization system, the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>, was invented by Thomas Wade in 1859 and modified by Herbert Giles in 1892. As this system approximates the phonology of Mandarin Chinese into English consonants and vowels–it is largely an <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">anglicization</a>, it may be particularly helpful for beginner Chinese speakers of an English-speaking background. Wade–Giles was found in academic use in the United States, particularly before the 1980s, and was widely used in Taiwan until 2009. </p><p>When used within European texts, the tone transcriptions in both pinyin and Wade–Giles are often left out for simplicity; Wade–Giles's extensive use of apostrophes is also usually omitted. Thus, most Western readers will be much more familiar with <i>Beijing</i> than they will be with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Běijīng</i></span> (pinyin), and with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Taipei</i></span> than <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">T'ai<sup>2</sup>-pei<sup>3</sup></i></span> (Wade–Giles). This simplification presents syllables as homophones which are not, and therefore exaggerates the number of homophones almost by a factor of four. </p><p>For comparison: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of Mandarin romanizations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Characters</th> <th>Wade–Giles</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">中国</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">中國</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chung<sup>1</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">台湾</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">臺灣</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">T'ai<sup>2</sup>-wan<sup>1</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Táiwān</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">北京</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Pei<sup>3</sup>-ching<sup>1</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Běijīng</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">台北</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">臺北</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">T'ai<sup>2</sup>-pei<sup>3</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Táiběi</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">孫文</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Sun<sup>1</sup>-wên<sup>2</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Sūn Wén</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">毛泽东</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">毛澤東</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Mao<sup>2</sup> Tse<sup>2</sup>-tung<sup>1</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Máo Zédōng</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap=""><span lang="zh-Hans">蒋介石</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">蔣介石</span> </td> <td nowrap=""><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chiang<sup>3</sup> Chieh<sup>4</sup>-shih<sup>2</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jiǎng Jièshí</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh">孔子</span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">K'ung<sup>3</sup> Tsu<sup>3</sup></i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Kǒngzǐ</i></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other systems include <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale system</a> (invented for use by US troops during World War II), as well as distinct systems for the phonetic requirements of Cantonese, Min Nan, Hakka, and other varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_phonetic_transcriptions">Other phonetic transcriptions</h3></div> <p>Chinese varieties have been phonetically transcribed into many other writing systems over the centuries. The <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa script</a>, for example, has been very helpful in reconstructing the pronunciations of premodern forms of Chinese. <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> (or <i>zhuyin</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">semi-syllabary</a> that is still widely used in Taiwan to aid standard pronunciation. There are also at least two systems of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">cyrillization</a> for Chinese. The most widespread is the <a href="/wiki/Palladius_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladius system">Palladius system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_foreign_language">As a foreign language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_as_a_foreign_language" title="Chinese as a foreign language">Chinese as a foreign language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG/300px-Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG/450px-Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG/600px-Chinese_Language_Training_at_CASA.PNG 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Yang Lingfu, former curator of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a>, giving Chinese language instruction at the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Affairs_Staging_Area" title="Civil Affairs Staging Area">Civil Affairs Staging Area</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>With the growing importance and influence of China's economy globally, Standard Chinese instruction has been gaining popularity in schools throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Mandarin, Cantonese is the only other Chinese language that is widely taught as a foreign language, largely due to the economic and cultural influence of Hong Kong and its widespread usage among significant Overseas Chinese communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakefield201945_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield201945-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, there were 2,000 foreign learners taking China's official Chinese Proficiency Test, called <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a> (HSK), comparable to the English <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_ESOL_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge ESOL examination">Cambridge Certificate</a>, but by 2005 the number of candidates had risen sharply to 117,660<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2010 to 750,000.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_computational_linguistics" title="Chinese computational linguistics">Chinese computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exclamative_particles" title="Chinese exclamative particles">Chinese exclamative particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Chinese honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_law" title="Chinese language law">Chinese language law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_word-segmented_writing" title="Chinese word-segmented writing">Chinese word-segmented writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Conference_on_Chinese_Linguistics" title="North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics">North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_the_varieties_of_Chinese" title="Protection of the varieties of Chinese">Protection of the varieties of Chinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 60em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The colloquial layers of many varieties, particularly Min varieties, reflect features that predate Middle Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988211–214Pulleyblank19843_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988211–214Pulleyblank19843-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard Chinese is an official language throughout China. Cantonese is a co-official language specifically in Hong Kong and Macao.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandarin, Hakka, and Hokkien.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialect-perspective-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dialect-perspective_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chinese" refers collectively to the various language varieties that have descended from Old Chinese: native speakers often consider these to be "dialects" of a single language—though the Chinese term <span lang="zh">方言</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fāngyán</span></i>; 'dialect' does not carry the precise connotations of "dialect" in English—while linguists typically analyze them as separate languages. See <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various examples include:<div><ul><li>David Crystal, <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 312. "The mutual unintelligibility of the varieties is the main ground for referring to them as separate languages."</li><li>Charles N. Li, Sandra A. Thompson. <i>Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar</i> (1989), p. 2. "The Chinese language family is genetically classified as an independent branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 1. "[...] the modern Chinese dialects are really more like a family of languages [...]"</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1984">DeFrancis (1984)</a>, p. 56. "To call Chinese a single language composed of dialects with varying degrees of difference is to mislead by minimizing disparities that according to Chao are as great as those between English and Dutch. To call Chinese a family of languages is to suggest extralinguistic differences that in fact do not exist and to overlook the unique linguistic situation that exists in China."</li></ul></div> <p>Linguists in China often use a formulation introduced by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Maoji" title="Fu Maoji">Fu Maoji</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i>: <span lang="zh">《汉语在语言系属分类中相当于一个语族的地位。》</span>; "In language classification, Chinese has a status equivalent to a language family."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair199110,_21_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair199110,_21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-DeFrancis_p42-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeFrancis_p42_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeFrancis_p42_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1984">DeFrancis (1984)</a>, p. 42 counts Chinese as having 1,277 tonal syllables, and about 398 to 418 if tones are disregarded; he cites Jespersen, Otto (1928) <i>Monosyllabism in English</i>; London, p. 15 for a count of over 8000 syllables for English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using <a href="/wiki/Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese" title="Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese">Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are plural markers in the language, such as <span lang="zh-Hans">们</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">們</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">men</span></i>, used with personal pronouns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A distinction is made between <span lang="zh">他</span>; 'he' and <span lang="zh">她</span>; 'she' in writing, but this was only introduced in the 20th century—both characters remain exactly homophonous.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hong Kong and Macau Cantonese</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/zho">Chinese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988211–214Pulleyblank19843-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988211–214Pulleyblank19843_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 211–214; <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size">"Summary by language size"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. 3 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Summary+by+language+size&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fstatistics%2Fsize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair199110,_21-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair199110,_21_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMair1991">Mair (1991)</a>, pp. 10, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences20123,_125_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences2012">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)</a>, pp. 3, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198812–13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198812–13_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008422,_434–436-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008422,_434–436_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandel2008">Handel (2008)</a>, pp. 422, 434–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008426-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008426_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandel2008">Handel (2008)</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandel2008431_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandel2008">Handel (2008)</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988183–185-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988183–185_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchüssler20071-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchüssler20071_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchüssler2007">Schüssler (2007)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter19922–3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter19922–3_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198842–45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198842–45_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992177-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992177_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992181–183-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992181–183_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchüssler200712-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchüssler200712_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchüssler2007">Schüssler (2007)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199214–15-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199214–15_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987125-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987125_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198834–42-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198834–42_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 34–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198824_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198848-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198848_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198848–49-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198848–49_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198849–51-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198849–51_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_247-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_247_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 133, 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988136-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988136_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2000549–550-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2000549–550_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoblin2000">Coblin (2000)</a>, pp. 549–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2000540–541-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2000540–541_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoblin2000">Coblin (2000)</a>, pp. 540–541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey19873–15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey19873–15_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, pp. 3–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988133_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangYang2004_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangYang2004">Zhang & Yang (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohnLee200323-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohnLee200323_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSohnLee2003">Sohn & Lee (2003)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller196729–30-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller196729–30_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1967">Miller (1967)</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornicki201175–77-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornicki201175–77_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKornicki2011">Kornicki (2011)</a>, pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornicki201167-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornicki201167_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKornicki2011">Kornicki (2011)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyake200498–99-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyake200498–99_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyake2004">Miyake (2004)</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990120–121-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990120–121_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShibatani1990">Shibatani (1990)</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn200189-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn200189_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSohn2001">Sohn (2001)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990146-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990146_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShibatani1990">Shibatani (1990)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200043-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200043_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson (2000)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990143-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990143_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShibatani1990">Shibatani (1990)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman200372-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200372_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman200372_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2003">Norman (2003)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988189–191Ramsey198798-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988189–191Ramsey198798_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 189–191; <a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey198723-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey198723_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988188-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988188_49-0">^</a></b></span> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4%E3%80%8BTaigi%E8%88%87%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%95&rft.aufirst=%E4%BF%A1%E7%BF%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalk.ltn.com.tw%2Famp%2Farticle%2Fpaper%2F1309601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2010-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2010_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2010">Li (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2004-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter2004_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlöter2004">Klöter (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuo2005-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuo2005_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuo2005">Kuo (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter19927–8-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter19927–8_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198455–57-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198455–57_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1984">DeFrancis (1984)</a>, pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomason198827–28-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomason198827–28_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomason1988">Thomason (1988)</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2008-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2008_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2008">Campbell (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis198457_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1984">DeFrancis (1984)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair19917-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair19917_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMair1991">Mair (1991)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBailey1973">Bailey 1973</a>, p. 11), cited in <a href="#CITEREFGroves2010">Groves (2010)</a>, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaugen1966927-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaugen1966927_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaugen1966">Haugen (1966)</a>, p. 927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson199622-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson199622_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1996">Hudson (1996)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair199117-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMair199117_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMair1991">Mair (1991)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198852-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198852_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip199420–22-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewsYip199420–22_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewsYip1994">Matthews & Yip (1994)</a>, pp. 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrell2005" class="citation book cs1">Terrell, Peter, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+hard+is+it+to+learn+Chinese%3F&rft.date=2006-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4617646.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield201945-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakefield201945_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakefield2019">Wakefield (2019)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> "汉语水平考试中心：2005年外国考生总人数近12万",<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-01/16/content_160707.htm">Gov.cn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119094121/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-01/16/content_160707.htm">Archived</a> 19 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>, 16 January 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_lili2011" class="citation web cs1">Liu lili (27 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055803/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/27/c_13951048.htm">"Chinese language proficiency test becoming popular in Mexico"</a>. <i>Xinhua</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Chinese+language+proficiency+test+becoming+popular+in+Mexico&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft.au=Liu+lili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Fchina%2F2011-06%2F27%2Fc_13951048.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1973" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Charles James Nice (1973). <i>Variation and linguistic theory</i>. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52717-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52717-8"><bdi>978-0-226-52717-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52717-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roy+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaneselanguage0000mill_o3y1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyake2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Hideo_Miyake" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Hideo Miyake">Miyake, Marc Hideo</a> (2004). <i>Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction</i>. Routledge–Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30575-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30575-4"><bdi>978-0-415-30575-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Japanese%3A+A+Phonetic+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Routledge%E2%80%93Curzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30575-4&rft.aulast=Miyake&rft.aufirst=Marc+Hideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1988). <i>Chinese</i>. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.series=Cambridge+language+surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2003" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Jerry (2003). "The Chinese dialects: phonology". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.). <i>The Sino-Tibetan languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 72–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+dialects%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+languages&rft.pages=72-83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1129-1&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984). <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). <i>The Languages of China</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5"><bdi>978-0-691-01468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01468-5&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomaine1994" class="citation book cs1">Romaine, Suzanne (1994). <i>Language in Society: an Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875133-5"><bdi>978-0-19-875133-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+Society%3A+an+Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875133-5&rft.aulast=Romaine&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Sagart, Laurent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques" title="Guillaume Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume</a>; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin J.; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (21 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534992">"Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (21): 10317–10322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11610317S">2019PNAS..11610317S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116">10.1073/pnas.1817972116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534992">6534992</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061123">31061123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Dated+language+phylogenies+shed+light+on+the+ancestry+of+Sino-Tibetan&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=10317-10322&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6534992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11610317S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31061123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yunfan&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin+J.&rft.au=Thouzeau%2C+Valentin&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=List%2C+Johann-Mattis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6534992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchüssler2007" class="citation book cs1">Schüssler, Axel (2007). <i>ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese</i>. ABC Chinese dictionary series. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2975-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2975-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Old+Chinese&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=ABC+Chinese+dictionary+series&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2975-9&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCssler&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibatani1990" class="citation book cs1">Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). <i>The Languages of Japan</i>. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36918-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36918-3"><bdi>978-0-521-36918-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+language+surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36918-3&rft.aulast=Shibatani&rft.aufirst=Masayoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn2001" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Ho-Min (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanlanguage0000sohn"><i>The Korean Language</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36943-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36943-5"><bdi>978-0-521-36943-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36943-5&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Ho-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanlanguage0000sohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohnLee2003" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Ho-Min; Lee, Peter H. (2003). "Language, forms, prosody, and themes". In Lee, Peter H. (ed.). <i>A History of Korean Literature</i>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-73229-8"><bdi>978-1-118-73229-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-73229-8&rft.aulast=Wardaugh&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion Porter</a> (2000). <i>Chinese History: A Manual</i>. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+monograph+series&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion+Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmLiBaumannLee1987" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). <i>Language Atlas of China</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-359-085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-359-085-3"><bdi>978-962-359-085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Atlas+of+China&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-962-359-085-3&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Adolphe&rft.au=Li%2C+Rong&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Theo&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mei+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangYang2004" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004). "<i>Putonghua</i> education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong". In Zhou, Minglang (ed.). <i>Language policy in the People's Republic of China: theory and practice since 1949</i>. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 143–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-8038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Putonghua+education+and+language+policy+in+postcolonial+Hong+Kong&rft.btitle=Language+policy+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%3A+theory+and+practice+since+1949&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=143-161&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8038-8&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Bennan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Robin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmermann, Basile (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:87901">"Redesigning Culture: Chinese Characters in Alphabet-Encoded Networks"</a>. <i>Design and Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 27–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175470710X12593419555126">10.2752/175470710X12593419555126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-7075">1754-7075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53981784">53981784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Redesigning+Culture%3A+Chinese+Characters+in+Alphabet-Encoded+Networks&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-43&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53981784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1754-7075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175470710X12593419555126&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Basile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Funige%3A87901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190506151822.htm">"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily</a></i> (Press release). 6 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Sino-Tibetan+language+family+revealed+by+new+research&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2019%2F05%2F190506151822.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabloueiRund_Abdelfatah2022" class="citation web cs1">Arablouei, Ramtin; Rund Abdelfatah (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/05/25/1101378470/the-characters-that-built-china">"The Characters That Built China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Throughline" title="Throughline">Throughline</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Throughline&rft.atitle=The+Characters+That+Built+China&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Arablouei&rft.aufirst=Ramtin&rft.au=Rund+Abdelfatah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F05%2F25%2F1101378470%2Fthe-characters-that-built-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span> On the history of the standardization of Mandarin as the Chinese primary national dialect.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hannas, William C. (1997), <i>Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</i>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Orthographic+Dilemma&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1892-0&rft.aulast=Hannas&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Huang, Cheng-Teh James; Li, Yen-Hui Audrey; Li, Yafei (2009), <i>The Syntax of Chinese</i>, Cambridge Syntax Guides, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139166935">10.1017/CBO9781139166935</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59958-0"><bdi>978-0-521-59958-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209828119">209828119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syntax+of+Chinese&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Syntax+Guides&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209828119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139166935&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59958-0&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Cheng-Teh+James&rft.au=Li%2C+Yen-Hui+Audrey&rft.au=Li%2C+Yafei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Xigui" title="Qiu Xigui">Qiu, Xigui</a> (2000), <i>Chinese Writing</i>, translated by Gilbert Louis Mattos and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Jerry Norman</a>, Society for the Study of Early China and Institute of East Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7"><bdi>978-1-55729-071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Writing&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China+and+Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-071-7&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Xigui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._L._G.2013" class="citation magazine cs1">R. L. G. (6 June 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2013/06/language-borrowing">"Why So Little Chinese in English?"</a></span>. <i>Johnson</i> (blog): Language Borrowing (topic). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130620054846/http://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2013/06/language-borrowing">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+So+Little+Chinese+in+English%3F&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.au=R.+L.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fjohnson%2F2013%2F06%2Flanguage-borrowing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsu2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jing_Tsu" title="Jing Tsu">Tsu, Jing</a> (2022). <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Characters" title="Kingdom of Characters"><i>Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern</i></a>. New York: Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735214729" title="Special:BookSources/9780735214729"><bdi>9780735214729</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1246726702">1246726702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Characters%3A+The+Language+Revolution+That+Made+China+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1246726702&rft.isbn=9780735214729&rft.aulast=Tsu&rft.aufirst=Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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Chinese Text Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinalinks.osu.edu/">Marjorie Chan's ChinaLinks</a> at the Ohio State University with hundreds of links to Chinese related web pages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030244/http://chinalinks.osu.edu/">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Macau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Macau" title="Template:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Macau" title="Template talk:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Macau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Macau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Languages of Macau</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Formosan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rukaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> <ul><li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao language">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sinitic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> (Wuqiu dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabu dialect (page does not exist)">Dabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoping dialect">Raoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao'an dialect">Zhao'an</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japonic Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Singapore_Bazaar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language_loan_vocabularies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_loan_vocabularies" title="Template:Chinese loan vocabularies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_loan_vocabularies" title="Template talk:Chinese loan vocabularies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_loan_vocabularies" 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href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Chinese_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Chinese origin">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/21px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/42px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7850#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chinesisch"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4113214-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chinese language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024301">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573873">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čínština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph128222&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285631105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639127">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gflb9","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_1e9cd360c602b52c7e4b699f1a96a7c4a1f57291":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q201463","properties":{"stroke":"#000000","stroke-width":6,"stroke-opacity":0.1}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.744","walltime":"3.597","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33164,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":956879,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":136219,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":318642,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2962.175 1 -total"," 23.41% 693.522 36 Template:Navbox"," 14.32% 424.238 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 14.04% 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHymes1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlöter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornicki2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurpaska2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu_lili2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMair1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthewsYip1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyake2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulleyblank1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._L._G.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomaine1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchüssler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShibatani1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohnLee2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomason1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsu-lin1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlenbrook1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Herk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakefield2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardaughFuller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurmLiBaumannLee1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangYang2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmermann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF何2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF陳宇碩\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blist\"] = 2,\n [\"Bpmfsp\"] = 3,\n [\"Chinese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese loan vocabularies\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese tones\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 4,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive examples\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gcl\"] = 3,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 24,\n [\"IPA-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Languages of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Macau\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Singapore\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Taiwan\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM Location map\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 68,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 66,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 6,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Varies\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhc\"] = 57,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 79,\n [\"Zhl\"] = 15,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","33.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","16.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.4"],["getExpandedArgument \u003Cmw.lua:174\u003E","40","2.3"],["getmetatable \u003Cmw.lua:66\u003E","40","2.3"],["tonumber","20","1.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","20","1.1"],["[others]","280","16.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xl5gk","timestamp":"20241122140336","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chinese language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7850","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7850","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-27T15:56:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T14:25:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/Chineselanguage.svg","headline":"language group of the Sinitic languages"}</script> </body> </html>