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癌症 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-癌症的命名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#癌症的命名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>癌症的命名</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-癌症的命名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>研究史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病因學(生活方式的影響)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病因學(生活方式的影響)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>病因學(生活方式的影響)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病因學(生活方式的影響)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病理生理學(癌症的起源)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病理生理學(癌症的起源)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>病理生理學(癌症的起源)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-病理生理學(癌症的起源)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关病理生理學(癌症的起源)子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-病理生理學(癌症的起源)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分子生物學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子生物學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>分子生物學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子生物學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遺傳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺傳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>遺傳</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺傳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形態學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形態學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>形態學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形態學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行病學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>流行病學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行病學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-预防" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#预防"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>预防</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-预防-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关预防子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-预防-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-飲食與癌症" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#飲食與癌症"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>飲食與癌症</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-飲食與癌症-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因檢測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因檢測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>基因檢測</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因檢測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-診斷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#診斷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>診斷</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-診斷-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关診斷子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-診斷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-症狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#症狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>症狀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-症狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-活組織檢查" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#活組織檢查"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>活組織檢查</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-活組織檢查-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病程分期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病程分期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>病程分期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病程分期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-癌症分期與其期程特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#癌症分期與其期程特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>癌症分期與其期程特徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-癌症分期與其期程特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-篩檢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#篩檢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>篩檢</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-篩檢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>治療</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-治療-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关治療子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-手術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>手術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>化學療法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-免疫療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#免疫療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>免疫療法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-免疫療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-癌症疫苗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#癌症疫苗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>癌症疫苗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-癌症疫苗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-單株抗體療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單株抗體療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>單株抗體療法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單株抗體療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-免疫細胞療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#免疫細胞療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>免疫細胞療法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-免疫細胞療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-放射線治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#放射線治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>放射線治療</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-放射線治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-標靶治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#標靶治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>標靶治療</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-標靶治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荷爾蒙抑制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荷爾蒙抑制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>荷爾蒙抑制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荷爾蒙抑制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-症狀控制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#症狀控制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>症狀控制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-症狀控制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-實驗療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#實驗療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>實驗療法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-實驗療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-二氯乙酸鹽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二氯乙酸鹽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>二氯乙酸鹽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二氯乙酸鹽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輔助及另類療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輔助及另類療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>輔助及另類療法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輔助及另類療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">癌症</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。165种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_(Medizin)" title="Krebs (Medizin) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krebs (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ካንሰር – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካንሰር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer" title="Cáncer – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cáncer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्कट रोग – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कर्कट रोग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%A0%DC%97%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܬܠܗܝܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܠܗܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="কৰ্কট ৰোগ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৰ্কট ৰোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncanu" title="Cáncanu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cáncanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ng_x%C9%99st%C9%99liyi" title="Xərçəng xəstəliyi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xərçəng xəstəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Яман шеш – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яман шеш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie%C5%BE%C4%ABs_(l%C4%97ga)" title="Viežīs (lėga) – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Viežīs (lėga)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Злаякасная пухліна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Злаякасная пухліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Рак (захворваньне) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак (захворваньне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Рак (болест) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак (болест)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="कैंसर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैंसर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ক্যান্সার – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲས་སྐྲན། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲས་སྐྲན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krign-bev" title="Krign-bev – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krign-bev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(bolest)" title="Rak (bolest) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak (bolest)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорото хабдар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хорото хабдар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer" title="Càncer – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0ng" title="Ngàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95" title="شێرپەنجە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovina" title="Rakovina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canser" title="Canser – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canser" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A6ft" title="Kræft – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebs_(Medizin)" title="Krebs (Medizin) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krebs (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanser" title="Qanser – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qanser" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्कट रोग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कर्कट रोग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ކެންސަރު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Καρκίνος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancero" title="Kancero – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer" title="Cáncer – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hk_(haigus)" title="Vähk (haigus) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vähk (haigus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancru" title="Cancru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cancru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27%C9%93ere" title="Sa'ɓere – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sa'ɓere" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Syöpä – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hkt%C3%B5bi" title="Vähktõbi – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vähktõbi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeft" title="Kreeft – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kreeft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailse" title="Ailse – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans%C3%A8r" title="Kansèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kansèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aillse" title="Aillse – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aillse" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro" title="Cancro – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyt%C3%A3%27ai" title="Akytã'ai – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Akytã'ai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97_(%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0)" title="કર્કરોગ (કેન્સર) – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કર્કરોગ (કેન્સર)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans%E1%BA%B9%E1%BA%B9-z%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n" title="Kansẹẹ-zọ̀n – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kansẹẹ-zọ̀n" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanghyr" title="Kanghyr – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kanghyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankara" title="Sankara – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sankara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0m" title="Ngàm – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngàm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="סרטן (מחלה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן (מחלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्कट रोग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्कट रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(bolest)" title="Rak (bolest) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak (bolest)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans%C3%A8" title="Kansè – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kansè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1k_(betegs%C3%A9g)" title="Rák (betegség) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rák (betegség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Քաղցկեղ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Քաղցկեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancere" title="Cancere – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cancere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riman" title="Riman – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Riman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Боглус – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Боглус" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancero" title="Kancero – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kancero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbamein" title="Krabbamein – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krabbamein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia_maligna" title="Neoplasia maligna – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neoplasia maligna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%8D" title="悪性腫瘍 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪性腫瘍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiansa" title="Kiansa – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiansa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="სიმსივნე – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიმსივნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9j%C9%9B%C9%96%C9%9B_k%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B_(Cancer_-_maladie)" title="Pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ (Cancer - maladie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ (Cancer - maladie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Қатерлі ісік – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатерлі ісік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94" title="암 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="کَنسَر – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَنسَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AArpence" title="Şêrpence – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şêrpence" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(morbus)" title="Cancer (morbus) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer (morbus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriibs_(Krankheet)" title="Kriibs (Krankheet) – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kriibs (Krankheet)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Рак – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokolo" title="Kokolo – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kokolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanker" title="Kaanker – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaanker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancher_(medesina)" title="Cancher (medesina) – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cancher (medesina)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97%C5%BEys_(liga)" title="Vėžys (liga) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėžys (liga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93zis_(slim%C4%ABba)" title="Vēzis (slimība) – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēzis (slimība)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Рак (болест) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак (болест)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="അർബുദം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർബുദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хорт хавдар – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хорт хавдар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2" title="ကေန်သာ၊ ယဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကေန်သာ၊ ယဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कर्करोग – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah" title="Barah – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ကင်ဆာရောဂါ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်ဆာရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreevt_(Medizin)" title="Kreevt (Medizin) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kreevt (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanker" title="Kaanker – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kaanker" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="क्यान्सर – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="क्यान्सर – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreft" title="Kreft – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreft" title="Kreft – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer" title="Càncer – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Càncer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruakku" title="Ruakku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ruakku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaansarii" title="Kaansarii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaansarii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="କର୍କଟ ରୋଗ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କର୍କଟ ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੈਂਸਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowotw%C3%B3r_z%C5%82o%C5%9Bliwy" title="Nowotwór złośliwy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowotwór złośliwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرطان – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer" title="Câncer – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apanqara_unquy" title="Apanqara unquy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apanqara unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Злокачественная опухоль – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Злокачественная опухоль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Раковіна – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Раковіна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="कर्कटरोगः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कर्कटरोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="ڪينسر – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪينسر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boras" title="Boras – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Boras" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(medicina)" title="Rak (medicina) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rak (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="පිළිකා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිළිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhubn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1dor" title="Zhubný nádor – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zhubný nádor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="کینسر – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کینسر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_(bolezen)" title="Rak (bolezen) – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rak (bolezen)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomarara_(Chirwere)" title="Gomarara (Chirwere) – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gomarara (Chirwere)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansar" title="Kansar – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kansar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanceri" title="Kanceri – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanceri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Рак (болест) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рак (болест)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangker" title="Kangker – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kangker" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratani" title="Saratani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saratani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ugang" title="ugang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ugang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="புற்றுநோய் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="కాన్సర్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саратон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саратон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="มะเร็ง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensa" title="Kensa – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kensa" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzana" title="Fukuzana – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Fukuzana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Яман шеш – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яман шеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoram" title="Kokoram – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kokoram" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Злоякісна пухлина – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Злоякісна пухлина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81)" title="سرطان (عارضہ) – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرطان (عارضہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraton_(kasallik)" title="Saraton (kasallik) – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saraton (kasallik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncaro" title="Càncaro – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Càncaro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0" title="Ung thư – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnant_m%C3%A5" title="Magnant må – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Magnant må" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanser" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="კიბო – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კიბო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קענסער – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קענסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingh%27aizcwng" title="Bingh'aizcwng – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bingh'aizcwng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2m" title="Gâm – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(illness)" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12078" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于惡性上皮細胞腫瘤,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">癌</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambox_outdated_serious.svg/40px-Ambox_outdated_serious.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambox_outdated_serious.svg/60px-Ambox_outdated_serious.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambox_outdated_serious.svg/80px-Ambox_outdated_serious.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要更新</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2017年12月1日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請更新本文以反映近況和新增内容。完成修改後請移除本模板。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容<b>仅供参考</b>,並<b>不能</b>視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見,请咨询专业人士。詳見<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a></b>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">癌症<br />Cancer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">又称</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="malignancy" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="malignancy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malignancy(页面不存在)">惡性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/malignancy" class="extiw" title="en:malignancy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">malignancy</span></a></span>)</span></span>腫瘤、 惡性贅生物</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg/300px-Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg/450px-Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">直腸 <a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线计算机断层成像">CT scan</a>結果顯示一個惡性的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E7%9A%AE%E7%98%A4" title="間皮瘤">間皮瘤</a><br />Legend: → <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">贅生物</a> ←, ✱ central <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="pleural effusion" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pleural effusion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleural_effusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleural effusion(页面不存在)">pleural effusion</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pleural_effusion" class="extiw" title="en:pleural effusion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pleural effusion</span></a></span>)</span></span>, 1 & 3 <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" class="mw-disambig" title="脊椎">脊椎</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E9%AA%A8" title="肋骨">肋骨</a>s, 5 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="主動脈">主動脈</a>, 6 <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%BE%E8%84%8F" title="脾脏">脾脏</a>, 7 & 8 <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎</a>, 9 <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">读音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noexcerpt"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/En-us-cancer.ogg" title="聆聽"><img alt="聆聽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11" /></a></span><sup><span class="IPA" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-cancer.ogg" title="File:En-us-cancer.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span class="IPA nopopups" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:英語國際音標">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/:後面為主重音">ˈ</span><span title="「kind」的「k」音">k</span><span title="/æ/:「bad」的「a」音">æ</span><span title="「nigh」的「n」音">n</span><span title="「sigh」的「s」音">s</span><span title="/ər/:「letter」的「er」音">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">症状</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">莫名腫塊、莫名流血、長期咳嗽、莫名<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D" title="體重下降">體重下降</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="排便">排便</a>改變<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18554796" class="extiw" title="d:Q18554796">disease of cellular proliferation</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">赘生物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">疾病</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">病因</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草">烟草</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96%E7%97%87" title="肥胖症">肥胖症</a>、不良<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F_(%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%AD%B8)" title="飲食 (營養學)">飲食</a>習慣、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="缺乏身體運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="lack of physical activity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%94%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缺乏身體運動(页面不存在)">缺乏身體運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lack_of_physical_activity" class="extiw" title="en:lack of physical activity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">lack of physical activity</span></a></span>)</span></span>、過量<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="酒精">酒精</a>、某些<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enviro2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enviro2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="风险因素">风险因素</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E9%A3%9F" title="吸食">吸煙</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">治療</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線療法">放射線療法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学">外科</a>手術、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="化学疗法">化学疗法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%B6%E5%90%91%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" title="靶向治疗">靶向治疗</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2015Tx_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2015Tx-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">预后</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">美國:平均<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%8E%87" title="五年存活率">五年存活率</a> 66% <sup id="cite_ref-Seer2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">9050萬 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">死亡數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">880萬 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">C00-C97</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="ICD-9编码列表">9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">199</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb28843.htm">28843</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001289.htm">001289</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078" class="extiw" title="d:Q12078">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>癌症</b>(英語:<span lang="en">cancer</span>)又称<b>恶性瘤</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(malignant tumor)、<b>惡性腫瘤</b>(malignant neoplasm),是各种恶性肿瘤的统称,相对于良性<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a>,分为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="上皮癌">上皮癌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="肉瘤">肉瘤</a>两大类。癌症与良性肿瘤不同处在于:其<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>处于失控状态,生长和分裂速率快,具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E6%B6%A6" title="浸润">浸润</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="侵蚀">侵蚀</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转移(页面不存在)">转移</a>的性质,并且<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分化">分化</a>不成熟、高度退行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="发育">发育</a>,自然过程呈<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="致死性(页面不存在)">致死性</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>癌症的症状多样,除可引起局部压迫和阻塞等症状外,还可因浸润和转移而导致相应的临床表现,有时会出现<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" title="贫血">贫血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%83%AD" title="发热">发热</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E9%87%8D" title="体重">体重</a>下降、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9C%E6%B1%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夜汗(页面不存在)">夜汗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E7%97%85%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="恶病质">恶病质</a>等全身表现。 </p><p>當生物體控制細胞分裂的機制失常後,細胞異常<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">增生</a>並<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">侵犯</a>身體的其他部分就會引發<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E7%8A%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="症状">症状</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。癌细胞除了分裂失控外,还会<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E6%BD%A4_(%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" title="浸潤 (醫學)">局部侵入</a>週遭正常組織甚至經由体内<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="循環系統">循環系統</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="淋巴系統">淋巴系統</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">转移到身體其他部分</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-4292-0314-5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4292-0314-5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-3218-1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-3218-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不是所有的腫瘤都會癌化,有些細胞异常增生但不會侵犯身體其他部分则稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="良性腫瘤">良性腫瘤</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。癌症常見的<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BE%B5%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學徵象">徵象</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80" class="mw-redirect" title="症狀">症狀</a>包括新發生的腫塊、異常的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%80" title="出血">出血</a>、慢性<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD" title="咳嗽">咳嗽</a>、無法解釋的體重減輕、以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="排便">腸胃蠕動</a>的改變等等<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,但其他疾病也可能會出現這些症狀,因此發現這些症狀並不一定表示得了癌症<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在人類身上,目前已知的癌症超過一百種<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称由来、分类、辨析与命名"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0.E7.94.B1.E6.9D.A5.E3.80.81.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB.E3.80.81.E8.BE.A8.E6.9E.90.E4.B8.8E.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D"></span>名称由来、分类、辨析与命名</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:名称由来、分类、辨析与命名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Medref plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90_(%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" title="Wikipedia:可靠來源 (醫學)">可靠的醫學來源</a>,或過於依賴<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">第一手來源</a>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">无法查证</a>的內容可能會因為異議提出而移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/12px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/18px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/25px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘文">希臘文</a><span lang="grc">καρκίνωμα</span>现在作为醫學術語特指從<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上皮細胞">上皮細胞</a>所變化而成的惡性腫瘤,中文翻译成“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">癌</a>”。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%90%86%E7%B4%A2" title="克理索">克理索</a>將<span lang="grc">καρκινος</span>翻譯成拉丁文<span lang="la">cancer</span>,也就是“<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%83%E8%9F%B9" title="螃蟹">螃蟹</a>”的意思,中文将其翻译成“癌症”。另外<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋倫">蓋倫</a>則使用“<i>oncos</i>”描述所有種類的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="腫瘤">腫瘤</a>,而這也是現代<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="腫瘤學">腫瘤學</a>(<span lang="en">oncology</span>)命名的由來<sup id="cite_ref-Moss-Galen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-Galen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>19世纪起<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>人将现代癌症翻译为“癌肿”。20世纪起中国开始使用“癌”这个词稱呼此症狀<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其实中文的“癌”字最早出现于1170年东轩居士著《卫济宝书》:“痈疽五發,一曰癌……”。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%8A%E5%A3%AB%E7%80%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楊士瀛(页面不存在)">楊士瀛</a>著《仁齋直指附遺方論·卷二十二·癌》中,記載了癌的症狀:“癌者,上高下深,巖穴之狀,顆顆累垂,裂如瞽眼,其中帶青,由是簇頭,各露一舌,毒根深藏,穿孔通裡,男則多發於腹,女則多發於乳,或項或肩或臂,外證令人昏迷。”癌字從嵒,嵒即山巖,岩為巖的俗體字,古代癌、嵒、嵓、巖、岩通用,癌的本義和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%99%BD%E5%BC%82%E8%AF%BB#總論" title="文白异读">讀音</a>均同「巖」<sup id="cite_ref-中醫百病名源考_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中醫百病名源考-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,傳統中醫學常用其本義本字「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="岩">岩</a>」作為病名,指質地堅硬、表面凹凸不平、形如岩石的腫物,是以形象命名的,例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E8%8E%96%E7%99%8C" title="陰莖癌">腎岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="舌癌">舌岩</a>,多歸類於外科<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">普通話</a>中,癌症的“癌”字依造字規則應讀作ㄧㄢˊ(yán,巖),但自1950年代之前开始<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,生活中“癌”字常讀作ㄞˊ(ái,皚)。這是為了避免口語中與<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E7%97%87" title="炎症">炎症</a>混淆而更動讀音。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>1961年编修《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="新华字典">新华字典</a>》时为了同“炎症”区别,推荐“癌”读ㄞˊái。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>所以今天“皑”的发音在大陆是唯一的正确发音。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">台灣</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%AD%96%E9%80%B2%E6%9C%83" title="資訊工業策進會">資策會</a>當初編製中文輸入法時,是以中國古籍為參考,而沒有考慮到實際生活中的讀音。在普通的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%95" title="注音輸入法">注音輸入法</a>仍需輸入ㄧㄢˊ巖音才能找到「癌」字,新式注音輸入法已改。日常口语中两种发音均常见,近來已跟隨中國大陸。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1" title="臺灣話">臺灣話</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽南语">閩南語</a>)「癌」讀作「gâm」,與「炎」(iām)不同音。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粵語</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="广州话">廣州話</a>「癌」讀作「ngaam4」,與「炎」(jim4)亦不同音。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吳語</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%9D" title="上海话">上海話</a>中「癌」讀<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋe̞<sup>23</sup>/</span>,與「炎」<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɦi<sup>23</sup>/</span>的讀音也不相同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現今癌症分类主要以肿瘤来源组织的細胞类型和其生物学行为作为依据。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a>上,每一个系统和器官的肿瘤都有详尽的分类。分类一方面是为了诊断的需要,统一术语。另一方面则是出于预后方面的原因。以下的類別較為一般所接受<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-4076-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p><p>根據腫瘤的發展,可分成: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="良性腫瘤">良性腫瘤</a></li> <li>惡性腫瘤</li></ul> <p>良性腫瘤指腫瘤細胞未發生轉移與侵入周遭組織的情形,反之則稱為惡性腫瘤,多數會影響生理功能的腫瘤都是惡性腫瘤。 </p><p>若是依據生成腫瘤的來源組織細胞分類,可分成四類: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上皮細胞">上皮細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%93%E8%91%89%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="間葉細胞(页面不存在)">間葉細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="幹細胞">血液幹細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經上皮細胞">神經上皮細胞</a></li></ul> <p>雖然幾乎各類型的細胞都有可能轉變成為腫瘤細胞,但是人類的癌症絕大部分都是源自於上皮細胞所產生的惡性腫瘤,這個類別包含大多數和許多常見的癌症,包括乳癌、攝護腺癌和肺癌。<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性上皮細胞腫瘤">惡性上皮細胞腫瘤</a>又可進一步分成<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="鳞状细胞癌">惡性鱗狀上皮細胞腫瘤</a>(一般的上皮細胞所轉變),與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="惡性腺瘤(页面不存在)">惡性腺瘤</a>(來自於構成腺體的上皮細胞)<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-4076-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>其他並非源自於上皮細胞的惡性腫瘤有: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="肉瘤">肉瘤</a>:由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%B7%A0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="結締組織">結締組織</a>或來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%83%9A%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中胚層">中胚層</a>的細胞所轉變而成的腫瘤。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" title="淋巴瘤">淋巴瘤</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>:源自血液或骨髓細胞的腫瘤。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E7%9A%AE%E7%98%A4" title="間皮瘤">間皮瘤</a>:從位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C" title="腹膜">腹膜</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="肋膜">肋膜</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="間皮細胞">間皮細胞</a>轉變的腫瘤。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%86%A0%E8%B3%AA%E7%98%A4" title="神經膠質瘤">神經膠質瘤</a>:由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%86%A0%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經膠質細胞">神經膠質細胞</a>變化成腫瘤,神經膠質細胞也是最主要的一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="腦細胞">腦細胞</a>類型。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4" title="生殖细胞瘤">生殖細胞瘤</a>:腫瘤來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="生殖细胞">生殖細胞</a>,通常位在睪丸及卵巢。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="胎盤瘤">胎盤瘤</a>:從胎盤細胞變化的腫瘤。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="癌症的命名"><span id=".E7.99.8C.E7.97.87.E7.9A.84.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D"></span>癌症的命名</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:癌症的命名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumor,_gut_und_boeseartige.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tumor%2C_gut_und_boeseartige.png/350px-Tumor%2C_gut_und_boeseartige.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tumor%2C_gut_und_boeseartige.png/525px-Tumor%2C_gut_und_boeseartige.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Tumor%2C_gut_und_boeseartige.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>肿瘤,癌和癌症的关系</figcaption></figure> <p>正常組織轉變成腫瘤需經一連串的過程。從最初期的細胞增生,多半可藉由身體本身的防禦機制加以清除或保持穩定。到成為一團腫塊的良性腫瘤,此時身體已無法自立將其去除,而只能選擇共存。但是也並非所有良性腫瘤都會轉變成為惡性腫瘤。惡性腫瘤是指當增生的細胞侵入周遭組織,並獲得新生血管供應養分後,開始快速生長且轉移到其他組織的時候,也叫做癌症。 </p><p>肿瘤可為良性或惡性。而在腫瘤里面,那些内不含液体与囊状结构的异常新生组织块被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="固态瘤">固态瘤</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>則不屬於固態瘤<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在中文,肿瘤、癌和癌症的定义可以写作以下两条公式: </p> <ul><li>肿瘤=良性肿瘤+恶性肿瘤(癌症)</li> <li>恶性肿瘤(癌症)=癌+肉瘤+癌肉瘤<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="良性腫瘤">良性腫瘤</a>在西方语言里使用<i>-oma</i>作為词尾。而在中文领域,则一般是在细胞类型或组织名后面加一“瘤”字<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,例如,發生於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="子宮">子宮</a>平滑肌上的良性腫瘤即名為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E8%82%8C%E7%98%A4" title="子宮肌瘤">子宮肌瘤</a>。然而命名原則並不總是一致的,有些「惡性」腫瘤的名字也使用<i>-oma</i>作為字根,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%AF%8D%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4" title="神經母細胞瘤">neuroblastoma</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" title="淋巴瘤">lymphoma</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%98%A4" title="黑色素瘤">melanoma</a>。 </p><p>惡性腫瘤的命名通常使用其發生器官的拉丁文或希臘文作為字首,上述類別則作為字根來命名。對於常見的癌症,有時會使用英文的器官名來代替希臘或拉丁文名。例如,最普遍的乳癌類型即名為<i>ductal carcinoma of the breast</i>或者是<i>mammary ductal carcinoma</i>。而在中文领域,则分为两种情况。如果该恶性肿瘤是上皮组织来源的,则在上皮名称后面加一“癌”字。如果是间叶组织来源的,则被称为肉瘤。例如,生長在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>的惡性腫瘤命名即為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肝臟上皮細胞腫瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hepatocellular carcinoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟上皮細胞腫瘤(页面不存在)">肝臟上皮細胞腫瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hepatocellular_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:hepatocellular carcinoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hepatocellular carcinoma</span></a></span>)</span></span>,或简称为更常见的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%99%8C" title="肝癌">肝癌</a>”;發生在脂肪細胞則稱作<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="脂肪肉瘤">脂肪肉瘤</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="骨肉瘤">骨肉瘤</a>则是间叶组织来源的。如果一恶性肿瘤既有癌的成分,又有肉瘤成分,则被称为癌肉瘤。 </p><p>但在上述的这些命名规则之外,则有一些特殊命名的例子,例如: </p> <ul><li>白血病,精母细胞瘤,虽然被称为病和瘤,却是恶性肿瘤。</li> <li>有些恶性肿瘤,并不被称为癌或肉瘤,而是以“恶性……瘤”的名词出现,如恶性黑色素瘤。</li> <li>有的肿瘤以最初研究者的名字命名,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87%E9%87%91%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" title="霍奇金淋巴瘤">霍奇金淋巴瘤</a>。</li> <li>有些肿瘤以其细胞形态得名,如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="透明细胞肉瘤(页面不存在)">透明细胞肉瘤</a>。</li> <li>神经纤维瘤病,血管瘤病和脂肪瘤病指肿瘤多发的状态。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E8%83%8E%E7%98%A4" title="畸胎瘤">畸胎瘤</a>是性腺或胚胎剩件中的全能细胞发生的肿瘤,常发生于性腺,一般含有两个以上<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E5%B1%82" title="胚层">胚层</a>的成分,结构混乱,也有良性和恶性之分。</li> <li>有些肿瘤的形态类似于某些幼稚组织,称为“母细胞瘤”。其中也有良性和恶性之分,良性者如骨母细胞瘤,恶性的则有神经母细胞瘤<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究史"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.8F.B2"></span>研究史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:研究史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症的历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of cancer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症的历史(页面不存在)">癌症的历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:History of cancer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of cancer</span></a></span>)</span></span></div> <p>癌症在人类的历史中一直存在着<sup id="cite_ref-Hist1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有关癌症的最早记录来自于古埃及人在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%99%E8%8D%89%E6%96%87%E7%A8%BF" title="艾德溫·史密斯紙草文稿">艾德溫·史密斯紙草文稿</a>对胸腺癌的记载,受限于当时的医学,他们在文稿上写下了“此病无药可救”<sup id="cite_ref-Hist1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。古希臘學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a>曾經描述了一些癌症的症狀。他把<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="良性腫瘤">良性腫瘤</a>稱為<span lang="grc">ὄγκος</span>,意为膨脹、腫塊。惡性腫瘤則稱<span lang="grc">καρκίνος</span>,意为<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%83%E8%9F%B9" title="螃蟹">螃蟹</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BE%99%E8%99%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="小龙虾">小龍蝦</a>。這樣的命名可能來自於惡性腫瘤的表面形狀:惡性腫瘤通常有一個堅實的中心,然後向周遭伸出一些分支,就像螃蟹的形狀。並且在<span lang="grc">καρκίνος</span>之後加上了代表膨脹、腫塊的字根<span lang="grc">-ωμα</span>,組成<span lang="grc">καρκίνωμα</span><sup id="cite_ref-Hist1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為希波克拉底反對希臘傳統打開身體的作法,他的描述中僅有在外觀可見的腫瘤,例如位於皮膚、鼻子或乳房上的腫瘤。而治療的方式也是根據其所提出的人類健康是由四種體液(<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%86%BD%E6%B1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黑膽汁">黑膽汁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%86%BD%E6%B1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="黃膽汁">黃膽汁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液">血液</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%B0" title="痰">痰</a>)所達成平衡的理論來進行(<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E6%B6%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" title="體液學說">體液學說</a>)。根據患者的四種體液平衡狀態不同,有飲食、放血、使用瀉藥等治療方法。雖然數個世紀後的現在,我們已經知道癌症可能發生在身體的任何地方,但直到發現癌症是由異常細胞所引起的疾病之前,根據體液理論的治療方式仍舊普遍使用來治療癌症。 </p><p>即使治療方法並未改變,在16世紀與17世紀時,經醫生解剖屍體尋找病因變得較可為大眾接受。德國教授<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威赫姆·法布里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wilhelm Fabry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E8%B5%AB%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威赫姆·法布里(页面不存在)">威赫姆·法布里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Fabry" class="extiw" title="en:Wilhelm Fabry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wilhelm Fabry</span></a></span>)</span></span>認為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>是由乳汁在輸乳管中造成的凝塊引起。荷蘭教授<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法蘭柯斯·狄·拉·波·希維斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francois de la Boe Sylvius"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法蘭柯斯·狄·拉·波·希維斯(页面不存在)">法蘭柯斯·狄·拉·波·希維斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_de_la_Boe_Sylvius" class="extiw" title="en:Francois de la Boe Sylvius"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francois de la Boe Sylvius</span></a></span>)</span></span>,相信所有疾病都是化學反應的結果,而酸性淋巴液則是癌症的起因。他的同儕<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可雷斯·托普">尼可雷斯·托普</a>則認為癌症是一種慢慢地散播且具傳染性的毒物<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-679-43459-3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-679-43459-3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到了18世紀,由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>的普遍使用,科學家發現了「癌毒」會從原本腫瘤生長處透過淋巴結轉移到身體其他部位(遠端轉移)。但是由於衛生的問題,以手術治療癌症並無法有很好的結果。有名的蘇格蘭外科醫生<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山德·蒙羅" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander Monro"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山德·蒙羅(页面不存在)">亞歷山德·蒙羅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Monro" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander Monro"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander Monro</span></a></span>)</span></span>在60名手術成功的病例中,僅2名乳癌患者存活二年以上。進入19世紀後,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無菌法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="asepsis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E8%8F%8C%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無菌法(页面不存在)">無菌法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/asepsis" class="extiw" title="en:asepsis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">asepsis</span></a></span>)</span></span>的使用改善了外科手術的衛生情形,並且也讓術後存活率上升。使得外科手術切除腫瘤成為癌症主要治療方式。19世紀末期時的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·科萊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Coley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%90%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·科萊(页面不存在)">威廉·科萊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coley" class="extiw" title="en:William Coley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Coley</span></a></span>)</span></span>則認為治療的成功率在無菌手術施行之前反而更高(威廉·科萊曾以注射細菌進入腫瘤的方法想要治療癌症,但結果並不明顯),癌症治療變成根據各個外科醫生在去除腫瘤上的不同想法來施行。同一時期,人的身體為不同的組織構成,組織則由細胞組成的觀念興起,體液理論有關體內化學不平衡的說法都被放置一旁。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病理學(页面不存在)">細胞病理學</a>的時代正式來臨。 </p><p>在19世紀末發現<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性元素">放射性元素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="居禮夫婦">居禮夫婦</a>,也建立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線治療">放射線治療</a>方法。這是第一個有效的非手術癌症治療方法。在此以後,外科醫生不再獨立進行治療,轉而與醫院裡的放射專家一起合作進行治療。這樣的多方面合作也使得癌症患者的治療難以如往常在家中診療,而必須在能夠結合各方面專家的醫院裡進行。這也讓許多病患的資料都能紀錄進醫院的檔案中,利用這些檔案資料,也產生了第一份以統計分析癌症病患資料的結果。 </p><p>癌症患者治療和研究的進展限於醫師間各自的研究與測試,直到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>時期,許多醫學研究中心發現同一種疾病在不同國家間的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E7%8E%87_(%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="發生率 (流行病學)">發生率</a>差別相當大,也促使各國的公共衛生組織互相通報疾病及流通醫院治療的資料,直到今日仍然是廣為各國採用。日本醫學界觀察到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B3%B6%E5%B8%82" title="廣島市">廣島</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82" title="长崎市">長崎</a>原子彈受害者的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AB%93" title="骨髓">骨髓</a>完全被毀壞。他們認為放射線可能也可用來治療有問題的骨髓,這項發現開啟了使用骨髓移植治療<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>的想法。 </p><p>從第二次世界大戰之後,癌症治療的進步建立在改進並標準化現有的治療方法。進一步則是要利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="流行病學">流行病學</a>的研究與國際合作找出新的療法。癌症研究目的在瞭解癌症的發生與過程的原因,並且希望能藉著對癌症了解程度的增加,找出能夠治療癌症的有效方法。雖然20世紀末的十年裡,科學界對癌症的形成原因和惡性腫瘤細胞的運作情形的研究有極大的進展,但是目前仍然沒有發現有效的新療法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病因學(生活方式的影響)"><span id=".E7.97.85.E5.9B.A0.E5.AD.B8.EF.BC.88.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF.EF.BC.89"></span>病因學(生活方式的影響)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:病因學(生活方式的影響)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg/300px-Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg/450px-Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg/600px-Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>肺癌發生率與抽菸有高度相關,根據上圖可發現吸煙與肺癌的關連性大約相差二十年,也就是說吸菸的影響是潛在的而非立即發生,但此兩者的相關性是確定的</figcaption></figure> <p>癌症有許多類型,因<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E7%85%99" class="mw-redirect" title="香煙">吸菸</a>而罹癌者佔了癌症死者中的22%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96%E7%97%87" title="肥胖症">肥胖</a>、飲食不佳、運動不足、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">飲酒</a>則共佔了10%<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其他可能造成癌症的因素還包括某些<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a>、暴露於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a>、以及環境汙染因子<sup id="cite_ref-Enviro2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enviro2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="發展中國家">發展中國家</a>約有20%的癌症是由於传染病(如<a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="B型肝炎">B型肝炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/C%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="C型肝炎">C型肝炎</a>、以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%B9%B3%E7%AA%81%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="人類乳突病毒">人類乳突病毒</a>等)造成<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。致癌因子通常是透過改變細胞中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">遺傳物質</a>運作<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Bio-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,通常許多這類遺傳物質的變化是癌症產生所必要的<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014Bio_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Bio-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。約5-10%的癌症是由於遺傳自雙親的基因異常<sup id="cite_ref-ACS-heredity_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-heredity-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。癌細胞持續生長而不受外在訊息調控,可能是原本正常的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="原癌基因">原癌基因</a>被激活,将细胞引入到癌变状态,但主要还是因为一些与控制細胞分裂有关的蛋白质出现異常,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="肿瘤抑制基因">腫瘤抑制基因</a>的功能失常。导致这种局面,可能是为该蛋白编码的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>因突变而出现了损伤,轉译而出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>因此也出现错误。通常要將一個正常細胞轉化成一個惡性腫瘤細胞通常需要許多次<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="突變">突變</a>,或是基因<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="轉譯">轉譯</a>為蛋白質的过程受到干扰<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-3218-1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-3218-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。引起基因突變的物质被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="致癌物質">致癌物質</a>,又以其造成基因損傷的方式可分為化學性致癌物與物理性致癌物。例如接觸<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>物質,或是一些環境因子,例如,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E7%85%99" class="mw-redirect" title="香煙">香煙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="酒精">酒精</a>。还有一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>可將本身的基因插入細胞的基因裡,激活癌基因。但突变也会自然產生,所以即使避免接觸上述的致癌因子,仍然無法完全預防癌症的產生。发生在生殖细胞的突变有可能傳至下一代。 </p><p>最近幾十年的研究中,最為確定的發現就是抽煙和癌症間密切的相關性,許多流行病學研究也已經證實這樣的關係。根據美國的數據顯示,隨著吸煙人數增加,肺癌的死亡率急劇升高。隨著近年來廣為宣導抽菸對身體的傷害之後,抽菸人口的減少,也反映在肺癌死亡率降低上。生活方式對於癌症發生確實是有影響,例如香菸、飲食、運動、酒精、曬太陽以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="性病">性病</a>等。大部分癌症都與已知的生活習慣和環境因子有關。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同時有越來越多的研究顯示,癌症發生也和體內<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%AA%E9%BB%91%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="褪黑激素">褪黑激素</a>的量相關,當需要長時間待在明亮的環境下,例如晚班的工人。或是睡眠時間較短的人,褪黑激素表現量也會偏低,而癌症的發病率較高。 </p><p>相較於遺傳性的基因缺陷,生活方式對於癌症的發生並沒有決定性的影響,這是很重要的一個觀念,現今所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="危險因子">危險因子</a>,雖然都是經過流行病學的嚴謹分析而得出的結論,但是科學的結論必須要在嚴格的條件控制之下才會成立。雖然抽菸的確會提高罹患肺癌的機率,但直到目前為止,醫學上仍舊無法精確的定義出抽菸的量,或是幾歲開始抽,一定會引起肺癌。每個人在基因上的不同,使得每個人對不同物質的反應都不相同。所以並沒有所謂絕對健康的生活方式,坊間許多生機飲食和眾多號稱防癌的健康食品,所能得到的效果並不大。不需要杞人憂天的飲食及生活,即使是癌症病患,只要保持正常生活,適當補充養分即可。但是有些高危險因子是所有人都應該要小心避免的,例如抽菸、喝酒、進食快餐和嚼檳榔等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病理生理學(癌症的起源)"><span id=".E7.97.85.E7.90.86.E7.94.9F.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.EF.BC.88.E7.99.8C.E7.97.87.E7.9A.84.E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90.EF.BC.89"></span>病理生理學(癌症的起源)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:病理生理學(癌症的起源)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%8F%98" title="癌变">癌变</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞分裂">細胞分裂</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96" title="細胞增殖">細胞增殖</a>是普遍發生在許多組織的一個生理過程。通常細胞增殖和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞凋亡">細胞凋亡</a>會達到平衡,而且受到嚴謹地調控以保證器官和組織的完整性。DNA的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="突變">突變</a>或是經遺傳得到的缺陷基因導致這些有序的過程受到改變。隨著細胞生長複製,如同滾雪球般持續累積新突變,最終不受管制而增殖的細胞通常會轉變成良性腫瘤或惡性腫瘤。<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="良性腫瘤">良性腫瘤</a>不會擴散到身體其他部份,或是侵入別的組織,除非壓迫到重要的器官,否則也不會影響生命。惡性腫瘤則會侵略其他器官,轉移到身體其他部位而危害生命<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有些並非發生在人類的癌症可能經由傳染而引起,例如發生於<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="狗">狗</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史狄可氏肉瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sticker's sarcoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E7%8B%84%E5%8F%AF%E6%B0%8F%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史狄可氏肉瘤(页面不存在)">史狄可氏肉瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticker%27s_sarcoma" class="extiw" title="en:Sticker's sarcoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sticker's sarcoma</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14783852_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14783852-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3841957_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3841957-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有病患接受器官移植,由於移植器官中帶有腫瘤,結果得到癌症。這是目前已知較類似經由傳染而得的例子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子生物學"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.AD.B8"></span>分子生物學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:分子生物學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png/250px-Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png/375px-Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png/500px-Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>癌症是由一系列的基因突變造成的。每個突變對於細胞接下來的運作都可能會有所影響。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%8F%98" title="癌变">癌变</a>意味著一連串由DNA受損而引發細胞分裂速率失控,導致癌症發生的過程。癌症是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>引起的疾病,當調控細胞生長的基因發生突變或損壞時,使得細胞失去控制,持續的生長及分裂而產生腫瘤<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-4076-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。大部分人體內的細胞是不會持續分裂生長的,除非遭遇受損,例如肝細胞、心肌細胞。但是像是由上皮細胞組成的組織,包含腸黏膜、皮膚等,均需借由複製生長來持續更新以保持功能正常。而持續的更新這些上皮細胞構成的組織是有其必要性存在的,這樣的作用可保護人體本身保持正常功能。因為上皮細胞所處的環境常接觸到外界物質或機械力的損傷,如果不能夠將受損細胞更新,必定會影響到其功能。但是具有持續生長能力的細胞,對癌症的產生就是最好的環境,對於要將其轉變成癌細胞就會簡單的多。這也是為何所有常見的癌症,多數源自於上皮細胞的原因。調控細胞生長主要有兩大類基因,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="原致癌基因">原致癌基因</a>主要是一些參與促進細胞成長、進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有絲分裂">有絲分裂</a>的基因。<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="肿瘤抑制基因">肿瘤抑制基因</a>,則是負責抑制細胞生長或是調控細胞分裂進行。一般而言,突變需要發生在調控細胞生長的重要基因上,才有機會使一個正常細胞轉化成癌細胞。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>原致癌基因透過不同途徑促使細胞成長。有些原致癌基因可調控產生刺激細胞有絲分裂的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="激素">激素</a>,(又稱作荷爾蒙,是一種在細胞間傳遞控制訊息的「化學信號」),受到激素刺激的細胞或組織的反應則受其細胞內的訊息傳遞路徑決定。有的原致癌基因也負責組成<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞訊息傳遞">細胞訊息傳遞</a>系統或訊息<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="受器">受器</a>,借由基因表現量的調控進而控制訊息傳遞系統對激素的敏感程度。此外<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="促细胞分裂剂">分裂原</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質合成</a>都常見原致癌基因的參與<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。原致癌基因的突變可能影響基因表現或是功能,導致下游蛋白質的表現或活性改變。這樣的情形發生時,原致癌基因就轉變成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="致癌基因">致癌基因</a>,帶有致癌基因的細胞則有更高的機率發生異常。因為原致癌基因參與調控的細胞的功能十分廣泛,包括細胞生長、修復和維持體內平衡,所以我們也無法將其從<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="染色體">染色體</a>中去除來避免癌症發生<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18323444_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18323444-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>腫瘤抑制基因產生的蛋白質主要的功能在於抑制細胞成長、調控<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B5%B2%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有絲分裂">有絲分裂</a>和細胞複製的過程<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14744434_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14744434-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。通常是當細胞受到環境改變或DNA受損時而表現出來的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄因子">轉錄因子</a>。當細胞偵測到發生DNA損傷時會活化細胞內的修補訊息傳遞途徑,借此促使調控細胞分裂的腫瘤抑制基因表現使細胞分裂暫停,以進行修復損壞的DNA,而DNA損傷才不會傳遞到子細胞。最有名的腫瘤抑制基因為<a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53蛋白質</a>,其本身是一個轉錄因子,可被細胞受到壓力後所產生的訊號所活化。例如,缺氧或是受到紫外線照射。在將近一半的癌症中,可發現p53功能缺失或是表現量異常。目前較確切的兩個作用分別是在細胞核中作為轉錄因子,以及在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a>中參與調控<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="細胞週期">細胞週期</a>、分裂和凋亡<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18336191_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18336191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。對於p53在細胞訊息調控以及細胞生長、凋亡的功能已經有著數量極多的研究報告<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18043262_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18043262-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15186770_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15186770-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17401432_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17401432-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。許多基因剔除的研究也指出p53對於細胞的重要性<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16038709_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16038709-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8846919_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8846919-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,所以p53在癌症的發展中必定扮演關鍵的角色,可說是研究癌症極重要的一個蛋白質<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9294187_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9294187-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>找出癌症最初發生的原因是不可能的。然而在分子生物學技術幫助之下,找出腫瘤內基因的異常則是可行的。因此根據基因與染色體變化的嚴重程度,對於預測病患<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">预后</a>情形上有迅速的進展。例如有些帶有瑕疵p53基因的腫瘤細胞,在進行化學治療時較不會發生細胞凋亡,可以預知這樣的病患會有較差的預後。基因發生突變後,細胞重新產生正常細胞沒有的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92%E9%85%B6" title="端粒酶">端粒酶</a>則能去除細胞分裂次數的障礙,使細胞能無限的生長分裂<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9294187_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9294187-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,有些突變則能使腫瘤細胞進行惡性轉移到身體其他部位,或是促進<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F" title="血管新生">血管新生</a>讓腫瘤細胞能得到更多營養的供應。 </p><p>惡性腫瘤細胞有以下幾個特性<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10647931_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10647931-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>不受細胞凋亡機制的影響</li> <li>不受限制的生長(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="不死">不死</a>,由於有大量端粒酶,細胞不受到細胞凋亡機制的調控)</li> <li>自給自足的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="生长因子">生長因子</a></li> <li>對於限制生長因子的控制不敏感</li> <li>細胞分裂速率加快</li> <li>重新獲得<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" title="细胞分化">细胞分化</a>能力</li> <li>不受細胞間<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="接触抑制(页面不存在)">接触抑制</a>所影響</li> <li>具有侵入周邊組織的能力</li> <li>進行遠端轉移到其他部位</li> <li>能促使血管新生<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4600889_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4600889-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遺傳"><span id=".E9.81.BA.E5.82.B3"></span>遺傳</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:遺傳"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>多數癌症是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自發性的" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sporadic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自發性的(页面不存在)">自發性的</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sporadic" class="extiw" title="en:sporadic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sporadic</span></a></span>)</span></span>,但是有些癌症還是與遺傳有關,通常遺傳到缺陷的腫瘤抑制基因時會有較顯著的影響和症狀。舉例而言: </p> <ul><li>遺傳性的<i>BRCA1</i>和<i>BRCA2</i>基因突變使得乳癌和卵巢癌風險升高<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9167459_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9167459-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9497246_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9497246-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多發性內分泌系統細胞增生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="multiple endocrine neoplasia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多發性內分泌系統細胞增生(页面不存在)">多發性內分泌系統細胞增生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/multiple_endocrine_neoplasia" class="extiw" title="en:multiple endocrine neoplasia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">multiple endocrine neoplasia</span></a></span>)</span></span>1型、2a型、2b型</li> <li>因p53突變而引起的李佛美尼症候群,會產生多種腫瘤,包含骨肉瘤、乳癌、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="軟組織肉瘤">軟組織肉瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="腦癌">腦瘤</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%87" title="透克氏症">透克氏症</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嘉得氏症" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gardner Syndrome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%89%E5%BE%97%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嘉得氏症(页面不存在)">嘉得氏症</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_Syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Gardner Syndrome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gardner Syndrome</span></a></span>)</span></span>,發生腦瘤、結腸息肉。</li> <li>家族性大腸息肉症,是指經遺傳得到缺陷的<i>APC</i>基因,而在年輕時大腸和結腸常有許多<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89" title="息肉">息肉</a>產生,使得到結腸癌機會增大<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17938238_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17938238-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>發生在幼童身上的視網膜母細胞瘤也是屬於遺傳性癌症的一種。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形態學"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.85.8B.E5.AD.B8"></span>形態學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:形態學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch_cancer_progression.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ch_cancer_progression.png/400px-Ch_cancer_progression.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ch_cancer_progression.png/600px-Ch_cancer_progression.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ch_cancer_progression.png/800px-Ch_cancer_progression.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>從正常組織到腫瘤組織的形態變化</figcaption></figure> <p>癌組織在顯微鏡下具有鮮明的外觀,主要是有大量分裂中的細胞、變大的細胞核、細胞大小與形狀改變、失去細胞特化的特徵、失去正常組織結構和細胞間的邊界變的不明顯。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫組織化學染色法">免疫組織化學染色法</a>和其他分子生物學標記方法可根據腫瘤細胞的特徵提早發現腫瘤,而有助於診斷和預後。 </p><p>活體組織取樣和顯微切片檢查可以區分在組織內快速增長卻又未超出組織限制的細胞是屬於惡性腫瘤或僅是正常的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞增生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hyperplasia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞增生(页面不存在)">細胞增生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hyperplasia" class="extiw" title="en:hyperplasia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hyperplasia</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-4076-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。細胞增生是可逆的過程,當正常組織受到刺激時就會發生增生的反應,例如結痂。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="異常增生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="dysplasia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異常增生(页面不存在)">異常增生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dysplasia" class="extiw" title="en:dysplasia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">dysplasia</span></a></span>)</span></span>是一種過度的細胞增加,特徵是正常組織細胞結構和安排會被破壞。通常可恢復正常,但偶爾也會逐漸轉變成為惡性腫瘤。 </p><p>最嚴重的異常增生稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8D%E7%99%8C" title="原位癌">原位癌</a>」(<span lang="la">carcinoma in situ</span>)。在拉丁文中,所謂「原位」(<span lang="la">in situ</span>)指「在此處」,因此原位癌指細胞在原本的位置不受控制的生長,不過沒有侵入周邊組織的傾向。儘管如此,原位癌仍有可能發展成為具侵略性的惡性腫瘤,如果情況允許的話,通常會經由手術來切除<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-4076-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移"><span id=".E8.85.AB.E7.98.A4.E7.B4.B0.E8.83.9E.E7.9A.84.E6.93.B4.E6.95.A3.E8.88.87.E8.BD.89.E7.A7.BB"></span>腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:腫瘤細胞的擴散與轉移"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E6%B5%B8%E6%B6%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症浸润(页面不存在)">癌症浸润</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="远端转移">遠端转移</a></div> <p>肿瘤在其生长过程中,虽然能够暂时通过建立新生血管解决自身给养问题,但是快速的增长一样会将之推向资源和空间匮乏的边缘。隨著腫瘤細胞持續生長,在這樣競爭的壓力下,这时肿瘤就会扩散。而这种肿瘤在生长过程中侵略性不断增加的过程则被称为演进(progression)。具体的行为则是生长的加快,并且开始入侵周遭的正常组织(癌症浸润),并且通过血管转移到远端(癌症转移)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行病學"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E8.A1.8C.E7.97.85.E5.AD.B8"></span>流行病學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:流行病學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>癌症的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="流行病學">流行病學</a>是利用研究癌症發生機率來推測癌症的可能成因以及相關的性質。最早可追溯到西元1775年,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="外科">外科</a>醫師<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波希瓦·帕特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Percivall Pott"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波希瓦·帕特(页面不存在)">波希瓦·帕特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percivall_Pott" class="extiw" title="en:Percivall Pott"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Percivall Pott</span></a></span>)</span></span>發現<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B0%E5%9B%8A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陰囊癌症(页面不存在)">陰囊癌症</a>在煙囪清潔工人身上發生率很高,而想要藉研究煙囪清潔工人和一般人之間的差異點找出發生陰囊癌症的成因。但是往往因為個別醫師的見解不同,對於疾病發生的原因常有不同的看法,不過當醫師們開始合作並分享診療經驗時,確切的病因就很容易經由彼此間交流的資訊而被找到。 </p><p>在1926年由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國健康部(页面不存在)">英國健康部</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="珍奈·連-克萊邦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Janet Lane-Claypon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%8D%E5%A5%88%C2%B7%E9%80%A3-%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珍奈·連-克萊邦(页面不存在)">珍奈·連-克萊邦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Lane-Claypon" class="extiw" title="en:Janet Lane-Claypon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Janet Lane-Claypon</span></a></span>)</span></span>所發表關於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>的研究報告奠定下癌症流行病學研究的基礎,在這份報告中比較了500例乳癌患者和500名有相同背景和生活方式的正常人之間的差異處。這樣開創性的研究方式由<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="理查·道爾">理查·道爾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="奧斯汀·布萊德福·希爾">奧斯汀·布萊德福·希爾</a>繼續下去,並在西元1956年時發表了「肺癌與其他死亡原因和抽煙的關係。對於英國醫師死亡率的第二份報告。」,這篇相當重要的研究文獻也被稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對英國醫師的研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="British doctors study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對英國醫師的研究(页面不存在)">對英國醫師的研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_doctors_study" class="extiw" title="en:British doctors study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">British doctors study</span></a></span>)</span></span>。1968年,理查·道爾離開<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="倫敦醫學研究中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="London Medical Research Center"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倫敦醫學研究中心(页面不存在)">倫敦醫學研究中心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Medical_Research_Center" class="extiw" title="en:London Medical Research Center"><span lang="en" dir="auto">London Medical Research Center</span></a></span>)</span></span>,到<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="牛津大學">牛津大學</a>創立研究癌症流行病學的實驗室,藉由電腦的幫助,理查·道爾的實驗室是第一個將大量癌症資料建檔並分析的地方。現代流行病學方法則與對疾病的了解以及公共衛生政策密切相關。近50年來,美國政府已花費許多力氣在搜集資料上,包括全美的醫療執業、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院">醫院</a>、省、州、甚至其他國家,藉此希望能找出環境、文化和種族間不同的因素與癌症發病率相互間的關聯與影響。 </p><p>目前癌症流行病學面臨最大的問題在於對<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症發生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="cancer incidence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症發生(页面不存在)">癌症發生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cancer_incidence" class="extiw" title="en:cancer incidence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">cancer incidence</span></a></span>)</span></span>觀念的轉變。譬如病患在50歲時經<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%88%BFX%E5%85%89%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="乳房X光攝影">乳房X光攝影</a>發現一個生長速度非常緩慢的乳癌腫瘤,可能在病患七十歲時只是發展成較為明顯的良性腫瘤。所以癌症病程的變化速度,仍舊要取決於病患本身。而診察技術的進步,的確對流行病學的資料分析與解讀有很大的影響。 </p><p>在一些西方國家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><sup id="cite_ref-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(见下表1),目前所有死亡人數的25%是因癌症死亡。而每年約有0.5%人口診斷出癌症<sup id="cite_ref-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。癌症已經超過<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="心血管疾病">心血管疾病</a>成為死亡的主要原因。許多<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="第三世界">第三世界國家</a>的癌症發病率卻反而較低(根據目前可得知的數據),可能因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">傳染病</a>、缺乏醫療資源等造成的高死亡率所導致。隨著<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%A7%E7%96%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="瘧疾">瘧疾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%B5%90%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="肺結核">肺結核</a>的控制,第三世界國家的癌症發生率則可望上升。這個現象在流行病學中稱作<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%BD%89%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病轉型">疾病轉型</a>。 </p><p>在2012年,大約有1,410萬人被检测出癌症<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,並且造成820萬人身亡(相當於全年總死亡人數的14.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。男性身上最常見的癌症包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="前列腺癌">前列腺癌</a>(攝護腺癌)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大腸直腸癌">大腸直腸癌</a>、以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌">胃癌</a>;在女性身上最常見的則是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a><sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、大腸直腸癌、肺癌和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E9%A0%B8%E7%99%8C" title="子宮頸癌">子宮頸癌</a>。兒童以<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E6%80%A7%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="急性淋巴性白血病">急性淋巴性白血病</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%98%A4" title="腦瘤">腦瘤</a>最常見,不過非洲除外,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%95%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%91%E6%B0%8F%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="非何杰金氏淋巴瘤">非何杰金氏淋巴瘤</a>在那裡更常見<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014Peads_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Peads-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。2012年,大約16.5萬個15歲以下的兒童被診斷出罹患癌症。各個年齡層的人都有可能產生癌症,由於DNA的損傷會隨著年齡而累積增加,罹癌的風險會隨著年齡的增長而升高,同時有數種癌症在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="已開發國家">已開發國家</a>較常見<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。美国每年逝世的5个人当中有一人是因癌症致死,这一数字在世界范围则是100-350/100000<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-4292-0314-5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4292-0314-5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。癌症在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="已開發國家">发达国家</a>中已成為主要死亡原因之一,在台灣則是長年位居<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中華民國十大死因列表">十大死因之首</a>。隨著人類越來越長壽及開發中國家生活習慣的改變,全球的罹癌率整體而言在上升中<sup id="cite_ref-Epi11_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epi11-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>表1:以下數據是根據美國成人的資料統計所得,在其他地區可能會有不一樣的結果: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><big>男性</big> </th> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <th colspan="2"><big>女性</big> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="170px">發生比例</th> <th width="170px">死亡比例<sup id="cite_ref-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="170px">發生比例</th> <th width="170px">死亡比例<sup id="cite_ref-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="前列腺癌">前列腺癌</a>(33%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>(31%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>(32%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>(27%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>(13%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="前列腺癌">前列腺癌</a>(10%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>(12%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>(15%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大腸直腸癌">大腸直腸癌</a>(10%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大腸直腸癌">大腸直腸癌</a>(10%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大腸直腸癌">大腸直腸癌</a>(11%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大腸直腸癌">大腸直腸癌</a>(10%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1%E7%99%8C" title="膀胱癌">膀胱癌</a>(7%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%87%9F%E7%99%8C" title="胰臟癌">胰臟癌</a>(5%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C%E7%99%8C" title="子宫内膜癌">子宮內膜癌</a>(6%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E5%B7%A2%E7%99%8C" title="卵巢癌">卵巢癌</a>(6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E7%99%8C" title="皮膚癌">皮膚癌</a>(5%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>(4%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%95%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%91%E6%B0%8F%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="非何杰金氏淋巴瘤">非何杰金氏淋巴瘤</a>(4%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%87%9F%E7%99%8C" title="胰臟癌">胰臟癌</a>(6%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>癌症流行病學的研究反映在各個國家中致癌的危險因子並不相同。在西方國家,<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%99%8C" title="肝癌">肝上皮細胞惡性腫瘤</a>是很罕見的,而在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中國</a>與其周邊國家則是主要常見的癌症之一<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18243838_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18243838-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可能是因為<a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="B型肝炎">B型肝炎</a>的流行或<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%BA%B4%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="黃麴毒素">黃麴毒素</a>的常見所引起<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18251977_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18251977-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同樣的因為吸煙在第三世界國家日趨普遍,使得肺癌的發生率在這些國家中也有逐漸升高的趨勢。 </p><p>癌症也會發生在幼兒和青少年,但較為罕見。有些研究認為小兒癌症,特別是<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>,一直在增加中<sup id="cite_ref-Haematologica2005-Dalmasso_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haematologica2005-Dalmasso-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IntJCancer2005-Agha_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntJCancer2005-Agha-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>兒童癌症發生的高峰期是出生後一年間,白血病(通常是<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="急性淋巴细胞白血病">急性淋巴细胞白血病</a>是主要發生在兒童上的惡性腫瘤<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18358930_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18358930-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,接著就是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%A8%9E%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="中樞神經系統">中樞神經系統</a>的癌症和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%AF%8D%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4" title="神經母細胞瘤">神經母細胞瘤</a>。其餘還包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E8%80%B3%E5%A7%86%E6%B0%8F%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="威耳姆氏肿瘤">威耳姆氏腫瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" title="淋巴瘤">淋巴瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%A9%AB%E7%B4%8B%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童橫紋肌肉瘤">兒童橫紋肌肉瘤</a>,源自肌肉)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C%E6%AF%8D%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4" title="视网膜母细胞瘤">视网膜母细胞瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="骨肉瘤">骨肉瘤</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%9B%A0%E6%B0%8F%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="尤因氏肉瘤">尤因氏肉瘤</a><sup id="cite_ref-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CACancerJClin2005-Jemal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>女性和男性嬰兒的癌症發生率基本上一致。但在多數癌症中,白人嬰兒比黑人嬰兒有較高的癌症發生率。得到神經母細胞瘤、威耳姆氏腫瘤或視網膜母細胞瘤的嬰兒通常可以存活,白血病則較少(80%),而發生其他類型癌症的嬰兒存活率則更低。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="预防"><span id=".E9.A2.84.E9.98.B2"></span>预防</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:预防"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>許多癌症都可以預防,預防的方式包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%83%9F" title="戒烟">戒烟</a>、不要攝取太多<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="酒精">酒精</a>、多吃<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="whole grains" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="whole grains"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whole_grains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whole grains(页面不存在)">全穀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/whole_grains" class="extiw" title="en:whole grains"><span lang="en" dir="auto">whole grains</span></a></span>)</span></span>類食品、減少<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%82%89" title="紅肉">紅肉</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="速食">速食</a>(包含<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="processed food" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="processed food"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Processed_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Processed food(页面不存在)">加工食品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/processed_food" class="extiw" title="en:processed food"><span lang="en" dir="auto">processed food</span></a></span>)</span></span>)的攝取、維持<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康體重(页面不存在)">健康體重</a>、多運動、減少<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="陽光">陽光</a>曝曬、以及注射疫苗預防某些传染病等等<sup id="cite_ref-Enviro2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enviro2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kushi2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushi2012-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。透過篩檢早期發現,對於部分的癌症(包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C" title="大腸癌">大腸直腸癌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E9%A0%B8%E7%99%8C" title="子宮頸癌">子宮頸癌</a>等)有用<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014Scr_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Scr-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>篩檢的價值則有爭議性<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014Scr_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Scr-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Got2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Got2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>癌症預防的目標就是減低癌症的發生。包含減少接觸致癌物的機會,改變飲食及生活習慣,或是醫療技術的進步(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="超音波">超音波</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振攝影">核磁共振攝影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="计算机体层成像">X射線斷層成像</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="正電子發射電腦斷層掃描">正電子發射電腦斷層掃描</a>等檢驗)。 </p><p>許多預防癌症的想法是根據流行病學的研究而來,分析病患的資料可發現生活方式或是接觸一些環境危險因子的確與特定癌症的發生機率相關。越來越多的證據顯示,根據流行病學研究所提出的建議改善,確實可以讓癌症發病率和死亡率降低。 </p><p>因為接觸危險因子而增加癌症風險的例子包括飲酒(增加罹患口腔、食道、乳房等癌症的機率),吸煙——但大約20%得到肺癌的女性從未吸煙,相對僅有10%男性肺癌病患是非吸煙者,目前推測這樣的差異是來自廚房油煙或是吸入家中其他抽菸男性的二手煙<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,缺乏運動(與結腸癌、乳癌或其他癌症有關),<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96" class="mw-redirect" title="肥胖">肥胖</a>(與結腸癌、乳癌、子宮內膜癌及其他可能的癌症)。根據流行病學研究推測,避免過量飲酒,經常運動,保持適當體重的確有助於減少某些癌症的風險。不過這些因子的影響遠小於抽菸所產生的致癌風險。其他已知會影響癌症風險的因素(無論好或壞)還有性病、服用荷爾蒙、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="放射線">輻射線</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>、化學物和某些傳染疾病等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="飲食與癌症"><span id=".E9.A3.B2.E9.A3.9F.E8.88.87.E7.99.8C.E7.97.87"></span>飲食與癌症</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:飲食與癌症"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1970 年代,美國前總統候選人<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E6%88%88%E6%96%87" title="乔治·麦戈文">乔治·麦戈文</a>(George McGovern) 集合全美許多專家學者,研究飲食習慣與癌症及慢性病的關係,於 1977 年發表了著名的長達五千多頁的〈<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國參議院營養與人類需求特別委員會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國參議院營養與人類需求特別委員會(页面不存在)">麥戈文報告</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Nutrition_and_Human_Needs" class="extiw" title="en:United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs</span></a></span>)</span></span>〉,報告的結論指出:「大部分疾病的原因來自錯誤的飲食方式」,即高脂肪的肉食習慣。飲食習慣與癌症的相關性很早就被研究。而各國間特別的飲食習慣差異,使得不同癌症間的發生率差別很大。例如常吃生食及醃漬食物的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>常見<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌">胃癌</a>的發生<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18552463_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18552463-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10334982_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10334982-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。飲食習慣主要是煎烤肉類,多油高糖的美式飲食,有可能是美國常見結腸癌的原因。1982 年,美國國家科學院發表一份飲食、營養及癌症的報告,同樣表示,以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="素食主義">素食</a>為主的飲食方式可以預防癌症。1990 年代所發表英國及德國流行病研究亦指出,素食者得到癌症的機率比葷食者低25 ~50%<sup id="cite_ref-British_Medical_Journal_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Medical_Journal-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 同時也有研究顯示,外國移民的確會受到所移民地區的飲食影響,而有產生當地常見癌症的傾向。這樣的結果暗示,不同地區的人民發生不同癌症的原因或許並非建立在遺傳基礎上而是和生活環境的差異所引起<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15761078_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15761078-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16682732_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16682732-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,但的確仍須進一步的證實。 </p><p>2007 年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界癌症基金會(页面不存在)">世界癌症基金會</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="国家癌症研究所">美國國家癌症研究所</a>,發布名為「食物、營養、身體活動和癌症預防」的世界性研究報告,明確指出植物性為主的飲食方式有預防癌症的作用,並建議大量減少肉類的攝取。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%98%BF%E8%94%94%E7%B4%A0" title="胡蘿蔔素">β胡蘿蔔素</a>的使用提供一個隨機臨床實驗的必須性和重要性的例子。流行病學家觀察到當血清中含有較高的β胡蘿蔔素時,具有保護作用並可降低癌症的風險,尤其在降低肺癌的機率上最為明顯。這樣的假設衍生出一系列在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭">芬蘭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>進行的大型隨機臨床實驗(CARET study)。在80年代和90年代中,這項研究提供β-胡蘿蔔素或安慰劑給約80,000名吸煙者與曾吸煙者。出乎意料之外,這些測試發現補充β胡蘿蔔素並未降低肺癌發生率和死亡率,反而發現受試者的肺癌發生率反而因為外加的β胡蘿蔔素而有微幅的提高,使得這項研究很快就被停止<sup id="cite_ref-CancerTopics-Bcarotene_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CancerTopics-Bcarotene-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>隨機臨床實驗也有許多的實際施行的困難,特別是在食物及維生素的試驗上。防癌食物十字花科之作用機轉: 含有吲哚類(indoles),可有效減少乳癌及卵巢癌發生機率,另外含硫代配醣體可活化肝臟解毒酵素,抑制自由基傷害細胞。 來源:花椰菜、油菜、芥藍菜、 雪裡紅、高麗菜、芥菜、大白菜、小白菜、青江菜、白蘿蔔。 </p><p>微量營養素缺乏被認為與癌症有關,但是進行隨機臨床實驗需要眾多人數參與,需時多年才能完成,因此花費也極為昂貴和複雜,所以很少實施。而通常只能以單劑量來做實驗,缺乏其他濃度比較,使得難以評估實際臨床所需的量也是一大問題。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="流行病學">流行病學</a>家及醫學研究者繼續探討癌症的相關生活因素的同時,美國醫學會所出版的著名醫學雜誌也於 2009 年刊登一篇由 美國癌症中心所主導的 50 萬人大型飲食研究,直指紅肉和加工肉 類的攝取和癌症死亡率有密切相關。這篇研究數據顯示,每天只要 吃一片炸排骨大小的肉類,10 年內光是因癌症死亡的機率就會增加 20%,更不用提及因此產生癌症的比例了<sup id="cite_ref-Arch_Intern_Med_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arch_Intern_Med-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>動物性食品可說是各大癌症共同的危險因子,不論是紅肉、白肉或乳製品都和癌症有緊密關聯。大型的世界性癌症與飲食研究,皆強烈建議減少或避免動物性食品攝取,採<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="素食主義">素食</a>降低癌症發生率。所以防癌守則:日常三餐以新鮮食材為主,以新鮮蔬果作為<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維">膳食纖維</a>的主要來源。加工、醃漬、肥肉、內臟及油炸食物應該少吃。飲料以白開水為主。每週運動至少3次,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%8E%87" title="心率">心跳</a>要達到每分鐘130下,並持續30分鐘。盡量維持正常的生活作息,注重<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="睡眠品質">睡眠品質</a>,再加上定期進行<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="體格檢查">健康檢查</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.85.B7.E6.9C.89.E9.A0.90.E9.98.B2.E7.99.8C.E7.97.87.E6.95.88.E6.9E.9C.E7.9A.84.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA"></span>其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:其他具有預防癌症效果的化學物質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%83%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%E8%8A%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="它莫西芬">它莫西芬</a>是一種合成的非類固醇類的抗雌激素。由於某些乳癌細胞會受到雌激素的刺激而加速生長,它莫西芬可以選擇性地調節<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雌激素受体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="estrogen receptor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%8C%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雌激素受体(页面不存在)">雌激素受体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/estrogen_receptor" class="extiw" title="en:estrogen receptor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">estrogen receptor</span></a></span>)</span></span>而抑制雌激素對這些細胞的作用,是目前治療乳癌時最常使用的藥物之一<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18068350_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18068350-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18400579_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18400579-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1977年,美國食品藥物檢驗局(FDA)核准其在臨床上使用,至今用在乳癌治療上已有20多年歷史。最初是治療乳癌末期的患者,近年來也用於治療初期乳癌及預防乳癌高危險群的發病機率。已經證明若是持續每天服用,約5年之後,能夠減少乳癌高危險群婦女約50%發病機率。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%BB%84%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="视黄酸">顺视黄酸</a>也可以減少<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="初期頭頸癌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="primary head and neck cancer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E9%A0%AD%E9%A0%B8%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="初期頭頸癌(页面不存在)">初期頭頸癌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/primary_head_and_neck_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:primary head and neck cancer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">primary head and neck cancer</span></a></span>)</span></span>患者發生惡性轉移的機會。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%82%A3%E7%94%BE%E8%83%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="非那甾胺">非那甾胺</a>是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="5-α還原酶抑制劑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="5-alpha-reductase inhibitor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-%CE%B1%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-α還原酶抑制劑(页面不存在)">5-α還原酶抑制劑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-alpha-reductase_inhibitor" class="extiw" title="en:5-alpha-reductase inhibitor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">5-alpha-reductase inhibitor</span></a></span>)</span></span>,能夠降低前列腺癌的風險。其他有預防作用的化學物還包括COX-2抑制劑,可抑制身體合成<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="發炎前列腺素" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="proinflammatory prostaglandins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E7%82%8E%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發炎前列腺素(页面不存在)">發炎前列腺素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proinflammatory_prostaglandins" class="extiw" title="en:proinflammatory prostaglandins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">proinflammatory prostaglandins</span></a></span>)</span></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E6%B0%A7%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="環氧合酶">環氧合酶</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因檢測"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E5.9B.A0.E6.AA.A2.E6.B8.AC"></span>基因檢測</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:基因檢測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於癌症高風險群,例如有家族病史,或是環境汙染(例如輻射屋居民)的人進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%AA%A2%E6%B8%AC" title="基因檢測">基因檢測</a>,可做較深入仔細的檢查分析,服用預防藥物。確定有癌症相關基因突變的人,可藉由預防性的手術,降低癌症機會。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="診斷"><span id=".E8.A8.BA.E6.96.B7"></span>診斷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:診斷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg/300px-Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg/450px-Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg/600px-Thorax_pa_peripheres_Bronchialcarcinom_li_OF_markiert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>胸腔X光照片顯示左肺上有一腫瘤</figcaption></figure> <p>大多數癌症最初都是因為出現症狀,或透過檢查而被發現。但確定的診斷必需要經過病理醫師經切片檢驗確認。癌症可以由症狀和徵候或透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%AF%A9%E6%AA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="癌症篩檢">篩檢</a>的方式發現<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,然後再以<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">影像</a>檢查和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%87%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="活體組織切片">切片</a>檢查來確診<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="症狀"><span id=".E7.97.87.E7.8B.80"></span>症狀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:症狀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大致上癌症的症狀可分為三類: </p> <ul><li>局部症狀:異常腫塊或腫脹(腫瘤),出血,<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B" title="疼痛">疼痛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%B0%E7%98%8D" title="潰瘍">潰瘍</a>。因為腫瘤壓迫周遭組織所引起的症狀,如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%96%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="黃疸">黃疸</a>。</li> <li>惡性轉移的症狀:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴結</a>腫大、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD" title="咳嗽">咳嗽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E8%A1%80" title="咳血">咳血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%82%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="肝肿大">肝腫大</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%A8%E9%A0%AD%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骨頭疼痛(页面不存在)">骨頭疼痛</a>、骨骼因腫瘤轉移影響發生骨折以及神經系統的症狀。雖然癌症末期會出現疼痛的現象,但疼痛往往並不是惡性轉移發生的症狀。</li> <li>全身性的症狀:體重減輕、食欲不振、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E7%97%85%E9%AB%94%E8%B3%AA" title="惡病體質">惡病體質</a>、大量出汗(夜間盜汗)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="貧血">貧血</a></li></ul> <p>此外也有稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E4%BC%B4%E9%9A%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="腫瘤伴隨症候群">腫瘤伴隨症候群</a>的症狀,指的是身體因新生恶性腫瘤而在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="荷爾蒙">荷爾蒙</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>,血液,生化过程等方面出现紊乱的臨床症狀,但與腫瘤的轉移或入侵無直接关系<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%A0%93" title="血栓">血栓</a>或荷爾蒙的變化。 </p><p>上述中各種症狀都有可能由其他的疾病引起,癌症不一定是產生這些症狀的主因,確切原因仍需要<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%91%E5%88%A5%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7" title="鑑別診斷">鑑別診斷</a>診察。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="活組織檢查"><span id=".E6.B4.BB.E7.B5.84.E7.B9.94.E6.AA.A2.E6.9F.A5"></span>活組織檢查</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:活組織檢查"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malignant_melanoma_(1)_at_thigh_Case_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Malignant_melanoma_%281%29_at_thigh_Case_01.jpg/300px-Malignant_melanoma_%281%29_at_thigh_Case_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Malignant_melanoma_%281%29_at_thigh_Case_01.jpg/450px-Malignant_melanoma_%281%29_at_thigh_Case_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Malignant_melanoma_%281%29_at_thigh_Case_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>活體組織切片後取下的組織,經染色後由病理醫師判讀,此圖所示為惡性黑色素瘤之切片</figcaption></figure> <p>病患可能經由許多症狀或檢驗結果被懷疑罹患癌症,但診斷惡性腫瘤最確定的方式就是經由病理醫師對活體組織切片或經手術取得的組織做病理檢查來證實癌細胞的存在。許多活體組織切片,例如皮膚、乳房或肝臟等,在醫師的診療室內即可取得。但是其他器官的切片,則需要在麻醉情形下在手術室進行。 </p><p>根據組織診斷可判定腫瘤的生長程度,其病程的分級和其他腫瘤特徵。這樣的資訊對於判斷病患的預後情形和選擇最佳治療方式上非常有用。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞遗传学">細胞遺傳學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫組織化學染色法">免疫組織化學染色法</a>對於提供有關癌細胞未來可能的發展情況以及選擇治療方式上,都佔有相當重要的角色。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="病程分期"><span id=".E7.97.85.E7.A8.8B.E5.88.86.E6.9C.9F"></span>病程分期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:病程分期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="癌症分期">癌症分期</a></div> <p>目前最為廣泛採用的分期方式是經由<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerstaging.org">美國癌症聯合委員會(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070228223723/http://www.cancerstaging.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)所訂定的<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,癌症分期主要依據幾個主要原則: </p> <ul><li>腫瘤產生的部位</li> <li>腫瘤的大小以及數目</li> <li>淋巴結是否被侵入以及週邊淋巴結被侵入的情形</li> <li>遠端轉移的發生與否</li></ul> <p>綜合以上的原則建立起來的腫瘤分期系統又稱為TNM分期系統,這樣的分期又可因檢驗的方式不同細分為臨床分期法(clinical staging,cTNM)、外科分期法(surgical staging,sTNM)與病理分期法(pathological staging,pTNM)。一般所採用的都是TNM分期,如果病患進行手術,手術的檢查得到的分期結果就是外科分期法,若是手術切下的標本經病理醫師判定,其結果則為病理分期法。這些分期方式的定義均由美國癌症聯合委員會和國際對抗癌症聯盟(International Union Against Cancer,UICC)共同維持並更新。 </p><p> TNM分期系統中:</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_bladder_cancer_CRUK_372.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1%E7%99%8C" title="膀胱癌">膀胱癌</a>的T分期(Diagram showing the T stages of bladder cancer CRUK 372)</figcaption></figure> <p>T分期(Tumor Developement)代表腫瘤的發展程度可分為: </p> <ul><li>TX無法找到原發性腫瘤或定義分期</li> <li>T0沒有原發性腫瘤的存在</li> <li>Tis原位癌</li> <li>T1-T4根據腫瘤大小及生長擴散情形</li></ul> <p>N分期(Nymph Affect)表示依照淋巴結受到的影響情況分成: </p> <ul><li>NX無法確定淋巴結影響分期</li> <li>N0無局部淋巴結轉移的癌細胞</li> <li>N1-N3淋巴結轉移的情形</li></ul> <p>M分期(Migration)則是根據遠端轉移的情形分成: </p> <ul><li>MX無法確定遠端轉移的分期</li> <li>M0沒有遠端轉移發生</li> <li>M1已產生遠端轉移</li></ul> <p>而根據癌症發展的程度,又可分為零、一、二、三、四期等,及早期與晚期,通常零到一期算是早期,但在不同癌症中每期的定義和治療方法都有所不同,確實的分期仍應參考美國癌症聯合委員會的定義。 </p><p>以肺癌為例<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>IA </td> <td>T1 </td> <td>N0 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IB </td> <td>T2 </td> <td>N0 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIA </td> <td>T1 </td> <td>N1 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">IIB </td> <td>T2 </td> <td>N1 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T3 </td> <td>N0 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">IIIA </td> <td>T3 </td> <td>N1 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1-3 </td> <td>N2 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">IIIB </td> <td>T4 </td> <td>N0-2 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>任何T </td> <td>N3 </td> <td>M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV </td> <td>任何T </td> <td>任何N </td> <td>M1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="癌症分期與其期程特徵"><span id=".E7.99.8C.E7.97.87.E5.88.86.E6.9C.9F.E8.88.87.E5.85.B6.E6.9C.9F.E7.A8.8B.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>癌症分期與其期程特徵</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:癌症分期與其期程特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>癌症分期與其期程特徵</b>大致上可由下表表示: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>第一期癌症</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="腫瘤">腫瘤</a>較小且尚未<a href="/wiki/Metastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasis">擴散/轉移</a>(癌細胞可被定位、手術移除,不需借助循環全身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="化學藥物治療">化學藥物治療</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>第二期癌症</td> <td>腫瘤較大但尚未擴散(癌細胞尚可被定位、手術移除,可能不需借助循環全身的化學藥物治療) </td></tr> <tr> <td>第三期癌症</td> <td>不斷增生的癌細胞撐破腫瘤,癌細胞因而<a href="/wiki/Metastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasis">擴散</a>至腫瘤<u>周遭</u>的組織及<u>鄰近</u>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴結</a>甚至更遠處。此時癌細胞流竄於原始病灶附近,必需借助循環全身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="化學治療">化學治療</a>藥物治療。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>第四期癌症</td> <td>癌細胞<a href="/wiki/Metastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasis">擴散</a>至距離原始腫瘤遙遠的器官及組織。此時癌細胞流竄於全身,必需借助循環全身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="化學治療">化學治療</a>藥物治療。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%A7%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安寧照護">安寧照護</a>將是治療選項之一。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>註解:癌細胞將於所到之處繼續失控的繁殖。舉例:若肺癌細胞<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">轉移</a>到肝臟,則肝臟將出現不斷增生的肺部細胞(不具肺功能),且此細胞具有入侵正常肝臟細胞的能力,導致肝功能不斷降低;反之,不具入侵能力但失控繁殖的細胞,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="良性腫瘤">良性腫瘤</a>。 <sup id="cite_ref-Type_2015_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Type_2015-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="篩檢"><span id=".E7.AF.A9.E6.AA.A2"></span>篩檢</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:篩檢"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%AF%A9%E6%AA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="癌症篩檢">癌症篩檢</a>,是希望在一般大眾身上提早找出潛在未發現與早期無症狀的癌症。所進行的測試必須適合廣大民眾能夠負擔,並且安全,無侵入性而且不易有<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E9%99%BD%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="假陽性">假陽性</a>結果產生。一旦發現癌症的跡象,更精確的後續檢驗,或使用侵入性手術取得組織切片以確定篩檢結果則是必要的。 </p><p>癌症篩檢可以早期發現癌症,提早治療癌症能有較好的恢復情形和延長生命。許多不同的篩檢方式已經在實際進行。例如,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%B3%E6%88%BF%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乳房自我檢查(页面不存在)">乳房自我檢查</a>等。由於乳房攝影檢查比乳房自我檢查能更早發現腫瘤存在,所以許多國家目前盡量讓所有中年婦女都能夠接受定期的乳房攝影檢查。大腸直腸癌可透過<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="糞便潛血測試" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="fecal occult blood testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%9E%E4%BE%BF%E6%BD%9B%E8%A1%80%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糞便潛血測試(页面不存在)">糞便潛血測試</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fecal_occult_blood_testing" class="extiw" title="en:fecal occult blood testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">fecal occult blood testing</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E9%8F%A1%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" title="大腸鏡檢查">大腸鏡檢查</a>提早發現。藉由切除<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潛在惡性息肉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pre-malignant polyps"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛在惡性息肉(页面不存在)">潛在惡性息肉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pre-malignant_polyps" class="extiw" title="en:pre-malignant polyps"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pre-malignant polyps</span></a></span>)</span></span>的治療,可減少發病率及死亡率。同樣地,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B0%8F%E6%B6%82%E7%89%87%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="巴氏涂片检查">子宮頸抹片檢查</a>也能使檢驗者能早期察覺癌前病變區域並加以手術切除,這些篩檢也使得子宮頸癌的發病率和死亡率大幅的減少。此外,已有建議男性應在15歲時開始定期<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="睾丸自我檢查" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="testicular self-examination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="睾丸自我檢查(页面不存在)">自我檢查睾丸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/testicular_self-examination" class="extiw" title="en:testicular self-examination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">testicular self-examination</span></a></span>)</span></span>以提早發現<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8%E7%99%8C" title="睾丸癌">睾丸癌</a>。五十歲以上的男性通常建議應該定期進行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="直腸攝護腺觸診" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="digital rectal exam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E6%94%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%85%BA%E8%A7%B8%E8%A8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直腸攝護腺觸診(页面不存在)">直腸前列腺觸診</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digital_rectal_exam" class="extiw" title="en:digital rectal exam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">digital rectal exam</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%82%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F" title="前列腺特异抗原">前列腺抗原</a>血液檢驗,可有效偵測前列腺癌的產生。 </p><p>癌症篩檢的爭議在於檢驗是否的確能夠延長生命,由於癌症的治療方法多半具有侵入性及對身體造成很大負擔,因為早期發現而進行治療反而不一定比完全不治療好。例如,在進行前列腺癌篩檢時,攝護腺抗原血液檢驗可偵測到極微小的腫瘤,但是或許終其一生,這樣的腫瘤並不會成為危及生命的問題。只是一旦經篩檢發現,一般都會進行進一步的檢驗及診療。因此就有可能發生<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="過度診斷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="overdiagnosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="過度診斷(页面不存在)">過度診斷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/overdiagnosis" class="extiw" title="en:overdiagnosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">overdiagnosis</span></a></span>)</span></span>的問題,而將病患放入不必要的併發症的風險中,如手術或放射治療的副作用與感染。用於確定診斷前列腺癌所做的前列腺組織切片可能引起的副作用,包括出血和感染。前列腺癌的治療則可能導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%B1%E7%A6%81" title="尿失禁">尿失禁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%B5%B7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="勃起功能障碍">勃起功能障礙</a>。同樣地,對於乳癌的篩檢上,近來也有批評認為在一些國家所進行的乳房篩檢計畫所引起問題遠超過所解決的。因為在一般婦女身上做篩檢,產生許多因為陽性或假陽性結果而需要做更精確檢驗的婦女,造成醫療資源的大量浪費,也帶給假陽性者的沉重心理負擔。而這樣大規模的檢驗,最後往往只是找出幾個早期乳癌患者,所耗費的社會成本是值得討論的。 </p><p>用<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a>技術檢測癌症,也遭遇類似問題。這些醫學影像檢測技術都是成本相當高且耗費時間。由於偵測的靈敏度極高,常發現<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞病變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="incidentaloma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病變(页面不存在)">細胞病變</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/incidentaloma" class="extiw" title="en:incidentaloma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">incidentaloma</span></a></span>)</span></span>,這樣的腫瘤也可以被認為惡性,而進行具有潛在危險性的治療方法。 </p><p>相反的,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B0%8F%E6%B6%82%E7%89%87%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="巴氏涂片检查">子宮頸抹片檢查</a>在所有種類的癌症篩檢中則具有最好的成本效益。以公共衛生考量來看,子宮頸癌的病程發展通常十分緩慢,長達數年,又具有明顯的危險因子(性接觸),因此有相當高的機會可在癌症仍是早期時篩檢出來,最重要的是,抹片的成本很低,能夠大量推行。基於這些原因,一項癌症篩檢是否應該進行,民眾的健康改善程度和篩檢的成本與治療的風險都必須列入考慮。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="治療"><span id=".E6.B2.BB.E7.99.82"></span>治療</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:治療"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對癌症的治療方式通常結合<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="化學療法">化學療法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射疗法">放射療法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="外科手術">手術</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%9D%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="標靶治療">標靶治療</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2015Tx_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2015Tx-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。疼痛控制與症狀控制是癌症治療中重要的一環,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%A7%E7%B7%A9%E5%92%8C%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="安寧緩和醫療">安寧緩和醫療</a>對於癌症晚期的病人來說相當重要<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。癌症病人的存活率端看癌症的種類與開始治療時的疾病狀況<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="已開發國家">已開發國家</a>兒童癌症病人的五年存活率平均高達80%<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014Peads_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Peads-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的成年癌症病人的平均五年存活率則有66%<sup id="cite_ref-Seer2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而病症的嚴重程度取決於癌細胞所在部位以及惡性生長的程度。多數癌症根據其類型、所處的部位和發展的階段可以治療甚至治癒。一旦診斷確定,癌症通常以結合手術、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="化療">化療</a>和放射療法的方式進行治療。隨著科學研究的進步,開發出許多針對特定類型癌症的藥物,也增進治療上的效果。如果癌症未經治療,通常最終結果將導致<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,也有出現因癌症未及時治療或是改用另類療法而延誤正規治療,因此影響病情的情形。 </p><p>目前治療方法有五種:外科手術、放射線治療、生物療法(包括激素治療、細胞免疫治療、標靶藥物與疫苗等)、基因療法及藥物化學療法,新的治療方法不斷推陳出新,已在臨床使用的有標靶治療、光動力療法等<sup id="cite_ref-藥理學_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-藥理學-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。治療方式的選擇取決於腫瘤的位置、惡性程度、發展程度以及病人身體狀態。一些實驗性治療癌症的方法也在發展當中。目前對於癌症治療方法的尋找,均是基於徹底清除癌細胞而不損害到其他的細胞的想法。而手術切除的方式,常因為癌細胞入侵蔓延到鄰近組織或遠端轉移而效果有限。化療則受限於對於體內其他正常組織的毒性。輻射也同樣會對正常組織造成傷害<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為「癌症」這個疾病包含許多不同種細胞產生的腫瘤,因此不會像治療一般疾病時會有單一的治療處方,也就是說單一的「癌症治療法」是不存在的。目前治療癌症通常都是依據病程的發展而綜合使用各種療法,以求達到最大的效果。例如,若是腫瘤是可藉由手術切除,通常醫生仍會並用放射線照射患處,讓癌細胞能徹底被消除。或者是因為腫瘤擴散過大,無法用手術切除,此時也可先使用化療縮小腫瘤後再尋求手術切除。 </p><p>癌症的治療無論是化療、手術或放療都是對身體有極大負擔,並且在發生惡性轉移後,無論是何種方式都是很難徹底治癒。所以在癌症的治療仍然是人類面對的極大考驗。在目前對於年老的癌症患者,或許找出能維持生活品質並讓其能平靜走向生命旅程的終點的治療方式,會是比積極消除癌細胞而使用副作用極大的治療方式要來的實際且重要。 </p><p>許多患者往往會為了工作而延誤治療致使病情惡化,得不償失。患病者應勇於告知客戶及雇主病況;而客戶及雇主則應給予患病者應有的同理與體恤。<sup id="cite_ref-empathy_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empathy-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-東森新聞雲_2017_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-東森新聞雲_2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-鏡週刊_Mirror_Media_2017_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-鏡週刊_Mirror_Media_2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TVBS_2017_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVBS_2017-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOWnews_今日新聞_2017_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOWnews_今日新聞_2017-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>也有患者因擔心西醫癌症治療的副作用而選擇逃避或相信不具實證的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="偏方">偏方</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-自由娛樂_2017_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-自由娛樂_2017-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-三立新聞網_2017_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-三立新聞網_2017-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中華民國的知名已故罹癌藝人<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E5%93%A5%E4%BA%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="猪哥亮">猪哥亮</a>曾提到:「自己應當相信<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="西醫">西醫</a>,立即住院治療,而不是病情惡化後才開刀。」 <sup id="cite_ref-自由娛樂II_2017_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-自由娛樂II_2017-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="手術"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E8.A1.93"></span>手術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:手術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>理論上,若是以手術完全移除腫瘤細胞,癌症是可以被治癒的。但並非總是如此簡單,外科手術通常無法切除已經轉移到其他部位的癌細胞。使用外科手術治療癌症的例子包括以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%88%BF%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF" title="乳房切除术">乳房切除术</a>治療乳癌或是進行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前列腺切除術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="prostatectomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前列腺切除術(页面不存在)">前列腺切除術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prostatectomy" class="extiw" title="en:prostatectomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">prostatectomy</span></a></span>)</span></span>治療<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="前列腺癌">前列腺癌</a>。手術的目的在於移除腫瘤細胞或是整個器官,雖然將主要的腫瘤經外科手術切除,但仍有些潛伏在腫瘤所生長的器官週遭的單一腫瘤細胞是無法被察覺的。隨著時間過去,又會重新生長成一個新的腫瘤,稱為癌症復發。為此,手術切除下的腫瘤需要經病理學家的檢視,以確定切下的腫瘤週遭都是正常組織,減少腫瘤切除不完全的機會。 </p><p>除了切除<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原發性腫瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="primary tumor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原發性腫瘤(页面不存在)">原發性腫瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/primary_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:primary tumor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">primary tumor</span></a></span>)</span></span>之外,癌症的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="病程分期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="staging"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%85%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="病程分期(页面不存在)">病程分期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/staging" class="extiw" title="en:staging"><span lang="en" dir="auto">staging</span></a></span>)</span></span>也需要手術的協助。例如,確定腫瘤惡化的程度與是否發生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="淋巴結轉移(页面不存在)">淋巴結轉移</a>。病程分期主要可用來推測預後和是否需要實行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輔助治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="adjuvant therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輔助治療(页面不存在)">輔助治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adjuvant_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:adjuvant therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">adjuvant therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span>。有時手術也被用來控制症狀以減輕病人痛苦,如脊髓壓迫或腸阻塞,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%93%E7%B7%A9%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="紓緩治療">紓緩治療</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學療法"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95"></span>化學療法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:化學療法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg/350px-Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg/525px-Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg/700px-Bone_marrow_biopsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>醫師正在從捐贈骨髓者的身上取出骨髓,準備將其移植進受捐贈者體內。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="化學療法">化學療法</a>(常簡稱化療)是用可以殺死癌細胞的藥物治療癌症。由於癌細胞與正常細胞最大的不同處在於快速的細胞分裂及生長,所以抗癌藥物的作用原理通常是藉由干擾細胞分裂的機制來抑制癌細胞的生長,譬如抑制DNA複製或是阻止<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色體</a>分離。多數的化療藥物都沒有專一性,所以會同時殺死進行細胞分裂的正常組織細胞,因而傷害常需要進行分裂以維持正常功能的健康組織,例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B8%E9%BB%8F%E8%86%9C%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腸黏膜細胞(页面不存在)">腸黏膜細胞</a>。不過這些組織通常在化療後也能自行修復。 </p><p>傳統化學抗癌藥物具有細胞毒性,藥物的作用機轉主要為干擾核酸之生合成或功能,包括嘌呤(purine)、嘧啶(pyrimidine)、RNA和DNA,進而抑制腫瘤細胞生長與複製。若依藥物對細胞週期之選擇性作用,可分為細胞週期專一性(cell cycle-specific; CCS)及細胞週期非專一性(cell cycle-nonspecific; CCNS)兩大類<sup id="cite_ref-藥理學_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-藥理學-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>常用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E8%8D%AF" title="抗肿瘤药">抗腫瘤藥物</a>分成六大類,包括烴基化劑(alkylating agents)、抗代謝藥物(antimetabolites)、抗生素類(antibiotics)、植物生物鹼(Alkaloids) 、固醇激素類(hormones)及其他抗癌藥物;廣義的抗腫瘤藥物則包含癌症疫苗、免疫抗體製劑等<sup id="cite_ref-藥理學_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-藥理學-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>因為有些藥品合併使用可獲得更好的效果,化學療法常常同時使用兩種或以上的藥物,稱做「綜合化學療法」,大多數病患的化療都是使用這樣的方式進行。有些癌症不做化學治療,如黑色素瘤(melanoma)、肝癌等。有些對化學療法反應敏感,如白血病、淋巴瘤及絨毛膜癌等。一般在癌症初期,可藉由外科手術或放射線治療減少癌細胞數目後,再採用免疫療法、藥物化學療法或將上述方法採階段性合併治療<sup id="cite_ref-藥理學_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-藥理學-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><br /> 治療某些白血病和淋巴瘤則需要使用高劑量的化療或<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%BA%AB%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="全身放射治療">全身放射治療</a>。這樣的治療方式是先將患者原有的骨髓細胞完全破壞,避免進行骨髓細胞移植時發生排斥作用。進行骨髓移植之後,依靠患者本身的復原能力,重新進行造血功能。移植的來源除了接受親屬或配對符合的捐贈者之外,也可將病患本身的骨髓細胞以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外周造血干细胞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="peripheral blood stem cell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%91%A8%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%80%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外周造血干细胞(页面不存在)">周邊造血幹細胞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peripheral_blood_stem_cell" class="extiw" title="en:peripheral blood stem cell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">peripheral blood stem cell</span></a></span>)</span></span>先取出存放待日後移植所需,稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自體移植" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="autologous transplantation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E9%AB%94%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自體移植(页面不存在)">自體移植</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/autologous_transplantation" class="extiw" title="en:autologous transplantation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">autologous transplantation</span></a></span>)</span></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="免疫療法"><span id=".E5.85.8D.E7.96.AB.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95"></span>免疫療法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:免疫療法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>免疫療法是利用人體內的免疫機制來對抗腫瘤細胞。已經有許多對抗癌症的免疫療法在研究中。目前較有進展的就是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症疫苗療法(页面不存在)">癌症疫苗療法</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%A0%AA%E6%8A%97%E9%AB%94%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="單株抗體治療">單株抗體療法</a>,而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫細胞療法(页面不存在)">免疫細胞療法</a>則是最近這幾年最新發展的治療技術。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="癌症疫苗"><span id=".E7.99.8C.E7.97.87.E7.96.AB.E8.8B.97"></span>癌症疫苗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:癌症疫苗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="癌症疫苗">癌症疫苗</a>為免疫療法中的其中一種,目前已有大量研究工作投入開發癌症的疫苗,希望藉此避免傳染性致癌物的影響(例如病毒)或是讓身體能對癌症的特有抗原產生免疫反應。其主要的原理是活化體內免疫細胞的所具有的專一性免疫能力,能提高免疫細胞辨識特定癌細胞的能力,強化並誘導出細胞毒殺性T淋巴球(CTL)攻擊特定癌細胞。主要功能是作為癌症手術、化學治療和放射線治療之後的輔助治療,幫助預防癌症的復發與轉移。過去在日本,針對多數固體腫瘤,已有癌症疫苗被發展使用。在2005年的十月,科學家研發出對抗人類乳突狀病毒16和18型(HPV type 16、18)的疫苗,可以保護身體不受這兩類的病毒感染,因此也可用來預防大多數是由此兩類病毒引起的子宮頸癌<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2004-Harper_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-Harper-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="單株抗體療法"><span id=".E5.96.AE.E6.A0.AA.E6.8A.97.E9.AB.94.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95"></span>單株抗體療法</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:單株抗體療法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>主要原理是使用高專一性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%A0%AA%E6%8A%97%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="單株抗體">單株抗體</a>直接結合到腫瘤細胞特有的蛋白質或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞激素">細胞激素</a>,影響腫瘤細胞的生長、引起免疫系統反應或是其他功能。已經發展的藥物有針對乳癌的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E5%A6%A5%E7%8F%A0%E5%8D%95%E6%8A%97" title="曲妥珠单抗">曲妥珠单抗</a>和針對白血病的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉妥单抗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="gemtuzumab ozogamicin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%A6%A5%E5%8D%95%E6%8A%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉妥单抗(页面不存在)">吉妥单抗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gemtuzumab_ozogamicin" class="extiw" title="en:gemtuzumab ozogamicin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">gemtuzumab ozogamicin</span></a></span>)</span></span>在臨床使用。 </p><p>另一方面,現在有些方法則是想利用身體本身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫系統">免疫系統</a>產生非專一性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫反應">免疫反應</a>來對抗癌細胞,例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡介苗膀胱內灌注免疫療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="intravesical BCG immunotherapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%8B%E8%8B%97%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1%E5%85%A7%E7%81%8C%E6%B3%A8%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡介苗膀胱內灌注免疫療法(页面不存在)">卡介苗膀胱內灌注免疫療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intravesical_BCG_immunotherapy" class="extiw" title="en:intravesical BCG immunotherapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">intravesical BCG immunotherapy</span></a></span>)</span></span>將<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%8B%E8%8B%97" title="卡介苗">卡介苗</a>灌注進入膀胱內,以引發免疫反應對抗<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="表淺性膀胱癌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="superficial bladder cancer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E6%B7%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表淺性膀胱癌(页面不存在)">表淺性膀胱癌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/superficial_bladder_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:superficial bladder cancer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">superficial bladder cancer</span></a></span>)</span></span>。此外使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="干擾素">干擾素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="白细胞介素">介白質素</a>,均可引起免疫反應。而使用疫苗所產生的免疫反應來對抗腫瘤的研究也正在進行當中,尤其是針對惡性<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%98%A4" title="黑色素瘤">黑色素瘤</a>與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腎細胞腫瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="renal cell carcinoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%8E%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腎細胞腫瘤(页面不存在)">腎細胞腫瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/renal_cell_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:renal cell carcinoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">renal cell carcinoma</span></a></span>)</span></span>)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="免疫細胞療法"><span id=".E5.85.8D.E7.96.AB.E7.B4.B0.E8.83.9E.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95"></span>免疫細胞療法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:免疫細胞療法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫細胞療法(页面不存在)">免疫細胞療法</a>是最近這幾年開發的最新技術,原理是直接將大量未分化的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%8B%80%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="樹狀細胞">樹狀細胞</a>投入腫瘤中或腫瘤周邊的血管中,能迅速且大量的強化樹狀細胞辨識特定癌細胞的能力,使樹狀細胞可在短時間內幫助輔助型T細胞(helper T cell)快速誘導出大量細胞毒殺性T淋巴球(CTL),以攻擊特定癌細胞。目前此項研究已在日本進入臨床試驗階段。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="放射線治療"><span id=".E6.94.BE.E5.B0.84.E7.B7.9A.E6.B2.BB.E7.99.82"></span>放射線治療</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:放射線治療"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線治療">放射線治療</a>(也稱放療、輻射療法)是使用輻射線殺死癌細胞,縮小腫瘤。放射治療可經由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="體外放射治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="external beam radiotherapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%96%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體外放射治療(页面不存在)">體外放射治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/external_beam_radiotherapy" class="extiw" title="en:external beam radiotherapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">external beam radiotherapy</span></a></span>)</span></span>或體內<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="近接放射治療">近接放射治療</a>。由於癌細胞的生長和分裂都較正常細胞快,藉由輻射線破壞細胞的遺傳物質,可阻止細胞生長或分裂,進而控制癌細胞的生長。不過放射治療的效果僅能侷限在接受照射的區域內。放射治療的目標則是要儘可能的破壞所有癌細胞,同時盡量減少對鄰近健康組織影響。雖然輻射線照射對癌細胞和正常細胞都會造成損傷,但大多數正常細胞可從放射治療的傷害中恢復。因此通常在臨床上,醫師與放射專家會小心計算需要的放射線劑量,同時放射治療也會分成許多次進行,讓健康的組織在每次輻射線照射的間隔中能有機會恢復。 </p><p>放射治療可用來治療發生在各個部位的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="固态瘤">固态瘤</a>,包括腦、乳房、子宮頸、咽喉、肺、胰、前列腺、皮膚、胃、子宮或軟組織的肉瘤,治療白血病和淋巴瘤有時也會使用輻射。放射治療所使用的輻射劑量取決於多項因素,例如癌症種類以及是否有可能破壞週遭組織和器官。如同其他的治療方式,放射治療仍然有其副作用存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="標靶治療"><span id=".E6.A8.99.E9.9D.B6.E6.B2.BB.E7.99.82"></span>標靶治療</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节:標靶治療"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%9D%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="標靶治療">標靶治療</a>從1990年代後期開始在治療某些類型癌症上得到明顯的效果,與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="化療">化療</a>一樣可以有效治療癌症,但是副作用與化療相較之下減少許多。分子<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%9D%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="標靶治療">標靶治療</a>(molecular target therapy)為一種免疫療法,可針對癌細胞所特有的生長因子或接受體加以阻斷,這種療法就好比「導向飛彈」,可以精確地命中目標,專一性的抑制腫瘤細胞的生長、轉移及侵入,避免傳統抗癌藥物全面破壞所帶來不必要的副作用;此外,增強宿主免疫反應的免疫療法更是重要,其他標靶抗癌方法有:增強與肺癌有關的抗癌因子(<a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a>)、抑制致癌因子、運送基因到癌細胞以增強對藥物感受性、標示出癌細胞以誘發免疫反應或誘導癌細胞凋亡: 這項治療的原理是使用具有專一性對抗癌細胞的不正常或失調蛋白質的小分子,例如,酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制劑<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%A9%AC%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="伊马替尼">伊马替尼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9D%9E%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="吉非替尼">吉非替尼</a>,以及單株抗體。此外也有使用小的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胺基酸結構" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="small peptidic structures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胺基酸結構(页面不存在)">胺基酸結構</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/small_peptidic_structures" class="extiw" title="en:small peptidic structures"><span lang="en" dir="auto">small peptidic structures</span></a></span>)</span></span>來結合細胞表面上的受器或影響腫瘤周圍的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" title="细胞外基质">細胞外基質</a>,經由結合同位素與小胺基酸結構,使其專一的結合到癌細胞上,再利用放射線殺死癌細胞<sup id="cite_ref-藥理學_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-藥理學-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott_Illustrated_Reviews:Pharmacology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荷爾蒙抑制"><span id=".E8.8D.B7.E7.88.BE.E8.92.99.E6.8A.91.E5.88.B6"></span>荷爾蒙抑制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节:荷爾蒙抑制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>某些癌症的成長會受某些荷爾蒙的增加或減少而抑制。對荷爾蒙敏感的腫瘤常見的例子有乳癌和前列腺癌,減低或增加體內<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="雌激素">雌激素</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="雄激素">雄激素</a>往往可用來做為補充治療的一種。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="症狀控制"><span id=".E7.97.87.E7.8B.80.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6"></span>症狀控制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节:症狀控制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然癌症症狀的治療並不被視為是癌症的治療方法,但對於癌症病患的生活品質有重要的幫助,也能用來評估病患是否能進一步接受其他治療。儘管所有醫師都能夠使用藥物來減輕或抑制疼痛、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉、出血及其他癌症患者常見的症狀,舒緩治療的進一步發展對於有這一方面的需求的病患仍然是相當重要的。 </p><p>止痛藥,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羥可酮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="oxycodone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A5%E5%8F%AF%E9%85%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羥可酮(页面不存在)">羥可酮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oxycodone" class="extiw" title="en:oxycodone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">oxycodone</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E5%90%90%E5%8A%91" title="止吐劑">止吐劑</a>及其他藥物用來抑制噁心和嘔吐,都是常用來減輕癌症患者症狀的藥物。 </p><p>由癌症引起的慢性疼痛幾乎都與癌症本身或治療過程(手術、放射線治療、化療)所持續造成的組織損傷有關。癌症患者的疼痛並沒有明顯的產生原因。許多發生嚴重疼痛症狀的癌症患者常常已經接近生命的終點,這時進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%91%E6%81%AF%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="姑息疗法">姑息疗法</a>會是比較好的選擇。雖然社會上普遍對使用鴉片類麻醉劑的觀感不佳,但在癌末病患的治療上,主要的考量是盡量使患者感到舒適,無論使用鴉片類麻醉劑、手術或物理療法,甚至不應考慮醫療資源的支出,而要盡力使病患能得到最好的照顧。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="實驗療法"><span id=".E5.AF.A6.E9.A9.97.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95"></span>實驗療法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节:實驗療法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床實驗</a>,是在癌症病患身上進行新的治療方法的實驗,希望找出更好的方法治療癌症,協助癌症患者恢復健康。臨床實驗測試範圍包含新的治療藥物,新的手術方法或放射治療方式,重新組合不同的療法,或發展全新的療法,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">基因療法</a>。 </p><p>臨床實驗是抗癌研究長期研發實驗的最後一個階段。找尋新的治療方法通常是在實驗室裡開始進行,研究員不斷測試和實驗新的對抗癌症的想法。如果找出有潛力的治療方式,首先要先進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="動物實驗">動物實驗</a>,觀察此新療法實際施行在生物體上是否確實有效,或是帶有未知副作用等問題。在實驗室與動物實驗都很有效並不能代表同樣的方法在人體身上能夠成功,因此要等臨床實驗結束,才能確定新的治療方法是安全有效的。 </p><p>參加臨床實驗的病患有機會得到其所參與實驗的新療法的幫助,但是新的治療方式並不保證會有良好的結果,新療法也可能有未知的風險,嚴重的話甚至會導致死亡。但如果新療法成功的話,接受實驗的病人可能會最先受益。臨床實驗在美國有相當嚴格的進行規範,無論是在人選的選擇以及藥物劑量都有標準操作原則。以避免研究者為了加速研發新藥物,不顧病患的權益,貿然在人體上進行高風險的新療法測試。實際上有許多例子也顯示,即使是通過嚴格標準篩選出可進入臨床實驗階段的抗癌藥物,在臨床上的結果並未如預期的有效。這樣的結果也反映癌症的多原性以及人體系統的複雜度,我們在抗癌藥物的研發上仍有漫長的路途要走。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二氯乙酸鹽"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E6.B0.AF.E4.B9.99.E9.85.B8.E9.B9.BD"></span>二氯乙酸鹽</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节:二氯乙酸鹽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>近期的實驗發現用來治療乳酸性酸中毒的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二氯乙酸鹽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dichloroacetate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二氯乙酸鹽(页面不存在)">二氯乙酸鹽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetate" class="extiw" title="en:Dichloroacetate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dichloroacetate</span></a></span>)</span></span>能夠調節並恢復受損<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="粒線體">粒線體</a>的正常新陳代謝功能<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16437486_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16437486-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,這樣的功能也被證明能對癌細胞發生影響。因為通常癌細胞不會進行細胞凋亡,但是二氯乙酸鹽可藉由促使細胞從乳酸循環轉變為有氧循環的效果,調節粒線體功能讓癌細胞重新恢復細胞凋亡的能力,藉以對抗癌症。在細胞層面的研究已證實二氯乙酸鹽能對實驗室培養的癌細胞株引發細胞凋亡<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18423823_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18423823-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,但相反的也有研究指出二氯乙酸鹽會造成癌症產生<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16966105_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16966105-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。所以將二氯乙酸鹽作為治癌藥物相關的研究仍有待繼續進行。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輔助及另類療法"><span id=".E8.BC.94.E5.8A.A9.E5.8F.8A.E5.8F.A6.E9.A1.9E.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95"></span>輔助及另類療法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节:輔助及另類療法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A6%E9%A1%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="另類醫學">另類醫學</a>的治療方式包含許多種類的系統或療法,此類治療以現代醫學標準的觀點來看,通常不被認為是有效及安全的。但是醫師仍然可以利用這樣的治療方法來「補充」標準治療所不能提供的,例如身體的舒適或是心靈上的平靜,重燃起患者對治療癌症的希望。 </p><p>雖然還沒有得到科學證明,也常常引起質疑,許多癌症的另類療法並未停止。另類療法背後的巨大風險、花費、潛在的副作用和幾乎毫無治療效果等問題,仍未能阻止此類療法的使用。提倡另類療法的人也往往無法或不願接受科學方法的檢驗其有效性。這樣的治療方式包括禱告和心理上的調適如「冥想」與「打坐」來幫助患者減輕疼痛和改善心情。特殊飲食,例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄為主的飲食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="grape diet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄為主的飲食(页面不存在)">葡萄為主的飲食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/grape_diet" class="extiw" title="en:grape diet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">grape diet</span></a></span>)</span></span>、以甘藍菜為主的飲食。補充營養素,例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大剂量维他命疗法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="megavitamin therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%82%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大剂量维他命疗法(页面不存在)">服用大量維他命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/megavitamin_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:megavitamin therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">megavitamin therapy</span></a></span>)</span></span>,電療,服食特殊的化合物如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="苦杏仁素">苦杏仁素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E6%A1%83%E8%8B%B7" title="扁桃苷">維他命B17</a>)。另類的醫療藥物使用方法,如服用<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B3%B6%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="胰島素">胰島素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E8%82%A0_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6)" title="灌肠 (医学)">灌腸</a>以及使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="生藥">生藥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="中藥">中藥</a>或草藥的合成物等。有些互補和另類醫學的治療方式不但無效而且還會危害病患,醫療專業人員多半不建議將其作為癌症的唯一治療方式。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节:參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%AF%8D%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4" title="神經母細胞瘤">神經母細胞瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="腫瘤幹細胞">腫瘤幹細胞</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节:參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NHS2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHS2012_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHS2012_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHS2012_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspx">Cancer - Signs and symptoms</a>. 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National Cancer Institute. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926191037/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html">存档</a>于2010-09-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=SEER+Stat+Fact+Sheets%3A+All+Cancer+Sites&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Fstatfacts%2Fhtml%2Fall.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015Pre-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.</a>. Lancet. 2016-10-08, <b>388</b> (10053): 1545–1602. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0140-6736</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 5055577</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733282"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 27733282</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+incidence%2C+prevalence%2C+and+years+lived+with+disability+for+310+diseases+and+injuries%2C+1990-2015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015.&rft.aufirst=Collaborators.&rft.aulast=GBD+2015+Disease+and+Injury+Incidence+and+Prevalence&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft.issue=10053&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1545-1602&rft.volume=388&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733282&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, <b>388</b> (10053): 1459–1544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733281"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 27733281</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2816%2931012-1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980-2015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015.&rft.aufirst=Collaborators.&rft.aulast=GBD+2015+Mortality+and+Causes+of+Death&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10053&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1459-1544&rft.volume=388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/wordDetail?subject=d71b8edc02d611ef8d5c0242ac110003&base=1">恶性瘤</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF" title="术语在线">术语在线</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="全国科学技术名词审定委员会">全国科学技术名词审定委员会</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%98%A4&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%9C%A8-%7B%7D-%E7%BA%BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2FwordDetail%3Fsubject%3Dd71b8edc02d611ef8d5c0242ac110003%26base%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">(简体中文)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/961456f67943ee06836051b256172455">惡性瘤</a>. 樂詞網. <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="國家教育研究院">國家教育研究院</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%98%A4&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%A8%82%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F961456f67943ee06836051b256172455&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">(繁體中文)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer">Cancer</a>. World Health Organization. 12 September 2018 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428135750/http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer">存档</a>于2018-04-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=Cancer&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fen%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fcancer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014_11-2"><sup><b>11.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer">Defining Cancer</a>. National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528100324/http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer">存档</a>于2016-05-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.btitle=Defining+Cancer&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Cancer+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fabout-cancer%2Funderstanding%2Fwhat-is-cancer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-4292-0314-5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-4292-0314-5_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-4292-0314-5_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Matsudaira, Paul T.; Lodish, Harvey F.; Arnold Berk; Kaiser, Chris; Monty Krieger; Matthew P Scott; Anthony Bretscher; Hidde Ploegh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbio0000harv">Molecular Cell Biology</a>. W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4292-0314-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-4292-0314-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-4292-0314-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.au=Matsudaira%2C+Paul+T.%3B+Lodish%2C+Harvey+F.%3B+Arnold+Berk%3B+Kaiser%2C+Chris%3B+Monty+Krieger%3B+Matthew+P+Scott%3B+Anthony+Bretscher%3B+Hidde+Ploegh&rft.btitle=Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4292-0314-5&rft.pub=W.H.Freeman+%26+Co+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmolecularcellbio0000harv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8153-3218-1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-3218-1_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-3218-1_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004albe">Molecular biology of the Cell</a>. New York, 2002: Garland Science. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8153-3218-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8153-3218-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8153-3218-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.au=Alberts%2C+Bruce&rft.btitle=Molecular+biology+of+the+Cell&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft.place=New+York%2C+2002&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmolecularbiology0004albe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-Galen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moss-Galen_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D <i>Galen on Cancer - How Ancient Physicians Viewed Malignant Disease</i> 1989 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerdecisions.com/speeches/galen1989.html">Speech</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111312/http://www.cancerdecisions.com/speeches/galen1989.html">存檔</a>,存档日期2011-07-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huayuqiao.org/articles/huangheqing/hhq12.htm">“癌”字探源</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-02-21</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070420180453/http://www.huayuqiao.org/articles/huangheqing/hhq12.htm">存档</a>于2007-04-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E7%99%8C%E2%80%9D%E5%AD%97%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuayuqiao.org%2Farticles%2Fhuangheqing%2Fhhq12.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-中醫百病名源考-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-中醫百病名源考_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="張綱">張綱</a>著,《中醫百病名源考》,1997,人民衛生出版社,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787117027328" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-117-02732-8</a>/R2733</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">顧伯康主編,《中醫外科學》,1995,人民衛生出版社,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787117005326" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-117-00532-6</a>/R533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">史有为,1998,《“癌”疑》,香港:《词库建设通讯》,1998年第17期。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">李荣,1990,《普通话与方言》,北京:《中国语文》,1990年第5期</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8153-4076-1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-3"><sup><b>20.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4076-1_20-4"><sup><b>20.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weinberg, Robert E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyofcancer0000wein">The biology of cancer</a>. New York: Garland Science. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8153-4076-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8153-4076-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8153-4076-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Robert+E.&rft.btitle=The+biology+of+cancer&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8153-4076-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyofcancer0000wein&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-55009-213-8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-3"><sup><b>21.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-4"><sup><b>21.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-55009-213-8_21-5"><sup><b>21.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W.; Holland, James F. Cancer medicine 6. Hamilton, Ont, 2003: BC Decker. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-55009-213-8" title="Special:网络书源/1-55009-213-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-55009-213-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.au=Frei%2C+Emil%3B+Kufe%2C+Donald+W.%3B+Holland%2C+James+F.&rft.btitle=Cancer+medicine+6&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-55009-213-8&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+Ont%2C+2003&rft.pub=BC+Decker&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_22-2"><sup><b>22.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">周桥(2003):肿瘤,出自李玉林主编的《病理学》第六版,人民卫生出版社,94页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hist1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hist1_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist1_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist1_23-2"><sup><b>23.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hajdu SI. A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 1. Cancer. March 2011, <b>117</b> (5): 1097–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20960499"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 20960499</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.25553"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/cncr.25553</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=A+note+from+history%3A+landmarks+in+history+of+cancer%2C+part+1&rft.aufirst=SI&rft.aulast=Hajdu&rft.date=2011-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.pages=1097-102&rft.volume=117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcncr.25553&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20960499&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-679-43459-3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-679-43459-3_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Yalom, Marilyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbreast00yalo">A history of the breast</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611164530/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867403010754">存档</a>于2018-06-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=Principles+of+tumor+suppression&rft.au=Sherr+CJ&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=235-46%2C+2004+PMID+14744434&rft.volume=116&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867403010754&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18336191-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18336191_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meulmeester E, Jochemsen AG. p53: a guide to apoptosis. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518012409/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00001622-200801000-00014">存档</a>于2013-05-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+p53+to+limit+tumor+growth&rft.au=Wang+W%2C+El-Deiry+WS&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Oncol&rft.pages=90-6%2C+2008+PMID+18043262&rft.volume=20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Flwwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fan%3D00001622-200801000-00014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCCO.0b013e3282f31d6f&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15186770-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15186770_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fingerman IM, Briggs SD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867404005380">p53-mediated transcriptional activation: from test tube to cell</a>. Cell: 690, 2004 <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15186770?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15186770</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-01</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.05.021"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.021</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625064624/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867404005380">存档</a>于2018-06-25).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=p53-mediated+transcriptional+activation%3A+from+test+tube+to+cell&rft.au=Fingerman+IM%2C+Briggs+SD&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=690%2C+2004+PMID+15186770&rft.volume=117&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867404005380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.05.021&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17401432-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17401432_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Joerger AC, Fersht AR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210291">Structure-function-rescue: the diverse nature of common p53 cancer mutants</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617105635/http://ent.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/2036363">存档</a>于2017-06-17) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=%EF%BC%88%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%B3%EF%BC%89%E8%B1%AC%E5%93%A5%E4%BA%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%81%8F%E6%96%B9%E5%90%9E%E4%B8%AD%E8%97%A5+%E5%8A%89%E7%A6%8F%E5%8A%A9%E5%98%86%E8%A6%8B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%86%E9%9D%A2&rft.au=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fent.ltn.com.tw%2Fnews%2Fbreakingnews%2F2036363&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-三立新聞網_2017-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-三立新聞網_2017_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">三立新聞網. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setn.com/E/News.aspx?NewsID=252691">「倒也倒在舞台上!」豬哥亮罹癌一度拒治療 堅持拍完電影 - 娛樂</a>. 三立新聞網 SETN.COM. 2017-05-15 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518221642/https://www.setn.com/E/News.aspx?NewsID=252691">存档</a>于2020-05-18) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">(中文)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E5%80%92%E4%B9%9F%E5%80%92%E5%9C%A8%E8%88%9E%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%81%E3%80%8D%E8%B1%AC%E5%93%A5%E4%BA%AE%E7%BD%B9%E7%99%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%BA%A6%E6%8B%92%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E3%80%80%E5%A0%85%E6%8C%81%E6%8B%8D%E5%AE%8C%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1+-+%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82&rft.au=%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2+SETN.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setn.com%2FE%2FNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D252691&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-自由娛樂II_2017-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-自由娛樂II_2017_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">自由娛樂. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ent.ltn.com.tw/news/breakingnews/2018810">豬哥亮抗癌路 坦言「內心其實很怨恨」</a>. 自由娛樂. 2017-03-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-09</span>]</span>. 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Gynecol. Oncol., 2008 <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423823?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18423823</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-28</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygyno.2008.01.038"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.01.038</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192704/https://www.gynecologiconcology-online.net/article/S0090-8258(08)00098-X/fulltext">存档</a>于2021-04-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=Dichloroacetate+induces+apoptosis+in+endometrial+cancer+cells&rft.au=Wong+JY%2C+Huggins+GS%2C+Debidda+M%2C+Munshi+NC%2C+De+Vivo+I&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Oncol.%2C+2008+PMID+18423823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gynecologiconcology-online.net%2Farticle%2FS0090-8258%2808%2900098-X%2Ffulltext&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ygyno.2008.01.038&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16966105-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16966105_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Caldwell JC, Keshava N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118221541/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8692/8692.html">Key issues in the modes of action and effects of trichloroethylene metabolites for liver and kidney tumorigenesis</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402080845/http://www.cqvip.com/qk/94693X/200006/1000688213.html">存档</a>于2017-04-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%9B%E5%9C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%94%BB%E5%85%8B%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A&rft.pages=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2Fqk%2F94693X%2F200006%2F1000688213.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link 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title="s:癌症防治法">癌症防治法</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/">美國癌症協會(American Cancer Society Homepage)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110224080511/http://www.cancer.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacr.org">美國癌症研究協會(American Association for Cancer Research)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923231516/http://www.aacr.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)一個非營利的研究組織,致力於研究癌症的起因、知識、診斷、治療和預防。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/cancer/en/">世界衛生組織的癌症網頁(The World Health Organisation's cancer site)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190418210312/http://www.who.int/cancer/en/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)有關全球性的癌症預防與治療策略的資料。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/">世界衛生組織的癌症統計數據(World Health Organization's fact sheet on cancer)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101229092321/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov">國家癌症研究學院(National Cancer Institute)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150312111454/http://www.cancer.gov/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)美國政府的機構,負責進行與支持有關癌症的研究</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icr.ac.uk">癌症研究學院(The Institute of Cancer Research)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200927052327/http://www.icr.ac.uk/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)英國的獨立癌症研究機構。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eortc.be">EORTC</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111002024012/http://www.eortc.be/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)歐洲的非營利組織進行癌症治療的研究並執行臨床試驗(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer)。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isbtc.org">國際癌症生物學療法協會(International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080509091224/http://www.isbtc.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)集合醫學專家發展並研究以生物學的治療方法對抗癌症。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidecancer.org">Inside Cancer</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170610063412/http://www.insidecancer.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)一個提供多媒體資源解說癌症的網站</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canceraway.org.tw/">台灣癌症基金會</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170710102849/http://www.canceraway.org.tw/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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#EAECF0">分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C00-C97">C00-C97</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="ICD-9编码列表">9-CM</a></b>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=140">140</a>—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=239">239</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E8%AF%8D" title="医学主题词">MeSH</a></b>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009369">D009369</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></b>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb28843.htm">28843</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0">外部資源</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001289.htm">001289</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="肿瘤、癌症和肿瘤学(C00–D48,_140–239)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumors" title="Template:Tumors"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tumors" title="Template talk:Tumors"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Tumors" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Tumors"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="肿瘤、癌症和肿瘤学(C00–D48,_140–239)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">肿瘤</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">癌症</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a>(<a href="/wiki/ICD-10_%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%9A%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%80%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9F%90%E4%BA%9B%E6%B6%89%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3" title="ICD-10 第三章:血液及造血器官疾病和某些涉及免疫机制的疾患">C00–D48</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(140%E2%80%93239)" title="ICD-9编码列表 (140–239)">140–239</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">腫瘤狀況</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="良性肿瘤">良性肿瘤</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">增生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E8%85%AB" title="囊腫">囊腫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="假性囊肿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pseudocyst"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%8A%E8%82%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假性囊肿(页面不存在)">假性囊肿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocyst" class="extiw" title="en:Pseudocyst"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pseudocyst</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="错构瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hamartoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%99%E6%9E%84%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="错构瘤(页面不存在)">错构瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" class="extiw" title="en:Hamartoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hamartoma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">惡性進展</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="發育不良">发育异常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8D%E7%99%8C" title="原位癌">原位癌</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">癌症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">遠端轉移</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A8%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%93" title="前哨淋巴结">前哨淋巴结</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分布位置</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%A0%B8%E7%99%8C" title="頭頸癌">頭頸癌</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E7%99%8C" title="口腔癌">口腔癌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%92%BD%E7%99%8C" title="鼻咽癌">鼻咽癌</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%81%AF%E8%82%89" title="消化系統的息肉">消化系统肿瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">呼吸道肿瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" title="骨腫瘤">骨腫瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E7%99%8C" title="皮膚癌">皮膚癌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="泌尿生殖肿瘤">泌尿生殖肿瘤</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神经系统肿瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nervous system neoplasm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经系统肿瘤(页面不存在)">神经系统肿瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_neoplasm" class="extiw" title="en:Nervous system neoplasm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nervous system neoplasm</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内分泌腺肿瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endocrine gland neoplasm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E8%85%BA%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内分泌腺肿瘤(页面不存在)">内分泌腺肿瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" class="extiw" title="en:Endocrine gland neoplasm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endocrine gland neoplasm</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">癌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="肉瘤">肉瘤</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胚细胞瘤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blastoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胚细胞瘤(页面不存在)">胚细胞瘤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastoma" class="extiw" title="en:Blastoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blastoma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%8A%B6%E7%98%A4" title="乳头状瘤">乳头状瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4" title="腺瘤">腺瘤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌前症状" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Precancerous condition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E5%89%8D%E7%97%87%E7%8A%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌前症状(页面不存在)">癌前症状</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precancerous_condition" class="extiw" title="en:Precancerous condition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Precancerous condition</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E4%BC%B4%E9%9A%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="腫瘤伴隨症候群">腫瘤伴隨症候群</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="癌症分期">癌症分期</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B4%9A" title="腫瘤分級">级别</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNM%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="TNM分期系统">TNM分期系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安娜堡分期系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ann Arbor staging"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C%E5%A0%A1%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安娜堡分期系统(页面不存在)">安娜堡分期系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor_staging" class="extiw" title="en:Ann Arbor staging"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ann Arbor staging</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前列腺癌分期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostate cancer staging"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前列腺癌分期(页面不存在)">前列腺癌分期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer_staging" class="extiw" title="en:Prostate cancer staging"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostate cancer staging</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格里森分级系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gleason Grading System"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE%E5%88%86%E7%BA%A7%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格里森分级系统(页面不存在)">格里森分级系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason_Grading_System" class="extiw" title="en:Gleason Grading System"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gleason Grading System</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%99%8C#分期" title="大腸癌">杜克斯分类法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%8F%98" title="癌变">癌变</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="癌细胞">癌细胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="致癌物質">致癌物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="肿瘤抑制基因">肿瘤抑制基因</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="癌基因">癌基因</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无性系传染性癌症" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clonally transmissible cancer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%B3%BB%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%80%A7%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无性系传染性癌症(页面不存在)">无性系传染性癌症</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:Clonally transmissible cancer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clonally transmissible cancer</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="致癌病毒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oncovirus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="致癌病毒(页面不存在)">致癌病毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncovirus" class="extiw" title="en:Oncovirus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oncovirus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="致癌细菌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cancer bacteria"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="致癌细菌(页面不存在)">致癌细菌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_bacteria" class="extiw" title="en:Cancer bacteria"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cancer bacteria</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cancer research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症研究(页面不存在)">癌症研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_research" class="extiw" title="en:Cancer research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cancer research</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症預防" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cancer prevention"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症預防(页面不存在)">癌症預防</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_prevention" class="extiw" title="en:Cancer prevention"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cancer prevention</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症的早期检测" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q66770492"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症的早期检测(页面不存在)">癌症的早期检测</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66770492" class="extiw" title="d:Q66770492"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q66770492</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cancer treatment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症治療(页面不存在)">癌症治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Cancer treatment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cancer treatment</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肿瘤学相关名称列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of oncology-related terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肿瘤学相关名称列表(页面不存在)">肿瘤学相关名称列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oncology-related_terms" class="extiw" title="en:List of oncology-related terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of oncology-related terms</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of cancer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症历史(页面不存在)">癌症历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:History of cancer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of cancer</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="癌症疼痛">癌症疼痛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="癌症与恶心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cancer and nausea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%81%B6%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癌症与恶心(页面不存在)">癌症与恶心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" class="extiw" title="en:Cancer and nausea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cancer and nausea</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F%E8%88%87%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="飲食與癌症的關係">癌症與飲食</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#E5BFE5;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:医学导航">医学导航</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">肿瘤</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:white;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%91%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%8E%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="Template:抑癌基因与癌基因">基因</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tumor_markers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Tumor markers(页面不存在)">标志</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:silver;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumors" title="Template:Tumors">肿瘤</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_oncology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for oncology(页面不存在)">同名</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Paraneoplastic_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Paraneoplastic syndromes">附瘤</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/ATC%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(L)" title="ATC代码 (L)">药物</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="Template:化疗药物">L1i</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%96%E7%99%82%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" title="Template:細胞外化療藥物">1e</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E6%AF%92%E5%89%82" title="Template:抗肿瘤治疗的解毒剂">V03</a>) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="致癌物質" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:致癌物质"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="Template talk:致癌物质"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:致癌物质"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="致癌物質" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="致癌物質">致癌物質</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">癌症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="癌細胞">癌細胞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">顯著對人類致癌的物質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%9B" title="乙醛">乙醛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%96%80%E8%9E%BA%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C" title="幽門螺桿菌">幽門螺桿菌</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%A6%EF%BC%BBa%EF%BC%BD%E8%8A%98" title="苯並[a]芘">苯並[<i>a</i>]芘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%9A%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="酚甲烷">酚甲烷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF" title="丁二烯">丁二烯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E7%83%AF%E9%9B%8C%E9%85%9A" title="己烯雌酚">己烯雌酚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9B" title="甲醛">甲醛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E8%8D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="煙草">煙草</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="紫外线">紫外线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%96%B1%E7%96%B9%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%9E%8B" title="人類疱疹病毒第四型">人類疱疹病毒第四型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="乙型肝炎病毒">乙型肝炎病毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="丙型肝炎">C型肝炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%B9%B3%E7%AA%81%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="人類乳突病毒">人類乳突病毒</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="国际癌症研究机构">国际癌症研究机构</a>的致癌物列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%80%E7%B1%BB%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9" title="国际癌症研究机构一类致癌物">1类致癌物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%BA%8CA%E7%B1%BB%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9" title="国际癌症研究机构二A类致癌物">2A类致癌物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E4%BA%8CB%E9%A1%9E%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9" title="國際癌症研究機構二B類致癌物">2B類致癌物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="3類致癌物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of IARC Group 3 carcinogens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E9%A1%9E%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3類致癌物(页面不存在)">3類致癌物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_3_carcinogens" class="extiw" title="en:List of IARC Group 3 carcinogens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of IARC Group 3 carcinogens</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E5%86%85%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="己内酰胺">己内酰胺(第4类)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%95" title="世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单">世卫基本药物(WHO-EM)</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup>从市场<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E5%9B%9E%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="撤回药品列表">撤回</a></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅲ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">第三階段</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>臨床試驗<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅱ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">未到第三階段</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="疾病類別(維基數據所列:-&#123;Q112193867&#125;-)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:疾病类型"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:疾病类型(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:疾病类型"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="疾病類別(維基數據所列:-&#123;Q112193867&#125;-)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疾病類別" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q112193867"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病類別(页面不存在)">疾病類別</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112193867" class="extiw" title="d:Q112193867"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q112193867</span></a></span>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="寄生虫病">寄生虫病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="良性肿瘤">良性肿瘤</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">癌症</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="内分泌疾病">内分泌疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="營養不良">营养不良</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="代謝疾病">代謝疾病</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫系统疾病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immune disorder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫系统疾病(页面不存在)">免疫系统疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Immune disorder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immune disorder</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血行疾病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hematologic disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血行疾病(页面不存在)">血行疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematologic_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Hematologic disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hematologic disease</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="精神障碍">精神疾患</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="神经系统疾病">神经系统疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%BC%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="眼病(页面不存在)">眼病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B3%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耳病(页面不存在)">耳病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="心血管疾病">心血管疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="淋巴疾病(页面不存在)">淋巴疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="呼吸系统疾病">呼吸系统疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:口腔病理学">口腔病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Template:消化系统疾病">消化系统疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_of_urinary_system" title="Template:Congenital malformations of urinary system">泌尿疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_genital_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Female genital disease(页面不存在)">Female genital disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breast disease(页面不存在)">Breast disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Male_genital_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Male genital disease(页面不存在)">Male genital disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0%E4%BD%B5%E7%99%BC%E7%97%87" title="妊娠併發症">妊娠併發症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obstetric_labor_complication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obstetric labor complication(页面不存在)">Obstetric labor complication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postpartum_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postpartum disorder(页面不存在)">Postpartum disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="皮肤病">皮肤病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:肌肉骨骼疾病模板">肌肉骨骼疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="軟組織疾病">軟組織疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Connective_tissue_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connective tissue disease(页面不存在)">Connective tissue disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone disease(页面不存在)">Bone disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chondropathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chondropathy(页面不存在)">Chondropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="先天性障碍">先天性障碍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetal_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fetal disease(页面不存在)">Fetal disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%97%85%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%84%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Category:病因不明的疾病">病因不明的疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526004">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931105q">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931105q">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Krebs <Medizin>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073781-0">德国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283224705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85019492">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000085858&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562220">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="maligní nádory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph134894&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="maligní nádorová onemocnění"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph170635&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636616">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐dfhgl Cached time: 20241124084040 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.948 seconds Real time 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